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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="ملاك الرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاك الرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_del_Se%C3%B1or" title="Ángel del Señor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángel del Señor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_du_Seigneur" title="Ange du Seigneur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ange du Seigneur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Տիրոջ հրեշտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիրոջ հրեշտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat_Tuhan" title="Malaikat Tuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malaikat Tuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_del_Signore" title="Angelo del Signore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angelo del Signore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiul_dl_Seni%C3%ABur" title="Angiul dl Seniëur – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Angiul dl Seniëur" data-language-autonym="Ladin" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Angel of the Lord (disambiguation)">Angel of the Lord (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg/300px-Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg/450px-Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg/600px-Nicolas_Colombel_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>The Angel of the Lord appearing to <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> in the wilderness, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Colombel" title="Nicolas Colombel">Nicolas Colombel</a> in the mid 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The (or an) <b>Angel of the Lord</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Malakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Malakh">mal’āḵ</a> <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a></i> "messenger of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>") is an entity appearing repeatedly in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God of Israel</a>. </p><p>The guessed term <i>malakh YHWH</i>, which occurs 65 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible, can be translated either as "the angel of the Lord" or "an angel of the Lord". The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> usually translates it as "the angel of the Lord"; less frequently as "an angel of the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (LXX) sometimes uses <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span> (an angel of the Lord), sometimes <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span> (the angel of the Lord): in Genesis 16:7–11, it gives first the sounded word without a Greek article, then, in all the subsequent mentions with the article,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the anaphoric use of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A closely related term is "angel of God" (<i>mal'akh Elohim</i>), mentioned 12 times (2 of which are plural). Another related expression, <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a>, occurs only once (Isaiah 63:9). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> uses the term "angel of the Lord" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span>) several times. In one instance (Luke 1:11–19) the angel's name is <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, although described as "an" angel of the Lord. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angel_of_Yahweh">Angel of Yahweh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Angel of Yahweh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <b>Angel</b> found numerous times in the scriptures simply means 'messenger' and can either refer to a heavenly entity who delivers a message from God or a human messenger. There is a difference between an <b>angel</b> and the <b>Angel of the Lord</b>: the Angel of the Lord is the only angel appearing continually throughout the Old Testament referring to himself as the Lord and God in the first person, while the other angels mentioned in the scripture reference to the Lord God as a hallowed third person always humbling themselves and not accepting any type of glory. </p><p>Examples of use of the Hebrew term <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה</span></span> are found in the following verses, here given in the King James Version translation: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#16:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 16:7–14</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Hagar_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagar (Bible)">Hagar</a>. The angel speaks as God himself in the first person, and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#16:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">verse 13</a> Hagar identifies "the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> that spoke to her" as "The God Who sees".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#22:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 22:11–15</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and refers to himself as God in the first person.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#3:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 3:2–4</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> in a flame in verse 2, and God speaks to Moses from the flame in verse 4, both instances referring to himself in the first person, the text seemingly conflates the two as one.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#22:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Numbers">Numbers 22:22–38</a>. The angel of the Lord meets the prophet <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a> on the road. In verse 38, Balaam identifies the angel who spoke to him as delivering the word of God.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Judges">Judges 2:1–3</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#6:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Judges">Judges 6:11–23</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>, and in verse 22 Gideon fears for his life because he has seen the angel of the Lord face to face, which is similar to when others in the Tanakh (Old Testament) fear they will die because they have seen God.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#13:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Judges">Judges 13:3–22</a>. The angel of the Lord appears to <a href="/wiki/Manoah" title="Manoah">Manoah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manoah%27s_wife" title="Manoah's wife">his wife</a> and, in verse 16, tells them to offer to the LORD if they are to make an offering ("And the angel of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> said unto Manoah [...] if thou wilt offer a burnt offering, thou must offer it unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>. For Manoah knew not that he was an angel of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>."). Later Manoah thought he and his wife will die for they "have seen God"</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Zechariah#1:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Zechariah">Zechariah 1:12</a>. The angel of the Lord pleads with the Lord to have mercy on Jerusalem and the cities of Judah.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Zechariah#3:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Zechariah">Zechariah 3:4</a>. The angel of the Lord takes away the sin of the high priest Joshua.