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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christian antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoj_de_Elohim" title="Filoj de Elohim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filoj de Elohim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8A%90%EB%8B%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EB%93%A4" title="하느님의 아들들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하느님의 아들들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AE%D5%B8_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աստծո որդիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստծո որդիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak-anak_Allah" title="Anak-anak Allah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anak-anak Allah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figli_di_Dio" title="Figli di Dio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Figli di Dio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מעשה בני האלוהים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעשה בני האלוהים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanak%27_Andriamanitra_(maro)" title="Zanak' Andriamanitra (maro) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zanak' Andriamanitra (maro)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filhos_de_Deus" title="Filhos de Deus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filhos de Deus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сыны Божии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сыны Божии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Сини Божі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сини Божі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="ابناء اللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابناء اللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sons of God</b> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בְנֵי־הָאֱלֹהִים</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally: "the sons of <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a phrase used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh or Old Testament</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Christian Apocrypha</a>. The phrase is also used in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> where <i><b>bene elohim</b></i> are part of different <a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchies</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg/220px-Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg/330px-Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg/440px-Greiffenhagen_-_The_sons_of_God_saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_that_they_were_fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>"The sons of God saw the Daughters of Men that they were fair" (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Greiffenhagen" title="Maurice Greiffenhagen">Maurice Greiffenhagen</a>)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early writings of the Hebrew Bible, both <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְנֵי־הָאֱלֹהִים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Sons of Gods' as well as the (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאָךְ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mal’āḵ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'messenger' are aspects of God.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earliest records, the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> are in heaven. They are depicted as the heavenly court or the pantheon of religious belief-system of their time. </p><p>The phrase is a possible survival of Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohists</a> refer to the Divine in a plural (<i><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">ʾĔlōhīm</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Pentateuch, the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> form the Divine council, comparable to the "sons of God" in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter, the "sons" are gods or manifestations of the Divine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As such, the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> reflected the transcendent aspect of the Divine, but became progressively differentiated from the good aspect of God when the Hebrew religion shifted towards monotheism. In contrast to the <i>mal’āḵ</i>, the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> do not express a mediator between God and humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> with the <i>mal’āḵ</i> is evident in the Book of Hiob. Here, Satan is both one of the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> in the heavenly court, as well as a <i>mal’āḵ</i> expressing God's interaction with humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Genesis">Book of Genesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book of Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Sons of God" are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at Genesis 6:1–4. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><sup>1</sup> And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, <sup>2</sup> That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. <sup>3</sup> And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. <sup>4</sup> There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 6:1–4, KJV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Book of Genesis tells that the "Sons of God" lusted after the daughters of men and begot a race of giants (<i>Nephilim</i>). These offspring were identified with "the heroes of old men of renown." Then, God sent the deluge to purge the earth from these giants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> refers to God delivering judgement among the gods and causes them to fall for their sins, as God declares that "Gods you may be, sons you all of the Most High, yet you shall die as men die; princes fall, every one of them, and so shall you.". However, there is no indication what the sin was and the Psalms are at least five hundred years after the Genesis was composed, thus written in a different intellectual context. Yet, both refer to the existence of a pantheon and that some of its members sinned. During the Apocalyptic period, these ideas were developed further.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ugaritic_text">Ugaritic text</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ugaritic text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claus_Westermann" title="Claus Westermann">Claus Westermann</a> claims that the text of Genesis 6 is based on an <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urtext" class="extiw" title="wikt:urtext">urtext</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ugaritic, a cognate phrase is <i>bn 'il</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DDD,795_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD,795-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may occur in the Ugaritic <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keilschrift_Texte_aus_Ugarit" class="mw-redirect" title="Keilschrift Texte aus Ugarit">KTU</a>² 1.40 demonstrates the use of <i>bn il</i> to mean "sons of gods".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KTU² 1.65 (which may be a scribal exercise) uses <i>bn il</i> three times in succession: <i>il bn il / dr bn il / mphrt bn il</i> "El, the sons of gods, the circle of the sons of gods / the totality of the sons of gods."<sup id="cite_ref-DDD,795_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD,795-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The phrase <i>bn ilm</i> ("sons of the gods") is also attested in Ugaritic texts,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the phrase <i>phr bn ilm</i> ("assembly of the sons of the gods").