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href="#Thermodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Thermodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freezing-point_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freezing-point_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Freezing-point depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freezing-point_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnelley's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnelley's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Carnelley's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnelley's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_(Lindemann's_criterion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_(Lindemann's_criterion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_(Lindemann's_criterion)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_(Lindemann's_criterion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases_and_automated_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases_and_automated_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Databases and automated prediction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases_and_automated_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melting_point_of_the_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting_point_of_the_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Melting point of the elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting_point_of_the_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Melting point</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Smeltpunt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schmelzpunkt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نقطة الانصهار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة الانصهار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntu_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Puntu de fusión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Puntu de fusión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frim%C9%99_n%C3%B6qt%C9%99si" title="Ərimə nöqtəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərimə nöqtəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="গলনাঙ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গলনাঙ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF-ti%C3%A1m" title="Iûⁿ-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iûⁿ-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тэмпература плаўлення – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэмпература плаўлення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тэмпэратура плаўленьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэмпэратура плаўленьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_kan_pagkatunaw" title="Punto kan pagkatunaw – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Punto kan pagkatunaw" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Температура на топене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Температура на топене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_de_fusi%C3%B3" title="Punt de fusió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt de fusió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шăрану температури – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăрану температури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_t%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Teplota tání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplota tání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymdoddbwynt" title="Ymdoddbwynt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymdoddbwynt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmelzpunkt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamistemperatuur" title="Sulamistemperatuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulamistemperatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σημείο τήξης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημείο τήξης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandopunkto" title="Fandopunkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fandopunkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtze-puntu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8" title="نقطه ذوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه ذوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point de fusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanpunt" title="Raanpunt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Raanpunt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A1phointe" title="Leáphointe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leáphointe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynt_lheie" title="Poynt lheie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Poynt lheie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punto de fusión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90" title="녹는점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹는점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հալման ջերմաստիճան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հալման ջերմաստիճան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="गलनांक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गलनांक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncto_de_fusion" title="Puncto de fusion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Puncto de fusion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6%C3%B0slumark" title="Bræðslumark – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bræðslumark" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_di_fusione" title="Punto di fusione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto di fusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%94" title="נקודת התכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודת התכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titik lebur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕರಗುವ ತಾಪಮಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಗುವ ತಾಪಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დნობის ტემპერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დნობის ტემპერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Балқу температурасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балқу температурасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwen_konjelasyon" title="Pwen konjelasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwen konjelasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xala_hel%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Xala helînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xala helînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctum_liquefactionis" title="Punctum liquefactionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Punctum liquefactionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1anas_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Kušanas temperatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kušanas temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydymosi_temperat%C5%ABra" title="Lydymosi temperatūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lydymosi temperatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selrunme" title="selrunme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selrunme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_de_f%C3%BCsiun" title="Punt de füsiun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Punt de füsiun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvad%C3%A1spont" title="Olvadáspont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olvadáspont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Точка на топење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Точка на топење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ദ്രവണാങ്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവണാങ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उत्कलन बिंदू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्कलन बिंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takat_lebur" title="Takat lebur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takat lebur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Хайлах температур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хайлах температур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အရည်ပျော်မှတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရည်ပျော်မှတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeltpunt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नाइगु फुति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइगु फुति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E7%82%B9" title="融点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="融点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smeltepunkt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponch_de_fusion" title="Ponch de fusion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ponch de fusion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabxii_baqinaa" title="Qabxii baqinaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qabxii baqinaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erish_harorati" title="Erish harorati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erish