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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fallen_angels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallen_angels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fallen angels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallen_angels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Second Temple Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Seth_and_Cain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Seth_and_Cain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Descendants of Seth and Cain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Seth_and_Cain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offspring_of_Orion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offspring_of_Orion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Offspring of Orion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offspring_of_Orion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arabian paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_remains_of_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_remains_of_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fossil remains of giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_remains_of_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nephilim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="نفليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Исполин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исполин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefili" title="Nefili – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nefili" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nephilim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC" title="Νεφιλείμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεφιλείμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نفیلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفیلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nephilim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%BC" title="네피림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네피림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefili" title="Nefili – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nefili" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C" title="נפיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilimai" title="Nefilimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nefilimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Исполини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исполини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilima" title="Nefilima – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nefilima" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82" title="അനാകിം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനാകിം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0" title="ネフィリム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネフィリム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Исполины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исполины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim%C3%ABt" title="Nefilimët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nefilimët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nephilim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нефилими – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нефилими" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="เนฟิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนฟิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefilim" title="Nefilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nefilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нефіліми – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нефіліми" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اناکیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اناکیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="拿非利人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拿非利人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="拿非利人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拿非利人" data-language-autonym="中文" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Beings from the Hebrew Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nephilim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nephilim (disambiguation)">Nephilim (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> or <a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg/260px-The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg/390px-The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg/520px-The_Hell_and_the_Flood_P1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fall of the Rebel Angels</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, based on Genesis 6:1–4</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Nephilim</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נְפִילִים</span> <i>Nəfīlīm</i>) are mysterious beings or people in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> traditionally imagined as being of great size and strength, or alternatively beings of great <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of the Nephilim are disputed. Some, including the author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, view them as the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">rebellious angels</a> and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAB-p1370-footnotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others view them as descendants of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This reference to them is in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis#Primeval_history_(chapters_1–11)" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis 6:1–4</a>, but the passage is ambiguous and the identity of the Nephilim is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doedens_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doedens-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> 13:33, ten of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Spies" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Spies">Twelve Spies</a> report the existence of Nephilim in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> prior to its <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Entry_into_the_land_and_conquest_(chapters_2–12)" title="Book of Joshua">conquest by the Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS_1917-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar or identical <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> term, read as "Nephilim" by some scholars, or as the word "fallen" by others, appears in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 32:27 and is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith">Judith</a> 16:6, <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> 16:7, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> 3:26–28, and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom</a> 14:6.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendel-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doak-2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brown-Driver-Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown-Driver-Briggs">Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon</a> (1908) gives the meaning of Nephilim as "<a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a>", and warns that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious".<sup id="cite_ref-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">n-p-l</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נ־פ־ל</span></span>) "fall". <a href="#CITEREFGirdlestone1871">Girdlestone (1871</a>, p. 91) argued the word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Hiphil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiphil">hif'il</a> <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> stem, possibly indicating that the name ’Nephilim’ is to be understood as 'those that cause others to fall down'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form: 'Ones who have fallen', grammatically analogous to <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">paqid</i></span> 'one who is appointed' (i.e., a deputy or overseer), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">asir</i></span> 'one who is bound' (i.e., a prisoner), <i>etc</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also argued that the "fallen" refer to those who "fell in battle", similar to the <a href="/wiki/Gibborim_(biblical)" title="Gibborim (biblical)"><i>gibborim</i></a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of ancient biblical translations – including the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Targum" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Targum">Samaritan Targum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a> – interpret the word to mean "giants".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a> translates it as "the violent ones"<sup id="cite_ref-Wright80-81_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright80-81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stackhouse_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stackhouse-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila</a>'s translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"<sup id="cite_ref-Wright80-81_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright80-81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]."