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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Buddhism_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tibetan Buddhism depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-armed_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-armed_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Two-armed forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-armed_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-armed_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-armed_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Four-armed forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-armed_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six-armed_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six-armed_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Six-armed forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six-armed_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="মহাকাল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাকাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="মহাকাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="महाकाल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महाकाल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ཧཱ་གཱ་ལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ཧཱ་གཱ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1k%C3%A1la" title="Mahákála – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahákála" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la" title="Mahākāla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mahākāla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala_(Dharmapala)" title="Mahakala (Dharmapala) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahakala (Dharmapala)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ماهاکالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهاکالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مہاکال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مہاکال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="マハーカーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マハーカーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="ព្រះមហាកាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះមហាកាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahakala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maacala" title="Maacala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maacala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Махакала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махакала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மகாகாலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகாகாலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="มหากาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหากาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Махакала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махакала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مہاکال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مہاکال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="大黑天 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大黑天" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="大黑天 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大黑天" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q922824#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">God in Hinduism and Tantric Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Mahakala Temple, see <a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga</a>. For the dinosaur genus, see <a href="/wiki/Mahakala_(dinosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakala (dinosaur)">Mahakala (dinosaur)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Mahakala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Time, Maya, Creation, Destruction and Power</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg/220px-Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg/330px-Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg/440px-Mahakala_and_Companions_LACMA_M.77.19.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mahākāla and companions</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shmashana" title="Shmashana">Śmaśāna</a> (but varies by interpretation)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">Khanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a> (in Japanese depictions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mahākāla</b> (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">महाकाल</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> common to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson201742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Buddhism, Mahākāla is regarded as a <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapāla</a></i> ("Protector of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>") and a <a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">wrathful manifestation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>, while in Hinduism, Mahākāla is a fierce manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu god</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and the consort of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahākālī</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson201742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he most prominently appears in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism"><i>Kalikula</i></a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMageen.d._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMageen.d.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahākāla appears as a protector deity in the various traditions of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson201742-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known as <i>Dàhēitiān</i> and <i> Daaih'hāktīn</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:大黑天">大黑天</a>) in Mandarin and Cantonese, <i>Daeheukcheon</i> (대흑천) in Korean, <i>Đại Hắc Thiên</i> in Vietnamese, and <i><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%92%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:大黒天">大黒天</a>) in Japanese. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahākāla</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahuvrihi" title="Bahuvrihi">bahuvrihi</a> of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mahā</i></span></i> "great" and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kāla</i></span></i> "time/death", which means "beyond time" or death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerjee1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerjee1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>nak po chen po</i> means "Great Black One". <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མགོན་པོ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>gön po</i> "Protector" is also used to refer specifically to Mahākāla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg/220px-MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg/330px-MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg/440px-MET_36_DP310530R3_61D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2989" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Indian Buddhist Mahakala, 11th–12th century, Bihar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG/220px-Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG/330px-Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG/440px-Basalt_Mahalaka_from_Orissa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>A basalt statue of Mahākāla from <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala period</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">eastern Bengal</a>, 1100–1200 CE). <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>Shaktisamgama Tantra</i>, the spouse of <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahākālī</a> is extremely frightening. Mahākāla has four arms, three eyes and is of the brilliance of 10 million black fires of dissolution, dwells in the midst of eight <a href="/wiki/Shmashana" title="Shmashana">cremation grounds</a> (<i>śmaśāna</i>). He is adorned with eight <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skulls</a>, seated on five corpses, holds a <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trident</a> (<i>triśūla</i>), a drum, a sword, and a scythe in his hands. He is adorned with ashes from the cremation ground and surrounded by numbers of loudly shrieking vultures and jackals. At his side is his consort, symbolized as Kālī. </p><p>Both Mahākāla and Kālī represent the ultimate destructive power of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and they are not bounded by any rules or regulations. They have the power to dissolve even time and space into themselves, and exist as the Void at the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">dissolution of the universe</a>. They are responsible for the dissolution of the universe at the end of each <i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a></i>. They are also responsible for annihilating great evils and great demons when other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurtis</a> fail to do so. Mahākāla and Kālī annihilate men, women, children, animals, the world, and the entire universe without mercy because they are <i>Kala</i> or <i>Time</i> in the personified form, and Time is not bound by anything, and Time does not show mercy, nor does it wait for anything or anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMageen.d._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMageen.d.