CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Shingon Buddhism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5079bf53-543e-40f1-a5b8-6710497c2d7f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Shingon_Buddhism","wgTitle":"Shingon Buddhism","wgCurRevisionId":1253991897,"wgRevisionId":1253991897,"wgArticleId":291844,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2020","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles needing additional references from September 2021","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Shingon Buddhism","Schools of Buddhism founded in Japan","Kūkai","Buddhism in the Heian period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Shingon_Buddhism","wgRelevantArticleId":291844,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q550182","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage" :"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/1200px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/800px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/640px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Shingon Buddhism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Shingon_Buddhism rootpage-Shingon_Buddhism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shingon+Buddhism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shingon+Buddhism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shingon+Buddhism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shingon+Buddhism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kūkai's_early_days_and_visit_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kūkai's_early_days_and_visit_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Kūkai's early days and visit to China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kūkai's_early_days_and_visit_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kūkai's_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kūkai's_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Kūkai's return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kūkai's_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Kūkai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Kūkai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 After Kūkai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Kūkai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakura_to_Sengoku_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_to_Sengoku_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Kamakura to Sengoku period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_to_Sengoku_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Edo period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Meiji period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 20th century and post-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Doctrines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Doctrines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dharmakaya_Mahāvairocana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dharmakaya_Mahāvairocana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Dharmakaya Mahāvairocana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dharmakaya_Mahāvairocana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_forms_of_the_Dharmakaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_forms_of_the_Dharmakaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Activities and forms of the Dharmakaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_forms_of_the_Dharmakaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wisdom_body_of_the_Dharmakaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wisdom_body_of_the_Dharmakaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The wisdom body of the Dharmakaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wisdom_body_of_the_Dharmakaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_six_great_elements,_the_four_mandalas_and_the_three_mysteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_six_great_elements,_the_four_mandalas_and_the_three_mysteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The six great elements, the four mandalas and the three mysteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_six_great_elements,_the_four_mandalas_and_the_three_mysteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha's_power_and_self-power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha's_power_and_self-power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Buddha's power and self-power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha's_power_and_self-power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhahood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhahood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Buddhahood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhahood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_nature_of_esoteric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nature_of_esoteric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 The nature of esoteric Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nature_of_esoteric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Three_Mysteries_and_consecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Three_Mysteries_and_consecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The Three Mysteries and consecration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Three_Mysteries_and_consecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mandala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Mantra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Mudra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajikan_and_other_contemplative_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajikan_and_other_contemplative_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ajikan and other contemplative methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajikan_and_other_contemplative_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_precepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_precepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ethical precepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_precepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Esoteric transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_for_ācāryas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_for_ācāryas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Training for ācāryas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_for_ācāryas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goma_fire_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goma_fire_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Goma fire ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goma_fire_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Pilgrimage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pantheon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pantheon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pantheon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pantheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Thirteen_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Thirteen_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The Thirteen Buddhas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Thirteen_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lineage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Branches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Shingon Buddhism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শিঙ্গোন বৌদ্ধধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিঙ্গোন বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-gi%C3%A2n-chong" title="Chin-giân-chong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-giân-chong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шингон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шингон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_(budisme)" title="Shingon (budisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shingon (budisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ingon" title="Šingon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šingon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Skolen" title="Shingon Skolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shingon Skolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon-sh%C5%AB" title="Shingon-shū – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shingon-shū" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_shingon" title="Budismo shingon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo shingon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cingono" title="Ŝingono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝingono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="شینگون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شینگون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%96%B8%EC%A2%85" title="진언종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진언종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_Shingon" title="Buddhisme Shingon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme Shingon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Shingon" title="Buddismo Shingon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Shingon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singon_buddhizmus" title="Singon buddhizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Singon buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="शिंगॉन बौद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिंगॉन बौद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真言宗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon-sh%C5%AB" title="Shingon-shū – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shingon-shū" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сингон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сингон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ingon" title="Šingon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Šingon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_budizam" title="Shingon budizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Shingon budizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon" title="Shingon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shingon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87" title="ชิงงง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิงงง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eingon_Budizmi" title="Şingon Budizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şingon Budizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Секта Сінґон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Секта Сінґон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_ng%C3%B4n_t%C3%B4ng" title="Chân ngôn tông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chân ngôn tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真言宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真言宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真言宗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真言宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q550182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Shingon_Buddhism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shingon_Buddhism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Shingon_Buddhism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&oldid=1253991897" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Shingon_Buddhism&id=1253991897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShingon_Buddhism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShingon_Buddhism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Shingon_Buddhism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shingon_Buddhism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q550182" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sect of Japanese Buddhism</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/300px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/450px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg/600px-Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Danjō garan of <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8Dbu-ji" title="Kongōbu-ji">Kongōbu-ji</a>, the head temple of the Kōyasan sect based in <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mount Kōya</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; border-top:4px solid #000066; border-bottom:4px solid #000066;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vajrayana" title="Category:Vajrayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra"><img alt="Vajra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/100px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/150px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/200px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical traditions: <ul><li>Ari-Acharya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Buddhism" title="Ari Buddhism">Burmese-Bengal</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhaliism" title="Azhaliism">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Esoteric Buddhism">Filipino Esoteric Buddhism</a> †</li></ul> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Nepalese</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Inner Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li>Altaic (<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" title="Religion in Inner Mongolia">o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">b, t, k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugur#Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">y</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> New branches: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_the_Hidden_Flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway of the Hidden Flower">Gateway of the Hidden Flower</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_Awakening_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="True Awakening Tradition">True Awakening Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Pursuit</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation stage">Generation stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Completion stage">Completion stage</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tantra_techniques_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)">Tantric techniques</a>: Fourfold division: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyā" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charyayoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Charyayoga">Charyayoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogatantra">Yogatantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuttarayogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayogatantra">Anuttarayogatantra</a></li></ul> Twofold division: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Tantras">Inner Tantras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Tantras">Outer Tantras</a></li></ul> Thought forms and visualisation: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Ngöndro</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six yogas</a>:</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Inner heat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity (Vajrayana)">Luminosity yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Death yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudr%C4%81" title="Karmamudrā">Sex yoga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">Ganachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ullambana Puja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Tantric texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyagarbha Tantra">Guhyagarbha Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kulayarāja Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81m%C4%81y%C4%81_Tantra" title="Mahāmāyā Tantra">Mahāmāyā Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABn%C4%81masamg%C4%ABti" title="Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti">Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha_Tantra" title="Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra">Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuthok_Nyingthig" title="Yuthok Nyingthig">Yuthok Nyingthig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols and tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melong" title="Melong">Melong</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yab-Yum" title="Yab-Yum">Yab-Yum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Ordination and transmission</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">Samaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vajrayana" title="Template:Vajrayana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Vajrayana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vajrayana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vajrayana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Mind of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Transcendent Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra">Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Fa Gu Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Shingon (真言宗, Shingon-shū, "True Word / Mantra School") is one of the major schools of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a> and one of the few surviving <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> lineages in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>. It is sometimes also called Japanese Esoteric Buddhism, or Eastern Esotericism (Dōngmì, 東密). The word shingon is the <a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Japanese reading of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a> word 真言 (zhēnyán),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> which is the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Zhēnyán lineage</a> was founded in China (c. 7th–8th centuries) by Indian <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">vajrācāryas</a> (esoteric masters) like <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a>. These esoteric teachings would later flourish in Japan under the auspices of a Buddhist monk named <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (空海, 774–835), who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a> and received these esoteric transmissions from a Chinese master named <a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805). Kūkai established his tradition at <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mount Kōya</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama Prefecture</a>), which remains the central pilgrimage center of Shingon Buddhism. The practice of the Shingon school stresses that one is able to attain "buddhahood in this very body" (sokushin jōbutsu) through its practices, especially those which make use of the "three mysteries" (Jp: sanmi 三密) of <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Another influential doctrine introduced by Shingon was the idea that all beings are originally enlightened, a doctrine that was known as <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">hongaku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Shingon school's teachings and rituals had an influence on other Japanese traditions, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Its teachings also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Soto Zen">Soto Zen</a> (through the figure of <a href="/wiki/Keizan" title="Keizan">Keizan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Shingon Buddhism also influenced broader <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a>, including medieval Japanese aesthetics, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_craft" title="Japanese craft">craftsmanship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg/220px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg/330px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg/440px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Kukai_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> from a set of scrolls depicting the first eight patriarchs of the Shingon school. Japan, <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (13th–14th centuries).