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the Ugarit corpus it is suggested that the <i>bn ilm</i> were the 70 sons of <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, who were the titulary deities of the people of the known world, and their "<a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos#Ancient_Near_East" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a>" marriage with the daughters of men gave rise to their rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence in 2 Samuel 7 that this may have been the case also in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_text">Late text</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>J. Scharbert associates Genesis 6:1–4 with the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a> and the final <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redaction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies,23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies,23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis, he assigns the text to later editorial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Bartelmus" title="Rüdiger Bartelmus">Rüdiger Bartelmus</a> sees only Genesis 6:3 as a late insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies,23_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies,23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Black" title="Matthew Black">Matthew Black</a> advanced the view of a late text addition to a text dependent on post-exilic, non-canonical tradition, such as the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphic">pseudepigraphic</a> version of the Book of Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies,23_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies,23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations">Translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair,_by_Daniel_Chester_French,_modeled_by_1918,_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/220px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/330px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG/440px-The_Sons_of_God_Saw_the_Daughters_of_Men_That_They_Were_Fair%2C_by_Daniel_Chester_French%2C_modeled_by_1918%2C_carved_1923_-_Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC01065.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>"The Sons of God Saw the Daughters of Men That They Were Fair" (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, 1923). This scultpure depicts the sons of God as winged angels.</figcaption></figure> <p>Different source versions of Genesis 6:1–4 vary in their use of "sons of God". Some manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> have emendations to read "sons of God" as "<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> contains "angels" originally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> "sons of God" has been omitted and replaced by "angels".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reading of Angels is further confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">City of God</a> where he speaks of both variants in book 15 chapter 23.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> reads "sons of God".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore the Vulgate goes for the literal <i>filii Dei</i> meaning Sons of God.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern translations of Christian bibles retain this whereas Jewish ones tend to deviate to such as <i>Sons of Rulers</i> which may in part be due to <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a> who cursed anyone who translated this as "Sons of God" (Genesis Rabbah 26:7).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond this in both the Codices <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job 1:6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 32:8</a> when the phrase "angels of God" is used in place of where the Hebrew says "sons of God".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the verse in Deuteronomy the Masoretic Text does not say "sons of God" but "sons of Israel" however in 4Q37 the term "sons of God" is used.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is probably the root reading for the reading we see in the Septuagint.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mentions">Other mentions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other mentions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase "sons of the <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>" also occurs in: </p> <ul><li>Job 1:6 <i>bənê hāʼĕlōhîm</i> (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Job 2:1 <i>bənê hāʼĕlōhîm</i> (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) the sons of Elohim.</li> <li>Job 38:7 <i>bənê ĕlōhîm</i> (בְּנֵי אֱלֹהִֽים) without the definite article - sons of Elohim.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deuteronomy 32:8 both <i>bənê hāʼĕlōhîm</i> (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) and <i>bənê ĕl</i> (בני אל) the sons of Elohim or sons of El in two <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> (4QDtj and 4QDtq); mostly "angels of God" (αγγελων θεου) in the LXX (sometimes "sons of God" or "sons of Israel"); "sons of Israel" in the MT.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riemer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riemer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Closely related phrases include: </p> <ul><li>Psalms 29:1 <i>bənê ēlîm</i> (בְּנֵי אֵלִים) without the definite article - sons of <a href="/wiki/Elohim#Sons_of_God" title="Elohim">elim</a> (a similar expression).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Psalms 82:6 <i>bənê elîon</i> (בְּנֵי עֶלְיוֹן) without the definite article and using ‘Most high’ instead of <i>ēl</i>.</li> <li>Psalms 89:6 <i>bənê ēlîm</i> (בְּנֵי אֵלִים) - sons of <a href="/wiki/Elohim#Sons_of_God" title="Elohim">elim</a></li> <li>A closely related Aramaic expression occurs in Daniel 3:25: bar elahin - בַר אֱלָהִֽין - son of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Temple_Judaism_(c._500_BCE_–_70_CE)"><span id="Second_Temple_Judaism_.28c._500_BCE_.E2.80.93_70_CE.29"></span>Second Temple Judaism (c. 500 BCE – 70 CE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Temple Judaism (c. 500 BCE – 70 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the Enochic <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Giants">Book of Giants</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> refer to the <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> who are paralleled to the "sons of God" in Genesis 6.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> is considered by some to acknowledge the Enochian version.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That the "sons of God" were separate enough from the "daughters of men" that they warranted such a distinction, has spawned millennia's worth of debate regarding the meaning of the term. Historically, in Jewish thought, this passage has had many interpretations. Here are three: </p> <ol><li>Offspring of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>: The first references to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found in Christian and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> from the second century CE onwards e.g. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Letters attributed to St. Clement</a>. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Amharic" title="Bible translations into Amharic">Ethiopian Orthodox Bible</a>. In Judaism "Sons of God" usually refers to the righteous, i.e. the children of Seth.