harorati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="پگلن نمبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پگلن نمبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B6ltpunkt" title="Smöltpunkt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Smöltpunkt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura_topnienia" title="Temperatura topnienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Temperatura topnienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_fus%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de fusão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto de fusão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punct de topire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriqchana_i%C3%B1u" title="Puriqchana iñu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puriqchana iñu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Температура плавления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Температура плавления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="गलनाङ्कः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गलनाङ्कः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika_e_shkrirjes" title="Pika e shkrirjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pika e shkrirjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්‍රවාංකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්‍රවාංකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Melting point" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplota_topenia" title="Teplota topenia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplota topenia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Tališče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tališče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Тачка топљења – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тачка топљења" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tali%C5%A1te" title="Talište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamispiste" title="Sulamispiste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulamispiste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A4ltpunkt" title="Smältpunkt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smältpunkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_ng_pagkatunaw" title="Punto ng pagkatunaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punto ng pagkatunaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="உருகுநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருகுநிலை" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Temperature at which a solid turns liquid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the EP by Zerobaseone, see <a href="/wiki/Melting_Point_(EP)" title="Melting Point (EP)">Melting Point (EP)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the physical processes that take place at the melting point, see <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Freezing point" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Freezing_point_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Freezing point (disambiguation)">Freezing point (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/220px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/330px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/440px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Ice cubes put in water will start to melt when they reach their melting point of 0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>melting point</b> (or, rarely, <b>liquefaction point</b>) of a substance is the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> at which it changes <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> from <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>. At the melting point the solid and liquid <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> exist in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a>. The melting point of a substance depends on <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and is usually specified at a <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard pressure</a> such as 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a> or 100 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>. </p><p>When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the <b>freezing point</b> or <b>crystallization point</b>. Because of the ability of substances to <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercool</a>, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the <a href="#Melting_point_measurements">melting point</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by melting point">List of elements by melting point</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/290px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/435px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg/580px-Carboxylic.Acids.Melting.%26.Boiling.Points.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Melting points (in blue) and boiling points (in pink) of the first eight <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylic acids">carboxylic acids</a> (°C)</figcaption></figure> <p>For most substances, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> points are approximately equal. For example, the melting and freezing points of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> is 234.32 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> (−38.83 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; −37.89 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a> melts at 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) and solidifies from 31 °C (88 °F; 304 K); such direction dependence is known as <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a>. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K); this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleating substances</a>, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> liquid down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F; 224.8 K) before freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metal with the highest melting point is <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, at 3,414 °C (6,177 °F; 3,687 K);<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this property makes tungsten excellent for use as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">electrical filaments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamps</a>. The often-cited <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> does not melt at ambient pressure but <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (physics)">sublimes</a> at about 3,700 °C (6,700 °F; 4,000 K); a liquid phase only exists above pressures of 10 MPa (99 atm) and estimated 4,030–4,430 °C (7,290–8,010 °F; 4,300–4,700 K) (see <a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png" title="File:Carbon basic phase diagram.png">carbon phase diagram</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hafnium_carbonitride" title="Hafnium carbonitride">Hafnium carbonitride</a> (HfCN) is a <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date and the only one confirmed to have a melting point above 4,273 K (4,000 °C; 7,232 °F) at ambient pressure. Quantum mechanical computer simulations predicted that this alloy (HfN<sub>0.38</sub>C<sub>0.51</sub>) would have a melting point of about 4,400 K.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prediction was later confirmed by experiment, though a precise measurement of its exact melting point has yet to be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other end of the scale, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> does not freeze at all at normal pressure even at temperatures arbitrarily close to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>; a pressure of more than twenty times normal <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> is necessary. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">List of common chemicals </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chemical<sup id="cite_ref-fn10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> <span class="nowrap">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cm<sup>3</sup></a></span></span>⁠</span></span>)</span> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Melt <span class="nowrap">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boil</a> <span class="nowrap">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">K</span>)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Water @STP</td> <td>1</td> <td>273</td> <td>373 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">Solder</a> (Pb60Sn40)</td> <td></td> <td>461</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></td> <td></td> <td>307.2</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></td> <td>0.9</td> <td>310</td> <td>643 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td>0.00008988</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0014 !">14.01</span></td> <td>20.