</figcaption></figure> Shingon Buddhism was founded in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185) by a Japanese Buddhist monk named <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (774–835 CE) who traveled to China in 804 to study Esoteric Buddhist practices in the city of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (西安), then called Chang-an, at <a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a> Temple (青龍寺) under <a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a>, a student of the Indian esoteric master <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Kūkai returned to Japan with the teachings and scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> and founded a new tradition of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a> that became immediately influential with the island's elites. Shingon followers usually refer to Kūkai as Kōbō-Daishi (弘法大師, Great Master of the Propagation of Dharma) or Odaishi-sama (お大師様, The Great Master), the posthumous name given to him years after his death by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daigo" title="Emperor Daigo">Emperor Daigo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kūkai's_early_days_and_visit_to_China">Kūkai's early days and visit to China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kūkai's early days and visit to China">edit</a>]</div> Kūkai was born to a family of the aristocratic Saeki clan in <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> and received a classical <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> education at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto's</a> college (daigaku).<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He converted to Buddhism in his 20s and was inspired to practice asceticism in the mountains and wander the countryside as an ascetic <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (though he also visited cities to study texts).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During this time his main meditation was the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a> found in the Kokūzō-gumonji no hō (Ākāśagarbha Memory-Retention Practice, Taisho no.1145). While he was practicing in the mountains, he had a vision of the bodhisattva flying at him.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> During this early period of intense study, prayer and practice, Kūkai sought the highest truth to be found in Buddhism. One day he dreamt of a man telling him to seek out the <a href="/wiki/Vairocan%C4%81bhisa%E1%B9%83bodhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra">Mahavairocana Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He was able to obtain a copy in Chinese (and Sanskrit) but large portions of the text were undecipherable to him and thus he decided to go to China to find someone who could explain it to him.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 804, Kūkai set sail on a fleet of four ships to China. The future Tendai founder <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> was on the same fleet.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> When Kūkai first met <a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (a student of <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a>) on the fifth month of 805, Huiguo was sixty and on the verge of death. Huiguo exclaimed to Kūkai that he had been waiting for him and immediately initiated him into the esoteric mandalas.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the short space of three months, Huiguo initiated and taught Kūkai everything he knew on the doctrines and practices of esoteric Buddhism. During this time Kūkai also learned Sanskrit from some Indian masters living in China.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kūkai's_return">Kūkai's return</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kūkai's return">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg/220px-Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg/330px-Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg/440px-Jingoji_Kyoto_Kyoto15s3s4500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jingo-ji" title="Jingo-ji">Jingo-ji</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Takao" title="Mount Takao">Mount Takao</a>, the first major temple in which Kūkai worked on his return to Japan</figcaption></figure> Kūkai returned to Japan after Huiguo's death in 806. He brought back numerous Buddhist texts, mandalas, ritual items and other books.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> After returning, Kūkai asked the imperial court for permission to establish a new Buddhist school and waited three years for a response in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 809 Kūkai was allowed to reside at a temple near Kyoto known as Takaosanji (now <a href="/wiki/Jingo-ji" title="Jingo-ji">Jingo-ji</a>). This temple would become his major center of operations near the capital.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Kūkai's fortunes rose steadily when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a> became his patron and Kūkai was appointed as the head of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Todai-ji</a> in 810.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Kūkai began to give esoteric initiations (abhiseka) at this time, including to elite laymen and to Saicho and his students. He also began to organize a new school of esoteric Buddhism centered around Jingo-ji and wrote some key works which outlined the main teachings of Shingon.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 818, Kūkai asked emperor Saga to grant him <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mount Kōya</a> (高野山 Kōyasan), in present-day Wakayama province, so that he could establish a true monastic center away from the disturbances of the capital and this was soon granted.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Kūkai and his disciples soon began to build the new monastic complex, which they imagined and modeled on the two mandalas, the womb and vajra.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This mountain center soon became the key center for Shingon study and practice. In his later life, Kūkai continued to actively promote the efficacy of Shingon ritual among the elite even while also working to build Kōyasan into a major center. Kūkai eventually achieved control of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tō-ji</a> for the Shingon school, which was a major temple within the capital. His final request before his death in 832 was to construct a Shingon hall in Imperial palace grounds in order to accommodate the practice of the seven day ritual of chanting the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Sutra of Golden Light.</a> His request was eventually granted, a year after his death.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Kūkai">After Kūkai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Kūkai">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koyasan_(Mount_Koya)_monks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg/220px-Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg/330px-Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg/440px-Koyasan_%28Mount_Koya%29_monks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Shingon monks at Mount Koya</figcaption></figure> After Kūkai, the main Shingon temples were taken over by key disciples like Jitsue, Shinzen, Shinzai, Eon and Shōhō. The main leadership after his death was Shinnen (804–891) and already at this time there was some conflict between Tō-ji and Kōyasan.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some Shingon monks also followed in Kūkai's footsteps and visited China to receive more teachings and texts. Likewise, several Tendai monks also visited China and brought back esoteric teachings, making Tendai esotericism a major competitor to Shingon.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> Under Kangen (853–925), Tō-ji temple rose to become the head temple of Shingon. Mount Kōya experienced a period of decline afterwards, until it recovered in the 11th century through the support of <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara clan</a> nobles like <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga" title="Fujiwara no Michinaga">Fujiwara no Michinaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> Shingon Buddhism enjoyed immense popularity during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (平安時代), particularly among the nobility, and contributed greatly to the art and literature of the time, influencing other communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the late Heian, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> was becoming very popular and Shingon was also influenced by this popular devotional trend. <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mount Kōya</a> soon became the center for groups of wandering holy men called Kōya Hijiri, who merged Pure Land practices focused on <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida Buddha</a> with devotion to Kūkai and were also involved in raising funds for the rebuilding of many temples.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> Kōya-san soon became a major center for pilgrimage for all Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> The Shingon monk <a href="/wiki/Kakuban" title="Kakuban">Kakuban</a> (1095–1143) was one Shingon scholar who responded to the rise in Pure Land devotionalism. He studied Shingon along with Tendai and also incorporated Pure Land practice into his Shingon system, as well as promoting an esoteric interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a> and Pure Land.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> Unlike other Pure Land schools, Kakuban held that the Pure Land exists in this very world and he also taught that Vairocana is Amida.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> Kakuban, and his faction of priests centered at the Denbō-in (伝法院) soon came into conflict with the leadership at <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8Dbu-ji" title="Kongōbu-ji">Kongōbu-ji</a>, the head temple at <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mount Kōya</a>. Through his connections with high-ranking nobles in Kyoto, Kakuban was appointed abbot of Mount Kōya. The leadership at Kongōbu-ji opposed him and after several conflicts (some of which involved the burning down of temples of Kakuban's faction), Kakuban's group left the mountain for Mount Negoro to the northwest, where they constructed a new temple complex now known as <a href="/wiki/Negoro-ji" title="Negoro-ji">Negoro-ji</a> (根来寺).<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> After the death of Kakuban in 1143, attempts to make peace were unsuccessful and after further conflicts, the Negoro faction (led by Raiyu) founded the new Shingi Shingon School based on Kakuban's teachings. As such, Shingon became divided into two major sub-schools, Kogi Shingon (古義真言宗, Ancient Shingon school), and Shingi Shingon (新義真言宗, Reformed Shingon school).<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> Over time, the two Shingon sub-schools also diverged doctrinally on such issues as the attainment of buddhahood through a single mantra and the theory of how the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakāya</a> teaches the Dharma.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> Following in Kakuban's footsteps, the Koyasan monk Dōhan 道範 (1179–1252) has been seen as a key figure in the promotion of what has been called an “esoteric Pure Land culture”, a Shingon variety of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> that became very popular during this period and influenced other figures and schools like <a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saidai-ji" title="Saidai-ji">Saidaiji's</a> Shingon Risshu. This esoteric pure land culture included esoteric uses and interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a> along with the popularization and use of the <a href="/wiki/Mantra_of_Light" title="Mantra of Light">Mantra of Light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> During the Heian period, the adoption of Shinto deities into Buddhism became popular, something that became known as <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a> (神仏習合, "syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> and buddhas"). This movement saw local Japanese deities as manifestations of the Buddhas. For example <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> was seen as an emanation of Vairocana in Shingon. This emanation theory was called <a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a> by Buddhists. Major Shingon centers participated in this development, with key deities like <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a> being worshipped at temples like <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tō-ji</a> for example.<a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[32]</a> Also during the Heian period, the syncretic religion of <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> started to develop and the influence of Shingon was one major element in its development. Shingon was especially influential on the Tōzan branch of Shugendō. which was centered on Mount Kinbu.<a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_to_Sengoku_period">Kamakura to Sengoku period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kamakura to Sengoku period">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185 to 1333) saw the rise of another new Shingon tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Risshu" title="Shingon Risshu">Shingon-risshū</a> school. This new tradition stressed the importance of keeping the monastic Vinaya, along with esoteric practice. It was promoted by figures like Shunjō (1166–1227) and <a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a> (叡尊 1201–1290) and centered around <a href="/wiki/Saidai-ji" title="Saidai-ji">Saidai-ji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a> carried on the work of this tradition, which was known for its many public works projects, including building hospitals, hostels for the poor and animal sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Also during this period, many followers of the Ji sect founded by <a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a> (1234–1289) made Kōya-san their home, joining with the Kōya hiriji groups, and many halls for Amida centered Pure Land practice were built on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1336 to 1573), the Shingon schools continued to develop, some under the support of elite families or even emperors, like <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Go-Uda</a> (1267–1324), who entered the priesthood at Tō-ji and helped revitalize the temple as well as <a href="/wiki/Daikaku-ji" title="Daikaku-ji">Daikaku-ji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Meanwhile, on Kōyasan, Yūkai (1345–1416) was responsible for revitalizing Shingon doctrinal study and also for driving away all of the nembutsu hiriji (now mostly following the Ji sect) who had been living on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He also purged the tradition of all traces of the heterodox Tachikawa school (even burning their texts). The Tachikawa school was known for teaching a mixed form of esotericism which made use of Daoist and sexual practices.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During the war torn <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> (1467 to 1615), all the Shingon temples in or near the capital were destroyed or stripped of all lands, while the Shingon centers in the mountains like Kōya and Negoro were forced to raise militaries for self defense, though sometimes they used these forces to attempt to expand the lands holdings of their temples.<a href="#cite_note-:6-39">[39]</a> Mount Negoro, the center of Shingi Shingon, was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> (豊臣秀吉) in 1585. After this show of force, Kōyasan, the last major Shingon temple left standing at this time, submitted to Hideyoshi, and was spared destruction.<a href="#cite_note-:6-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period">Edo period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edo period">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg/240px-Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg/360px-Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg/480px-Honbo_of_Hasedera_Temple_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4403" data-file-height="3302" /></a><figcaption>Office of Hase-dera in spring</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868), the Shingi Shingon monks from Mount Negoro had escaped and took their lineages elsewere, eventually founding new schools at <a href="/wiki/Hase-dera" title="Hase-dera">Hase-dera</a> (the Buzan school) and at <a href="/wiki/Chishaku-in" title="Chishaku-in">Chishaku</a> (the Chisan-ha school).<a href="#cite_note-:7-40">[40]</a> In the Edo period, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> implemented new religious control measures for the Buddhist community. Tokugawa Ieyasu issued regulations for the Shingon school in 1615, incorporating it into its administrative temple system.<a href="#cite_note-:7-40">[40]</a> Under this new peace, Shingon study was revived in the various temples. Hase-dera became a major center for the broad study of all of Buddhism and also of secular topics. Meanwhile in Kōyasan, the Ji sect hiriji were allowed to return and were incorporated into the Shingon school, though this would lead to conflict later on.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> During this period, monks like Jōgen and Onkō (1718–1804) focused on studying and promoting Buddhist precepts and monastic discipline. This renewed interest in precepts study was likely a response to Confucian critiques of Buddhism at the time. Onkō was also a well known scholar of Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_period">Meiji period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meiji period">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868), the state forced a separation of Shinto and Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">shinbutsu bunri</a>) and abolished the Chokusai Hōe (Imperial Rituals). The Shingon school was significantly affected by these changes (since it was closely connected with many Shinto shrines), as well as by the Meiji era anti-buddhist persecutions known as <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a> (abolish Buddhism and destroy Shākyamuni).