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhoI4dvN_f0kCpgPA76_76]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhoI4dvN_f0kCpgPA76_76]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a> (that is, in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">eastern Bengal</a>), wild elephants are worshiped as manifestations of Mahākāla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahākāla is typically depicted blue or black in colour. Just as all colours are absorbed and dissolved into black, all names and forms are said to melt into those of Mahākāla, symbolising his all-embracing, comprehensive nature. Black can also represent the total absence of colour, and again in this case it signifies the nature of Mahākāla as <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">ultimate or absolute reality</a>. This principle is known in Sanskrit as <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">nirguna</a></i>, beyond all quality and form, and it is typified by both interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hinduism">In Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></div> <p>Mahakala is also known as <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Mahakala Bhairava</a> in Hinduism, often depicted with four arms and three eyes, he is associated with time, creation, destruction, and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulterTurner2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQEJUEAAAQBAJpgPA99_99]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulterTurner2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQEJUEAAAQBAJpgPA99_99]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many temples in India and Nepal are dedicated solely for Mahakala <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, for example at the temple in <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, which is mentioned more than once by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a>. The primary temple, place of worship for Mahakala is Ujjain. Mahakala is also a name of one of Shiva's principal attendants (Sanskrit: <i>gaṇa</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrNlJOSf_xYCpgPA237_237]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrNlJOSf_xYCpgPA237_237]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>, Shiva's mount and so is often represented outside the main doorway of early <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Buddhism">In Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous traditions of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> rely on Mahākāla as a guardian deity (<a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a>, "dharma protector"). Mahākāla is one of the most popular protector deities in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and he is also sometimes used as a meditational deity (<a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">yidam</a>) in tantric Buddhist yogas. He is depicted in a number of variations, each with distinctly different qualities and aspects. He is generally depicted as a wrathful deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahākāla is commonly regarded as the emanation of different beings in different cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Hevajra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> or <a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a> Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019Watt2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019Watt2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different tantric cycles, like <a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamaja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Chakrasamvara</a>, each contain Mahakala as an emanation of their central Buddha deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahākāla is almost always depicted with a crown of five skulls, which represent the transmutation of the five <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleśās</a> (negative afflictions) into the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dhyani_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dhyani Buddhas">five wisdoms</a>. He also wears a garland consisting of fifty severed heads, the number fifty is in reference to the number of letters in the Sanskrit alphabet and is symbolic of the pure speech of Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahākāla is also an important deity in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, where he is generally known as a protector figure. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a>, Mahākāla transformed into a more friendly wealth and luck deity, known as <a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Mantrayana</a> text translated during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a>, the mantra of Mahākāla appears as: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Oṃ Mahākālāya svāhā.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The same mantra also appears in a Tibetan text from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapsteinVan_Schaik2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapsteinVan_Schaik2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mantra (or rather, its Sino-Japanese form: <i>On Makakyaraya sowaka</i>), is the main mantra of this deity in Japanese Esoteric Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayekKyburz2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayekKyburz2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhism_depictions">Tibetan Buddhism depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhism depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-armed_forms">Two-armed forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Two-armed forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two-armed "Black-Cloaked Mahakala" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mgon po ber nag chen</i>) is a protector of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school clad in the cloak of a <i>māntrika</i> "warlock". His imagery derives from terma of the Nyingma school and was adopted by the Karma Kagyu during the time of <a href="/wiki/Karma_Pakshi,_2nd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama">Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama</a>. He is often depicted with his consort, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangjung_Gyalmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangjung Gyalmo (page does not exist)">Rangjung Gyalmo</a>. He is often thought to be the primary protector, but he is in fact the main protector of the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a> specifically. Four-Armed Mahakala is technically the primary protector. Six-Armed Mahakala (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mgon po phyag drug pa</i>) is also a common dharmapala in the Kagyu school. </p><p>Pañjaranātha Mahakala "Mahakala, Lord of the Tent", an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Mañjuśrī</a>, is a protector of the Sakya school. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Nepalese statue of Mahakala Bernagchen (Black Cloak Mahakala), the protector of the Karmapas."><img alt="A Nepalese statue of Mahakala Bernagchen (Black Cloak Mahakala), the protector of the Karmapas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg/180px-Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg/271px-Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg/360px-Mahakala_Bernagchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Nepalese statue of Mahakala Bernagchen (Black Cloak Mahakala), the protector of the Karmapas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black-Cloaked Mahākāla"><img alt="Black-Cloaked Mahākāla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg/234px-Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg/352px-Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg/468px-Mahakala_Bernakchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black-Cloaked Mahākāla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala,_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahakala "Protector of the Tent", Central Tibet, circa 1500."><img alt="Mahakala "Protector of the Tent", Central Tibet, circa 1500." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg/190px-Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg/285px-Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg/379px-Mahakala%2C_Protector_of_the_Tent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="3592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahakala "Protector of the Tent", Central Tibet, circa 1500.