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td> <td>0.0001785</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0.1 !">—</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>II<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td> <td>1.85</td> <td><span data-sort-value="1560 !">1,560</span></td> <td>2,742 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td> <td>2.267</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0.1 !">—</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>III<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4,000<sup id="cite_ref-fn11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>III<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td>0.0012506</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0063 !">63.15</span></td> <td>77.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></td> <td>0.001429</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0054 !">54.36</span></td> <td>90.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>0.971</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0371 !">370.87</span></td> <td>1,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>1.738</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0923 !">923</span></td> <td>1,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td>2.698</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0933.5 !">933.47</span></td> <td>2,792 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></td> <td>2.067</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0388.4 !">388.36</span></td> <td>717.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></td> <td>0.003214</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0171.6 !">171.6</span></td> <td>239.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td>0.862</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0336.5 !">336.53</span></td> <td>1,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></td> <td>4.54</td> <td><span data-sort-value="1941 !">1,941</span></td> <td>3,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>7.874</td> <td><span data-sort-value="1811 !">1,811</span></td> <td>3,134 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td> <td>8.912</td> <td><span data-sort-value="1728 !">1,728</span></td> <td>3,186 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td>8.96</td> <td>1,357.77</td> <td>2,835 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td>7.134</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0693 !">692.88</span></td> <td>1,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></td> <td>5.907</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0302.9 !">302.9146</span></td> <td>2,673 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td>10.501</td> <td>1,234.93</td> <td>2,435 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td> <td>8.69</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0594.22 !">594.22</span></td> <td>1,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>7.31</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0429.75 !">429.75</span></td> <td>2,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></td> <td>4.93</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0386.85 !">386.85</span></td> <td>457.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></td> <td>16.654</td> <td>3,290</td> <td>5,731 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></td> <td>19.25</td> <td>3,695</td> <td>5,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></td> <td>21.46</td> <td>2,041.4</td> <td>4,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></td> <td>19.282</td> <td>1,337.33</td> <td>3,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></td> <td>13.5336</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0234.43 !">234.43</span></td> <td>629.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td>11.342</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0600.61 !">600.61</span></td> <td>2,022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td>9.807</td> <td><span data-sort-value="0544.7 !">544.7</span></td> <td>1,837 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="13"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <p>Notes </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn10_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Z is the standard symbol for <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>; C is the standard symbol for <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a>; and χ is the standard symbol for <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> on the Pauling scale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn11_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn11_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carbon does not melt at any temperature under standard pressure, instead it sublimes around 4,100 K</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melting_point_measurements">Melting point measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Melting point measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koflerbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koflerbank.jpg/220px-Koflerbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koflerbank.jpg/330px-Koflerbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koflerbank.jpg/440px-Koflerbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Kofler bench with samples for calibration</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory techniques">laboratory techniques</a> exist for the determination of melting points. A <a href="/wiki/Kofler_bench" title="Kofler bench">Kofler bench</a> is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range from room temperature to 300 °C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip, revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. <a href="/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">Differential scanning calorimetry</a> gives information on melting point together with its <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">enthalpy of fusion</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg/170px-Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg/255px-Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg/340px-Kr%C3%BCss_M5000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Automatic digital melting point meter</figcaption></figure> <p>A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of an <a href="/wiki/Oil_bath" title="Oil bath">oil bath</a> with a transparent window (most basic design: a <a href="/wiki/Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele tube</a>) and a simple magnifier. Several grains of a solid are placed in a thin glass tube and partially immersed in the oil bath. The oil bath is heated (and stirred) and with the aid of the magnifier (and external light source) melting of the individual crystals at a certain temperature can be observed. A metal block might be used instead of an oil bath. Some modern instruments have automatic optical detection. </p><p>The measurement can also be made continuously with an operating process. For instance, oil refineries measure the freeze point of diesel fuel "online", meaning that the sample is taken from the process and measured automatically. This allows for more frequent measurements as the sample does not have to be manually collected and taken to a remote laboratory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques_for_refractory_materials">Techniques for refractory materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques for refractory materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For refractory materials (e.g. platinum, tungsten, tantalum, some carbides and nitrides, etc.) the extremely high melting point (typically considered to be above, say, 1,800 °C) may be determined by heating the material in a black body furnace and measuring the black-body temperature with an optical <a href="/wiki/Pyrometer" title="Pyrometer">pyrometer</a>. For the highest melting materials, this may require extrapolation by several hundred degrees. The spectral radiance from an incandescent body is known to be a function of its temperature. An optical pyrometer matches the radiance of a body under study to the radiance of a source that has been previously calibrated as a function of temperature. In this way, the measurement of the absolute magnitude of the intensity of radiation is unnecessary. However, known temperatures must be used to determine the calibration of the pyrometer. For temperatures above the calibration range of the source, an extrapolation technique must be employed. This extrapolation is accomplished by using <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a> of radiation. The constants in this equation are not known with sufficient accuracy, causing errors in the extrapolation to become larger at higher temperatures. However, standard techniques have been developed to perform this extrapolation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Consider the case of using gold as the source (mp = 1,063 °C). In this technique, the current through the filament of the pyrometer is adjusted until the light intensity of the filament matches that of a black-body at the melting point of gold. This establishes the primary calibration temperature and can be expressed in terms of current through the pyrometer lamp. With the same current setting, the pyrometer is sighted on another black-body at a higher temperature. An absorbing medium of known transmission is inserted between the pyrometer and this black-body. The temperature of the black-body is then adjusted until a match exists between its intensity and that of the pyrometer filament. The true higher temperature of the black-body is then determined from Planck's Law. The absorbing medium is then removed and the current through the filament is adjusted to match the filament intensity to that of the black-body. This establishes a second calibration point for the pyrometer. This step is repeated to carry the calibration to higher temperatures. Now, temperatures and their corresponding pyrometer filament currents are known and a curve of temperature versus current can be drawn. This curve can then be extrapolated to very high temperatures. </p><p>In determining melting points of a refractory substance by this method, it is necessary to either have black body conditions or to know the <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> of the material being measured. The containment of the high melting material in the liquid state may introduce experimental difficulties. Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much longer than they were wide. To form such a cavity, a hole is drilled perpendicular to the long axis at the center of a rod of the material. These rods are then heated by passing a very large current through them, and the radiation emitted from the hole is observed with an optical pyrometer. The point of melting is indicated by the darkening of the hole when the liquid phase appears, destroying the black body conditions. Today, containerless laser heating techniques, combined with fast pyrometers and spectro-pyrometers, are employed to allow for precise control of the time for which the sample is kept at extreme temperatures. Such experiments of sub-second duration address several of the challenges associated with more traditional melting point measurements made at very high temperatures, such as sample vaporization and reaction with the container. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thermodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_curve_of_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/320px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/480px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Melting_curve_of_water.svg/640px-Melting_curve_of_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Pressure dependence of water melting point.</figcaption></figure> <p>For a solid to melt, <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> is required to raise its temperature to the melting point. However, further heat needs to be supplied for the melting to take place: this is called the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of fusion">heat of fusion</a>, and is an example of <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> (ΔG) of the material is zero, but the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> (<i>H</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> (<i>S</i>) of the material are increasing (ΔH, ΔS > 0). Melting phenomenon happens when the Gibbs free energy of the liquid becomes lower than the solid for that material. At various pressures this happens at a specific temperature. It can also be shown that: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {\Delta H}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {\Delta H}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e11d9039baf7953662f0f439128d6ef3708c9a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.369ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {\Delta H}{T}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Here <i>T</i>, <i>ΔS</i> and <i>ΔH</i> are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting and the change of enthalpy of melting. </p><p>The melting point is sensitive to extremely large changes in <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, but generally this sensitivity is orders of magnitude less than that for the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, because the solid-liquid transition represents only a small change in volume.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure. Otherwise the reverse behavior occurs. Notably, this is the case of water, as illustrated graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Purity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Purity">purity</a>. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance or, more generally, of mixtures. The higher the quantity of other components, the lower the melting point and the broader will be the melting point range, often referred to as the "pasty range". The temperature at which melting begins for a mixture is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a></i> while the temperature where melting is complete is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">liquidus</a></i>. Eutectics are special types of mixtures that behave like single phases. They melt sharply at a constant temperature to form a liquid of the same composition. Alternatively, on cooling a liquid with the eutectic composition will solidify as uniformly dispersed, small (fine-grained) mixed crystals with the same composition. </p><p>In contrast to crystalline solids, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glasses</a> do not possess a melting point; on heating they undergo a smooth <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Viscous_liquid" title="Viscous liquid">viscous liquid</a>. Upon further heating, they gradually soften, which can be characterized by certain <a href="/wiki/Softening_point" title="Softening point">softening points</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freezing-point_depression">Freezing-point depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freezing-point depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freezing-point_depression" title="Freezing-point depression">Freezing-point depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></div> <p>The freezing point of a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in technical applications to avoid freezing, for instance by adding salt or ethylene glycol to water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnelley's_rule"><span id="Carnelley.27s_rule"></span>Carnelley's rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carnelley's rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, <b>Carnelley's rule</b>, established in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carnelley" title="Thomas Carnelley">Thomas Carnelley</a>, states that <i>high <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">molecular symmetry</a> is associated with high melting point</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnelley based his rule on examination of 15,000 chemical compounds. For example, for three <a href="/wiki/Structural_isomer" title="Structural isomer">structural isomers</a> with <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub> the melting point increases in the series <a href="/wiki/Isopentane" title="Isopentane">isopentane</a> −160 °C (113 K) <a href="/wiki/N-pentane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-pentane">n-pentane</a> −129.8 °C (143 K) and <a href="/wiki/Neopentane" title="Neopentane">neopentane</a> −16.4 °C (256.8 K).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylenes</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Dichlorobenzene" title="Dichlorobenzene">dichlorobenzenes</a> the melting point increases in the order <a href="/wiki/Arene_substitution_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arene substitution patterns">meta, ortho and then para</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">Pyridine</a> has a lower symmetry than <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> hence its lower melting point but the melting point again increases with <a href="/wiki/Diazine" title="Diazine">diazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triazine" title="Triazine">triazines</a>. Many cage-like compounds like <a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">adamantane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubane" title="Cubane">cubane</a> with high symmetry have relatively high melting points. </p><p>A high melting point results from a high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of fusion">heat of fusion</a>, a low <a href="/wiki/Entropy_of_fusion" title="Entropy of fusion">entropy of fusion</a>, or a combination of both. In highly symmetrical molecules the crystal phase is densely packed with many efficient intermolecular interactions resulting in a higher enthalpy change on melting. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si(tms)4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/180px-Si%28tms%294.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/270px-Si%28tms%294.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Si%28tms%294.png/360px-Si%28tms%294.