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some Shingon temples that were affiliated with Shintō shrines were converted into shrines. Some Shinto monks left the Buddhist priesthood to become Shintō priests, or they returned to secular life. The government enforced the confiscation of temple land and this led to the closure of many Shingon temples. Those who survived had to turn to the regular population for support.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the Meiji period, the government also adopted the "one sect, one leader" rule which forced all Shingon schools to merge under a single leader which was called a "Chōja" (Superintendent). This led to some internal political conflict among the various sub-schools of Shingon, some of which attempted to form their own separate official sects. Some of these eventually succeeded in attaining independence and eventually the unified Shingon sect split into various sub-sects again. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_post-war_period">20th century and post-war period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century and post-war period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg/220px-%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg/330px-%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg/440px-%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94_%E4%B9%90%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%9F%C2%B7%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%99%E5%AF%BA_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qinglong_Temple_(Xi%27an)" title="Qinglong Temple (Xi'an)">Qinglong Temple</a> (青龍寺; Qīnglóng Sì; lit. 'Green Dragon Temple') in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. It is the temple where Huigo transmitted Shingon to Kukai. It has recently seen a revival of Chinese esotericism, based partly on Japanese Shingon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG/220px-Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG/330px-Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG/440px-Shingon-Mission-Honolulu-statuary.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Shingon Mission in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></figcaption></figure> In March 1941, under the government's religious policy, Shingon schools were forcibly merged to form the 'Dai-Shingon' sect. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second world war</a>, prayers for the surrender of enemy nations were frequently held at various temples. After the war, both Ko-Gyō and Shin-Gyō schools continued to separate, and some established their own unique doctrines and traditions. There are now around eighteen major Shingon schools with their own headquarter temples (honzan) in Japan. Yamasaki estimated the number of Shingon followers at ten million and the number of priests at sixteen thousand in around eleven thousand temples (in his 1988 book).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In Japan, there are also several new Shingon influenced groups classified as 'New Religions'. Some of these new movements include <a href="/wiki/Shinnyo-en" title="Shinnyo-en">Shinnyo-en</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agon_Shu" title="Agon Shu">Agon-shu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gedatsukai" title="Gedatsukai">Gedatsu-kai.</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Another recent modern development is the phenomenon of Chinese students reviving <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> through studying Japanese Shingon.<a href="#cite_note-:15-47">[47]</a> This “tantric revival movement” (mijiao fuxing yundong 密教復興運動) was mainly propagated by Chinese Buddhists who traveled to Japan to be trained, initiated, and receive dharma transmission as acharyas in the Shingon tradition and who then return home to establish the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-:15-47">[47]</a> Some important figures of this revival include Wang Hongyuan 王弘願 (1876–1937), and Guru Wuguang (悟光上師 (1918–2000), both trained in Shingon and went on to spread Shingon teachings in the Chinese speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Some of these Chinese acharyas have chosen to officially remain under the oversight of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dyasan_Shingon-sh%C5%AB" title="Kōyasan Shingon-shū">Kōyasan Shingon-shū</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shingon-shu_Buzan-ha" title="Shingon-shu Buzan-ha">Shingon-shu Buzan-ha</a> and minister as Chinese branches of Japanese Shingon, but others have chosen to create independent and distinct schools.<a href="#cite_note-:02-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-51">[51]</a> Today, these revivalist lineages exist in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia. Though they draw mainly from Shingon teachings, they have also adopted some <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A similar phenomenon has occurred in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, where two recent esoteric schools have been founded, the Chinŏn (眞言) and the <a href="/wiki/Jingak_Order" title="Jingak Order">Jingak Order</a> (眞覺), both of which are largely based on Shingon teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94-53">[53]</a> During the 20th century, Shingon Buddhism also spread to the West, especially to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (a move led by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese Diaspora</a>). There are now various temples on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Shingon_Mission" title="Hawaii Shingon Mission">Hawaii Shingon Mission</a> (built 1915–1918) and <a href="/wiki/Koyasan_Buddhist_Temple" title="Koyasan Buddhist Temple">Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, founded 1912). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrines">Doctrines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Doctrines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> The teachings of Shingon are based on <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> texts, and early <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Buddhist tantras</a>. The key esoteric sources are the <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahāvairocana Sūtra</a> (大日経, Dainichi-kyō), the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajraśekhara Sūtra</a> (金剛頂経, Kongōchō-kyō), and the <a href="/wiki/Susiddhikara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Susiddhikara Sūtra">Susiddhikara Sūtra</a> (蘇悉地経, Soshitsuji-kyō).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Important <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> in Shingon include the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaj%C4%81la_S%C5%ABtra" title="Brahmajāla Sūtra">Brahmajāla Sūtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a>. Kūkai wrote commentaries on all three.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Shingon derives form the early period of Indian <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> (then known as Mantrayana, the Vehicle of Mantras).<a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Paul_2000._p._271-56">[56]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, which focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantras</a>, which are tantras that arose at a later date of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a>, Shingon bases itself on earlier works like the Mahavairocana which generally lack the <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomian</a> uses of <a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">sexual yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> substances and <a href="/wiki/Charnel_ground" title="Charnel ground">charnel ground</a> imagery found in the later tantras.<a href="#cite_note-:24-57">[57]</a> Nevertheless, the concept of "great bliss" (tairaku) and the transformation of desire (and other defilements) into wisdom is found in Shingon.<a href="#cite_note-:24-57">[57]</a> Another important sutra in Shingon is the <a href="/wiki/Rishu-ky%C5%8D" title="Rishu-kyō">Prajñāpāramitānaya-sūtra</a> (Jp. Hannyarishukyō, Taishō vol. 8, no. 243). This is a late "tantric" <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita</a> sutra in 150 lines which was translated by Amoghavajra and which contains various verses and seed syllables which encapsulate the Prajñaparamita teaching.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-59">[59]</a> The Hannyarishukyō is used extensively in Shingon as part of daily recitation and ritual practice.<a href="#cite_note-:11-59">[59]</a> The full Sanskrit title is Mahāsukhavajra-amoghasamaya-sūtra (Ch. Dale jingang bukong zhenshi sanmohe jing, Sutra of the Vow of Fulfilling the Great Perpetual Enjoyment and Benefiting All Sentient Beings Without Exception).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Another important source for the Shingon school is the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a> and a commentary on it called the On the Interpretation of Mahāyāna (Shi Moheyan lun 釈摩訶衍論, Japanese: Shakumakaen-ron, Taisho no. 1668), which was traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (though it is likely an East Asian composition).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Finally, the works of Kūkai are key sources in Shingon Buddhism, including his various commentaries on the key esoteric texts of Shingon as well as original works like his magnum opus, the ten volume Jūjū shinron (Treatise on Ten Levels of Mind) and the shorter summary Hizō hōyaku (Precious Key to the Secret Treasury).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dharmakaya_Mahāvairocana">The Dharmakaya Mahāvairocana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Dharmakaya Mahāvairocana">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavairocana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mahavairocana.jpg/220px-Mahavairocana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mahavairocana.jpg/330px-Mahavairocana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mahavairocana.jpg/440px-Mahavairocana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>12th century painting of Mahāvairocana, Heian period, <a href="/wiki/Nezu_Museum" title="Nezu Museum">Nezu Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In Shingon, the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Mahāvairocana</a> (Sanskrit for "Great Illuminator"), also known as Dainichi Nyorai (大日如来, "Great Sun <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathagata</a>") is the universal <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">primordial</a> (honji-shin) Buddha that is the basis of all phenomena. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha's</a> Darijing shu (大日經疏‎, J. Dainichikyōsho) states that Mahāvairocana is “the original ground <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">dharmakāya</a>.” (薄伽梵即毘盧遮那本地法身, at <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taisho</a> no. 1796:39.580). According to Hakeda, Kūkai identified the Dharmakaya with "the eternal Dharma, the uncreated, imperishable, beginningless, and endless Truth".<a href="#cite_note-:16-64">[64]</a> This ultimate reality does not exist independently of all things, but is immanent in them. Dainichi is worshipped as the supreme Buddha and also appears as the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dhyani_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dhyani Buddhas">Five Wisdom Buddhas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dainichi-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flammarion-66">[66]</a> Hakeda also writes that in Shingon, Dainichi is "at the center of a multitude of Buddhas, bodhisattvas, and powers; He is the source of enlightenment and the unity underlying all variety. To attain enlightenment means to realize Mahāvairocana, the implication being that Mahāvairocana is originally within man."<a href="#cite_note-:16-64">[64]</a> According to Kūkai, the Buddha's light illuminates and pervades all, like the light of the sun (hence his name). The immanent presence also means that every being already has "original enlightenment" (<a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">hongaku</a>) within. This is also known as the "enligthened mind" (<a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha nature">Buddha nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-64">[64]</a> As Kūkai writes: "Where is the Dharmakaya? It is not far away; it is in our body. The source of wisdom? In our mind; indeed, it is close to us!"<a href="#cite_note-:16-64">[64]</a> Because of this, there is the possibility of "becoming Buddha in this very embodied existence" (sokushin jōbutsu), even for the most depraved persons.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-64">[64]</a> All beings thus have the potential to become Buddhas through their own effort and through the power / grace (<a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṣṭhāna">adhisthana</a>) of the Buddha. Kūkai thus rejected the idea we lived in an <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">age of Dharma decline</a> and that therefore one had to be reborn in a pure land to attain enlightenment. This also informs his positive view of the natural world, as well as of the arts, all of which he saw as manifestations of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_and_forms_of_the_Dharmakaya">Activities and forms of the Dharmakaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activities and forms of the Dharmakaya">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai(Vairocana)_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E4%B9%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%83%8F_Dainichi-nyorai%28Vairocana%29_image_in_Kume-dera_2013.6.24_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4352" /></a><figcaption>Dainichi-nyorai (Vairocana) image in Kume-dera</figcaption></figure> Dainichi is the ultimate source of all Buddhas and bodhisattvas, and of the entire cosmos. The centrality of Dainichi is seen in the fact that he appears at the centre of both the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Womb Realm</a> mandalas.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to Kūkai, Mahāvairocana is also the Universal Principle which underlies all Buddhist teachings. Thus, other Buddhist deities can be thought of as manifestations of Dainichi, each with their own attributes. As Kūkai writes, "the great Self is one, yet can be many".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Like in the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a>) school, Shingon sees Dainichi's body as being equal to the entire universe. As Dharmakaya (Jpn: hosshin, Dharma body), Vairocana also constantly teaches the Dharma in inconceivable ways throughout the universe, including through the secret mysteries of Shingon esotericism. The Dharmakaya is embodied absolute reality and truth and is mostly ineffable but can be experienced through esoteric practices such as <a href="/wiki/Mudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudras">mudras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a>. Ultimately, the whole phenomenal world itself and all the sounds and movements in it are also considered to be the teaching of Vairocana Buddha, which is identical with the cosmic body of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67">[67]</a> Thus, for Kūkai, the entire universe, together with all actions, persons and Buddhas in it, are all part of Vairocana's cosmic sermon to its manifestations. In Shingon, this idea that all phenomena in the universe are constantly revealing the presence of the Dharmakaya Buddha, is part of the doctrine of "the dharmakaya's expounding of the Dharma" (hosshin seppō).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-71">[71]</a> Furthermore, according to the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> was considered a manifestation of Dainichi Nyorai along with other Shinto deities.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flammarion-66">[66]</a> Kūkai explains the Dharmakaya as having four main bodies (shishu hosshin):<a href="#cite_note-:17-73">[73]</a> <ul><li>Absolute Dharmakaya (jishō hosshin) – the ultimate wisdom body of all the Buddhas out which the entire cosmos manifests</li> <li>The Dharmakaya in Bliss / Participation (juyō hosshin) – it has two aspects: the bliss aspect, a state of absolute samadhi, and the participation aspect, which is how the Dharmakaya appears to the most advanced bodhisattvas as Buddha forms.</li> <li>Transformation Dharmakaya (henge hosshin) – how the Buddha appears to lower level bodhisattvas, sravakas and ordinary people. This includes the historical Buddha Shakyamuni.</li> <li>Emanation Dharmakaya (tōru hosshin) – bodies emanating from the Dharmakaya in many forms, including nonhuman beings and hell beings.</li></ul> Although portrayed through the use of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> metaphors, Shingon does not see the Dharmakaya Buddha as a separate or individual personal entity or a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> standing apart from the universe. Instead, the Buddha is the universe properly understood.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_wisdom_body_of_the_Dharmakaya">The wisdom body of the Dharmakaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The wisdom body of the Dharmakaya">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg/220px-%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg/330px-%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg/440px-%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E5%A1%94%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Statues of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Tathāgatas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Renge-in_Tanj%C5%8D-ji" title="Renge-in Tanjō-ji">Renge-in Tanjō-ji</a></figcaption></figure> Another important feature of the Dharmakaya in Kūkai's buddhology is his analysis of Vairocana's body of wisdom (chishin). According to this teaching, the Dharmakaya has five wisdoms, each one is associated with a Buddha and four of them are associated with a type of mundane consciousness (drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">eight consciousnesses</a>):<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <ol><li>The Wisdom that Perceives the Essential Nature of the World of Dharma (hokkai taishō chi): the eternal Source of knowledge and light at the center of all things. It is represented by Mahāvairocana Buddha in the Vajradhatu Mandala.</li> <li>Mirrorlike Wisdom (daienkyō): the wisdom which reflects things as they are without any distortion. It is represented by Aksobhya Buddha and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">alaya-vijñana</a> (storehouse consciousness).</li> <li>Wisdom of Equality (byōdōshō chi): the wisdom which sees the identity and sameness of all phenomena and beings. It is represented by Ratnasambhava Buddha and is associated with the ego consciousness (manas).