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet,_mahakala,_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go,_1292.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tibetan Mahakala sculpture."><img alt="Tibetan Mahakala sculpture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG/137px-Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG/206px-Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG/274px-Tibet%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_sotto_l%27aspetto_gur-gyi_mgon-go%2C_1292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tibetan Mahakala sculpture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala_-_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tibetan Mahakala at National Museum, New Delhi, India"><img alt="Tibetan Mahakala at National Museum, New Delhi, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/243px-Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/365px-Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/486px-Mahakala_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4639" data-file-height="4296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tibetan Mahakala at National Museum, New Delhi, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four-armed_forms">Four-armed forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Four-armed forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various Four-Armed Mahakalas (Skt. <i>Chaturbhūjamahākāla</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mgon po phyag bzhi pa</i>, "The Great Black Vajra Lord with Four Hands"), one popular depiction comes from the Arya linegae of <a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamaja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are the primary protectors of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukpa Lineage">Drukpa Lineage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> of Tibetan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A four-armed Mahakala is also found in the Nyingma school, although the primary protector of the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> (Skt: <i>Mahasandhi</i>) teachings is <a href="/wiki/Ekajati" title="Ekajati">Ekajati</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala,_12th_century,_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahakala, 12th century, Rubin Museum of Art"><img alt="Mahakala, 12th century, Rubin Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/208px-Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/312px-Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/416px-Mahakala%2C_12th_century%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahakala, 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhibit in the Asian collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA."><img alt="Exhibit in the Asian collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG/225px-Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG/337px-Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG/450px-Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la_-_AMNH_-_DSC06235.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhibit in the Asian collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Six-armed_forms">Six-armed forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Six-armed forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nyingshuk came from Khyungpo Nenjor, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa Kagyu</a>, and spread to all the lineages (<a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>) and to the Kagyu lineages. There are also <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a> lineages of various forms of Six-Armed Mahakala. Nyinghsuk, though derived from the Shangpa, is not the major Shangpa one; it is in a dancing posture rather than upright, and is a very advanced Mahakala practice. </p><p>The White Six-Armed Mahakala (Skt: <i>Ṣadbhūjasītamahākāla</i>; <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mgon po yid bzhin nor bu</i>) is popular among <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a> Gelugpas. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_arm_mahakala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rūpa of a six-armed Mahākāla"><img alt="A rūpa of a six-armed Mahākāla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Six_arm_mahakala.jpg/200px-Six_arm_mahakala.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Six_arm_mahakala.jpg/300px-Six_arm_mahakala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Six_arm_mahakala.jpg/400px-Six_arm_mahakala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">rūpa</a> of a six-armed Mahākāla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Likir-Gompa-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Six-Armed Mahakala, Likir Gompa, Ladakh"><img alt="Six-Armed Mahakala, Likir Gompa, Ladakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Likir-Gompa-03.jpg/213px-Likir-Gompa-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Likir-Gompa-03.jpg/319px-Likir-Gompa-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Likir-Gompa-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six-Armed Mahakala, Likir Gompa, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tibetan Black Six-Armed Mahakala"><img alt="Tibetan Black Six-Armed Mahakala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg/227px-6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg/340px-6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg/454px-6-armiger_Mahakala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tibetan Black Six-Armed Mahakala</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahakala in the Form of a Brahman"><img alt="Mahakala in the Form of a Brahman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/214px-Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/321px-Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/429px-Mahakala_in_the_Form_of_a_Brahman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6527" data-file-height="9133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahakala in the Form of a Brahman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_(m_Gon-po).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A red Mahakala"><img alt="A red Mahakala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg/203px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg/305px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg/406px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mahakala_%28m_Gon-po%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A red Mahakala</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_China">In China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six-armed_Mahakala,_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_(2)_(37350001852).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg/220px-Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg/330px-Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg/440px-Six-armed_Mahakala%2C_a_guardian_of_the_law_Qing_dynasty_China_1840_CE_gilt_bronze_%282%29_%2837350001852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Six armed Mahakala, Qing dynasty China c. 1840 CE, gilt bronze</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet,_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po,_xii_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG/220px-Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG/330px-Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG/440px-Tibet%2C_mahakala_sotto_l%27aspetto_di_ye-shes_mgon-po%2C_xii_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1842" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan Mahakala, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahākāla is mentioned in many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist texts</a>, although iconographic depictions of him in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> were rare during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> periods. The deity's name was both <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcribed</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Chinese characters</a> as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">摩訶迦羅</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Móhējiāluó</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese" title="Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese">Baxter</a>): <i>mwa xa kæ la</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_translation_theory" title="Chinese translation theory">translated</a> as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大黑天</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàhēitiān</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Great Black <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva</a>', with <i>kāla</i> being understood to mean 'black'; M. C. (Baxter): <i>dɑ<sup>H</sup> xok then</i>). </p><p>He eventually became the center of a flourishing cult after the 9th century in the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a> in what is now the province of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, a region bordering <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, where his cult was also widespread. Due to Tibetan influence, his importance further increased during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, with his likeness being displayed in the imperial palace and in Buddhist temples inside and outside the <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b46–47_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b46–47-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowardLiWuYang2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPGuPsNCaJdwCpgPA416_416]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardLiWuYang2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPGuPsNCaJdwCpgPA416_416]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahakala remains a central figure in the minority Buddhist tradition of <a href="/wiki/Azhaliism" title="Azhaliism">Azhaliism</a>. </p><p>In some texts, Mahākāla is described as a fearsome god, a "demon who steals the vital essence (of people)" and who feeds on flesh and blood, though he is also said to only devour those who committed sins against the <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Three Jewels</a> of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b45–46_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b45–46-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One story found in the Tang-era monk <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a>'s commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahāvairocana Tantra</a></i> portrays Mahākāla as a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">buddha</a> <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> who subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">ḍākinīs</a>, a race of flesh-eating female demons, by swallowing them. Mahākāla released them on the condition that they no longer kill humans, decreeing that they could only eat the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> - believed to contain the vital essence of humans known as 'human yellow' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人黄</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">rénhuáng</span></i>) - of those who were near death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015a195_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015a195-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b117–118_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b117–118-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tale found in <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a>'s translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Humane_King_Sutra" title="Humane King Sutra">Humane King Sūtra</a></i> relates how a heterodox (i.e. non-Buddhist) master instructed <a href="/wiki/Kalmashapada" title="Kalmashapada">Prince Kalmāṣapāda</a> (斑足王) to offer the heads of a thousand kings to Mahākāla, the "great black god of the graveyard" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">塚間摩訶迦羅大黑天神</span></span>), if he wished to ascend the throne of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmoghavajran.d._24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmoghavajran.d.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyanaga2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyanaga2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As time went by, Mahākāla also became seen as a guardian of <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist monasteries</a>, especially its kitchens. The monk <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>, who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and India during the late 7th century, claimed that images of Mahākāla were to be found in the kitchens and porches of Indian Buddhist monasteries, before which offerings of food were made:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b49_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b49-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is likewise in great monasteries in India, at the side of a pillar in the kitchen, or before the porch, a figure of a deity carved in wood, two or three feet high, holding a golden bag, and seated on a small chair, with one foot hanging down towards the ground. Being always wiped with oil its countenance is blackened, and the deity is called Mahākāla [莫訶哥羅, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mòhēgēluō</span></i>, M.C. (Baxter): <i>mak xa ka la</i>] or the great black deity [大黑神, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàhēishén</span></i>, M. C. (Baxter): <i>dɑ<sup>H</sup> xok zyin</i>]. The ancient tradition asserts that he belonged to the beings (in the heaven) of the great god (or <a href="/wiki/Mahe%C5%9Bvara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheśvara (Buddhism)">Maheśvara</a>). He naturally loves the Three Jewels, and protects the five assemblies from misfortune. Those who offer prayers to him have their desires fulfilled. At meal-times those who serve in the kitchen offer light and incense, and arrange all kinds of prepared food before the deity. (...) In China the image of that deity has often been found in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Kiang-nan</a>, though not in <a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huai-poh</a>. Those who ask him (for a boon) find their wishes fulfilled. The efficacy of that deity is undeniable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI-Tsing189638–39_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI-Tsing189638–39-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In China, the god was also associated with fertility and sexuality: during the <a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi Festival</a> (a.k.a. the Double Seventh Festival) held on the 7th day of the 7th month of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>, married women traditionally bought dolls or figurines called 'Móhéluó' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魔合羅</span></span>) or 'Móhóuluó' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">摩睺羅</span></span>) - the term probably deriving from 'Mahākāla' - in the hopes of giving birth to a child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2021157_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2021157-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiaKaoLi2014147_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiaKaoLi2014147-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritual texts also prescribe the worship of Mahākāla to women looking for a male partner or to pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, he is also commonly invoked as a protective deity in certain mantras, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a> and the Mahamayuri-vidyarajñi-dharani contained in the <a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri Vidyarajñi Sutra</a>, which are popular in <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsüan_Hua2009xviii_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsüan_Hua2009xviii-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyworth2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyworth2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the Moheluo doll, a popular toy during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasties</a>, is said derive from transliteration of Mahākāla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuoEymanSun20246_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoEymanSun20246-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dàhēitiān (center) flanked by the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra (left) and Mañjuśrī (right). Baocheng Temple, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"><img alt="Dàhēitiān (center) flanked by the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra (left) and Mañjuśrī (right). Baocheng Temple, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg/338px-Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg/507px-Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg/675px-Hangzhou_Baochengsi_Mahegela_Zaoxiang_20120518-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dàhēitiān (center) flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mañjuśrī">Mañjuśrī</a> (right). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baocheng_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baocheng Temple (page does not exist)">Baocheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, Zhejiang, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cina,_mahakala,_guardiano_della_dottrina_(dharmapala),_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani,_xviii_sec..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qing dynasty statuette of Dàhēitiān. China, 17th Century"><img alt="Qing dynasty statuette of Dàhēitiān. China, 17th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG/157px-Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG/236px-Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG/314px-Cina%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina_%28dharmapala%29%2C_nell%27aseptto_sitacintamani%2C_xviii_sec..JPG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> statuette of Dàhēitiān. China, 17th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sichuan_o_yunnan,_mahakala,_guardiano_della_dottrina,_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming dynasty statue of Dàhēitiān. Sichuan, China. 