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Like many high symmetry compounds, <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane" title="Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane">tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane</a> has a very high melting point (m.p.) of 319-321 °C. It tends to sublime, so the m.p. determination requires that the sample be sealed in a tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_(Lindemann's_criterion)"><span id="Predicting_the_melting_point_of_substances_.28Lindemann.27s_criterion.29"></span>Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An attempt to predict the bulk melting point of crystalline materials was first made in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindemann1910_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindemann1910-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea behind the theory was the observation that the average amplitude of thermal vibrations increases with increasing temperature. Melting initiates when the amplitude of vibration becomes large enough for adjacent atoms to partly occupy the same space. The <b>Lindemann criterion</b> states that melting is expected when the vibration <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square_amplitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Root mean square amplitude">root mean square amplitude</a> exceeds a threshold value. </p><p>Assuming that all atoms in a crystal vibrate with the same frequency <i>ν</i>, the average thermal energy can be estimated using the <a href="/wiki/Equipartition_theorem" title="Equipartition theorem">equipartition theorem</a> as<sup id="cite_ref-Sorkin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorkin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e12c9ac6f2bf557083217d86fceed2670c5638d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.083ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>m</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a>, <i>ν</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, <i>u</i> is the average vibration amplitude, <i>k</i><sub>B</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, and <i>T</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">absolute temperature</a>. If the threshold value of <i>u<sup>2</sup></i> is <i>c<sup>2</sup>a<sup>2</sup></i> where <i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Lindemann_index" title="Lindemann index">Lindemann constant</a> and <i>a</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spacing" title="Atomic spacing">atomic spacing</a>, then the melting point is estimated as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56d716d0d8830dca710761c96594a2158875b2fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.788ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Several other expressions for the estimated melting temperature can be obtained depending on the estimate of the average thermal energy. Another commonly used expression for the Lindemann criterion is<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/708d6f8ba805ab2b7ea261eb12209bd25f40f763" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.788ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>From the expression for the <a href="/wiki/Debye_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Debye frequency">Debye frequency</a> for <i>ν</i>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow> <mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt"> <mrow /> </mpadded> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/536f4777e49d12b25f48f9262f81e70702388d17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.959ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>θ</i><sub>D</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Debye_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Debye temperature">Debye temperature</a> and <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>. Values of <i>c</i> range from 0.15 to 0.3 for most materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases_and_automated_prediction">Databases and automated prediction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Databases and automated prediction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2011, <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Aesar" title="Alfa Aesar">Alfa Aesar</a> released over 10,000 melting points of compounds from their catalog as <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a><sup id="cite_ref-LangGuha_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LangGuha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar data has been <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">mined</a> from <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tetko_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetko-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alfa Aesar and patent data have been summarized in (respectively) <a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">random forest</a><sup id="cite_ref-LangGuha_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LangGuha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Support_vector_machine" title="Support vector machine">support vector machines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tetko_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetko-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melting_point_of_the_elements">Melting point of the elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Melting point of the elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting points of the elements (data page)</a></div> <table class="mw-collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width: 100%; max-width: 1300px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 2px; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding: 2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(melting_point)" title="Template:Periodic table (melting point)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(melting_point)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (melting point)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(melting_point)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (melting point)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melting point</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th width="1.0%"><small><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">Group</a> →</small> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th width="1.8%"> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th width="5.4%"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>↓ <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table period">Period</a></small> </th> <td colspan="20"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ①" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">①</a></span> </th> <td title="H<sub>2</sub> , hydrogen" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H<sub>2</sub> </span></a>13.99 K<br />(−259.16 °C) </td> <td colspan="17"><br /> </td> <td title="He, helium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />  </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ②" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">②</a></span> </th> <td title="Li, lithium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a>453.65 K<br />(180.50 °C) </td> <td title="Be, beryllium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a>1560 K<br />(1287 °C) </td> <td colspan="11"><br /> </td> <td title="B , boron" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B </span></a>2349 K<br />(2076 °C) </td> <td title="C , carbon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C </span></a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />  </td> <td title="N<sub>2</sub> , nitrogen" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N<sub>2</sub> </span></a>63.23 K<br />(−209.86 °C) </td> <td title="O<sub>2</sub> , oxygen" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O<sub>2</sub> </span></a>54.36 K<br />(−218.79 °C) </td> <td title="F<sub>2</sub> , fluorine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F<sub>2</sub> </span></a>53.48 K<br />(−219.67 °C) </td> <td title="Ne, neon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a>24.56 K<br />(−248.59 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ③" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">③</a></span> </th> <td title="Na, sodium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a>370.944 K<br />(97.794 °C) </td> <td title="Mg, magnesium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a>923 K<br />(650 °C) </td> <td colspan="11"><br /> </td> <td title="Al, aluminium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a>933.47 K<br />(660.32 °C) </td> <td title="Si, silicon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a>1687 K<br />(1414 °C) </td> <td title="P , phosphorus" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P </span></a>317.3 K<br />(44.15 °C) </td> <td title="S , sulfur" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S </span></a>388.36 K<br />(115.21 °C) </td> <td title="Cl<sub>2</sub>, chlorine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl<sub>2</sub></span></a>171.6 K<br />(−101.5 °C) </td> <td title="Ar, argon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a>83.81 K<br />(−189.34 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ④" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">④</a></span> </th> <td title="K , potassium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K </span></a>336.7 K<br />(63.5 °C) </td> <td title="Ca, calcium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a>1115 K<br />(842 °C) </td> <td> </td> <td title="Sc, scandium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a>1814 K<br />(1541 °C) </td> <td