<sup id="cite_ref-Stackhouse_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stackhouse-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salvesen-1994-1998_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvesen-1994-1998-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_belief">Origins of belief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest Wright">G.E. Wright</a> states that belief in the Nephilim, especially as giants, originated from the Hebrews’ contemplation of <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordian</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">cyclopean masonry</a> walls of Canaanite cities, with some being 18 feet thick. Nonetheless, he notes that ancient Canaanites were relatively short, before and after 3000 BC, with no significant findings of abnormally sized aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical professor Brian R. Doak believes that Nephilim lore is a <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> against the tropes of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroism</a>, commonly found in the worldviews of cultures similar to the Hebrews'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J.C. Greenfield similarly believes that Nephilim lore is based on "the negative aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a> tradition" in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian mythology">Sumerian mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdToorn-Becking-vdHorst-1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdToorn-Becking-vdHorst-1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  72–74">(pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA72">72–74</a>)</span></sup> The Apkallu were seven <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture heroes</a> who were praised for their exceptional wisdom. In fact, some were called "the son of <a href="/wiki/Ea_(god_Enki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god Enki)">Ea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-vdToorn-Becking-vdHorst-1999_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdToorn-Becking-vdHorst-1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  73">(p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA73">73</a>)</span></sup> </p><p>Brand <i>et al</i>. (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that the Nephilim refer to elite or royal warriors from legendary antiquity, who do not necessarily have abnormal stature or divine parentage. They view the Nephilim in Numbers 13-14 as autochthonous elite warriors who dwelt in pre-Israelite Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen White believes that their purpose, narratively speaking, is to die so that <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">God's chosen</a>, who are the "<a href="/wiki/Underdog" title="Underdog">underdogs</a>", could prevail. <sup id="cite_ref-White-2024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anakim" title="Anakim">Anakites</a>, who are associated with the Nephilim,<sup id="cite_ref-White-2023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are mentioned in the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Execration_texts" title="Execration texts">Execration texts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2055–1650 BC) as one of Egypt's political enemies in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyatt2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Hebrew_Bible">In the Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Hebrew Bible, there are three interconnected passages referencing the <i>nephilim.</i> Two of them come from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a>. The first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown.<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS_1917-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Where the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">Jewish Publication Society's translation</a> simply transliterates the Hebrew <i>nephilim</i> as "Nephilim",<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS_1917-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> translates the term as "giants".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hess" title="Richard Hess">Richard Hess</a> takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does P.W. Coxon.<sup id="cite_ref-Coxon-1999-DoDDB_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coxon-1999-DoDDB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Spies" title="The Twelve Spies">the Twelve Spies</a> describe the Anakites (a <a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a> tribe) as descendants of the Nephilim: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Anak" title="Anak">Anak</a>, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS_1917-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Outside the Pentateuch there is one more passage indirectly referencing <i>nephilim</i> and this is Ezekiel 32:17–32. Of special significance is Ezekiel 32:27, which contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read <i>gibborim nophlim</i> ("'fallen warriors" or "fallen <a href="/wiki/Gibborim_(biblical)" title="Gibborim (biblical)">Gibborim</a>"), although some scholars read the phrase as <i>gibborim nephilim</i> ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim").<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendel-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coxon-1999-DoDDB_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coxon-1999-DoDDB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to R.S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They lie with the warriors, the Nephilim of old, who descended to <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> with their weapons of war. They placed their swords beneath their heads and their shields upon their bones, for the terror of the warriors was upon the land of the living.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendel-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>B.R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (נופלים <i>nophlim</i>), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim", but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doak-2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  622">(p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ccs/9">622</a>)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giants">Giants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giants (Greek mythology)</a></div> <p>The earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, composed in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, renders the said word as <i>gigantes</i>. In Greek Mythology the gigantes were beings of great strength and aggression but not necessarily of great size.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice made by the Greek translators has been preserved in Latin translation. The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, compiled in the 4th or 5th century AD, transcribes the Greek term rather than translating the Hebrew <i>nefilim</i>. From there, the tradition of the giant progeny of the sons of God and the daughters of men spread to later medieval translations of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision of the Greek translators to render the Hebrew <i>nefilim</i> as Greek <i>gigantes</i> is a separate matter. The Hebrew <i>nefilim</i> means literally "the fallen ones" and the strict translation into Greek would be <i>peptokotes</i>, which in fact appears in the Septuagint of Ezekiel 32:22–27. It seems then that the authors of Septuagint wished not only to simply translate the foreign term into Greek, but also to employ a term which would be intelligible and meaningful for their Hellenistic audiences. Given the complex meaning of the <i>nefilim</i> which emerged from the three interconnected biblical passages (human–divine hybrids in Genesis 6, autochthonous people in Numbers 13 and ancient warriors damned in the underworld in Ezekiel 32), the Greek translators recognized some similarities. First and foremost, both <i>nefilim</i> and <i>gigantes</i> possessed an ambiguous identity, being a mixture of the human and divine. They were also viewed with fascination and moral contempt. Secondly, both were presented as impersonating chaotic qualities and posing some serious danger to gods and humans. Lastly, both <i>gigantes</i> and <i>nefilim</i> were clearly connected with the underworld and were said to have originated from earth, and they both end up closed therein.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a>, they were "great giants, whose height was three hundred cubits". Because 1 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a> is 18 inches (46 cm), this would make them 450 feet (140 m) tall. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">people of Ād</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quran_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 26">Quran 26</a>:130 whom the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hud</a> declares to be like <i>jabbarin</i> (Hebrew: <i>gibborim</i>), probably a reference to the Biblical Nephilim. The people of Ād are said to be giants, the tallest among them 100 ft (30 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> legend, the ʿĀd were not wiped out by <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">the Flood</a>, since some of them had been too tall to be drowned. Instead, God destroyed them after they rejected further warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After death, they were banished into the lower layers of <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallen_angels">Fallen angels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fallen angels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair,_by_Daniel_Chester_French,_modeled_by_1918,_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/170px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/255px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/340px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sons of God Saw the Daughters of Men That They Were Fair</i>, sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. From the third century BC onwards, references are found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enochic literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>, the Testament of Reuben, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jude" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Jude">Book of Jude</a> (compare with <span class="nowrap">2 Peter 2</span>). For example: </p> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap">1 Enoch 7:</span>[2]"And when the angels, [3]the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children."