</li></ul> <p>The Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translates the Hebrew phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה</span></span> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span>, "angel of the Lord" or as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span>, "the angel of the Lord". "Owing to the Hebrew idiom, this may mean no more than 'an angel of God', and the Septuagint renders it with or without the article at will."<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a> and <a href="/wiki/NKJV" class="mw-redirect" title="NKJV">NKJV</a> capitalize "Angel" in the Old Testament references to "<i>the</i> Angel of the Lord", while using lower-case "angel" in the Old Testament references to "<i>an</i> angel of the Lord" (and in the New Testament references). Most versions, including <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>, etc., do not capitalize "angel" in the mentions of "angel of the Lord". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angel_of_Elohim">Angel of Elohim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Angel of Elohim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "angel of God" (Heb. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he">mal'akh 'Elohim</i></span>) occurs 12 times (2 of which are plural). The following are examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#31:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 31:11</a>. The angel of God calls out to <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> in a dream and tells him "I am the God of <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#14:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 14:19</a>. The angel of God leads the camp of Israel, and also follows behind them, with the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_(theophany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Fire (theophany)">pillar of fire</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#13:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Judges">Judges 13:9</a>. The angel of God approached <a href="/wiki/Manoah%27s_wife" title="Manoah's wife">Manoah's wife</a> after the Lord heard <a href="/wiki/Manoah" title="Manoah">Manoah</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_107.png 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>David is depicted interceding for the people to end the plague (1 Chronicles 21) in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angel_sent_by_God">Angel sent by God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Angel sent by God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, there are mentions of God "sending an angel", of which the following are examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#23:20–21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 23:20–21</a>. The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> says he will send an Angel before the Israelites, and warns them to obey the Angel's voice, and that the Angel "will not pardon transgressions" because the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s "name is in him".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#33:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 33:2</a>. God says he will send an angel before the Israelites, and that God will drive out the Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#20:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Numbers">Numbers 20:16</a>. The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> sent an angel and brought the people of Israel forth from Egypt.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#21:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles 21:15</a>. God sent an angel to destroy Jerusalem, but then repented and told the angel to stay his hand.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#32:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles 32:21</a>. The L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of valour and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> the Greek phrase <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγγελος Κυρίου</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">angelos kuriou</i></span>—"angel of the Lord") is found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+1:20">Matthew 1:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+1:24">1:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+2:13">2:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+2:19">2:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+28:2">28:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+1:11">Luke 1:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+2:9">2:9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:4">John 5:4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+5:19">Acts 5:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+8:26">8:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+12:7">12:7</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+12:23">12:23</a>. English translations render the phrase either as "an angel of the Lord" or as "the angel of the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mentions in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+12:11">Acts 12:11</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+22:6">Revelation 22:6</a> of "his angel" (the Lord's angel) can also be understood as referring either to <i>the</i> angel of the Lord or <i>an</i> angel of the Lord. </p><p>An angel of the Lord who is mentioned in Luke 1:11 makes himself and his identity known as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:19&version=nrsv">Luke 1:19</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appearances of the "angel of the Lord" may leave the reader with the question of whether an angel or <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> had appeared. Apart from the view that "the angel of the Lord is just that—an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-livingword_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingword-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are a variety of interpretations, e.g. that the angel is an earthly manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">the God of Israel</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (1st century AD) identified the angel of the Lord (singular) with <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1907) Hugh Pope writes: "The earlier <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a>, going by the letter of the text in the Septuagint, maintained that it was God Himself who appeared as the Giver of the Law to Moses. It was not unnatural then for <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> [...] to regard such manifestations in the light of preludes to the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, and most of the Eastern Fathers followed the same line of thought." Pope quotes the view of <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> that the angel was probably Christ, "the Only-begotten Son, the Angel of great Counsel", and contrasts Theodoret's view with the view of the Latin Fathers <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> that it was no more than an angel, a view that, he says, "was destined to live in the Church...". Pope quotes Saint Augustine, who declared that "the angel is correctly termed an angel if we consider him himself, but equally correctly is he termed 'the Lord' because God dwells in him." He indicates, however, that within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> the opposite view was also upheld.