title="Ti, titanium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a>1941 K<br />(1668 °C) </td> <td title="V , vanadium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V </span></a>2183 K<br />(1910 °C) </td> <td title="Cr, chromium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a>2180 K<br />(1907 °C) </td> <td title="Mn, manganese" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a>1519 K<br />(1246 °C) </td> <td title="Fe, iron" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a>1811 K<br />(1538 °C) </td> <td title="Co, cobalt" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a>1768 K<br />(1495 °C) </td> <td title="Ni, nickel" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a>1728 K<br />(1455 °C) </td> <td title="Cu, copper" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a>1357.77 K<br />(1084.62 °C) </td> <td title="Zn, zinc" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a>692.68 K<br />(419.53 °C) </td> <td title="Ga, gallium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a>302.9146 K<br />(29.7646 °C) </td> <td title="Ge, germanium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a>1211.40 K<br />(938.25 °C) </td> <td title="As, arsenic" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /> </td> <td title="Se, selenium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a>494 K<br />(221 °C) </td> <td title="Br<sub>2</sub>, bromine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br<sub>2</sub></span></a>265.8 K<br />(−7.2 °C) </td> <td title="Kr, krypton" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a>115.78 K<br />(−157.37 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ⑤" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">⑤</a></span> </th> <td title="Rb, rubidium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a>312.45 K<br />(39.30 °C) </td> <td title="Sr, strontium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a>1050 K<br />(777 °C) </td> <td> </td> <td title="Y , yttrium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y </span></a>1799 K<br />(1526 °C) </td> <td title="Zr, zirconium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a>2128 K<br />(1855 °C) </td> <td title="Nb, niobium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a>2750 K<br />(2477 °C) </td> <td title="Mo, molybdenum" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a>2896 K<br />(2623 °C) </td> <td title="Tc, technetium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a>2430 K<br />(2157 °C) </td> <td title="Ru, ruthenium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a>2607 K<br />(2334 °C) </td> <td title="Rh, rhodium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a>2237 K<br />(1964 °C) </td> <td title="Pd, palladium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a>1828.05 K<br />(1554.9 °C) </td> <td title="Ag, silver" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a>1234.93 K<br />(961.78 °C) </td> <td title="Cd, cadmium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a>594.22 K<br />(321.07 °C) </td> <td title="In, indium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a>429.7485 K<br />(156.5985 °C) </td> <td title="Sn, tin" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a>505.08 K<br />(231.93 °C) </td> <td title="Sb, antimony" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a>903.78 K<br />(630.63 °C) </td> <td title="Te, tellurium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a>722.66 K<br />(449.51 °C) </td> <td title="I<sub>2</sub> , iodine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I<sub>2</sub> </span></a>386.85 K<br />(113.7 °C) </td> <td title="Xe, xenon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a>161.40 K<br />(−111.75 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ⑥" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">⑥</a></span> </th> <td title="Cs, caesium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a>301.7 K<br />(28.5 °C) </td> <td title="Ba, barium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a>1000 K<br />(727 °C) </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Lu, lutetium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a>1925 K<br />(1652 °C) </td> <td title="Hf, hafnium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a>2506 K<br />(2233 °C) </td> <td title="Ta, tantalum" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a>3290 K<br />(3017 °C) </td> <td title="W , tungsten" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W </span></a>3695 K<br />(3422 °C) </td> <td title="Re, rhenium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a>3459 K<br />(3186 °C) </td> <td title="Os, osmium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a>3306 K<br />(3033 °C) </td> <td title="Ir, iridium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a>2719 K<br />(2446 °C) </td> <td title="Pt, platinum" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a>2041.4 K<br />(1768.3 °C) </td> <td title="Au, gold" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a>1337.33 K<br />(1064.18 °C) </td> <td title="Hg, mercury" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a>234.3210 K<br />(−38.8290 °C) </td> <td title="Tl, thallium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a>577 K<br />(304 °C) </td> <td title="Pb, lead" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a>600.61 K<br />(327.46 °C) </td> <td title="Bi, bismuth" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a>544.7 K<br />(271.5 °C) </td> <td title="Po, polonium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a>527 K<br />(254 °C) </td> <td title="At, astatine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a>575 K<br />(302 °C) </td> <td title="Rn, radon" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a>202 K<br />(−71 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Period ⑦" class="nounderlines" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">⑦</a></span> </th> <td title="Fr, francium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a>300 K<br />(27 °C) </td> <td title="Ra, radium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#ff9999; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a>973 K<br />(700 °C) </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Lr, lawrencium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a>1900 K<br />(1627 °C) </td> <td title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a>2400 K<br />(2100 °C) </td> <td title="Db, dubnium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a>  </td> <td title="Sg, seaborgium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a>  </td> <td title="Bh, bohrium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a>  </td> <td title="Hs, hassium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a>  </td> <td title="Mt, meitnerium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a>  </td> <td title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a>  </td> <td title="Rg, roentgenium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a>  </td> <td title="Cn, copernicium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#99ccff; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a>283±11 K<br />(10±11 °C) </td> <td title="Nh, nihonium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a>700 K<br />(430 °C) </td> <td title="Fl, flerovium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a>200 K<br />(−73 °C) </td> <td title="Mc, moscovium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a>670 K<br />(400 °C) </td> <td title="Lv, livermorium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a>637–780 K<br />(364–507 °C) </td> <td title="Ts, tennessine" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a>623–823 K<br />(350–550 °C) </td> <td title="Og, oganesson" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#fdff8c; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a>325±15 K<br />(52±15 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="22"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="La, lanthanum" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a>1193 K<br />(920 °C) </td> <td title="Ce, cerium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a>1068 K<br />(795 °C) </td> <td title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a>1208 K<br />(935 °C) </td> <td title="Nd, neodymium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a>1297 K<br />(1024 °C) </td> <td title="Pm, promethium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a>1315 K<br />(1042 °C) </td> <td title="Sm, samarium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a>1345 K<br />(1072 °C) </td> <td title="Eu, europium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a>1099 K<br />(826 °C) </td> <td title="Gd, gadolinium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a>1585 K<br />(1312 °C) </td> <td title="Tb, terbium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a>1629 K<br />(1356 °C) </td> <td title="Dy, dysprosium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a>1680 K<br />(1407 °C) </td> <td title="Ho, holmium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a>1734 K<br />(1461 °C) </td> <td title="Er, erbium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a>1802 K<br />(1529 °C) </td> <td title="Tm, thulium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a>1818 K<br />(1545 °C) </td> <td