</dd></dl> <p>Some Christian apologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, shared this opinion. </p><p>The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical <i><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></i> and it has since become especially commonplace in modern Christian commentaries. This line of interpretation finds additional support in the text of Genesis 6:4, which juxtaposes the sons of God (male gender, divine nature) with the daughters of men (female gender, human nature). From this parallelism it could be inferred that the sons of God are understood as some superhuman beings.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a></i> commentary draws a parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of Nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women.<sup id="cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAB-p1370-footnotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The footnotes of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> suggest that the biblical author intended the Nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race". Superhuman, in this context, refers to the extremity of their wickedness.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Christian commentators have argued against this view, citing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s statement that angels do not marry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagree since Jesus also compared angels to men, thus implying the former's ability to have sex.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels are also never explicitly described as being incapable of marriage. The absence of marriage among angels can be thus compared to wilful <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence cited in favor of the fallen angels interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בְּנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים</span>‎; or "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis 6, in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> manuscript <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> reads "sons".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another modern view that aligns with the fallen angel interpretation includes Nephilim being the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Demon_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demon possession">demon-possessed</a> men and women. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Temple_Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Temple Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <p>The story of the Nephilim is further elaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a> obtained in the 19th century and held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, connect the origin of the Nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">egrḗgoroi</a></i></span> (<i>watchers</i>). <a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: "Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children." And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it ...<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the <a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a>, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate of the Nephilim. </p><p>Some believe the fallen angels who <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">begat</a> the Nephilim were cast into <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> (<span class="nowrap">2 Peter 2:4,</span> Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a place of "total darkness". An interpretation is that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to remain after <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">the Flood</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, to try to lead the human race astray until the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">final Judgment</a>. Another similar view was proposed by Dr. Michael Heiser, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scholar from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>. In his book <i>The Unseen Realm</i> he states that the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim became what has been known as demons or unclean spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to <i>Enoch</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></i> (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these Nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works describe the Nephilim as being evil giants. </p><p>The New Testament <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> (14–15) cites from <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a> 1:9,</span> which many scholars believe is based on <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 33:2.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct; however, others<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have questioned this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_Seth_and_Cain">Descendants of Seth and Cain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants of Seth and Cain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>References to the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> are found from the second century AD onwards in both Christian and Jewish sources (e.g., Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Letters attributed to St. Clement</a>). It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Amharic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Amharic)">Ethiopian Orthodox Bible</a>: Henok 2:1–3 </p> <dl><dd>"and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</dd></dl> <p>Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a> pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> followed this. <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a> (<i>Biblical Antiquities</i> 3:1–3) may also imply that the "sons of God" were human.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the rendering suggested in the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onqelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Onqelos">Targum Onqelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)#His_translation" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Targum" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Targum">Samaritan Targum</a>, which read "sons of the rulers", where <a href="/wiki/Targum_Neophyti" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Neophyti">Targum Neophyti</a> reads "sons of the judges". </p><p>Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the Nephilim the offspring of their union.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">the flood</a> <i>they</i> [humans] were ... <i>marrying and giving in marriage</i>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+24:38&version=nasb">Matthew 24:38</a>, emphasis added).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some individuals and groups, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the Nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>, who were called <i>sons of God</i> probably in reference to their prior <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0514.htm#1">Deuteronomy 14:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0532.htm#5">32:5</a>); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of "the daughters of men", e.g., those who were descended from <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> or from any people who did not worship God. </p><p>This also is the view of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by their own <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> manuscripts and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Amharic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Amharic)">Haile Selassie Bible</a>—where the books of <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>, the 3rd century <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i>, and the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century</span> <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> work <i>The <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></i>. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the <i>Conflict</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Certain wise men of old wrote concerning them, and say in their [sacred] books that angels came down from heaven and mingled with the daughters of Cain, who bare unto them these giants. But these [wise men] err in what they say. God forbid such a thing, that angels who are spirits, should be found committing sin with human beings. Never, that cannot be. And if such a thing were of the nature of angels, or Satans, that fell, they would not leave one woman on earth, undefiled ... But many men say, that angels came down from heaven, and joined themselves to women, and had children by them. This cannot be true. But they were children of Seth, who were of the children of Adam, that dwelt on the mountain, high up, while they preserved their virginity, their innocence and their glory like angels; and were then called 'angels of God'. But when they transgressed and mingled with the children of Cain, and begat children, ill-informed men said, that angels had come down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of men, who bear them giants. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offspring_of_Orion">Offspring of Orion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Offspring of Orion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aramaic</a> culture, the term <i>nephilim</i> refers to the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Orion_(mythology)" title="Orion (mythology)">Orion</a> in mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a> lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".<sup id="cite_ref-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabian_paganism">Arabian paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabian paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fallen angels were believed by <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arab pagans</a> to be sent to earth in form of men. Some of them mated with humans and gave rise to hybrid children. As recorded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>, a common belief held that Abu Jurhum, the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> tribe, was actually the son of a disobedient angel and a human woman.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_remains_of_giants">Fossil remains of giants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fossil remains of giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_people#Disputed_and_unverified_claims" title="List of tallest people">List of tallest people § Disputed and unverified claims</a></div> <p>Alleged discoveries of Nephilim remains have been a common source of hoaxing and misidentification.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1577, a series of large bones discovered near <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> were interpreted as the bones of an <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> giant about 5.8 m (19 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1786, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> found out that these remains belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilized</a> leg bones and teeth discovered near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, New York in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">a great flood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">Paleontologists</a> have identified these as <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a> remains.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Giant" title="Cardiff Giant">Cardiff Giant</a>, a hoax intended to fool believers in Nephilim, was supposedly discovered in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_New_York" title="Cardiff, New York">Cardiff, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nephilim_in_popular_culture" title="Nephilim in popular culture">Nephilim in popular culture</a></div> <p>The name and idea of Nephilim, like many other religious concepts, is sometimes used in popular culture. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Victor_Renquist" title="Victor Renquist">The Renquist Quartet</a></i> novels by <a href="/wiki/Mick_Farren" title="Mick Farren">Mick Farren</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Instruments" title="The Mortal Instruments">The Mortal Instruments</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Infernal_Devices" title="The Infernal Devices">The Infernal Devices</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Hours">The Last Hours</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Artifices" title="The Dark Artifices">The Dark Artifices</a></i> and other books in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadowhunter_Chronicles" title="The Shadowhunter Chronicles">The Shadowhunter Chronicles</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Clare" title="Cassandra Clare">Cassandra Clare</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Hush,_Hush_(series)" title="Hush, Hush (series)">Hush, Hush</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/Becca_Fitzpatrick" title="Becca Fitzpatrick">Becca Fitzpatrick</a>; the book <i><a href="/wiki/Many_Waters" title="Many Waters">Many Waters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L%27Engle" title="Madeleine L'Engle">Madeleine L'Engle</a>; and TV series <i><a href="/wiki/All_Souls_(The_X-Files)" title="All Souls (The X-Files)">The X-Files</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(season_8)#ep171" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural (season 8)">Supernatural</a>.</i> </p><p>In the video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Darksiders" title="Darksiders">Darksiders</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_horsemen_of_the_apocalypse" class="mw-redirect" title="Four horsemen of the apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a> are said to be Nephilim, wherein the Nephilim were created by the unholy union of angels and demons. Dante and Vergil, the main characters of the game <i><a href="/wiki/DmC:_Devil_May_Cry" title="DmC: Devil May Cry">DmC: Devil May Cry</a></i> (2013), a reboot of the popular original series <i><a href="/wiki/Devil_May_Cry" title="Devil May Cry">Devil May Cry</a></i>, are also referred to as Nephilim; being the offspring of the demon Sparda and the angel Eva. In the trading card game <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i>, the Nephilim are interpreted as 'Old Gods' from before modern society.<sup id="cite_ref-MTG_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTG-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Diablo_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Diablo 3">Diablo 3</a></i>,</span> the Nephalem were the first humans upon Sanctuary, created as a result of the union between angels and demons. They figure prominently in the plot of <i>Antarktos Rising</i><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by author Jeremy Robinson. In the heist-themed first person shooter <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Payday_2" title="Payday 2">Payday 2</a></i>,</span> several paintings, artifacts, and far off visuals reference the Nephilim, and a secret ending to the game brings in alien technology supposedly left by the Nephilim. A creature referred to as "Nephilim" appears in season 2 of the Japanese animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Symphogear" title="Symphogear">Symphogear</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nephilim_(role-playing_game)" title="Nephilim (role-playing game)">Nephilim</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> about powerful elemental entities reincarnating into human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several movies, videos, documentaries, and podcasts on Nephilim.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakim" title="Anakim">Anakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Giants">Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cain tradition">Cain tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambion" title="Cambion">Cambion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">Demigod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emite" title="Emite">Emim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giants_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of giants in mythology and folklore">List of giants in mythology and folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryannu" title="Maryannu">Maryannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a> – Belief that humans existed before the biblical character Adam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinametzin" title="Quinametzin">Quinametzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rephaim">Rephaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Serpent seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan (mythology)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFHendel1987">Hendel (1987)</a> presents the view that the word used in Ezekiel 32 is explicitly the word "Nephilim", the same word used in other Bible books.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendel-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <a href="#CITEREFDoak2013">Doak (2013)</a> proposes an alternate view, that the actual term used in Ezekiel 32:27 is a related, but different word, that is deliberately used to refer back to the traditional ideas about the Nephilim, but that it is <i>not</i> itself the explicit term "Nephilim".<sup id="cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doak-2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> translation reads <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><span class="texhtml">'οι βιαιοι</span></span></span>; the singular root <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><span class="texhtml">βιαιος</span></span></span> means "violence" or "forcible".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The rendering <i>he fell upon, attacked</i> [in Symmachus, Genesis 6:6] is something of a puzzle ... If it has been faithfully recorded, it may be related to the rendering of Aquila for the Nephilim in 6:4, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><span class="texhtml">οι επιπιπτοντες</span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvesen-1994-1998_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvesen-1994-1998-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The angels too, who did not keep to their own domain but deserted their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains, in gloom, for the judgement of the great day. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, and the surrounding towns, which, in the same manner as they, indulged in sexual promiscuity and practiced unnatural vice, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire."<sup id="cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAB-p1370-footnotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The author does not present this episode as a myth nor, on the other hand, does he deliver judgment on its actual occurrence; he records the anecdote of a superhuman race simply to serve as an example of the increase in human wickedness which was to provoke <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">the Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "He may be Uriel, if it is legitimate to compare <span class="nowrap">1 Enoch xx. 2,</span> according to which he was the angel set over the world and Tartarus (<span class="texhtml">ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τοῦ Ταρτάρου</span>). In 1 Enoch, <i><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></i> is the nether world generally."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="quotation was missing a closing quotation mark (December 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "1.9 In 'He comes with ten thousands of His holy ones' the text reproduces the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic">Masoretic</a> of Deut. 33:2 in reading <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אָתָא</span>‎ = <span class="texhtml">ἔρχεται</span>, whereas the three <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">the Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> read <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִתֹּה</span>‎ = <span class="texhtml">μετ' αὐτοῦ</span>. Here the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">LXX</a> diverges wholly. The reading <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אתא</span>‎ is recognised as original. The writer of 1–5 therefore used the Hebrew text and presumably wrote in Hebrew." <a href="#CITEREFCharles1912">Charles (1912)</a>, p. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">lviii</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "We may note especially that 1:1, 3–4, 9, allude unmistakably to Deuteronomy 33:1–2 (along with other passages in the Hebrew Bible), implying that the author, like some other Jewish writers, read Deuteronomy 33–34, the last words of Moses in the Torah, as prophecy of the future history of Israel, and 33:2 as referring to the eschatological theophany of God as judge."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The introduction ... picks up various biblical passages and re-interprets them, applying them to Enoch. Two passages are central to it: The first is Deuteronomy 33:1 ... the second is Numbers 24:3–4."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="this quotation was missing a closing quotation mark (December 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the <b>sons of the nobles</b> would come to the daughters of man, and they would bear for them; they are the mighty men, who were of old, the men of renown."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Later Judaism and almost all the earliest ecclesiastical writers identify the "sons of God" with the fallen angels; but from the fourth century onwards, as the idea of angelic natures becomes less material, the Fathers commonly take the "sons of God" to be Seth's descendants and the "daughters of men" those of Cain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Amharic text of Henok 2:1–3 (i.e. 1 En) in the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopian Orthodox Bible</a> may be translated as follows: <dl><dd>"After mankind abounded, it became thus: And in that season, handsome comely children were born to them; and the offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKosior2018" class="citation book cs1">Kosior, Wojciech (22 May 2018). "The fallen (or) giants? The gigantic qualities of the Nefilim in the Hebrew Bible". In Waligórska, Magdalena; Kohn, Tara (eds.). <i>Jewish Translation – Translating Jewishness</i>. de Gruyter. pp. 17–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110550788-002">10.1515/9783110550788-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110550788" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110550788"><bdi>978-3110550788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+fallen+%28or%29+giants%3F+The+gigantic+qualities+of+the+Nefilim+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.btitle=Jewish+Translation+%E2%80%93+Translating+Jewishness&rft.pages=17-38&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550788-002&rft.isbn=978-3110550788&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosior, Wojciech (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3472159">"Synowie bogów i córki człowieka. Kosmiczny 'mezalians' i jego efekty w Księdze Rodzaju 6:1–6"</a> [The cosmic mis-alliance and its effects in Genesis 6:1–6]. <i>Ex Nihilo: Periodyk Młodych Religioznawców</i> (in Polish). <b>1</b> (3): 73–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ex+Nihilo%3A+Periodyk+M%C5%82odych+Religioznawc%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Synowie+bog%C3%B3w+i+c%C3%B3rki+cz%C5%82owieka.+Kosmiczny+%27mezalians%27+i+jego+efekty+w+Ksi%C4%99dze+Rodzaju+6%3A1%E2%80%936&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=73-74&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3472159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205081947/http://acalyludpowieamen.pl/the-cosmic-misalliance-and-its-effects-in-genesis-61-6/">"English translation of "The cosmic mis-alliance and its effects in Genesis 6:1–6"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Translated by Kalinowski, Daniel. 30 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acalyludpowieamen.pl/the-cosmic-misalliance-and-its-effects-in-genesis-61-6/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+translation+of+%22The+cosmic+mis-alliance+and+its+effects+in+Genesis+6%3A1%E2%80%936%22&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facalyludpowieamen.pl%2Fthe-cosmic-misalliance-and-its-effects-in-genesis-61-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAB-p1370-footnotes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAB-p1370-footnotes_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible"><i>New American Bible</i></a>. footnotes, p. 1370, referring to verse 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+American+Bible&rft.pages=footnotes%2C+p.-1370%2C+referring+to+verse-6.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Genesis VI". <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i>. footnote.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+VI&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Bible&rft.pages=footnote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/8171/showrashi/true/jewish/Chapter-6.htm">"Genesis 6:4"</a>. Translated by chabad.org – via chabad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+6%3A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F8171%2Fshowrashi%2Ftrue%2Fjewish%2FChapter-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMethodius" class="citation web cs1">Methodius, Arn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.v.v.ii.html?highlight=cain,seth#highlight">"Fathers of the Third Century: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius, and minor writers"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i>. ANF06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Fathers+of+the+Third+Century%3A+Gregory+Thaumaturgus%2C+Dionysius+the+great%2C+Julius+Africanus%2C+Anatolius%2C+and+minor+writers&rft.aulast=Methodius&rft.aufirst=Arn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf06.v.v.ii.html%3Fhighlight%3Dcain%2Cseth%23highlight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nephilim">"Nephilim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nephilim&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNephilim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doedens-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doedens_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoedens2019" class="citation book cs1">Doedens, J.J.T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPuiDwAAQBAJ&q=Nephilim+came+into"><i>The Sons of God in Genesis 6:1–4: Analysis and history of exegesis</i></a>. Brill. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004395909" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004395909"><bdi>978-9004395909</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sons+of+God+in+Genesis+6%3A1%E2%80%934%3A+Analysis+and+history+of+exegesis&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9004395909&rft.aulast=Doedens&rft.aufirst=J.J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoPuiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNephilim%2Bcame%2Binto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPS_1917-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_1917_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><i>Pentateuch</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentateuch&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Numbers 13:33". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Numbers.13.33?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi&with=Navigation&lang2=en"><i>The Holy Scriptures: A new translation</i></a>. JPS. 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2024</span> – via sefaria.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numbers+13%3A33&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Scriptures%3A+A+new+translation&rft.pub=JPS&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FNumbers.13.33%3Fven%3DThe_Holy_Scriptures%3A_A_New_Translation_%28JPS_1917%29%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3DNavigation%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hendel-1987-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hendel-1987_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendel1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hendel, Ronald S. (1987). "Of demigods and the deluge: Toward an interpretation of Genesis 6:1–4". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>106</b> (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3260551">10.2307/3260551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3260551">3260551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Of+demigods+and+the+deluge%3A+Toward+an+interpretation+of+Genesis+6%3A1%E2%80%934&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3260551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3260551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hendel&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doak-2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doak-2013_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Doak, Brian R. (2013). "Ezekiel's topography of the (un-)heroic dead in Ezekiel 32:17–32". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>132</b> (3): 607–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F23487889">10.2307/23487889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487889">23487889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Ezekiel%27s+topography+of+the+%28un-%29heroic+dead+in+Ezekiel+32%3A17%E2%80%9332&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=607-624&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F23487889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23487889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Doak&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Driver_Briggs_Hebrew_Lexicon'_p._658_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownDriverBriggs1907" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Francis; Driver, S.R.; Briggs, Charles A., eds. (1907). <i>A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament</i>. p. 658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hebrew+and+English+Lexicon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=658&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirdlestone1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Girdlestone" title="Robert Baker Girdlestone">Girdlestone, Robert Baker</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/synonymsofoldtes00gird"><i>Synonyms of the Old Testament: Their bearing on Christian faith and practice</i></a>. London, UK: Longmans, Green. p. 91 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synonyms+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Their+bearing+on+Christian+faith+and+practice&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Girdlestone&rft.aufirst=Robert+Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsynonymsofoldtes00gird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendel2004" class="citation book cs1">Hendel, Ronald (2004). "The Nephilim were on the Earth: Genesis 6:1–4 and its ancient Near Eastern context". 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Database EBR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=de+Gruyter+%28degruyter.com%29&rft.atitle=Nephilim&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Miryam&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+Deane&rft.au=Keiser%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Martin&rft.au=Paul%2C+Clarissa&rft.au=Pinkus%2C+Assaf&rft.au=Stinchcomb%2C+Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdatabase%2FEBR%2Fentry%2FMainLemma_5727%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ruiten2000" class="citation book cs1">van Ruiten, Jacques (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xxo82l7TeQC&pg=PA189"><i>Primaeval History Interpreted: The rewriting of </i>Genesis<i> I–II in the </i>Book of Jubilees<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116580" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116580"><bdi>978-9004116580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primaeval+History+Interpreted%3A+The+rewriting+of+Genesis+I%E2%80%93II+in+the+Book+of+Jubilees&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9004116580&rft.aulast=van+Ruiten&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xxo82l7TeQC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright80-81-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright80-81_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright80-81_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2005" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Archie T. 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Mohr Siebeck. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161486562" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161486562"><bdi>978-3161486562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Evil+Spirits%3A+The+reception+of+Genesis+6.1%E2%80%934+in+early+Jewish+literature&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3161486562&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Archie+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwzh7LXv4sZkC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, H.G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, R.</a>, eds. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekenglishlex00liddrich#page/282/mode/1up"><i>Greek–English Lexicon</i></a>. 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Blackie & Son. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Holy+Bible&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Blackie+%26+Son&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Stackhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhL0CAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvesen-1994-1998-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salvesen-1994-1998_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvesen-1994-1998_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvesen1994" class="citation conference cs1">Salvesen, Alison (25 July – 3 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xQDu27_HEIC&pg=PA190">"Symmachus readings in the Pentateuch"</a>. <i>Origen's Hexapla and Fragments</i>. The Rich Seminar on the Hexapla. Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies: Mohr Siebeck (published 1998). p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161465758" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161465758"><bdi>978-3161465758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Symmachus+readings+in+the+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=Origen%27s+Hexapla+and+Fragments&rft.place=Oxford+Centre+for+Hebrew+and+Jewish+Studies&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1994-07-25%2F1994-08-03&rft.isbn=978-3161465758&rft.aulast=Salvesen&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xQDu27_HEIC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1938" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, George Ernest (1938). "Troglodytes and giants in Palestine". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 305–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3259820">10.2307/3259820</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3259820">3259820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Troglodytes+and+giants+in+Palestine&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-309&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3259820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3259820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=George+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Doak, Brian R. 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Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wm.B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3Dapkallu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-2024-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White-2024_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2024" class="citation web cs1">White, Ellen (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326102415/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/who-are-the-nephilim/">"Who are the Nephilim?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society (biblicalarchaeology.org)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/who-are-the-nephilim/">the original</a> on 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society+%28biblicalarchaeology.org%29&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Nephilim%3F&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-topics%2Fhebrew-bible%2Fwho-are-the-nephilim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-2023-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White-2023_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2023" class="citation web cs1">White, Ellen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/who-are-the-nephilim/">"Who are the Nephilim?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society (biblicalarchaeology.org)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827105203/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/who-are-the-nephilim/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society+%28biblicalarchaeology.org%29&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Nephilim%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-topics%2Fhebrew-bible%2Fwho-are-the-nephilim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2001" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, Nicolas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz6vAwAAQBAJ"><i>Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04942-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04942-1"><bdi>978-0-567-04942-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+and+Time+in+the+Religious+Life+of+the+Near+East&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04942-1&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYz6vAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyatt2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyatt2001">Wyatt 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0106.htm">"Genesis 6 in parallel Hebrew–English format"</a>. <i>Mechon Mamre (mechon-mamre.org)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechon+Mamre+%28mechon-mamre.org%29&rft.atitle=Genesis+6+in+parallel+Hebrew%E2%80%93English+format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hess, Richard (1997) [1992]. "Nephilim". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. New York, NY: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nephilim&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coxon-1999-DoDDB-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coxon-1999-DoDDB_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coxon-1999-DoDDB_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxon1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coxon, P.W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Nephilim">"Nephilim"</a>. In van der Toorn, K.; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i>. William B. Eerdmans. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802824912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802824912"><bdi>978-0802824912</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nephilim&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0802824912&rft.aulast=Coxon&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DNephilim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerli1983" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerli, W. (1983). <i>Ezekiel: A commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Chapters 25–48</i>. Hermeneia. Translated by Martin, J.D. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress. pp. 168, 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezekiel%3A+A+commentary+on+the+Book+of+the+Prophet+Ezekiel%2C+Chapters+25%E2%80%9348&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.series=Hermeneia&rft.pages=168%2C+176&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Zimmerli&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA177"><i>Classical Mythology: A guide to the mythical world of the Greeks and Romans</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530035-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Mythology%3A+A+guide+to+the+mythical+world+of+the+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530035-2&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-NmaO-kM2UC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, G.S.</a> (2018). <i>The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and commentary</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300181326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300181326"><bdi>978-0300181326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+the+Bible%3A+Text+and+commentary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0300181326&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1995" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Patrick (1995). <i>Dictionary of Islam</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120606722" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120606722"><bdi>978-8120606722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8120606722&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalacios2013" class="citation book cs1">Palacios, Miguel Asin (2013). <i>Islam and the Divine Comedy</i>. Routledge. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134536504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134536504"><bdi>978-1134536504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Divine+Comedy&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1134536504&rft.aulast=Palacios&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Asin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a></i>. 4Q180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+Apocryphon&rft.btitle=Damascus+Document&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Genesis 6". <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i>. footnote.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+6&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Bible&rft.pages=footnote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:30&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeffinbaugh" class="citation web cs1">Deffinbaugh, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=67">"The sons of God and the daughters of men"</a>. <i>bible.org</i>. Genesis: From paradise to patriarchs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.org&rft.atitle=The+sons+of+God+and+the+daughters+of+men&rft.aulast=Deffinbaugh&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.org%2Fpage.php%3Fpage_id%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser2021" class="citation web cs1">Heiser, Michael S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/grow/who-or-what-were-the-nephilim/">"Who are the Nephilim and what is their origin?"</a>. <i>Logos (logos.com)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+%28logos.com%29&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Nephilim+and+what+is+their+origin%3F&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Heiser&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fgrow%2Fwho-or-what-were-the-nephilim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwete1901" class="citation book cs1">Swete, Henry Barclay (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/oldtestamentingr01swetuoft#page/n40/mode/1up"><i>The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Greek+according+to+the+Septuagint&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Swete&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foldtestamentingr01swetuoft%23page%2Fn40%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> Greek text: "<span class="texhtml">οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326103401/https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/6/Genesis-6-4.html">"Genesis 6:4 commentary"</a>. <i>Bible Ref (bibleref.com)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/6/Genesis-6-4.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Ref+%28bibleref.com%29&rft.atitle=Genesis+6%3A4+commentary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleref.com%2FGenesis%2F6%2FGenesis-6-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnahan" class="citation web cs1">Carnahan, Timothy R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/ethiopian/enoch/1watchers/watchers.htm">"Book 1: Watchers"</a>. <i>Academy for Ancient Texts (ancienttexts.org)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+for+Ancient+Texts+%28ancienttexts.org%29&rft.atitle=Book+1%3A+Watchers&rft.aulast=Carnahan&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancienttexts.org%2Flibrary%2Fethiopian%2Fenoch%2F1watchers%2Fwatchers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles" class="citation book cs1">Charles, R.H. <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John</i>. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Revelation+of+St.+John&rft.pages=239&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/grow/where-do-demons-come-from/">"Where do demons come from?"</a>. <i>logos.com</i>. 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=logos.com&rft.atitle=Where+do+demons+come+from%3F&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fgrow%2Fwhere-do-demons-come-from%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ruiten2022" class="citation book cs1">van Ruiten, J.T.A.G.M. (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ighyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226"><i>Primaeval History Interpreted: The rewriting of Genesis 1–11 in the Book of Jubilees</i></a>. BRILL. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49806-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49806-8"><bdi>978-90-04-49806-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primaeval+History+Interpreted%3A+The+rewriting+of+Genesis+1%E2%80%9311+in+the+Book+of+Jubilees&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49806-8&rft.aulast=van+Ruiten&rft.aufirst=J.T.A.G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DighyEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles1912" class="citation book cs1">Charles, R.H., ed. (1912). <i>Book of Enoch: Together with a reprint of the Greek fragments</i>. London, UK. p. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">lviii</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Enoch%3A+Together+with+a+reprint+of+the+Greek+fragments&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%3B%22%3Elviii%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1999" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1999). <i>The Jewish world around the New Testament: Collected essays</i>. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+world+around+the+New+Testament%3A+Collected+essays&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Michael E. <i>Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha with special reference to the Armenian Tradition</i>. Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 9. p. 422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+studies+in+pseudepigrapha+and+apocrypha+with+special+reference+to+the+Armenian+Tradition&rft.series=Studia+in+Veteris+Testamenti+Pseudepigrapha&rft.pages=422&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation book cs1">Green, Michael. <i>The second epistle general of Peter, and the general epistle of Jude</i>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+second+epistle+general+of+Peter%2C+and+the+general+epistle+of+Jude&rft.pages=59&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugel1998" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James L. (1998). <i>Traditions of the Bible: A guide to the Bible as it was at the start of the Common Era</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674791510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674791510"><bdi>978-0674791510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Bible%3A+A+guide+to+the+Bible+as+it+was+at+the+start+of+the+Common+Era&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0674791510&rft.aulast=Kugel&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aa/aa2.htm">"Kitãb al-Magāll, or the Book of the Rolls. One of the books of Clement"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Kit%C3%A3b+al-Mag%C4%81ll%2C+or+the+Book+of+the+Rolls.