</li> <li>Angels: All of the earliest sources interpret the "sons of God" as angels. From the third century BCE onwards, references are found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enochic literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a>, 4Q180), <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>, the Testament of Reuben, <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, and the book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). This is also the meaning of the only two identical occurrences of <i>bene ha elohim</i> in the Hebrew Bible (Job 1:6 and 2:1), and of the most closely related expressions (refer to the list above). In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the interpretive reading "angels" is found in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a>, one of four main witnesses to the Greek text.</li> <li>Deified kings/Tyrant judges: There is also a large consensus within the scholarly community, that the "sons of God" were simply the deified kings of the various Canaanite city-states. These would be the same Canaanite city-states that the later proto-Israelites would eventually flee, before resettling in the Judean highlands.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_antiquity">Christian antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christian antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodianus">Commodianus</a> believed that the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1–4 were <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> who engaged in unnatural union with human women, resulting in the begetting of the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars view <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' comment in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:30&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:30</a> that <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> in heaven do not marry, as a refutation to this view.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early Christians believed that the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1–4 were the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> subscribed to this view, based on the <i>Chronographiai</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>, which refer to the "sons of God" as being descendants of Seth (or Sethites), the pure line of <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a>. The "daughters of men" are viewed as the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cainite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainite">Cainites</a>). Variations of this view were also received by Jewish philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,_150-1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,_150-1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Judaism">Medieval Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medieval Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionalists and philosophers of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically practiced <a href="/wiki/Rational_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational theology">rational theology</a>. They rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels since <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> was considered abstract. Rabbinic sources, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, state that the "sons of God" who married the daughters of men were merely human beings of exalted social station.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,149_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been considered as pagan royalty<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or members of nobility<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,150_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, out of lust, married women from the general population. Other variations of this interpretation define these "sons of God" as tyrannical <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a> kings who were honored as divine rulers, engaging in polygamous behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No matter the variation in views, the primary concept by Jewish rationalists is that the "sons of God" were of human origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,149_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most notable Jewish writers in support for the view of human "sons of God" were <a href="/wiki/Saadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadia">Saadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lekah_Tob" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekah Tob">Lekah Tob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggada">Midrash Aggada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bekor_Shor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Bekor Shor">Joseph Bekor Shor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizkuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizkuni">Hizkuni</a>, Bahya Ashur, <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimeon ben Yochai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Samuel" title="Hillel ben Samuel">Hillel ben Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Ezra reasoned that the "sons of God" were men who possessed divine power, by means of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> knowledge, able to beget children of unusual size and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,150_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish commentator <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Abrabanel">Isaac Abrabanel</a> considered the <i><a href="/wiki/Aggadot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadot">aggadot</a></i> on Genesis 6 to have referred to some secret doctrine and was not to be taken literally. Abrabanel later joined <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Gerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi ben Gerson">Levi ben Gerson</a> in promoting the concept that the "sons of God" were the older generations who were closer to physical perfection, as <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> were perfect. Though there are variations of this view, the primary idea was that Adam and Eve's perfect attributes were passed down from generation to generation. However, as each generation passed, their perfect physical attributes diminished. Thus, the early generations were mightier than the succeeding ones. The physical decline of the younger generations continued until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Deluge" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Deluge">Flood</a>, to the point that their days were numbered as stated in Genesis 6:3. It was immoral for the older generations to consort with the younger generations, whereby puny women begot unusually large children. <i>Nephilim</i> was even considered a stature.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamberger,_150-1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamberger,_150-1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Anatoli" title="Jacob Anatoli">Jacob Anatoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Arama" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Arama">Isaac Arama</a> viewed the groups and events in Genesis 6:1–4 as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, primarily for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a> that debased man's higher nature.