title="Yb, ytterbium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a>1097 K<br />(824 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td title="Ac, actinium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a>1500 K<br />(1227 °C) </td> <td title="Th, thorium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a>2023 K<br />(1750 °C) </td> <td title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a>1841 K<br />(1568 °C) </td> <td title="U , uranium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px solid #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U </span></a>1405.3 K<br />(1132.2 °C) </td> <td title="Np, neptunium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a>912±3 K<br />(639±3 °C) </td> <td title="Pu, plutonium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a>912.5 K<br />(639.4 °C) </td> <td title="Am, americium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a>1449 K<br />(1176 °C) </td> <td title="Cm, curium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a>1613 K<br />(1340 °C) </td> <td title="Bk, berkelium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a>1259 K<br />(986 °C) </td> <td title="Cf, californium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a>1173 K<br />(900 °C) </td> <td title="Es, einsteinium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a>1133 K<br />(860 °C) </td> <td title="Fm, fermium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a>1800 K<br />(1527 °C) </td> <td title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a>1100 K<br />(827 °C) </td> <td title="No, nobelium" style="text-align:center; padding:0.15em; background:#9bff99; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a>1100 K<br />(827 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"><b>Notes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Values are in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> (K) and <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> (°C), rounded. For equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> °F, see <a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting points of the elements (data page)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Values for many highly radioactive elements are not empirically confirmed, or are theoretical predictions only.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helium cannot freeze at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a>, and so has no true melting point under these conditions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carbon does not melt at STP, but <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> at approximately 4000°C (4273 K).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenic does not melt at STP, but <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> at 615 °C (887 K).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"><b>Legend</b> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <p><span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial</a></span> <span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"> <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope"><span class="nowrap">From decay</span></a></span> <span style="text-align:center;display:inline-block; width:8em; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#e0e0e0;"> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">Synthetic</a></span> <span class="nowrap"><b>Border</b> shows natural occurrence of the element</span> </p> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#fd99ff;"><a href="/wiki/G-block" class="mw-redirect" title="G-block">g-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruent_melting" title="Congruent melting">Congruent melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagedorn_temperature" title="Hagedorn temperature">Hagedorn temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_carbonitride" title="Hafnium carbonitride">Hafnium carbonitride</a>, a compound with the highest known melting point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by melting point">List of elements by melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting points of the elements (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon%E2%80%93Glatzel_equation" title="Simon–Glatzel equation">Simon–Glatzel equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_melting_point" title="Slip melting point">Slip melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">Zone melting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1949" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsay, J. A. (1 May 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15406812">"A New Method of Freezing-Point Determination for Small Quantities"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 57–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.26.1.57">10.1242/jeb.26.1.57</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15406812">15406812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=A+New+Method+of+Freezing-Point+Determination+for+Small+Quantities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-64&rft.date=1949-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.26.1.57&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15406812&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15406812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haynes">Haynes</a>, p. 4.122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The melting point of purified water has been measured as 0.002519 ± 0.000002 °C, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeistel,_R.Wagner,_W.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Feistel, R. & Wagner, W. (2006). "A New Equation of State for H<sub>2</sub>O Ice Ih". <i>Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 1021–1047. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPCRD..35.1021F">2006JPCRD..35.1021F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2183324">10.1063/1.2183324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&rft.atitle=A+New+Equation+of+State+for+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO+Ice+Ih&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1021-1047&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2183324&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JPCRD..35.1021F&rft.au=Feistel%2C+R.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKringleThornleyKayKimmel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kringle, Loni; Thornley, Wyatt A.; Kay, Bruce D.; Kimmel, Greg A. (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb7542">"Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>369</b> (6510): 1490–1492. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06676">1912.06676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...369.1490K">2020Sci...369.1490K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abb7542">10.1126/science.abb7542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Reversible+structural+transformations+in+supercooled+liquid+water+from+135+to+245+K&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=6510&rft.pages=1490-1492&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.06676&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abb7542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...369.1490K&rft.aulast=Kringle&rft.aufirst=Loni&rft.au=Thornley%2C+Wyatt+A.&rft.au=Kay%2C+Bruce+D.&rft.au=Kimmel%2C+Greg+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abb7542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haynes">Haynes</a>, p. 4.123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong,_Q.-J.van_de_Walle,_A.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Q.-J.; van de Walle, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.92.020104">"Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations"</a>. <i>Phys. Rev. B</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 020104(R). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvB..92b0104H">2015PhRvB..92b0104H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.92.020104">10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+B&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+the+material+with+highest+known+melting+point+from+ab+initio+molecular+dynamics+calculations&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=020104%28R%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.92.020104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhRvB..92b0104H&rft.au=Hong%2C+Q.-J.&rft.au=van+de+Walle%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevB.92.020104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuinevichNepapushevMoskovskikhTrusov2020" class="citation journal cs1">Buinevich, V.S.; Nepapushev, A.A.; Moskovskikh, D.O.; Trusov, G.V.; Kuskov, K.V.; Vadchenko, S.G.; Rogachev, A.S.; Mukasyan, A.S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Latent+heat+%7C+Definition%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Flatent-heat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact relationship is expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080228000000/http://mpec.sc.mahidol.ac.th/RADOK/physmath/PHYSICS/j10.htm">"J10 Heat: Change of aggregate state of substances through change of heat content: Change of aggregate state of substances and the equation of Clapeyron-Clausius"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpec.sc.mahidol.ac.th/RADOK/physmath/PHYSICS/j10.