14th Century (with pedestal from the 16th century)"><img alt="Ming dynasty statue of Dàhēitiān. Sichuan, China. 14th Century (with pedestal from the 16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG/152px-Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG/228px-Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG/304px-Sichuan_o_yunnan%2C_mahakala%2C_guardiano_della_dottrina%2C_xiv_sec_con_piedistallo_del_xvi_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> statue of Dàhēitiān. <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China. 14th Century (with pedestal from the 16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahakala Temple (官渡土主庙) in Kunming, Yunnan, China"><img alt="Mahakala Temple (官渡土主庙) in Kunming, Yunnan, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG/338px-The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG/507px-The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG/675px-The_Mahakala_Temple_Kunming.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahakala Temple (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%B8%A1%E5%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%99" class="extiw" title="zh:官渡土主庙">官渡土主庙</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, Yunnan, China</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mahakala" title="Special:EditPage/Mahakala">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikoku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/170px-Daikoku.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/255px-Daikoku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Daikoku.jpg/340px-Daikoku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Daikokuten</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Daikokuten</a></div> <p>Mahakala (known as <i>Daikokuten</i> 大黑天) enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, as he is one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Lucky_Gods" title="Seven Lucky Gods">Seven Lucky Gods</a> in Japanese folklore. </p><p>The Japanese also use the symbol of Mahakala as a monogram. The traditional pilgrims climbing the holy <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ontake" title="Mount Ontake">Mount Ontake</a> wear <a href="/wiki/Tenugui" title="Tenugui">tenugui</a> on white Japanese scarves with the Sanskrit seed syllable of Mahakala. </p><p>In Japan, this deity is variously considered to be the god of wealth or of the household, particularly the kitchen. He is recognised by his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat, in stark contrast to the fierce imagery portrayed in Tibetan Buddhist art. He is often portrayed holding a golden <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a>, otherwise known as a magic money mallet, and is seen seated on bales of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> nearby (mice signify plentiful food). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sikhism">In Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg/220px-Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg/330px-Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg/440px-Sikh_depiction_of_Mahakal_and_Mahakali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6294" data-file-height="6310" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Mahakal from an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Sikhism Mahakal (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ਮਹਾਕਾਲ</span>) is used to refer to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God</a>. In the text <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, which is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha200053–54_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha200053–54-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahakal is applied as a name of God to emphasize his supremacy over all beings. In the section titled <a href="/wiki/Bachittar_Natak" title="Bachittar Natak">Bachittar Natak</a>, It states that in a previous incarnation the author was a <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Hemkund_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib">meditating in the Himalayan foothills</a> on Mahakal before being called to take birth as Guru Gobind Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201126–27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201126–27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further verses the praise Mahakal. Verse 434 of the <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a> section states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will not first honor Ganesha [Ganesa], nor do I ever meditate upon Krishna or Vishnu (<i>kisan bisan</i>). </p><p>I have heard of but do not recognize them. I am absorbed in contemplation at His feet. (434) </p><p> Mahakal is my protector...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201129–31_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201129–31-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson201742-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson201742_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryson2017">Bryson (2017)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMageen.d.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMageen.d._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMageen.d._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMageen.d.">Magee (n.d.)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya_Saxena2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya_Saxena2011">Bhattacharya Saxena (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson (2009)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerjee1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerjee1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerjee1988">Mookerjee (1988)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhoI4dvN_f0kCpgPA76_76]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhoI4dvN_f0kCpgPA76_76]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2001">Snyder (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hoI4dvN_f0kC&pg=PA76">76</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2000">Bowker (2000)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulterTurner2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQEJUEAAAQBAJpgPA99_99]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulterTurner2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQEJUEAAAQBAJpgPA99_99]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulterTurner2021">Coulter & Turner (2021)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrNlJOSf_xYCpgPA237_237]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrNlJOSf_xYCpgPA237_237]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEck2012">Eck (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&pg=PA237">237</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2019_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2019">Watt (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019Watt2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019Watt2019_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRana2019">Rana (2019)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatt2019">Watt (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2019_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRana2019">Rana (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/2646/protector-deity-mahakala/">"Mahakala | The Walters Art Museum"</a>. <i>Online Collection of the Walters Art Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Collection+of+the+Walters+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Mahakala+%7C+The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F2646%2Fprotector-deity-mahakala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntireader.org/taisho/t0850_03.html">Vairocana Sutra Lotus Platform Matrix Assembly Compassion Mandala Liturgy (She Da Piluzhena Cheng Fo Shenbian Jia Chi Jing Ru Lianhua Tai Cang Hai Hui Bei Sheng Man Tu Luo Guangda Niansong Yi Gui Gongyang Fangbian Hui) 攝大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經入蓮華胎藏海會悲生曼荼攞廣大念誦儀軌供養方便會</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapsteinVan_Schaik2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapsteinVan_Schaik2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapsteinVan_Schaik2010">Kapstein & Van Schaik (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tobifudo.jp/butuzo/7god/daikoku.html">"大黒天 (Daikokuten)"</a>. <i>Flying Deity Tobifudō (Ryūkō-zan Shōbō-in Official Website)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flying+Deity+Tobifud%C5%8D+%28Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8D-zan+Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8D-in+Official+Website%29&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%92%E5%A4%A9+%28Daikokuten%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftobifudo.jp%2Fbutuzo%2F7god%2Fdaikoku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayekKyburz2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayekKyburz2019_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayekKyburz2019">Hayek & Kyburz (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b46–47-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b46–47_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure2015b">Faure (2015b)</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardLiWuYang2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPGuPsNCaJdwCpgPA416_416]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowardLiWuYang2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPGuPsNCaJdwCpgPA416_416]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowardLiWuYang2006">Howard et al. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b49-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b49_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure2015b">Faure (2015b)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEI-Tsing189638–39-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI-Tsing189638–39_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFI-Tsing1896">I-Tsing (1896)</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure2015b52–53_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure2015b">Faure (2015b)</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2021157-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2021157_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2021">Johnson (2021)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiaKaoLi2014147-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiaKaoLi2014147_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsiaKaoLi2014">Hsia, Kao & Li (2014)</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsüan_Hua2009xviii-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsüan_Hua2009xviii_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsüan_Hua2009">Hsüan Hua (2009)</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyworth2016-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyworth2016_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeyworth2016">Keyworth (2016)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoEymanSun20246-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuoEymanSun20246_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuoEymanSun2024">Guo, Eyman & Sun (2024)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha200053–54-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha200053–54_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingha2000">Singha (2000)</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201126–27-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201126–27_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2011">Rinehart (2011)</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201129–31-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201129–31_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2011">Rinehart (2011)</a>, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoghavajran.d." class="citation web cs1">Amoghavajra (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT2018/T0246_.08.0840b07.html">"仁王護國般若波羅蜜多經護国品第五 - T. 0246"</a>. <i>SAT Daizokyo Text Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAT+Daizokyo+Text+Database&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%81%E7%8E%8B%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93+%E8%AD%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%81%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94+-+T.+0246&rft.au=Amoghavajra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2FSAT2018%2FT0246_.08.0840b07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya_Saxena2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bhattacharya Saxena, Neela (2011). "Gynocentric Thealogy of Tantric Hinduism: A Meditation Upon the Devi". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199273881.003.0006">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199273881.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199273881" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199273881"><bdi>978-0199273881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gynocentric+Thealogy+of+Tantric+Hinduism%3A+A+Meditation+Upon+the+Devi&rft.btitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=131-156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199273881.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-0199273881&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya+Saxena&rft.aufirst=Neela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowker, John (2000). "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.btitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280094-7&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2017" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Megan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz-9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA402">"Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom"</a>. In Bentor, Yael; Shahar, Meir (eds.). <i>Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism</i>. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 402–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004340503_019">10.1163/9789004340503_019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34049-7"><bdi>978-90-04-34049-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2452-0098">2452-0098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+China+and+Tibet%3A+Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la+Worship+and+Esoteric+Buddhism+in+the+Dali+Kingdom&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Tibetan+Esoteric+Buddhism&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Studies+on+East+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=402-428&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=2452-0098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004340503_019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34049-7&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMz-9DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterTurner2021" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2021). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9179-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-9179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft.au=Turner%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2012" class="citation book cs1">Eck, Diana L. (2012). <i>India: A Sacred Geography</i>. Harmony/Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53191-7"><bdi>978-0-385-53191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Sacred+Geography&rft.pub=Harmony%2FRodale&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53191-7&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure2015a" class="citation book cs1">Faure, Bernard (2015a). <i>The Fluid Pantheon: Gods of Medieval Japan</i>. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fluid+Pantheon%3A+Gods+of+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure2015b" class="citation book cs1">Faure, Bernard (2015b). <i>Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan</i>. Vol. 2. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protectors+and+Predators%3A+Gods+of+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoEymanSun2024" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (2024). "Introduction". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.). <i>Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295752402" title="Special:BookSources/9780295752402"><bdi>9780295752402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Games+%26+Play+in+Chinese+%26+Sinophone+Cultures&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780295752402&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Eyman%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Sun%2C+Hongmei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayekKyburz2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hayek, Matthias; Kyburz, Josef (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ofuda.crcao.fr/ofuda/D-06-12">"Base Ofuda"</a>. <i>ofuda.crcao.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ofuda.crcao.fr&rft.atitle=Base+Ofuda&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Kyburz%2C+Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fofuda.crcao.fr%2Fofuda%2FD-06-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardLiWuYang2006" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Angela Falco; Li, Song; <a href="/wiki/Wu_Hung" title="Wu Hung">Wu, Hung</a>; Yang, Hong (2006). <i>Chinese Sculpture</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10065-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Sculpture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10065-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Angela+Falco&rft.au=Li%2C+Song&rft.au=Wu%2C+Hung&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiaKaoLi2014" class="citation book cs1">Hsia, Chih-tsing; Kao, George; Li, Wai-yee, eds. (2014). "The Moheluo Doll (Meng Hanqing)". <i>The Columbia Anthology of Yuan Drama</i>. Translated by Jonathan Chaves. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Moheluo+Doll+%28Meng+Hanqing%29&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Anthology+of+Yuan+Drama&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsüan_Hua2009" class="citation book cs1">Hsüan Hua (2009). <i>The Śūraṅgama Sūtra: A New Translation</i>. Translated by Buddhist Text Translation Society. Ukiah, CA, USA: Buddhist Text Translation Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881399622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881399622"><bdi>978-0881399622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama+S%C5%ABtra%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.place=Ukiah%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Buddhist+Text+Translation+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0881399622&rft.au=Hs%C3%BCan+Hua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI-Tsing1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">I-Tsing</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordofbuddhist00ichi"><i>A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago</i></a>. Translated by J. Takakusu. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+the+Buddhist+Religion+as+Practised+in+India+and+the+Malay+Archipelago&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.au=I-Tsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordofbuddhist00ichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyanaga2008" class="citation journal cs1">Iyanaga, Nobumi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39725624">"Under the Shadow of the Great Śiva: Tantric Buddhism and its Influence on Japanese Mediaeval Culture"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Under+the+Shadow+of+the+Great+%C5%9Aiva%3A+Tantric+Buddhism+and+its+Influence+on+Japanese+Mediaeval+Culture&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Iyanaga&rft.aufirst=Nobumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39725624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dale (2021). <i>A Glossary of Words and Phrases in the Oral Performing and Dramatic Literatures of the Jin, Yuan, and Ming</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472038237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472038237"><bdi>978-0472038237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Words+and+Phrases+in+the+Oral+Performing+and+Dramatic+Literatures+of+the+Jin%2C+Yuan%2C+and+Ming&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0472038237&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, W. J (2009). "A Dictionary of Hinduism". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198610250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198610250"><bdi>978-0198610250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0198610250&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapsteinVan_Schaik2010" class="citation book cs1">Kapstein, Matthew; Van Schaik, Sam (2010). <i>Esoteric Buddhism at Dunhuang: Rites and Teachings for This Life and Beyond</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Buddhism+at+Dunhuang%3A+Rites+and+Teachings+for+This+Life+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kapstein&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Van+Schaik%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keyworth, George A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799795">"Zen and the "Hero's March Spell" of the Shoulengyan jing"</a>. <i>The Eastern Buddhist</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 81–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8708">0012-8708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799795">26799795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=Zen+and+the+%22Hero%27s+March+Spell%22+of+the+Shoulengyan+jing&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-120&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26799795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8708&rft.aulast=Keyworth&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26799795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMageen.d." class="citation web cs1">Magee, Mike (tr.) (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shivashakti.com/mahakala.htm">"Śrī Mahākāla Deva"</a>. <i>ShivaShakti.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ShivaShakti.com&rft.atitle=%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la+Deva&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Mike+%28tr.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shivashakti.com%2Fmahakala.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerjee1988" class="citation book cs1">Mookerjee, Ajit (1988). <i>Kali: The Feminine Force</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500275054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500275054"><bdi>978-0500275054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kali%3A+The+Feminine+Force&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0500275054&rft.aulast=Mookerjee&rft.aufirst=Ajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rana, Poonam R. L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nc/article/download/27503/22754/81718">"The sacred Mahakala in the Hindu and Buddhist texts"</a>. <i>Nepalese Culture</i>. <b>XIII</b>. Kathmandu, Nepal: Tribhuvan University: 77–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fnc.v13i0.27503">10.3126/nc.v13i0.27503</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nepalese+Culture&rft.atitle=The+sacred+Mahakala+in+the+Hindu+and+Buddhist+texts&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=77-94&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Fnc.v13i0.27503&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Poonam+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2Fnc%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F27503%2F22754%2F81718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2011" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2011). <i>Debating the Dasam Granth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6"><bdi>978-0-19-984247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Dasam+Granth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984247-6&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S (2000). <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. Hemkunt Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2001" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, William H. (2001). <i>Time, Being, and Soul in the Oldest Sanskrit Sources</i>. Global Academic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-072-3"><bdi>978-1-58684-072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Being%2C+and+Soul+in+the+Oldest+Sanskrit+Sources&rft.pub=Global+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58684-072-3&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2019" class="citation web cs1">Watt, Jeff (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=173">"Buddhist Protector: Mahakala Main Page"</a>. <i>www.himalayanart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.himalayanart.org&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Protector%3A+Mahakala+Main+Page&rft.date=2019-12&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fsearch%2Fset.cfm%3FsetID%3D173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Carroll, Michael (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/mahakala-work/">"Mahakala At Work: Learn to handle conflict skillfully, from the watercooler to the boardroom"</a>. <i>Tricycle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle&rft.atitle=Mahakala+At+Work%3A+Learn+to+handle+conflict+skillfully%2C+from+the+watercooler+to+the+boardroom&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Fmahakala-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dahlke, Paul (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-JBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>Routledge Revivals: Buddhist Stories</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351969659" title="Special:BookSources/9781351969659"><bdi>9781351969659</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Buddhist+Stories&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9781351969659&rft.aulast=Dahlke&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-JBDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Eva Rudy (1990). <i>The Book of Buddhas: Ritual Symbolism Used on Buddhist Statuary and Ritual Objects</i>. Binkey Kok Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Buddhas%3A+Ritual+Symbolism+Used+on+Buddhist+Statuary+and+Ritual+Objects&rft.pub=Binkey+Kok+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Eva+Rudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kalsang, Ladrang (2003). <i>The Guardian Deities of Tibet</i>. Translated by Pema Thinley. Winsome Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88043-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-88043-04-4"><bdi>81-88043-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardian+Deities+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Winsome+Books+India&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-88043-04-4&rft.aulast=Kalsang&rft.aufirst=Ladrang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Todd (2000). <i>Popular Buddhist Texts From Nepal Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791492437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791492437"><bdi>978-0791492437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Buddhist+Texts+From+Nepal+Narratives+and+Rituals+of+Newar+Buddhism&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0791492437&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Linrothe, Rob (1999). <i>Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art</i>. London: Serindia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906026-51-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-906026-51-2"><bdi>0-906026-51-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruthless+Compassion%3A+Wrathful+Deities+in+Early+Indo-Tibetan+Esoteric+Buddhist+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-906026-51-2&rft.aulast=Linrothe&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). <i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520059924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520059924"><bdi>978-0520059924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+B.C.