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Apart from the view that "the angel of the Lord is just that—an [[angel]]",<ref name="livingword">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C&pg=PA224 Ben Witherington, ''The Living Word of God''] (Baylor University Press 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-60258-017-6}}), p. 224</ref> there are a variety of interpretations, e.g. that the angel is an earthly manifestation of [[Yahweh|the God of Israel]] or of [[Jesus Christ]]. The [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic Jewish]] philosopher [[Philo]] (1st century AD) identified the angel of the Lord (singular) with [[Logos]].<ref>[[Frederick Copleston]], ''A History of Philosophy'', Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460.</ref><ref>J.N.D. Kelly, ''Early Christian Doctrines'', 5th ed., HarperOne, 1978, p. 11.</ref> In the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1907) Hugh Pope writes: "The earlier [[Church Fathers|Fathers]], going by the letter of the text in the Septuagint, maintained that it was God Himself who appeared as the Giver of the Law to Moses. It was not unnatural then for [[Tertullian]] [...] to regard such manifestations in the light of preludes to the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]], and most of the Eastern Fathers followed the same line of thought." Pope quotes the view of [[Theodoret]] that the angel was probably Christ, "the Only-begotten Son, the Angel of great Counsel", and contrasts Theodoret's view with the view of the Latin Fathers [[Jerome]], [[Augustine]], and [[Gregory the Great]] that it was no more than an angel, a view that, he says, "was destined to live in the Church...". Pope quotes Saint Augustine, who declared that "the angel is correctly termed an angel if we consider him himself, but equally correctly is he termed 'the Lord' because God dwells in him." He indicates, however, that within the [[Catholic Church]] the opposite view was also upheld.<ref name="Pope"/> Later scholars connected Augustine's declaration with the divine nature of Christ, stating that 'the Angel of the Lord is both an angel and the Lord, as Christ is both fully human and fully divine.' Appearances of the "angel of the Lord" are often presented as [[theophany|theophanies]], appearances of God himself, rather than a separate entity acting on his behalf.<ref>Douglas K. Stuart, ''Exodus'' 2006 p. 109. "Now, however, God, in the form of 'the Angel of the {{LORD}}' (see excursus below, 'The Angel of the Lord') appeared in a fire theophany (see excursus below, 'Fire Theophany') to Moses"</ref> In {{bibleverse||Genesis|31:11–13}}, "the angel of God" says, "I am the God of Beth-el". In {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:2–6}} "the angel of YHWH" ({{Lang|he|מלאך יהוה}}) appeared to Moses in the flame of fire, and then "YHWH" ({{Lang|he|יהוה}}) says to him: "I am the God of thy father". Compare also {{bibleverse||Genesis|22:11}}; {{bibleverse||Judges|6:11–22}}. At times the angel of the Lord speaks in such a way as to assume authority over previous promises (see Gen. 16:11 and 21:17). According to the [[New American Bible]], the visual form under which God appeared and spoke to men is referred to in some Old Testament texts as God's angel and in other texts as God himself.<ref>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/exodus/3 New American Bible: note to Exodus 3:2]</ref> This would be consistent with the usage of ancient spokesmen: After an introductory phrase, they used the grammatical first person point of view in stating the message of whomever they represented.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kosior|first=Wojciech|title=The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory|url=https://www.academia.edu/4426250|work="The Polish Journal of Biblical Research", Vol. 12, No. 1 (23), pp. 59-60|date=June 2013 |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> In the late 20th century, Messianic scholar Samuel A. Meier introduced an interpolation theory, suggesting that when there is ambiguity between YHWH and the "angel of YHWH", it is YHWH himself delivering the message. Later, copyists inserted the term {{Lang|he|mal’akh}} before the divine name to modify the narratives, in order to meet the standards of a changing theology which more strongly emphasized a transcendent God. If the term {{Lang|he|mal’akh}} is removed from these passages, the remaining story fits neatly with a "default" format in Near Eastern literature in which the deity appears directly to humans without an intermediary.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=K. van der Toorn|editor2=B. Becking|editor3= P. W. van der Horst|author=Samuel Arthur Meier|title=The Dictionary of Deities and Demons|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfDeitiesAndDemonsInTheBible_201810|quote=interpolation Meier|location=Leiden–Boston–Köln|pages=[https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfDeitiesAndDemonsInTheBible_201810/page/n96 58]-59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kosior|first=Wojciech|title=The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory|url=https://www.academia.edu/4426250|work="The Polish Journal of Biblical Research", Vol. 12, No. 1 (23), pp. 60-61|date=June 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> === Possible Christophany === {{further|Christophany|Pre-existence of Christ}} The early [[Church Fathers]], such as [[Justin Martyr]], identify the angel of the Lord as the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|pre-incarnate]] Christ whose appearance, i.e. [[Christophany]], is recorded in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref name="Garrett2008">{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Susan R.