+One+of+the+books+of+Clement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fchr%2Faa%2Faa2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Commentary in Genesis</i>. 6:3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+in+Genesis&rft.pages=6%3A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2005" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Rick (27 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331201021/http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4223637/k.8840/Answering_Email.htm">"The Nephilim"</a>. <i>probe.org</i>. Answering e‑mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4223637/k.8840/Answering_Email.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=probe.org&rft.atitle=The+Nephilim&rft.date=2005-05-27&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.probe.org%2Fsite%2Fc.fdKEIMNsEoG%2Fb.4223637%2Fk.8840%2FAnswering_Email.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055448/http://www.mahiberekidusan.org/Default.aspx?tabid=98&ctl=Details&mid=371&ItemID=75">"The 'Holy Angels<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>"</a>. Sunday Schools Department (in Amharic). Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 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(July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Strong's</i>. Vol. H. p. 5307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong%27s&rft.pages=5307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed" class="citation report cs1">Reed, Annette Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11883958">Fallen angels and the afterlives of Enochic traditions in early Islam</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels+and+the+afterlives+of+Enochic+traditions+in+early+Islam&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11883958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2009" class="citation book cs1">Islam, Amira el-Zein (2009). <i>Arabs and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815650706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815650706"><bdi>978-0815650706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+and+Intelligent+World+of+the+Jinn&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0815650706&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Amira+el-Zein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2019" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (20 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/giant-human-skeleton-photographs/">"Are these giant human skeleton photographs real?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a> (snopes.com)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Book Exchange. 1880. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Universal+Knowledge&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=American+Book+Exchange&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DMVAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DLucerne%2B1577%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondeson1997" class="citation book cs1">Bondeson, Jan (1997). "Giants in the Earth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7591/9781501733451-005/pdf"><i>A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9781501733451-005">10.7591/9781501733451-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501733451" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501733451"><bdi>978-1501733451</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194301745">194301745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giants+in+the+Earth&rft.btitle=A+Cabinet+of+Medical+Curiosities&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194301745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9781501733451-005&rft.isbn=978-1501733451&rft.aulast=Bondeson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7591%2F9781501733451-005%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigal2001" class="citation book cs1">Rigal, Laura (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aNPS9dAUrEC&pg=PA91"><i>American Manufactory: Art, labor, and the world of things in the early republic</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691089515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691089515"><bdi>978-0691089515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Manufactory%3A+Art%2C+labor%2C+and+the+world+of+things+in+the+early+republic&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0691089515&rft.aulast=Rigal&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aNPS9dAUrEC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Mark (November–December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0511/etc/giants.html">"When giants roamed the Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a></i>. <b>58</b> (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=When+giants+roamed+the+Earth&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2005-11%2F2005-12&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0511%2Fetc%2Fgiants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder1995" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/604139167"><i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and pseudoscience in archaeology</i></a>. Mayfield Pub. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/604139167">604139167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries%3A+Science+and+pseudoscience+in+archaeology&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F604139167&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F604139167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTG-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTG_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619142708/https://mtg.gamepedia.com/Nephilim">"Nephilim"</a>. MTG Wiki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtg.gamepedia.com/Nephilim/">the original</a> on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nephilim&rft.pub=MTG+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmtg.gamepedia.com%2FNephilim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jeremy (June 2007). <i>Antarktos Rising</i> (book seller). Breakneck Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979692901" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979692901"><bdi>978-0979692901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarktos+Rising&rft.pub=Breakneck+Books&rft.date=2007-06&rft.isbn=978-0979692901&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaosium.com/nephilim-roleplaying-pdf/">"Nephilim Roleplaying"</a>. <i>Chaosium.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaosium.com&rft.atitle=Nephilim+Roleplaying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaosium.com%2Fnephilim-roleplaying-pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/find/?q=nephilim&ref_=nv_sr_sm/">"IMDb search on Nephilim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> (IMDb.com)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Movie+Database+%28IMDb.com%29&rft.atitle=IMDb+search+on+Nephilim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ffind%2F%3Fq%3Dnephilim%26ref_%3Dnv_sr_sm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2022" class="citation news cs1">Berkowitz, Adam Eliyahu (15 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/christianworld/article-696572?utm_source=00e24904e6bc54c4c5dd4a4f8e88b88f35&utm_medium=jpostbow&utm_campaign=00d985fc08f6073e71cc3e516c31636989&utm_adtitle=Evidence+of+%E2%80%98biblical+giants%E2%80%99+found+in+northern+Israel&dicbo=v4-O34bPWV-1075783007">"Evidence of 'biblical giants' found in northern Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> (video review). <q>New docu-series to present rare, researched look at the Nephilim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+%27biblical+giants%27+found+in+northern+Israel&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Adam+Eliyahu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fchristianworld%2Farticle-696572%3Futm_source%3D00e24904e6bc54c4c5dd4a4f8e88b88f35%26utm_medium%3Djpostbow%26utm_campaign%3D00d985fc08f6073e71cc3e516c31636989%26utm_adtitle%3DEvidence%2Bof%2B%25E2%2580%2598biblical%2Bgiants%25E2%2580%2599%2Bfound%2Bin%2Bnorthern%2BIsrael%26dicbo%3Dv4-O34bPWV-1075783007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5998-fall-of-angels">"Fall of Angels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Angels&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5998-fall-of-angels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm">"Angels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> – via newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angels&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01476d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephilim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Creationism_topics" title="Template talk:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Creationism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationist_museum" title="Creationist museum">Creationist museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Outline of the creation–evolution controversy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Category:Creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&oldid=1256017946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nephilim&oldid=1256017946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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