</li> <li>Wisdom of Observation (myōkanzatchi): the wisdom which is free of discrimination and sees all objects of mind without discrimination / conceptualization. It is represented by Amitabha and is associated with the mental consciousness (manovijñana).</li> <li>Wisdom of Action (jōsosa chi): the wisdom manifested as actions that help all sentient beings and guide them to Buddhahood. It is represented by Amoghasiddhi and is associated with the five sense consciousnesses.</li></ol> In the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara</a>, the illumination of the Buddha's body of wisdom is symbolized as a <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>, Indra's indestructible adamantine weapon, and it represents the dynamic function of penetrating insight.<a href="#cite_note-:18-76">[76]</a> In the Mahavairocana Sutra, meanwhile, the Buddha's Body of Principle (Jp.: ri; Ch.: li) is symbolized by a lotus and stands for "compassion, potentiality, growth and creativity" according to Hakeda.<a href="#cite_note-:18-76">[76]</a> For Kūkai, both of these bodies are non-dual. Kūkai writes:<blockquote>That which realizes is Wisdom and that which is to be realized is Principle. The names differ, but they are one in their essential nature.<a href="#cite_note-:18-76">[76]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_six_great_elements,_the_four_mandalas_and_the_three_mysteries">The six great elements, the four mandalas and the three mysteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The six great elements, the four mandalas and the three mysteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taizokai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/220px-Taizokai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/330px-Taizokai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/440px-Taizokai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Garbhadhātu</a> (Womb Realm) <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">maṇḍala</a> with Mahāvairocana located at the center of the circle</figcaption></figure> According to Kūkai, the Dharmakaya can further be explained terms of the "Body of Six Great Elements" (rokudaishin). This means that for Kūkai, the Dharmakaya consists of the six great elements which "are interfused and are in a state of eternal harmony".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The great elements (<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">mahābhūtani</a>) are earth, water, fire, wind, space, and consciousness, and they are the universal elements out of which all beings and matter are made. These great elements are all in a state of perfect interfusion (yuanrong, 圓融, i.e. they are all harmoniously interconnected), a teaching which was first articulated in the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> school by patriarchs like <a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Like Fazang, Kūkai uses the metaphor of <a href="/wiki/Indra%27s_net" title="Indra's net">Indra's Net</a> to describe the infinite interrelation of all existence, meaning that the Dharmakaya Mahāvairocana and every sentient being in the universe "are not identical but are nevertheless identical; they are not different but are nevertheless different."<a href="#cite_note-:21-80">[80]</a> For Kūkai, the consequence of this doctrine is a complete <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-duality</a> between seemingly different phenomena like mind and matter, humanity and nature, sentient and insentient, and so on. Thus, Kūkai writes: "matter is no other than mind; mind is no other than matter. Without any obstruction, they are interrelated."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This interrelation is one of macrocosmic harmony, an eternal natural order (hōni no dōri) which is identical with the <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> of the Dharmakaya. Sentient beings, as microcosmic manifestations of the Dharmakaya, can tune in to that harmony through practicing samadhi.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Another perspective with which to understand the Dharmakaya is through the four mandalas (circles, ranges, spheres) which stand for the cosmic Buddha Vairocana's extension, intention, communication and action:<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <ul><li>Mahāmandala – the entire physical universe as the body of the Dharmakaya Buddha</li> <li>Samayamandala – the ultimate intention of the Dharmakaya Buddha which is omnipresent throughout the universe and is universal compassion</li> <li>Dharmamandala – the universal sphere in which the Dharmakaya Buddha's preaching and revelation of the Dharma is taking place</li> <li>Karmamandala – the universal activities of the Dharmakaya Buddha, i.e. all the movements of the universe</li></ul> These four mandalas are all said to be deeply interconnected or as Kūkai writes "inseparably related to one another".<a href="#cite_note-:20-84">[84]</a> The constant preaching of the Dharmakaya Buddha throughout the cosmos is described in Shingon as the "three mysteries" (sanmi 三密). Hakeda describes these three as "the suprarational activities or functions of the Body, Speech, and Mind of Mahāvairocana."<a href="#cite_note-:20-84">[84]</a> The three mysteries are found throughout the entire universe as the movements of natural phenomena, natural sounds and as all experiences. Kūkai compares it to a sacred book "being painted by brushes of mountains, by ink of oceans", which have heaven and earth as the bindings.<a href="#cite_note-:20-84">[84]</a> The non-dual nature of all mandalas and the interpenetration of all phenomena embodied as Mahavairocana's body and functions is a key Shingon view which also underlies its understanding of the practice of the three secrets. As such, Kūkai explains how Shingon practice enacts the unity of all actions and things in the following important passage:<a href="#cite_note-:26-85">[85]</a> <blockquote>The six symbolic elements interpenetrate without obstruction and are in eternal union. They are not apart from any of the Four Mandalas. Through practice of three-secrets empowerment, they manifest immediately. The universal web is what we call this body. All things are naturally endowed with bodhisattva wisdom transcending the essential mind, the subsidiary minds [limited aspects of mind], and the objects of the senses. Each of the Five Wisdoms is endowed with unlimited wisdom. Since it is the power of the perfect mirror, this is true enlightened wisdom.</blockquote>As such, through the Shingon "three-secrets yoga" (sanmitsu yuga), a practitioner unifies his body, speech and mind with those of the Buddha's Dharmakaya. Kūkai states that "the three secrets bring about the response of empowerment [kaji] and he quickly attains great enlightenment".<a href="#cite_note-:26-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha's_power_and_self-power">Buddha's power and self-power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Buddha's power and self-power">edit</a>]</div> The three mysteries are also interpreted as tapping into the energy, grace or sustaining power (Skt. <a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṣṭhāna">adhiṣṭhāna</a>, Jp. kaji) of the Buddha, which according to Kūkai "indicates great compassion on the part of the Tathagata and <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> (Skt. citta-prasāda, Jp. <a href="/wiki/Shinjin" title="Shinjin">shinjin</a>) on the part of sentient beings." Kūkai compares this process to rays of sun (the Buddha's power) shining on water (sentient beings) and the water's ability to retain the heat of the rays.<a href="#cite_note-:21-80">[80]</a> Kūkai also holds that faith comes through the power of the Buddha; it is not something acquired by one's own efforts. Indeed, for Kūkai, the three mysteries are innate in all beings, and the fact that these are united with the macrocosmic three mysteries of the Dharmakaya is what makes faith possible.<a href="#cite_note-:21-80">[80]</a> However, in Shingon, it is not solely through the Buddha's power that one accumulates merit and attains enlightenment; rather, it is through a conjunction of "the three powers" (sanriki): the power of Buddha's blessing or grace (nyorai kaji-riki, which is "other power," <a href="/wiki/Jiriki_and_tariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiriki and tariki">tariki</a>); one's power of self-merit (ga kudoku-riki, i.e. "self-power", <a href="/wiki/Jiriki_and_tariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiriki and tariki">jiriki</a>); and the power of the Dharma realm (hokkai riki), the interfused self-nature in which self and Buddha are non-dual.<a href="#cite_note-:25-86">[86]</a> As such, in Shingon, self-power and other-power are not two separate powers but are non-dual.<a href="#cite_note-:25-86">[86]</a> Kūkai describes this as "the Buddha entering the self and the self entering the Buddha" (nyūga ga'nyū, literally "entering-self and self-entering") in his Dainichi-kyo Kaidai ("Interpretation of the Mahavairocana Sutra"). Yamasaki calls this "a subtle process of the self, the deity, and the universe" in which "in striving 'upward', the individual perceives an energy flowing 'downward' as if to aid his striving."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buddhahood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongokai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/220px-Kongokai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/330px-Kongokai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/440px-Kongokai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="3567" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm Mandala</a></figcaption></figure> According to Shingon doctrine, <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> is not a distant, foreign reality that can take <a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">aeons</a> to approach but it is a real possibility within this very life. This is because the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">original enlightenment</a> is present within all beings.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Kūkai describes this immanent reality within all beings as "the glorious mind, the most secret and sacred".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to Kūkai, the core teaching on enlightenment in the Mahāvairocana sutra is found in the following passages:<blockquote>The enlightened mind [bodhicitta] is the cause, great compassion [mahakaruna] is the root, and skillful means [upaya] is the ultimate...enlightenment is to know your own mind as it really is...Seek in your own mind enlightenment and all-embracing wisdom. Why? Because it is originally pure and bright.<a href="#cite_note-:19-90">[90]</a> </blockquote>This means that Buddhahood can be attained because all beings already have enlightenment and "all embracing wisdom" within which is "originally pure and bright" according to Kūkai.<a href="#cite_note-:19-90">[90]</a> With the help of a genuine teacher and through proper training, one can reclaim and liberate this enlightened capacity for the benefit of oneself and others. When cultivated, the luminous enlightened mind manifests as awakened wisdom. Kūkai systematized and categorized all Buddhist teachings into ten stages of spiritual realization, from the lowest type of worldly mind to the highest mind of exoteric Buddhism (the view of Huayan/Kegon) to the supreme mind attained through Shingon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_nature_of_esoteric_Buddhism">The nature of esoteric Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The nature of esoteric Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> Kūkai wrote at length on the difference between <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">exoteric</a>, that is to say, mainstream (non-<a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> Mantrayana (or <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>) Buddhism. For him, the differences between exoteric and esoteric can be summarised as follows:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <ol><li>Esoteric teachings are preached by the <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Dharmakaya</a> Buddha, Vairocana, and are "secret & profound, containing the final truth". Exoteric teachings are preached by <a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmanakaya</a> (emanation) Buddhas, like <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Shakyamuni</a>, and are "simplified" skillful means. Exoteric Mahayana sutras also contain hidden esoteric meanings which Kūkai discusses in his works. For example, the title of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> is considered a mantra by Kūkai.</li> <li>Kūkai held that exoteric doctrines were <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upāyas</a> ("skillful means"), teachings adapted to the needs of beings according to their capacities and time. The esoteric doctrines, in comparison, are the truth itself—a direct communication of the innermost secrets of the Dharmakaya, and his timeless eternally present <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>.</li> <li>Exoteric teachings are gradual (and may take aeons); esoteric methods are the "sudden approach"—or, at the very least, provide a much faster way to enlightenment. Even the most depraved of beings, the <a href="/wiki/Icchantika" title="Icchantika">icchantikas</a>, can attain awakening through the simplest esoteric method: recitation of a mantra.</li> <li>Esoteric Buddhism contains within it all the teachings of exoteric Buddhism, and more. Exoteric Buddhist schools lack the special methods of esoteric Buddhism, which is the highest expression of Buddhism. These esoteric rituals—involving the use of mantras, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, and mandalas—are the direct communication of the Dharmakaya, and provide direct access to the ultimate truth.</li> <li>Esoteric Buddhism has the highest view of the ultimate truth, which sees the mind of Mahāvairocana as united with the mind of all beings, and the body of Mahāvairocana as being the body of the universe (which contains all sentient beings).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG/220px-%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG/330px-%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG/440px-%E5%9C%93%E6%98%8E%E9%99%A2_%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Shingon altar with Vairocana Buddha and Acala at <a href="/wiki/Enmy%C5%8D-in" title="Enmyō-in">Enmyō-in</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/220px--Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv/Kosho-ji_Nagoya_prayer_April_2009.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video showing prayer service at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-ji_(Nagoya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōshō-ji (Nagoya)">Kōshō-ji</a> in Nagoya. A monk is rhythmically beating a drum while chanting sutras.</figcaption></figure>The goal of Shingon is the realization that one's true nature is identical with the universal Mahāvairocana Buddha, a goal that is achieved through esoteric <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">mantrayana</a> ritual practices. Shingon practice thus depends on receiving secret doctrines, methods and instructions, from the school's ordained masters.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> The "Three Mysteries" of body, speech, and mind participate simultaneously in the subsequent process of revealing one's nature: the body through devotional gestures (<a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a>) and the use of ritual instruments, speech through sacred formulas (<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>), and mind through <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67">[67]</a> These methods allow a Shingon contemplative to realize that his body-mind is none other than the body-mind of Mahāvairocana.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Three_Mysteries_and_consecration">The Three Mysteries and consecration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Three Mysteries and consecration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mandala_of_Mantra_of_Light_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>A painting of the <a href="/wiki/Mantra_of_Light" title="Mantra of Light">Mantra of Light</a> (Japanese: kōmyō shingon, 光明眞言) mandala, <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo Period</a>, approximately 17th–18th century. This is a popular mantra in Shingon.</figcaption></figure> The essence of Shingon practice is to experience the Dharmakaya, the ultimate reality, by emulating the inner realization of the Dharmakaya through the synchronized <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditative</a> <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> use of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> (hand gestures) and visualization of <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a>. These are known as the "three modes of action" and are the central methods of Shingon esoteric practice.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> These three "ritual technologies" are equivalent to the concept of the "three mysteries", the secrets of body, speech and mind (of the Buddha Vairocana) and these are introduced in the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhisheka</a> (consecration) where tantric vows (<a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">samaya</a>) are undertaken by initiates.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> As the Indian Shingon patriarch <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhākarasiṃha</a> states: "the three modes of action are simply the three secrets, and the three secrets are simply the three modes of action. The <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">three [Buddha] bodies</a> are simply the wisdom of tathāgata <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana">Mahavairocana</a>."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The abhisheka includes entering a prepared ritual space with a <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> while blindfolded and throwing a flower into the mandala, which lands on a specific deity depicted in the mandala.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> After the consecration, the esoteric initiate is taught how to visualize the deities and mandalas, along with the secret mudras and mantras of his deity, and these secrets are revealed to be none other than the expression of the body-speech-mind of the Buddha. Through the consecration and use of these three mysteries, the initiate is said to ritually replicate the body, speech, and mind of the Buddha, achieving buddhahood in this very existence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandala">Mandala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mandala">edit</a>]</div> Visualizing a mandala corresponds to the mental activity of the Buddha. The most important Shingon mandalas are known as the <a href="/wiki/Mandala_of_the_Two_Realms" title="Mandala of the Two Realms">Mandala of the Two Realms</a> which are: The <a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Womb Realm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Garbhadhātu; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 胎蔵界曼荼羅, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Taizōkai) mandala based on the <a href="/wiki/Vairocan%C4%81bhisa%E1%B9%83bodhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra">Mahavairocana Sutra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Vajradhātu; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 金剛界曼荼羅, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Kongōkai) mandala based on the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiyota_1987-99">[99]</a> These two mandalas are considered to be a compact expression of the entirety of Buddhahood as well as a representation of the totality of existence.