|title=No Ordinary Angel: Celestial Spirits and Christian Claims about Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14095-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr/page/248 248], n. 28|quote=Justin Martyr identified the Angel of the Lord with the pre-incarnate Christ; see Gieschen, ''Angelomorphic Christology'', 187-200; Hannah, ''Michael and Christ'', 111-13; more generally on early angelomorphic Christology, see Richard N. Longenecker, "Some Distinctive Early Christological Motifs", ''New Testament Studies'' 14 (1967-68): 526-45; Christopher Rowland, ''Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism'' (2nd ed.; London: SPCK, 2002), 32-36. David Keck (''Angels and Angelology in the Middle Ages'' [New York: Oxford University Press, 1998], 35) notes that in the early church, identification of the Angel of the Lord with Christ "became an essential ingredient of anti-Jewish polemics".}}</ref> On the reason why some early Christians viewed Jesus as the angel of the Lord, Susan Garrett says, <blockquote>Some [Jews during the time of Jesus and shortly before] understood the angel of the Lord as a being completely separate from God—a sort of angelic vizier or righthand angel, who served as head of the heavenly host and... as a mediator between God and humans... [Apart] from Christianity there was talk among ancient Jews of God’s ''word'', God’s ''glory'', and so forth in terms highly reminiscent of the angel of the Lord. So, when early Christian authors like Justin Martyr connected Jesus with God’s word and that word, in turn, with the angel of the Lord, they were not inventing from scratch...<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Susan R.|title=No Ordinary Angel: Celestial Spirits and Christian Claims about Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr|url-access=registration |year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14095-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noordinaryangelc00garr/page/27 27]}}</ref></blockquote> In the time of the early Church, "an essential ingredient of anti-Jewish polemics" was identification of the Angel of the Lord as Jesus Christ.<ref name="Garrett2008" /> In the 17th century, [[Matthew Henry]] refers to 1 Corinthians 10:9, where the Israelites are said to have tempted Christ in the desert, as evidence that the angel of God is Christ.<ref>[https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-complete/exodus/23 Matthew Henry Bible Commentary (complete)] Commentary on Ex. 23:20.</ref> In ''Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology'', Louis Goldberg writes: "The functions of the angel of the Lord in the Old Testament prefigure the reconciling ministry of Jesus. In the New Testament, there is no mention of the angel of the Lord; the Messiah himself is this person."<ref name=Elwell>[http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/angel-of-the-lord.html Angel of the Lord] - Elwell, Walter A. - ''[[Evangelical Dictionary of Theology]]''. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</ref> In contrast, Knofel Staton says: "The idea that this angel was Christ is unlikely for many reasons, which include the following: 1) God never said to any angel (including the 'angel of the Lord') 'you are my son' (Heb 1:5) ...".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvsVUHKD8lYC&pg=PA211 Knofel Staton, ''Angels''] (College Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-89900-939-1}}), p. 211</ref> Similarly, [[Ben Witherington III|Ben Witherington]] says: "The angel of the Lord is just that – an angel. [... T]he divine son of God [...] was no mere angel of the Lord, nor did he manifest himself in some observable form prior to the Incarnation."<ref name="livingword" /> [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] teach that the angel who brought the Israelites into their promised land (and would not pardon transgression because God's name was in him {{bibleverse||Exodus|23:20–21}}) was "God's firstborn Son". They sometimes refer to the [[Pre-existence of Christ|pre-existent Christ]] as the [[Michael (archangel)|archangel Michael]]. In this way, they link the prince of the people of Israel mentioned in {{bibleverse||Daniel|10:21}} to the firstborn called "the Son of God" because he was created with qualities like those of his Father.<ref>[http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2010685 "Your Leader Is One, the Christ"] – ''The Watchtower – Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom'' – 15 September 2010, pg 21.</ref><ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20130301/when-jesus-created-why-son/ Bible Questions Answered: Why is Jesus called God’s Son?]</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Lord&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qnvsb","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.049","walltime":"0.061","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 41.295 1 -total"," 99.84% 41.228 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 42.94% 17.734 2 Template:Replace"," 38.56% 15.925 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.14% 14.511 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.13% 6.246 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.54% 6.003 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.27% 0.937 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.08% 0.858 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.55% 0.640 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043307,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qnvsb","timestamp":"20241124062207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>