-A.D.+700&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0520059924&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Soifer, Deborah A. (1991). <i>The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791407998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791407998"><bdi>978-0791407998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+of+Narasimha+and+Vamana%3A+Two+Avatars+in+Cosmological+Perspective&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0791407998&rft.aulast=Soifer&rft.aufirst=Deborah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Stablein, W. G. (1976). <i>The Mahākālatantra: A Theory of Ritual Blessings and Tantric Medicine</i> (Thesis). Columbia University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3801907">3801907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Mah%C4%81k%C4%81latantra%3A+A+Theory+of+Ritual+Blessings+and+Tantric+Medicine&rft.inst=Columbia+University&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3801907&rft.aulast=Stablein&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stablein, William (1991). <i>Healing Image: The Great Black One</i>. Berkeley-Hong Kong: SLG Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943389-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-943389-06-2"><bdi>0-943389-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Image%3A+The+Great+Black+One&rft.place=Berkeley-Hong+Kong&rft.pub=SLG+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-943389-06-2&rft.aulast=Stablein&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mahakala</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahakala" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mahakala">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922824" class="extiw" title="d:Q922824">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/78195">"Mahakala, Protector of the Tent | Central Tibet"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Mahakala%2C+Protector+of+the+Tent+%7C+Central+Tibet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F78195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahakala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kagyuoffice.org/mahakala-puja-part-one-introduction-empowerment-and-reading-transmission/">Mahakala Puja Part One: Introduction, Empowerment and Reading Transmission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khandro.net/deity_Mahakala.htm">Mahakala</a> at Khandro.net</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a><br />佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood#The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity" title="Buddhahood">Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhas_of_the_Ten_Directions_(Sh%C3%ADf%C4%81ng_F%C3%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó) (page does not exist)">Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:十方佛">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty-eight_Buddhas_Great_Repentance_Text" title="Eighty-eight Buddhas Great Repentance Text">Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/200px-Guanyin_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/300px-Guanyin_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/400px-Guanyin_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩 (Púsà)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Great_Bodhisattvas_(S%C3%ACd%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:四大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(B%C4%81d%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:八大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Duōluó Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyasamudgata" title="Bhaiṣajyasamudgata">Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra" title="Cintāmaṇicakra">Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王 (Míngwáng)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Eight_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokyavijaya" title="Trailokyavijaya">Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahacakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahacakra (page does not exist)">Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padanaksipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padanaksipa (page does not exist)">Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabala (page does not exist)">Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparajita_(Wisdom_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparajita (Wisdom King) (page does not exist)">Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrah%C4%81sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrahāsa (page does not exist)">Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities and Demons</a><br />諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Great_Yak%E1%B9%A3a_Generals" title="Eight Great Yakṣa Generals">Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma (Fàntiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Indra (Dìshìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Surya (Rìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Chandra (Yuètiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Yán Wáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici (Mólìzhītiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81gara_(Dragon_King)" title="Sāgara (Dragon King)">Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhana" title="Sudhana">Sudhana (Shàncái)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Shushen" title="Puti Shushen">Puti Shushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyue_Dadi" title="Dongyue Dadi">Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigong" title="Leigong">Thunder god (Léigōng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Wéituó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Tiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga (Lóng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura (Āxiūluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha (Yèchà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda (Jiālóuluó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva (Gāntàpó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a><br />羅漢 (Luóhàn)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:五百罗汉">Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Vatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Vatsa (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Bharadvaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Bharadvaja (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinda (page does not exist)">Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakula_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakula (arhat) (page does not exist)">Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalika_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalika (arhat) (page does not exist)">Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijraputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijraputra (page does not exist)">Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobaka (page does not exist)">Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Elder (page does not exist)">Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Younger (page does not exist)">Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a><br />高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Dámó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuánzàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fǎxiǎn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yìjìng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shàn Dào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huìguǒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Gong" title="Ji Gong">Jìgōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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