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to Yamasaki, the "Great Compassion Womb Repository Birth Mandala": "represents the enlightened universe from the viewpoint of compassion". It is also associated with skillful means and the lotus is its key symbol.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Regarding the Vajra Realm mandala, Yamasaki writes that it "embodies the vajra-wisdom that illuminates the universe". This is the Buddha's wisdom body which is indestructible like the mythic adamantine weapon (<a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Yamasaki also adds that while the womb realm generally represents the five material elements, the vajra realm represents the mind and consciousness elements.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> However, both mandalas are not a duality, but are ultimately seen as non-dual. As such, "the two mandalas together thus signify the indissoluble unity of Truth and Wisdom, the inseparability of Matter and Mind, the resolution of mystical paradox."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mantra">Mantra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mantra">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BonjiVam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BonjiVam.png/220px-BonjiVam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BonjiVam.png/330px-BonjiVam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BonjiVam.png/440px-BonjiVam.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Vaṃ – the seed syllable mantra of Mahavairocana in the Vajradhātu Mandala</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a> are another key element of Shingon praxis (corresponding to the speech of the Dharmakaya Buddha). Kūkai understood mantras as the most concentrated form of the teachings of the Dharmakaya Buddha. According to Kūkai, Shingon mantras contain the entire meaning of all the scriptures and indeed the entire universe (which is itself the preaching of the Dharmakaya).<a href="#cite_note-:13-71">[71]</a> Kūkai argues that mantras are effective because: "a mantra is suprarational; it eliminates ignorance when meditated upon and recited. A single word contains a thousand truths; one can realize Suchness here and now."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Furthermore, Kūkai also states:<blockquote>By reciting the voiced syllables with clear understanding, one manifests the truth. What is called "the truth of the voiced syllable" is the three secrets in which all things and the Buddha are equal. This is the original essence of all beings. For this reason, Dainichi Nyorai's teaching of the true meaning of the voiced syllable will startle into awakening those long sleeping.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></blockquote> As such, mantras are also not mere <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantations</a>, but manifest the power and blessings of the Buddha, being full embodiments of the Buddha. According to the Commentary to the Mahavairocana Sutra (Da Rijing shu 大日經疏, T. 1796) of Yi Xing:<blockquote>The reason that only the Mantra Gate fulfills the secret is that [ritual is performed] by empowerment with the truth. If mantras are recited only in one's mouth, without contemplation of their meaning, then only their worldly effect can be accomplished – but the adamantine body-nature cannot.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></blockquote>Mantras (and <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABjamantra" title="Bījamantra">bījas</a>, or "seed-syllable" mantras) are generally associated with a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deity</a>; for example, the seed syllable of Mahavairocana in the Garbhadhātu Mandala is "A", while a key mantra of Mahavairocana is "a vi ra hūṃ kha". Some deities have multiple seed mantras as well along with different mantras.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In Shingon, mantras (as well as <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>, vidyas, etc.) are recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ alphabet</a> (JP: shittan 悉曇, or bonji 梵字). However, the pronunciation of mantras is in a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Japanese reading">Sino-Japanese style</a>, not any Indian style of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit phonology">Sanskrit pronunciation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mudra">Mudra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mudra">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji,_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg/220px-Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg/330px-Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg/440px-Gotanjy%C5%8D-ji%2C_Main_Hall_and_Great_Buddha_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A statue of a Buddha performing the Dharma Realm Samadhi mudra, which embodies how "the space between the thumbtips encompasses the universe where Buddha and self interpenetrate without obstruction" (Yamasaki)<a href="#cite_note-:29-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_statue,_Kajigamori_(5073962873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg/220px-Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg/330px-Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg/440px-Buddha_statue%2C_Kajigamori_%285073962873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Dainichi Nyorai performing the Wisdom Fist mudra (chiken-in), which embodies the non-duality of living beings and Buddha wisdom<a href="#cite_note-:29-109">[109]</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> ("seals") are hand gestures which represent the secret of the Buddha's body and, as such, symbolize and enact Buddha activity.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> There are numerous mudras used in the various Shingon practices. According to Yamasaki, mudras "symbolically identify the individual with the universe. In this way, the human body functions as a living symbol of the macrocosm."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The term mudra can have multiple meanings, as well; in some cases, it is a very general term, referring to the Buddha's Dharmakaya (whereupon it may be called the "great mudra", <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">mahamudra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:27-112">[112]</a> As such, the Commentary on the Mahavairocana sutra states: "Mudra is none other than a symbol of the Dharma Realm. Using mudra, one points to the body of the Dharma Realm."<a href="#cite_note-:27-112">[112]</a> The hand gestures themselves are either termed samaya mudra (when it refers to a deity's attribute, like a sword, lotus, etc) or karma mudra (when it symbolizes their activity).<a href="#cite_note-:27-112">[112]</a> Each hand and finger has various symbolic associations in Shingon; e.g., the right hand generally represents the Buddha, while the left hand symbolizes ordinary beings, including the yogin themselves. Other associations include: right hand: Wisdom, Buddha-Realm, Sun, and Vajra Realm mandala; left hand: Truth, Phenomenal Realm, Moon, and Womb Realm mandala.<a href="#cite_note-:28-113">[113]</a> The fingers may represent the five senses and the five elements. A key mudra is the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jali_mudr%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Añjali mudrā">añjali mudrā</a> (Jp: gasshō) which symbolizes the unity of the Buddha realm with the world of phenomena and sentient beings. There are actually various forms of the gasshō apart from the standard palm to palm version, including the lotus gasshō and the vajra gasshō.<a href="#cite_note-:28-113">[113]</a> Another important mudra in Shingon (one also used in other traditions such as Zen) is the "Dharmadhatu Samadhi" mudra (hokkai jō-in) which symbolizes the union of self with Buddha, the phenomenal world with the Buddha Realm.<a href="#cite_note-:29-109">[109]</a> The "Wisdom Fist" (chiken-in) mudra also enacts the unity of Buddha and living beings: in this mudra, the breath of life (symbolized by the index finger on the left hand, which stands for the air element) touches the all-encompassing emptiness (symbolized by the thumb tucked within the right fist, representing the space element), which also symbolizes the Buddha's wisdom (itself inseparable from emptiness, and all-pervasive).<a href="#cite_note-:29-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ajikan_and_other_contemplative_methods">Ajikan and other contemplative methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ajikan and other contemplative methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg/220px-SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg/330px-SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg/440px-SIDDHAM_LETTER_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhaṃ alphabet">siddhaṃ</a> letter <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></figcaption></figure> Another important meditative practice of Shingon is Ajikan (阿字觀) "meditating on the letter <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Nagari:</a> अ, <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a>: 𑖀) written using the Siddhaṃ alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_in_Buddhism" title="A in Buddhism">The letter A is an important symbol</a> in Mahayana and in esoteric Buddhism, which signifies the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakaya</a>, the Buddha Mahavairocana, <a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">emptiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anutpada" title="Anutpada">non-arising</a> (anutpada).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> While the writings of Kukai do discuss the letter A and how it is important for esoteric practice, they do not provide step-by-step meditation instructions. The earliest source for the details of this practice is Jitsue's (実恵, 786–849) Record of Oral Instruction on the Ajikan (Ajikan yōjin kuketsu, 阿字觀用心口決, Taisho no. 2423). It details the contemplation of a letter "A" inside of a white moon disk, which itself sits on a lotus flower. The moon represents the awakened mind (bodhicitta) and the lotus represents the heart (hrdaya). Since then, over a hundred Ajikan manuals have been written, and Ajikan has become a central practice in the Shingon school.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> There are other forms of Shingon practice. For example, in Gachirinkan (月輪觀, "Full Moon Visualization"), an image of the moon (an important symbol of the enlightened mind) is used for visualization. In Gojigonjingan (五字嚴身觀, "Visualization of the Five Elements Arrayed in the Body," from the Mahavairocana Tantra), the focus is on the five elements (<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">mahābhūtani</a>) as manifestations of the Buddha Vairocana. Shingon Buddhist temples also perform liturgical rites which include the chanting of sutras and other <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. This may be accompanied by instruments such as the taiko drum. A popular style of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chanting</a> in Shingon is called <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Shōmyō">shōmyō</a> (声明), a style influenced by <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">traditional Japanese music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Shingon practice may also include the practice of nembutsu or other methods associated with Amitabha and his Pure Land. In Shingon, this practice is understood through the lens of esoteric Buddhism—hence seeing the Buddha Amitabha (who is equated with Mahavairocana) as being immanent in the human "heart-mind", and the pure land of Sukhavati as being non-dual with this world. "Esoteric Pure Land" practice was taught by Shingon figures such as Kakuban (1095–1143) and Dōhan (1179–1252).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Various Chinese masters also taught dharanis related to Amitabha; for example, <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> translated the popular "Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Dharani", along with numerous other texts that teach methods for rebirth in Sukhavati.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_precepts">Ethical precepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethical precepts">edit</a>]</div> Another important element of Shingon practice is the keeping of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethical precepts</a> (kai). For Kūkai, keeping Buddhist precepts is essential for meditation and for living in harmony with one's true nature.<a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[120]</a> Kūkai writes: "If we aspire to go far, unless we depend on our feet, we cannot advance; if we wish to walk the Way of Buddha, unless we observe the precepts, we cannot reach the goal."<a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[120]</a> He even goes so far as to say that we should not break the precepts even to save our lives, and that those who do break them are not disciples of the Buddha and he [Kūkai] will not be their teacher.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Shingon ethical teachings rely on the basic Buddhist precepts, Mahayana <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">bodhisattva precepts</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaj%C4%81la_S%C5%ABtra" title="Brahmajāla Sūtra">Brahmajala Sutra</a>) along with special mantrayana esoteric samayas (vows). According to Kūkai, "all of these precepts have their foundation in the Ten Precepts", i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics#Ten_wholesome_actions" title="Buddhist ethics">ten wholesome dharma paths</a> (daśa-kuśala-karmapatha).<a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[120]</a> Furthermore, the very essence of all the precepts can be reduced to the fact that "the essential nature of our mind is not distinct from that of the Buddha."<a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[120]</a> Regarding the esoteric vows (<a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">samayas</a>), there are four main samayas in Shingon:<a href="#cite_note-abe-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <ol><li>Never abandoning the True Dharma. One should master all the teachings of the Buddha without forsaking a single teaching.</li> <li>Never giving up <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>, which is understood as both the intention to become a Buddha for the sake of all beings and the originally enlightened mind itself (respectively, they are the subjective and objective aspects of bodhicitta, they are understood as being non-dual). This is the most important samaya for Kūkai.</li> <li>Never withholding or being "tight fisted" regarding the teaching of Dharma to others. One must always share Dharma.</li> <li>Never avoid benefiting sentient beings (and never harm them), especially through the "four embracing acts" (i.e. the "four ways of attracting", Skt. catuhsamgrahavastu; generosity, loving words, beneficial acts, adapting oneself to other's needs).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_transmission">Esoteric transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Esoteric transmission">edit</a>]</div> Apart from basic meditations, prayers, and the reading and recitation of Mahayana sutras, there are mantras and ritualistic meditative techniques that are available for laypersons to practice on their own under the supervision of a Shingon priest (ajari 阿闍梨, from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: ācārya). However, many esoteric practices require the student to undergo an <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhiṣeka</a> initiation (kanjō 灌頂) into each of these practices under the guidance of a qualified ācārya before they may begin to learn and practice them. As with all schools of Esoteric Buddhism, great emphasis is placed on initiation and oral transmission of teachings from teacher to student. As such, all Shingon followers who desire to practice the esoteric methods must gradually develop a teacher-student relationship, formal or informal, whereby a teacher permitted to transmit the abhiseka (i.e. a mahācārya, Jp: dai-ajari) learns the disposition of the student and teaches esoteric practices accordingly. For lay practitioners, there is no initiation ceremony beyond the Kechien Kanjō (結縁灌頂), which aims to help create the bond between the follower and Mahavairocana Buddha. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_for_ācāryas">Training for ācāryas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Training for ācāryas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg/220px-Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg/330px-Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg/440px-Shingon_monk_at_the_Shigisan_Chosonshiji_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A priest from the Chuin-ryu lineage at <a href="/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Nara)" title="List of Historic Sites of Japan (Nara)">Shigisan Chosonshi Temple</a> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%AD%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:朝護孫子寺">朝護孫子寺</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the case of disciples wishing to train to become a Shingon <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">ācārya</a> (esoteric master), it is required to undergo a period of academic study and religious discipline—or formal training in a temple for a longer period of time—after having already received novice ordination and monastic precepts; and, as well, full completion of the rigorous four-fold preliminary training and retreat known as shido kegyō (四度加行), which must be completed under the guidance of a qualified master.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> The training involves esoteric rites focused on invoking specific buddhas or bodhisattvas (the honzon or “principal deity”) and also include pilgrimages to holy sites.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> According to Robert Sharf: <blockquote>All Shingon rituals and ceremonies are organized as a sequence of smaller liturgical procedures that typically consist of an incantation (a mantra, dharani, hymn, etc.) accompanied by a hand gesture (mudra) and a guided contemplation (kanso). The four initiations that comprise the Shidokegyo—namely the Juhachido (eighteen methods), Kongokai (vajra-realm practice), Taizokai (matrix-realm practice), and Goma (fire ceremony)—consist of hundreds of such segments of varying duration and complexity.