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars connected Augustine's declaration with the divine nature of Christ, stating that 'the Angel of the Lord is both an angel and the Lord, as Christ is both fully human and fully divine.' </p><p>Appearances of the "angel of the Lord" are often presented as <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanies</a>, appearances of God himself, rather than a separate entity acting on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2031:11–13&version=nrsv">Genesis 31:11–13</a>, "the angel of God" says, "I am the God of Beth-el". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%203:2–6&version=nrsv">Exodus 3:2–6</a> "the angel of YHWH" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלאך יהוה</span></span>) appeared to Moses in the flame of fire, and then "YHWH" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span>) says to him: "I am the God of thy father". Compare also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:11&version=nrsv">Genesis 22:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%206:11–22&version=nrsv">Judges 6:11–22</a>. At times the angel of the Lord speaks in such a way as to assume authority over previous promises (see Gen. 16:11 and 21:17). According to the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, the visual form under which God appeared and spoke to men is referred to in some Old Testament texts as God's angel and in other texts as God himself.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be consistent with the usage of ancient spokesmen: After an introductory phrase, they used the grammatical first person point of view in stating the message of whomever they represented.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, Messianic scholar Samuel A. Meier introduced an interpolation theory, suggesting that when there is ambiguity between YHWH and the "angel of YHWH", it is YHWH himself delivering the message. Later, copyists inserted the term <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he">mal’akh</i></span> before the divine name to modify the narratives, in order to meet the standards of a changing theology which more strongly emphasized a transcendent God. If the term <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he">mal’akh</i></span> is removed from these passages, the remaining story fits neatly with a "default" format in Near Eastern literature in which the deity appears directly to humans without an intermediary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_Christophany">Possible Christophany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible Christophany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">Christophany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence of Christ</a></div> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, identify the angel of the Lord as the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">pre-incarnate</a> Christ whose appearance, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">Christophany</a>, is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the reason why some early Christians viewed Jesus as the angel of the Lord, Susan Garrett says, </p> <blockquote><p>Some [Jews during the time of Jesus and shortly before] understood the angel of the Lord as a being completely separate from God—a sort of angelic vizier or righthand angel, who served as head of the heavenly host and... as a mediator between God and humans... [Apart] from Christianity there was talk among ancient Jews of God’s <i>word</i>, God’s <i>glory</i>, and so forth in terms highly reminiscent of the angel of the Lord. So, when early Christian authors like Justin Martyr connected Jesus with God’s word and that word, in turn, with the angel of the Lord, they were not inventing from scratch...<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In the time of the early Church, "an essential ingredient of anti-Jewish polemics" was identification of the Angel of the Lord as Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a> refers to 1 Corinthians 10:9, where the Israelites are said to have tempted Christ in the desert, as evidence that the angel of God is Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology</i>, Louis Goldberg writes: "The functions of the angel of the Lord in the Old Testament prefigure the reconciling ministry of Jesus. In the New Testament, there is no mention of the angel of the Lord; the Messiah himself is this person."<sup id="cite_ref-Elwell_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Knofel Staton says: "The idea that this angel was Christ is unlikely for many reasons, which include the following: 1) God never said to any angel (including the 'angel of the Lord') 'you are my son' (Heb 1:5) ...".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington</a> says: "The angel of the Lord is just that – an angel. [... T]he divine son of God [...] was no mere angel of the Lord, nor did he manifest himself in some observable form prior to the Incarnation."<sup id="cite_ref-livingword_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingword-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> teach that the angel who brought the Israelites into their promised land (and would not pardon transgression because God's name was in him <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2023:20–21&version=nrsv">Exodus 23:20–21</a>) was "God's firstborn Son". They sometimes refer to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existent Christ</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">archangel Michael</a>. In this way, they link the prince of the people of Israel mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%2010:21&version=nrsv">Daniel 10:21</a> to the firstborn called "the Son of God" because he was created with qualities like those of his Father.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Elohim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bene Elohim">Bene Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judges 2:1; 6:11, 22; 13:16, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/bible/ot/chapter.asp?book=1&page=16">Genesis 16:7–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The anaphoric article is the article denoting previous reference. The first mention of the substantive is usually anarthrous because it is merely being introduced. But subsequent mentions of it use the article, for the article is now pointing back to the substantive [referent, abstract idea referenced] previously mentioned" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcbsr.com/greek/gsubs.html">The Berean Christian Bible Resources: Greek article and others</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern critical editions of the Septuagint are based on the Codices <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Vaticanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Sinaiticus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Alexandrinus</a>, the oldest complete texts now existing, while taking into account the few older fragments that have been discovered (see <a href="/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts" title="Septuagint manuscripts">Septuagint manuscripts</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm">"Angels"</a> in <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. accessed 9 July 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 1:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livingword-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livingword_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livingword_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C&pg=PA224">Ben Witherington, <i>The Living Word of God</i></a> (Baylor University Press 2007 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6">978-1-60258-017-6</a>), p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a>, <i>A History of Philosophy</i>, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.N.D. Kelly, <i>Early Christian Doctrines</i>, 5th ed., HarperOne, 1978, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas K. Stuart, <i>Exodus</i> 2006 p. 109. "Now, however, God, in the form of 'the Angel of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>' (see excursus below, 'The Angel of the Lord') appeared in a fire theophany (see excursus below, 'Fire Theophany') to Moses"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/exodus/3">New American Bible: note to Exodus 3:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2013" class="citation web cs1">Kosior, Wojciech (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4426250">"The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory"</a>. <i>"The Polish Journal of Biblical Research", Vol. 12, No. 1 (23), pp. 59-60</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22The+Polish+Journal+of+Biblical+Research%22%2C+Vol.+12%2C+No.+1+%2823%29%2C+pp.+59-60&rft.atitle=The+Angel+in+the+Hebrew+Bible+from+the+Statistic+and+Hermeneutic+Perspectives.+Some+Remarks+on+the+Interpolation+Theory&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4426250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel+of+the+Lord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Arthur_Meier1999" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Arthur Meier (1999). K. van der Toorn; B. Becking; P. W. van der Horst (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfDeitiesAndDemonsInTheBible_201810"><i>The Dictionary of Deities and Demons</i></a>. Leiden–Boston–Köln: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfDeitiesAndDemonsInTheBible_201810/page/n96">58</a>-59. <q>interpolation Meier</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&rft.place=Leiden%E2%80%93Boston%E2%80%93K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Samuel+Arthur+Meier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionaryOfDeitiesAndDemonsInTheBible_201810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel+of+the+Lord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2013" class="citation web cs1">Kosior, Wojciech (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4426250">"The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory"</a>. <i>"The Polish Journal of Biblical Research", Vol. 12, No. 1 (23), pp. 60-61</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22The+Polish+Journal+of+Biblical+Research%22%2C+Vol.+12%2C+No.+1+%2823%29%2C+pp.+60-61&rft.atitle=The+Angel+in+the+Hebrew+Bible+from+the+Statistic+and+Hermeneutic+Perspectives.+Some+Remarks+on+the+Interpolation+Theory&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4426250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel+of+the+Lord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2008" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Susan R. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr"><i>No Ordinary Angel: Celestial Spirits and Christian Claims about Jesus</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr/page/248">248</a>, n. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14095-8"><bdi>978-0-300-14095-8</bdi></a>. <q>Justin Martyr identified the Angel of the Lord with the pre-incarnate Christ; see Gieschen, <i>Angelomorphic Christology</i>, 187-200; Hannah, <i>Michael and Christ</i>, 111-13; more generally on early angelomorphic Christology, see Richard N. Longenecker, "Some Distinctive Early Christological Motifs", <i>New Testament Studies</i> 14 (1967-68): 526-45; Christopher Rowland, <i>Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism</i> (2nd ed.; London: SPCK, 2002), 32-36. David Keck (<i>Angels and Angelology in the Middle Ages</i> [New York: Oxford University Press, 1998], 35) notes that in the early church, identification of the Angel of the Lord with Christ "became an essential ingredient of anti-Jewish polemics".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Ordinary+Angel%3A+Celestial+Spirits+and+Christian+Claims+about+Jesus&rft.pages=248%2C+n.+28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14095-8&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Susan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoordinaryangelc00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel+of+the+Lord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2008" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Susan R. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr"><i>No Ordinary Angel: Celestial Spirits and Christian Claims about Jesus</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14095-8"><bdi>978-0-300-14095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Ordinary+Angel%3A+Celestial+Spirits+and+Christian+Claims+about+Jesus&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14095-8&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Susan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoordinaryangelc00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel+of+the+Lord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-complete/exodus/23">Matthew Henry Bible Commentary (complete)</a> Commentary on Ex. 23:20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elwell-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elwell_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/angel-of-the-lord.html">Angel of the Lord</a> - Elwell, Walter A. - <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Dictionary_of_Theology" title="Evangelical Dictionary of Theology">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</a></i>. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvsVUHKD8lYC&pg=PA211">Knofel Staton, <i>Angels</i></a> (College Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-939-1">978-0-89900-939-1</a>), p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2010685">"Your Leader Is One, the Christ"</a> – <i>The Watchtower – Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom</i> – 15 September 2010, pg 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20130301/when-jesus-created-why-son/">Bible Questions Answered: Why is Jesus called God’s Son?</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>P.E. Kretzmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBpKAAAAMAAJ">The Angel of the Lord in the Old Testament</a>. <i>Theological Monthly 2</i>(2) pp. 33–36.</li> <li>von Heijne, Camilla Hélena, <i>The Messenger of the Lord in Early Jewish Interpretations of Genesis</i>, BZAW 412, De Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022684-3">978-3-11-022684-3</a></li> <li>Vogel, Heinrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515223333/http://www.wlsessays.net/files/VogelAngel.pdf">The Angel Of The Lord</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&oldid=1254980865">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&oldid=1254980865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Angels_in_Judaism" title="Category:Angels in Judaism">Angels in Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_phrases" title="Category:Biblical phrases">Biblical phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_theology" title="Category:Old 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