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J10+Heat%3A+Change+of+aggregate+state+of+substances+through+change+of+heat+content%3A+Change+of+aggregate+state+of+substances+and+the+equation+of+Clapeyron-Clausius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpec.sc.mahidol.ac.th%2FRADOK%2Fphysmath%2FPHYSICS%2Fj10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonkov, E. Yu. and Ponyatovsky, E. G. (2005) <i>Phase Transformations of Elements Under High Pressure</i>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 98 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-3367-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-3367-9">0-8493-3367-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_R._J._C.R._F._C.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, R. J. C. & R. F. C. (2000). 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Wiley-VCH. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40861-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40861-0"><bdi>978-3-527-40861-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40861-0&rft.au=Philip+Hofmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfIpxi4kcM4C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, D. R., (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtYFAqswRzUC">Defects and geometry in condensed matter physics</a>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00400-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00400-4">0-521-00400-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangGuha-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LangGuha_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LangGuha_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyLangWilliamsCurtin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Jean-Claude; Lang, Andrew; Williams, Antony; Curtin, Evan (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6229.1">"ONS Open Melting Point Collection"</a>. <i>Nature Precedings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6229.1">10.1038/npre.2011.6229.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Precedings&rft.atitle=ONS+Open+Melting+Point+Collection&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6229.1&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.au=Lang%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Williams%2C+Antony&rft.au=Curtin%2C+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnpre.2011.6229.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qsardb.org/repository/predictor/10967/104?model=rf">Model</a> published on <a href="/w/index.php?title=QsarDB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QsarDB (page does not exist)">QsarDB</a> retrieved 13 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetko-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tetko_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tetko_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetkom._LoweWilliams2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tetko, Igor V; m. Lowe, Daniel; Williams, Antony J (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724158">"The development of models to predict melting and pyrolysis point data associated with several hundred thousand compounds mined from PATENTS"</a>. <i>Journal of Cheminformatics</i>. <b>8</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0113-y">10.1186/s13321-016-0113-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724158">4724158</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26807157">26807157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cheminformatics&rft.atitle=The+development+of+models+to+predict+melting+and+pyrolysis+point+data+associated+with+several+hundred+thousand+compounds+mined+from+PATENTS&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724158%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26807157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-016-0113-y&rft.aulast=Tetko&rft.aufirst=Igor+V&rft.au=m.+Lowe%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Williams%2C+Antony+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4724158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ochem.eu/article/99826">Model</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> published on <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCHEM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCHEM (page does not exist)">OCHEM</a> retrieved 18 June 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haynes" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (92nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"><bdi>978-1439855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439855119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelting+point" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_point&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meltingboilingpo01carnuoft">Melting and boiling point tables vol. 1</a> by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meltingboilingpo02carnuoft">Melting and boiling point tables vol. 2</a> by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ochem.eu/article/99826">Patent mined data</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Over 250,000 freely downloadable melting point data. Also downloadable at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/Melt-ing_Point_and_Pyrolysis_Point_Data_for_Tens_of_Thousands_of_Chemicals/2007426">figshare</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:States_of_matter" title="Template:States of matter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_matter" title="Template talk:States of matter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_matter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of matter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_matter_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States of matter</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">Supercritical fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/150px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/225px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Low energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">Quantum Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_matter" title="Rydberg matter">Rydberg matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonic_molecule" title="Photonic molecule">Photonic molecule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" title="Color-glass condensate">Color-glass condensate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_liquid" title="Quantum spin liquid">Quantum spin liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_matter" title="Programmable matter">Programmable matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li> <li>Magnetically ordered <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">Antiferromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">Ferrimagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String-net_liquid" title="String-net liquid">String-net liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superglass" title="Superglass">Superglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">Phase transitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical line (thermodynamics)">Critical line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_ionization" title="Chemical ionization">Chemical ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">Ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_point" title="Lambda point">Lambda point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_recombination" title="Plasma recombination">Recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regelation" title="Regelation">Regelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Saturated fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Enthalpy of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">Enthalpy of sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_internal_energy" title="Latent internal energy">Latent internal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouton%27s_rule" title="Trouton's rule">Trouton's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">Baryonic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binodal" title="Binodal">Binodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_fluid" title="Compressed fluid">Compressed fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_curve" title="Cooling curve">Cooling curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidenfrost_effect" title="Leidenfrost effect">Leidenfrost effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena" title="Macroscopic quantum phenomena">Macroscopic quantum phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order and disorder (physics)">Order and disorder (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal" title="Spinodal">Spinodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_water" title="Superheated water">Superheated vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">Superheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" title="Thermo-dielectric effect">Thermo-dielectric effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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