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a></blockquote> These complex rites are taught through oral transmission (kuden) between a master and a student, a process aided by numerous ritual manuals and texts.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> Depending on the lines of transmission (ryu), the specific details of each rite may differ.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> An ācārya in Shingon is a committed and experienced teacher who is authorized to guide and teach practitioners. In the Kōyasan tradition, one must be an ācārya for a number of years at least before one can request to be tested at Mount Kōya for the possibility to qualify as a mahācārya, or "great teacher" (dento dai-ajari 傳燈大阿闍梨)—the highest rank of Shingon practice. However, other Shingon schools outside the Kōyasan tradition may use different terminology, and for them, the term dai-ajari may have no such special meaning. It is also possible that the creation of the specialized dai-ajari rank at Kōyasan may have been a tradition which developed after <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goma_fire_ritual">Goma fire ritual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Goma fire ritual">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg/220px-Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg/330px-Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg/440px-Tubakidou20210520_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A goma ritual performed Jofuku Temple (常福寺)</figcaption></figure> The goma (護摩) fire ritual is an important and recognizable ritual in Shingon. Goma has roots in the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homa</a> ritual and this was acknowledged by traditional authors like <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (8th century).<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> According to Yi Xing: <blockquote>Buddha created this teaching out of his desire to convert non-Buddhists and allow them to distinguish the true from the false. Thus he taught them the true Goma[...] The Buddha himself taught the very foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and in that way manifested the correct principles and method of the true Goma. This is the "Buddha Veda".<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a></blockquote> Thus, while the Goma resembles Vedic rituals, if properly understood, it communicates the true inner intent of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> According to the Commentary on the Mahavairocana Sutra: "The meaning of goma is to burn the firewood of delusion with the wisdom flame, consuming it completely."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Goma is performed by qualified priests and <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharyas</a> for the benefit of individuals, the state or all sentient beings in general. The consecrated fire is believed to have a powerful cleansing effect, since esoteric Buddhist sources like Yi Xing consider the goma fire to be the purifying wisdom of the Buddha;<a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a> hence, the ritual is performed for the purpose of destroying detrimental thoughts and desires, and for the making of secular requests and blessings. The central deity invoked herein is usually <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> (Fudō Myōō 不動明王). The ritual is performed in most major Shingon temples; larger scale ceremonies often include the constant beating of <a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">taiko drums</a> and mass chanting of the mantra of Acala by priests and lay practitioners. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png/220px-Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png/330px-Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png/440px-Shikoku-Pilgerweg_Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Map of the 88 <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">temples</a> along the Shikoku Pilgrimage</figcaption></figure> Adopting the practice from Shingon Buddhism, adherents the syncretic Japanese religion of <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> (修験道) also practice the goma ritual, of which two types are prominent: the saido dai goma and hashiramoto goma rituals.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The goma ritual was also adopted by other schools of Japanese Buddhism, and it is still practiced in some Zen temples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage">edit</a>]</div> The practice of making <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to holy sites, especially to mountains which were seen as the homes of deities, developed throughout the history of Shingon and many pilgrimage routes remain a key part of Shingon practice today.<a href="#cite_note-:12-127">[127]</a> One such pilgrimage route is the <a href="/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage" title="Shikoku Pilgrimage">Shikoku pilgrimage</a> which is associated with devotion to Kūkai and includes a total of 88 locales.<a href="#cite_note-:12-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pantheon">Pantheon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pantheon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg/220px-Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg/330px-Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg/440px-Dainichi_Nyorai_Unkei_Enjoji_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dainichi_Nyorai_(Enj%C5%8D-ji)" title="Dainichi Nyorai (Enjō-ji)">A Kamakura era statue of Dainichi Nyorai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a> at <a href="/wiki/Enj%C5%8D-ji" title="Enjō-ji">Enjō-ji</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acalanatha_fudo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Acalanatha_fudo.JPG/220px-Acalanatha_fudo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Acalanatha_fudo.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Fudō Myōō (<a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a>), the wrathful manifestation of Mahavairocana, and the principal deity invoked during the <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">goma</a> fire ritual.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</a></div> The Shingon pantheon includes numerous <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a>. Many of these deities have vital roles as they are regularly invoked by the practitioner for various rituals like the <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">homa</a> fire ritual and in liturgical services. In Shingon, divine beings are grouped into six main classes: <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> (Butsu 仏), <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> (Bosatsu 菩薩), <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a> (Vidyaraja, Myōō 明王), <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Devas</a> (Ten 天), Buddha emanations (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmāṇakāya</a>, Keshin 化身) and <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Patriarchs</a> (Soshi 祖師). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Thirteen_Buddhas">The Thirteen Buddhas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Thirteen Buddhas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirteen_Buddhist_Deities,_Japan,_Nambokucho-Muromachi_period,_c._1336-1568,_ink,_color,_gold_on_silk_-_Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art,_University_of_Oregon_-_Eugene,_Oregon_-_DSC09367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thirteen_Buddhist_Deities%2C_Japan%2C_Nambokucho-Muromachi_period%2C_c._1336-1568%2C_ink%2C_color%2C_gold_on_silk_-_Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art%2C_University_of_Oregon_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09367.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thirteen_Buddhist_Deities%2C_Japan%2C_Nambokucho-Muromachi_period%2C_c._1336-1568%2C_ink%2C_color%2C_gold_on_silk_-_Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art%2C_University_of_Oregon_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09367.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Thirteen_Buddhist_Deities%2C_Japan%2C_Nambokucho-Muromachi_period%2C_c._1336-1568%2C_ink%2C_color%2C_gold_on_silk_-_Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art%2C_University_of_Oregon_-_Eugene%2C_Oregon_-_DSC09367.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="4439" /></a><figcaption>Silk painting of the Thirteen Deities, Nambokucho-Muromachi period.</figcaption></figure> The most important set of deities in Shingon is called the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Buddhas" title="Thirteen Buddhas">Thirteen Buddhas</a> (十三仏, Jūsanbutsu), which is actually a grouping of Buddhas, bodhisattvas and Wisdom Kings which are found in the womb-realm and vajra-realm mandalas.<a href="#cite_note-13Bud-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-129">[129]</a> They are widely invoked in several liturgies and rituals, including the popular Thirteen Buddha Rites (jūsan butsuji 十三仏事) that are associated with the deceased and with <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> making. Each figure also has their own <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">seed syllable</a> in Shingon which are used in these rituals.<a href="#cite_note-:8-130">[130]</a> Thirteen Buddha Rites became popular throughout Japanese Buddhism during the Edo Period and .<a href="#cite_note-:8-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Buddhas" title="Thirteen Buddhas">thirteen buddhas</a> (more accurately "thirteen deities") along with their mantras and seed syllables (<a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">bīja</a>) are:<a href="#cite_note-13Bud-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom King</a> <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> (Fudō Myōō 不動明王), <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">Bīja</a>: Hāṃ; Sanskrit mantra: namaḥ samanta vajrāṇāṃ caṇḍa mahāroṣaṇa sphoṭaya hūṃ traṭ hāṃ māṃ (Shingon transliteration: nōmaku samanda bazaratan senda makaroshada sowataya untarata kanman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> (Shaka-Nyorai 釈迦如来), Bīja: Bhaḥ; Mantra: namaḥ samanta buddhānāṃ bhaḥ (nōmaku sanmanda bodanan baku)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a> Bodhisattva (Monju-Bosatsu 文殊菩薩), Bīja: Maṃ; Mantra: oṃ a ra pa ca na (on arahashanō)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_Bodhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Samantabhadra Bodhisattva">Samantabhadra</a> Bodhisattva (Fugen-Bosatsu 普賢菩薩), Bīja: Aṃ; Mantra: oṃ samayas tvaṃ (on sanmaya satoban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a> Bodhisattva (Jizō-Bosatsu 地蔵菩薩), Bīja: Ha; Mantra: oṃ ha ha ha vismaye svāhā (on kakaka bisanmaei sowaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> Bodhisattva (Miroku-Bosatsu 弥勒菩薩), Bīja: Yu; Mantra: oṃ maitreya svāhā (on maitareiya sowaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a> Buddha (Yakushi-Nyorai 薬師如來), Bīja: Bhai; Mantra: oṃ huru huru caṇḍāli mātangi svāhā (on korokoro sendari matōgi sowaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> Bodhisattva (Kannon-Bosatsu 観音菩薩), Bīja: Sa; Mantra: oṃ ārolik svāhā (on arorikya sowaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a> Bodhisattva (Seishi-Bosatsu 勢至菩薩), Bīja: Saḥ; Mantra: oṃ saṃ jaṃ jaṃ saḥ svāhā (on san zan saku sowaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> Buddha (Amida-Nyorai 阿弥陀如来), Bīja: Trāḥ; Mantra: oṃ amṛta teje hara hūṃ (on amirita teisei kara un)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akṣobhya</a> Buddha (Ashuku-Nyorai 阿閦如来), Bīja: Hūṃ; Mantra: oṃ akṣobhya hūṃ (on akishubiya un)</li> <li>Mahavairocana Buddha (Dainichi-Nyorai 大日如来), Bīja: A; Mantra: oṃ a vi ra hūṃ khaṃ vajradhātu vaṃ (on abiraunken basara datoban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a> Bodhisattva (Kokūzō-Bosatsu 虚空蔵菩薩), Bīja: Trāḥ; Mantra: namo ākāśagarbhāya oṃ ārya kāmāri mauli svāhā (nōbō akyasha kyarabaya on ari kyamari bori sowaka)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_deities">Other deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other deities">edit</a>]</div> The "Five Great <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Kings">Wisdom Kings</a>" (Godai Myō-ō, 五大明王) are <a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">wrathful manifestations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Buddhas</a>:<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> or Acalanatha (Fudō Myōō 不動明王) "The Immovable One" – Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana">Buddha Mahavairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Amrtakundalin</a> (Gundari Myōō 軍荼利明王) "The Dispenser of Heavenly Nectar" – Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Buddha Ratnasambhava</a></li> <li>Trailokyavijaya (Gōzanze Myōō 降三世明王) "The Conqueror of The Three Planes" – Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Buddha Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam%C4%81ntaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamāntaka">Yamāntaka</a> (Daiitoku Myōō 大威徳明王) "The Defeater of Death" – Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Buddha Amitabha</a></li> <li>Vajrayaksa (Kongō Yasha Myōō 金剛夜叉明王) "The Devourer of Demons" – Manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Buddha Amoghasiddhi</a></li></ul> There are numerous Indian Buddhist deities found in the Shingon pantheon and in Shingon mandalas. They include figures like <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (Taishakuten 帝釈天), <a href="/wiki/Prthivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prthivi">Prthivi</a> (Jiten 地天, Goddess of the Earth), <a href="/wiki/Maheshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvara">Maheshvara</a> (Daijizaiten 大自在天 or Ishanaten 伊舎那天), <a href="/wiki/Marishi-Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Marishi-Ten">Marici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marishi-Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Marishi-Ten">Marishi-Ten</a> 摩里支天), <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a> 大黒天 Patron deity of Wealth) and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a> 弁財天 Patron deity of Knowledge, Art and Music). Apart from Indian Buddhist deities, there are also many Shinto deities which were assimilated into Shingon Buddhism, like <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a> and the sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lineage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg/220px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg/330px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg/440px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Hui_Kuo_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption> Painting of Hui Kuo, from a series of artworks entitled Shingon Hassozō (The Eight Patriarchs of Shingon). Japan, Kamakura Period, 13th–14th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg/220px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg/330px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg/440px-Eight_Patriarchs_of_the_Shingon_Sect_of_Buddhism_Amoghavajra_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Amoghavajra, from the Shingon Hassozō</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Shingon Buddhism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Shingon lineage is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">transmission</a> of esoteric Buddhist doctrine that began in India and then spread to China and Japan. Shingon or Orthodox Esoteric Buddhism maintains that the expounder of the doctrine was originally the Universal Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>, but the first human to receive the doctrine was <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> in India. Like all major East Asian Buddhist tradition, the Shingon tradition developed a list of "patriarchs" which were considered to be the key figures in the transmission of their lineage. Shingon recognizes two groups of eight great patriarchs – one group of lineage holders and one group of great expounders of the doctrine. <dl><dt>The Eight Great Doctrine-Expounding Patriarchs (Fuho-Hasso 付法八祖)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (Fukūkongō-Sanzō 不空金剛三蔵)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (Keika-Ajari 恵果阿闍梨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (Kōbō-Daishi 弘法大師)</li> <li>Nagabodhi (Ryūchi-Bosatsu 龍智菩薩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (Ryūju-Bosatsu 龍樹菩薩) – received the <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahavairocana Tantra</a> from Vajrasattva inside an Iron Stupa in Southern India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> (Dainichi-Nyorai 大日如来)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (Kongōchi-Sanzō 金剛智三蔵)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a> (Kongō-Satta 金剛薩埵)</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Eight Great Lineage Patriarchs (Denji-Hasso 伝持八祖)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (Fukūkongō-Sanzō 不空金剛三蔵)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (Keika-Ajari 恵果阿闍梨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (Kōbō-Daishi 弘法大師)</li> <li>Nagabodhi (Ryūchi-Bosatsu 龍智菩薩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (Ryūju-Bosatsu 龍樹菩薩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a> (Zenmui-Sanzō 善無畏三蔵)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (Kongōchi-Sanzō 金剛智三蔵)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (Ichigyō-Zenji 一行禅師)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Branches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Shingon Buddhism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg/200px-DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg/300px-DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg/400px-DaigojiBentendo3224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Located in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ji</a> is the head temple of the Daigo-ha branch of Shingon Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2,_Kyoto,_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG/200px-019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG/300px-019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG/400px-019_Chishakuin_Temple_%E6%99%BA%E7%A9%8D%E9%99%A2%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan_-_%E6%99%BA%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Chishaku-in is the head temple of Shingon-shū Chizan-ha.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg/202px-Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg/303px-Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg/404px-Hasedera_Hondo01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Hasedera in <a href="/wiki/Sakurai,_Nara" title="Sakurai, Nara">Sakurai, Nara</a> is the head temple of Shingon-shū Buzan-ha.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg/220px-Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg/330px-Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg/440px-Isidutisangokurakuzi01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>The main hall of Gokuraku-ji, the head temple of the Ishizuchisan sect.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Orthodox (Kogi) Shingon School (古義真言宗) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dyasan_Shingon-sh%C5%AB" title="Kōyasan Shingon-shū">Kōyasan</a> (高野山真言宗) <ul><li>Chuin-Ryu Lineage (中院流, decided after World War II[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>])</li> <li>Nishinoin-Ryu Nozen-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (西院流能禅方高野相承, already extinct)</li> <li>Nishinoin-Ryu Genyu-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (西院流元瑜方高野相承, already extinct)</li> <li>Nishinoin-Ryu Enyu-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (西院流円祐方高野相承, already extinct)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (三宝院流憲深方高野相承, almost extinct)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Ikyo-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (三宝院流意教方, almost extinct)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Shingen-Gata Kōya-Sojo Lineage (三宝院流真源相承, almost extinct)</li> <li>Anshoji-Ryu Lineage (安祥寺流, almost extinct)</li> <li>Chuinhon-Ryu Lineage (中院本流, almost extinct)</li> <li>Jimyoin-Ryu Lineage (持明院流, almost extinct)</li></ul></li> <li>Reiunji-ha (真言宗霊雲寺派) <ul><li>Shinanshoji-Ryu Lineage (新安祥寺流, established by Jogon (浄厳, 1639–1702))</li></ul></li> <li>Zentsūji-ha (真言宗善通寺派) <ul><li>Jizoin-Ryu Lineage (地蔵院流, already extinct)</li> <li>Zuishinin-Ryu Lineage (随心院流, since <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ha</a> (真言宗醍醐派) <ul><li>Samboin-Ryu Jozei-Gata Lineage (三宝院流定済方)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Lineage (三宝院流憲深方, already extinct)</li> <li>Rishoin-Ryu Lineage (理性院流, already extinct)</li> <li>Kongoouin-Ryu Lineage (金剛王院流, already extinct)</li> <li>Jizoin-Ryu Lineage (地蔵院流, already extinct)</li></ul></li> <li>Omuro-ha (真言宗御室派) <ul><li>Nishinoin-Ryu Enyu-Gata Lineage (西院流円祐方)</li></ul></li> <li>Shingon-Ritsu (真言律宗) <ul><li>Saidaiji-Ryu Lineage (already extinct) (西大寺流)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Lineage (三宝院流憲深方)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikaku-ji" title="Daikaku-ji">Daikakuji-ha</a> (真言宗大覚寺派) <ul><li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Lineage (三宝院流憲深方, already extinct)</li> <li>Hojuin-Ryu Lineage (保寿院流, since <a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a> era)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senny%C5%AB-ji" title="Sennyū-ji">Sennyūji-ha</a> (真言宗泉涌寺派) <ul><li>Zuishinin-Ryu Lineage (随心院流)</li></ul></li> <li>Yamashina-ha (真言宗山階派) <ul><li>Kanshuji-Ryu Lineage (観修寺流)</li></ul></li> <li>Shigisan (信貴山真言宗) <ul><li>Chuin-Ryu Lineage (中院流)</li></ul></li> <li>Nakayamadera-ha (真言宗中山寺派) <ul><li>Chuin-Ryu Lineage (中院流)</li></ul></li> <li>Sanbōshū (真言三宝宗) <ul><li>Chuin-Ryu Lineage (中院流)</li></ul></li> <li>Sumadera-ha (真言宗須磨寺派) <ul><li>Chuin-Ryu Lineage (中院流)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tōji-ha</a> (真言宗東寺派) <ul><li>Nishinoin-Ryu Nozen-Gata Lineage (西院流能禅方)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%9D%A1%E5%B8%82)#:~:text=極楽寺（ごくらくじ）は,大修験道場でもある。" class="extiw" title="ja:極楽寺 (西条市)">Ishizuchisan</a>(石鎚山真言宗） <ul><li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Lineage (三宝院流憲深方)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The Reformed (Shingi) Shingon School (新義真言宗) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon-shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon-shu">Shingon-shu</a> Negoroji (根来寺) <ul><li>Chushoin-Ryu Lineage (中性院流)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon-sh%C5%AB_Chizan-ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon-shū Chizan-ha">Chizan-ha</a> (真言宗智山派) <ul><li>Chushoin-Ryu Lineage (中性院流)</li> <li>Samboin-Ryu Nisshu-Sojo (三宝院流日秀相承)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon-shu_Buzan-ha" title="Shingon-shu Buzan-ha">Buzan-ha</a> (真言宗豊山派) <ul><li>Samboin-Ryu Kenjin-Gata Lineage (三宝院流憲深方, already extinct)</li> <li>Chushoin-Ryu Lineage (中性院流)</li> <li>Daidenboin-Ryu Lineage (大伝法院流, since <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Kokubunji-ha (真言宗国分寺派)</li> <li>Inunaki-ha (真言宗犬鳴派)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Religion in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinj%C5%8D_It%C5%8D" title="Shinjō Itō">Shinjō Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinnyo-en" title="Shinnyo-en">Shinnyo-en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa-ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachikawa-ryu">Tachikawa-ryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3424503431/zhenyan.html">"Zhēnyán"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a> – via Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zh%C4%93ny%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Cengage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farticle-1G2-3424503431%2Fzhenyan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 5-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Taigen Dan Leighton; Shohaku Okumura (1996) Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi, p. 23. SUNY Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 4-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> Green, Ronald S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/GreenWinter2021EAA.pdf">Kūkai in China, What He Studied and Brought Back to Japan.</a> Education About ASIA, Volume 26, Number 3 Winter 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 14-15 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 15, 22-23 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 16-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 31-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1">b</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 32-33. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 44-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 46-47. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 49-50 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Bowring (2005), p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Bowring (2005), p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1">b</a> Bowring (2005), p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiger" class="citation book cs1">Caiger, Mason. A History of Japan, Revised Ed. pp. 106–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan%2C+Revised+Ed.&rft.pages=106-107&rft.aulast=Caiger&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 39-40. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Stone, Jacqueline I. By the Power of One's Last Nenbutsu: Deathbed Practices in Early Medieval Japan in Richard K. Payne & Kenneth K. Tanaka (2004) "Approaching the Land of Bliss: Religious Praxis in the Cult of Amitābha" (pp. 77-119). </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-2">c</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Quinter, D. (2018). Mantras and Materialities: Saidaiji Order Kōmyō Shingon Practices. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 45(2), 309–340. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26854487">26854487</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_32-2">c</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 50-51. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 43-44. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 45-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_40-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 47-48. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Deal, William E.; Ruppert, Brian (2015). A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism, Chapter 7. John Wiley & Sons. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bahir, Cody (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12090675">"From China to Japan and Back Again: An Energetic Example of Bidirectional Sino-Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Transmission"</a>. Religions. 12 (9): 675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12090675">10.3390/rel12090675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=From+China+to+Japan+and+Back+Again%3A+An+Energetic+Example+of+Bidirectional+Sino-Japanese+Esoteric+Buddhist+Transmission&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=675&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel12090675&rft.aulast=Bahir&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel12090675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Bahir, Cody R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330425088_Replanting_the_Bodhi_Tree_Buddhist_Sectarianism_and_Zhenyan_Revivalism_Pacific_World_Third_Series_Number_20_2018_95-129">Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism.</a> Pacific World: Third Series Number 20 (2018): 95-129. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn2023" class="citation journal cs1">An, Saiping (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel14070818">"The Reception of the Mantra of Light in Republican Period Chinese Buddhism"</a>. Religions. 14 (7): 818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel14070818">10.3390/rel14070818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Reception+of+the+Mantra+of+Light+in+Republican+Period+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=818&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel14070818&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=An&rft.aufirst=Saiping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel14070818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-50"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bahir, Cody (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-20/2.3_Bahir.pdf">"Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism"</a> (PDF). Pacific World. Third Series. 20: 95–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+World&rft.atitle=Replanting+the+Bodhi+Tree%3A+Buddhist+Sectarianism+and+Zhenyan+Revivalism&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=95-129&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Bahir&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shin-ibs.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fpwj3-20%2F2.3_Bahir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-51"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahir2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bahir, Cody (31 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fejecar.2013.1.737">"Buddhist Master Wuguang's (1918–2000) Taiwanese Web of the Colonial, Exilic and Han"</a>. The e-Journal of East and Central Asian Religions. 1: 81–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fejecar.2013.1.737">10.2218/ejecar.2013.1.737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+e-Journal+of+East+and+Central+Asian+Religions&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Master+Wuguang%27s+%281918%E2%80%932000%29+Taiwanese+Web+of+the+Colonial%2C+Exilic+and+Han&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2218%2Fejecar.2013.1.737&rft.aulast=Bahir&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2218%252Fejecar.2013.1.737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bahir, Cody R. (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325771272_Reformulating_the_Appropriated_and_Relinking_the_Chain_Challenges_of_Lineage_and_Legitimacy_in_Zhenyan_Revivalism">Reformulating the Appropriated and Relinking the Chain: Challenges of Lineage and Legitimacy in Zhenyan Revivalism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94_53-0">^</a> Sørensen. Esoteric Buddhism under the Koryŏ in the Light of the Greater East Asian Tradition. International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture September 2006, Vol.7, pp. 55-94. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Green, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34212702/English_Translations_of_K%C5%ABkai_Contents_of_The_Complete_Works_of_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Daishi_K%C5%ABkai_with_links_to_English_and_Chinese_texts">English Translations of Kūkai: Contents of The Complete Works of Kōbō .Daishi Kūkai with links to English and Chinese texts.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_Paul_2000._p._271-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Paul_2000._p._271_56-0">^</a> Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony. Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition. 2000. p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_57-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Conze, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prajnaquest.fr/downloads/BookofDzyan/Sanskrit%20Buddhist%20Texts/prajnaparamita_svalpaksara_and_kausaka_1956.pdf">Tantric Prajñaparamita texts</a> Sino-Indian Studies. Volume 5, Part 2, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-1">b</a> BDK (2015), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> BDK (2015), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Kim, Jiyun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glorisunglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/5.1_manuscript-eng_2-47.pdf">Distribution and Preservation of the Shi Moheyan Lun 釋摩訶衍論 Texts in East Asia: Did They Read the Same Text?*</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_64-4">e</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dainichi-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Dainichi_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/d/dainichi.htm">"Dainichi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Architecture_and_Art_Net_Users_System" title="Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System">Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dainichi&rft.pub=Japanese+Architecture+and+Art+Net+Users+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fd%2Fdainichi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flammarion-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flammarion_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flammarion_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric,_Louis1995" class="citation book cs1">Frédéric, Louis (1995). Buddhism: Flammarion Iconographic Guides. <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>. pp. 127–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2080135589" title="Special:BookSources/2080135589"><bdi>2080135589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Flammarion+Iconographic+Guides&rft.pages=127-132&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=2080135589&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-3">d</a> Krummel, John, "Kûkai", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL=<<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/kukai/">http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/kukai/</a>>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 77-78. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTen_Grotenhuis,_Elizabeth1999" class="citation book cs1">Ten Grotenhuis, Elizabeth (1999). Japanese Mandalas. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 33–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824820819" title="Special:BookSources/0824820819"><bdi>0824820819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Mandalas&rft.pages=33-95&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0824820819&rft.au=Ten+Grotenhuis%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakeda1972" class="citation book cs1">Hakeda, Yushoto S. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kukaimajorworks0000kuka/page/258">Kūkai: Major Works</a>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kukaimajorworks0000kuka/page/258">258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2"><bdi>0-231-03627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C5%ABkai%3A+Major+Works&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-231-03627-2&rft.aulast=Hakeda&rft.aufirst=Yushoto+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkukaimajorworks0000kuka%2Fpage%2F258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_71-1">b</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 78-79. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_73-0">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakeda1972" class="citation book cs1">Hakeda, Yushito S. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kukaimajorworks0000kuka/page/258">Kūkai: Major Works</a>. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kukaimajorworks0000kuka/page/258">258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2"><bdi>0-231-03627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C5%ABkai%3A+Major+Works&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-231-03627-2&rft.aulast=Hakeda&rft.aufirst=Yushito+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkukaimajorworks0000kuka%2Fpage%2F258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 83-84. </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_76-2">c</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Hamar, Imre (Editor) (2007). Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism, p. 189. Asiatische Forschungen 151. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_80-2">c</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 90-91. </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_84-2">c</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_85-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_86-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 106, 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Inagaki Hisao (1972). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323091907/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1764KKMvqcz.pdf">Kukai's Sokushin-Jobutsu-Gi</a>" (Principle of Attaining Buddhahood with the Present Body), Asia Major (New Series) 17 (2), 190-215 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_90-1">b</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 61-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-9">j</a> Sharf, Robert, H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231104623/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8931/2824">Thinking through Shingon Ritual</a>, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 26 (1), 59-62 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Orzech (2011), p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiyota_1987-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiyota_1987_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyota1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kiyota, Minoru (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125214858/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8710/2617">"Shingon Mikkyō's Twofold Maṇḍala: Paradoxes and Integration"</a>. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 10 (1): 91–92. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8710/2617">the original</a> on 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Shingon+Mikky%C5%8D%27s+Twofold+Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala%3A+Paradoxes+and+Integration&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-92&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kiyota&rft.aufirst=Minoru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F8710%2F2617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), pp. 123-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_109-3">d</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 107, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_112-2">c</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_113-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Richard K. Payne (1999). The Shingon Ajikan: Diagrammatic Analysis of Ritual Syntax. , 29(3), 215–229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Freli.1998.0179">10.1006/reli.1998.0179</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Ronald S Green. "The Shingon Ajikan, Meditation on the Syllable ‘A’: An analysis of components and development." The Matheson Trust (2017) p. 1 - 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.11859951">10.6084/m9.figshare.11859951</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ronald S Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=philosophy-religious-studies">"The Shingon Ajikan, Meditation on the Syllable ‘A’: An analysis of components and development."</a> The Matheson Trust (2017) p. 1 - 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.11859951">10.6084/m9.figshare.11859951</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Whitney_Hall1988" class="citation book cs1">John Whitney Hall (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=Shomyo+buddhism&pg=RA4-PA497">The Cambridge history of Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521223520" title="Special:BookSources/0521223520"><bdi>0521223520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Japan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0521223520&rft.au=John+Whitney+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5mwgfPXK1kC%26dq%3DShomyo%2Bbuddhism%26pg%3DRA4-PA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism, pp. 35-36. University of Hawaii Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Proffitt, Aaron P. (2023). Esoteric Pure Land Buddhism, pp. 83-85. University of Hawaii Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_120-3">d</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Hakeda (1972), p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-abe-122"><a href="#cite_ref-abe_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe1999" class="citation book cs1">Abe, Ryuichi (1999). The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse. Columbia University Press. pp. 43, 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11286-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11286-6"><bdi>0-231-11286-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weaving+of+Mantra%3A+Kukai+and+the+Construction+of+Esoteric+Buddhist+Discourse&rft.pages=43%2C+44&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-231-11286-6&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Ryuichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Hakeda (1972), pp. 95-96. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Koda, Yuun (1982). Hoju Nimon no Chuin-Ryu, Journal of esoteric Buddhism 139, pp.27-42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jeb1947/1982/139/1982_139_27/_pdf/-char/ja">PDF</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shugendo.fr/en/ascetic-practice-fire">"Ascetic Practice of Fire"</a>. Shugendo. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shugendo&rft.atitle=Ascetic+Practice+of+Fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shugendo.fr%2Fen%2Fascetic-practice-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_127-1">b</a> Yamasaki (1988), p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-13Bud-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-13Bud_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-13Bud_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShingon_Buddhist_International_Institute" class="citation web cs1">Shingon Buddhist International Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401193122/http://www.shingon.org/deities/jusanbutsu/jusanbutsu.html">"Jusan Butsu – The Thirteen Buddhas of the Shingon School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shingon.org/deities/jusanbutsu/jusanbutsu.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jusan+Butsu+%E2%80%93+The+Thirteen+Buddhas+of+the+Shingon+School&rft.au=Shingon+Buddhist+International+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shingon.org%2Fdeities%2Fjusanbutsu%2Fjusanbutsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tibetanart.com/Product.asp?PID=48&MATCH=1">"Thirteen Deities Of The Shingon Tradition Giclee Print by Pasang Lama"</a>. www.tibetanart.com. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tibetanart.com&rft.atitle=Thirteen+Deities+Of+The+Shingon+Tradition+Giclee+Print+by+Pasang+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibetanart.com%2FProduct.asp%3FPID%3D48%26MATCH%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_130-2">c</a> Hutchins, Steven J (2015). Thirteen Buddhas: Tracing the Roots of the Thirteen Buddha Rites, Introduction. Vivlia Limited </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.13buddhas.com/introducing-the-13-buddhas/">"The 13 Buddhas – The Thirteen Buddhas"</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+13+Buddhas+%E2%80%93+The+Thirteen+Buddhas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.13buddhas.com%2Fintroducing-the-13-buddhas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shingon.org/ritual/daily.html">The Koyasan Shingon-shu Lay Practitioner's Daily Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502064538/http://www.shingon.org/ritual/daily.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Shingon Buddhist International Institute (1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilbar2013" class="citation web cs1">Vilbar, Sinéad (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kibr/hd_kibr.htm">"Kings of Brightness in Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Art"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Kings+of+Brightness+in+Japanese+Esoteric+Buddhist+Art&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Vilbar&rft.aufirst=Sin%C3%A9ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkibr%2Fhd_kibr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Myōō: Buddhist Deities of Wrath and Love. Nara: Nara National Museum, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/myo-o.shtml">"Vidyaraja (Jp. = Myo-o, Myoo). Wisdom Kings, Mantra Kings, Protecting Dainichi Nyorai. Japanese Buddhism & Buddha Statues Project"</a>. www.onmarkproductions.com. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onmarkproductions.com&rft.atitle=Vidyaraja+%28Jp.+%3D+Myo-o%2C+Myoo%29.+Wisdom+Kings%2C+Mantra+Kings%2C+Protecting+Dainichi+Nyorai.+Japanese+Buddhism+%26+Buddha+Statues+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onmarkproductions.com%2Fhtml%2Fmyo-o.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShingon+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Leaman, Oliver (2006). Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, p. 498. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Reader, Ian (2008). Simple Guides: Shinto. Kuperard. pp. 20, 69. ISBN 978-1-85733-433-3. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arai, Yusei (1997). Koyasan Shingon Buddhism: A Handbook for Followers, Japan: Koyasan Shingon Mission, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-9900581-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-9900581-1-9">4-9900581-1-9</a>.</li> <li>Bowring, Richard (2008). The Religious Traditions of Japan: 500–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>BDK (2015), Esoteric Texts, Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai America Incorporated.</li> <li>Chandra, Lokesh (2003). The Esoteric Iconography of Japanese Mandalas, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86471-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-86471-93-6">81-86471-93-6</a></li> <li>Dreitlein, Eijo (2011). Shido Kegyo Shidai, Japan.</li> <li>Dreitlein, Eijo (2011). Beginner's Handbook for the Shido Kegyo of Chuin-ryu, Japan.</li> <li>Giebel, Rolf W.; Todaro, Dale A.; transl. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322041156/http://www.bdk.or.jp/pdf/bdk/digitaldl/dBET_ShingonTexts_2004.pdf">Shingon Texts</a>, Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1886439249" title="Special:BookSources/1886439249">1886439249</a></li> <li>Giebel, Rolf, transl. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210115017/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005.pdf">The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra</a>, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-32-0">978-1-886439-32-0</a></li> <li>Giebel, Rolf, transl. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_Alpha_TwoEsotericSutras_2001.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=470">Two Esoteric Sutras: The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra (T 18, no 865), The Susiddhikara Sutra (T 18, no 893)</a>, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886439-15-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-886439-15-X">1-886439-15-X</a></li> <li>Hakeda, Yoshito S., transl. (1972). Kukai: Major Works, Translated, With an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought, New York: Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03627-2">0-231-03627-2</a>.</li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan; and Matsunaga, Alicia (1974). Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. I: The Aristocratic Age. Buddhist Books International, Los Angeles und Tokio. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-25-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-25-6">0-914910-25-6</a>.</li> <li>Kiyota, Minoru (1978). Shingon Buddhism: Theory and Practice. Los Angeles/Tokyo: Buddhist Books International.</li> <li>Payne, Richard K. (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707035840/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-6/13Payne36.pdf">Ritual Syntax and Cognitive Theory</a>", Pacific World Journal, Third Series, No 6, 105–227.</li> <li>Toki, Hôryû; Kawamura, Seiichi, tr, (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sidoindzougeste00millgoog">"Si-do-in-dzou; gestes de l'officiant dans les cérémonies mystiques des sectes Tendaï et Singon"</a>, Paris, E. Leroux.</li> <li>Miyata, Taisen (1998). A Study of the Ritual Mudras in the Shingon Tradition and Their Symbolism.</li> <li>Maeda, Shuwa (2019). The Ritual Books of Four Preliminary Practices: Sambo-in Lineage Kenjin School, Japan.</li> <li>Orzech, Charles D; Sorensen, Henrik Hjort; Payne, Richard Karl (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the tantras in East Asia. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004184916.i-1200.">10.1163/ej.9789004184916.i-1200.</a> ISBN 978-90-04-20401-0. OCLC 731667667.</li> <li>Yamasaki, Taiko (1988). Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism, Boston/London: Shambala Publications.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shingon_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koyasan.or.jp/en/">Koyasan Shingon Sect Main Temple Kongobu-ji</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninnaji.jp/en/">Ninna-ji Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninnaji.jp/en/">Daigo-ji Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chisan.or.jp/english">Chishakuin Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.negoroji.org/english.html">Negoro-ji Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daikakuji.or.jp/english/">Daikaku-ji Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigisan.or.jp/english.html">Chogosonshi-ji Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gokokuji.or.jp/english">Gokoku-ji Temple</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas">Buddhas</a> 如来部 (Nyorai-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shaka Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Amida Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Dainichi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Buddhas (Godai Nyorai)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/150px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/225px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/300px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> 菩薩部 (Bosatsu-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Miroku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara (Kannon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Fugen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī (Monju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81pratisar%C4%81" title="Mahāpratisarā">Mahāpratisarā (Daizuigu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Jizō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Kokūzō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Seishi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Kongōsatta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Vajrapāramitā">Vajrapāramitā (Kongō-Haramitsu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a> 明王部 (Myōō-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Kings">Five Wisdom Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Fudō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja" title="Rāgarāja">Rāgarāja (Aizen-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Ususama-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagrīva (Batō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahāmāyūrī (Kujaku-Myoō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Daiitoku-Myoō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Heavenly deities</a> 天部 (Ten-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions (Hachi-Bushū)</a></li> <li>Twelve Devas (Jūni-ten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)</a></li> <li>Twenty-Eight Legions (Nijūhachi-Bushū)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Sarasvatī (Benzaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa (Bishamonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra (Taishakuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā (Bonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Maheśvara (Daijizaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Mahākāla (Daikokuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Ḍākinī (Dakiniten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Enma-Daiō)</a></li> <li>Gigeiten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Idaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna (Ishanaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Pṛthvī (Jiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Gaṇapati (Kankiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Kishimojin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Hiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Karyōbinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakṣmī (Kisshōten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Mārīcī (Marishiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajrapāṇi (Niō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Circumstantial appearances</a> 垂迹身部 (Suijakushin-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akiha Gongen</li> <li>Ishizuchi Daigongen</li> <li>Ochi Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumano_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumano Gongen">Kumano Gongen</a></li> <li>Sanki Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%8D_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaō Gongen">Zaō Gongen</a></li> <li>Suzuka Gongen</li> <li>Seiryū Gongen</li> <li>Tateyama Gongen</li> <li>Chimyō Gongen</li> <li>Nezu Gongen</li> <li>Hakusan Gongen</li> <li>Haguro Gongen</li> <li>Hachiōji Gongen</li> <li>Hiryō Gongen</li> <li>Sannō Gongen</li> <li>Futara Gongen</li> <li>Yuga Daigongen</li> <li>Hikosan Gongen</li> <li>Shiromine Gongen</li> <li>Izuna Gongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atago_Gongen" title="Atago Gongen">Atago Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpira_Gongen" title="Konpira Gongen">Konpira Daigongen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious masters 高僧・祖師部 (Kōsō・Soshi-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna (Ryūju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu (Seshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen Kigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga" title="Template:Yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga" title="Template talk:Yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li>and sometimes <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550182#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4221991-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121478">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571028">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph423589&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538977105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&oldid=1253991897">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&oldid=1253991897</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shingon_Buddhism" title="Category:Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_Buddhism_founded_in_Japan" title="Category:Schools of Buddhism founded in Japan">Schools of Buddhism founded in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:K%C5%ABkai" title="Category:Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_the_Heian_period" title="Category:Buddhism in the Heian period">Buddhism in the Heian period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2021">Articles needing additional references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 22:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shingon_Buddhism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-s4wkv","wgBackendResponseTime":264,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.349","walltime":"1.682","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8824,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":303110,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4375,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234925,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1199.929 1 -total"," 20.43% 245.166 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.86% 214.255 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.31% 135.690 128 Template:Lang"," 8.77% 105.287 8 Template:Cite_web"," 8.47% 101.603 21 Template:IAST"," 8.23% 98.717 21 Template:Transliteration"," 8.13% 97.513 1 Template:MahayanaBuddhism"," 7.72% 92.683 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.60% 91.227 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.633","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18444060,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-qvmjg","timestamp":"20241125143052","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shingon Buddhism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shingon_Buddhism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q550182","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q550182","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-08T15:04:49Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T22:23:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Danjogaran_Koyasan12n3200.jpg","headline":"school of Buddhism in Japan"}</script> </body> </html>