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Devaputra">Devaputra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZIBD,1384-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZIBD,1384_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglasTenneySilva2011">Douglas, Tenney & Silva 2011</a>, p. 1384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lexical item in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אלהים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʼĕlōhîm</i></span>, means “God” but uses the Hebrew plural morpheme -im. Although <i>ʼĕlōhîm</i> is plural in form, it is understood in the singular sense. Therefore the English translation is "God" rather than "Gods".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 201-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Westermann, <i>Genesis</i>, BKAT 1/3. (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1982), 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDD,795-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDD,795_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD,795_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDDD1998">DDD 1998</a>, p. 795</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark S. Smith <i>The Ugaritic Baal cycle</i> 1994 p249 "all the divine sons" (or "all the sons of God"). ESA sources may support this point."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, J. Sanmartin <i>Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit</i> 2d ed. (Munster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesús-Luis Cunchillos, Juan-Pablo Vita, <i>A concordance of Ugaritic words</i> 2003 p389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesús-Luis Cunchillos, Juan-Pablo Vita, <i>The texts of the Ugaritic data bank</i> 2003 p82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin H. Pope <i>El in the Ugaritic texts</i> 1955 p49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahmouni, A. <i>Divine epithets in the Ugaritic alphabetic texts</i> 2008 p91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young G. D. <i>Concordance of Ugaritic</i> 1956 Page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren <i>Theological dictionary of the Old Testament</i> 2000 p130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParker2000" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Simon B. (2000). "Ugaritic Literature and the Bible". <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 228–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210794">10.2307/3210794</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210794">3210794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163249370">163249370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ugaritic+Literature+and+the+Bible&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=228-31&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163249370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210794&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Simon+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1961" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Gerald (1961). "The Israelite King As Son of God". <i>Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 202–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.1961.73.2.202">10.1515/zatw.1961.73.2.202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170218194">170218194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=The+Israelite+King+As+Son+of+God&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-25&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzatw.1961.73.2.202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170218194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies,23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies,23_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies,23_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies,23_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1995">Davies 1995</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharbert, J. <i>Traditions- und Redaktionsgeschichte von Gn 6</i> 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2004">Jackson 2004</a>, p. 75, "Rahlfs (1971) reports that Alexandrinus was emended by another hand at 6.2 crossing out the word <i>uioi</i> and writing the word <i>aggeloi</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120115.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: City of God, Book XV (St. Augustine)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+City+of+God%2C+Book+XV+%28St.+Augustine%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F120115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Biblia Peshitta en español: traducción de los antiguos manuscritos arameos.<i><span></span></i>. Nashville, Tenn.: Holman Bible Publishers. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789704100001" title="Special:BookSources/9789704100001"><bdi>9789704100001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblia+Peshitta+en+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+traducci%C3%B3n+de+los+antiguos+manuscritos+arameos.&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tenn.&rft.pub=Holman+Bible+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789704100001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/vul/genesis/6.html">"Genesis 6 - VUL Bible"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=Genesis+6+-+VUL+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fvul%2Fgenesis%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurpin" class="citation web cs1">Shurpin, Yehuda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1987422/jewish/Nephilim-Fallen-Angels-Giants-or-Men.htm">"Nephilim: Fallen Angels, Giants or Men?"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Nephilim%3A+Fallen+Angels%2C+Giants+or+Men%3F&rft.aulast=Shurpin&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fparshah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1987422%2Fjewish%2FNephilim-Fallen-Angels-Giants-or-Men.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/lxx/job/1.html">"Job 1 - LXX Bible"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=Job+1+-+LXX+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Flxx%2Fjob%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dssenglishbible.com/scroll4Q37.htm">"Biblical Dead Sea Scrolls - 4Q37 Deuteronomy"</a>. <i>dssenglishbible.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dssenglishbible.com&rft.atitle=Biblical+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+-+4Q37+Deuteronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdssenglishbible.com%2Fscroll4Q37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/lxx/deuteronomy/32.html">"Deuteronomy 32 - LXX Bible"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=Deuteronomy+32+-+LXX+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Flxx%2Fdeuteronomy%2F32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/job/1/6/t_conc_437006">"Job 1:6 (KJV)"</a>. <i>Blue Letter Bible</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Job+1%3A6+%28KJV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fkjv%2Fjob%2F1%2F6%2Ft_conc_437006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/job/1-6.htm">"Job 1:6 - Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Job+1%3A6+-+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fjob%2F1-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/job/38-7.htm">"Job 38:7 - Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Job+38%3A7+-+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fjob%2F38-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_S._Heiser" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Heiser" title="Michael S. Heiser">Michael S. Heiser</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedivinecouncil.com/DT32BibSac.pdf">"Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy+32%3A8+and+the+Sons+of+God&rft.au=Michael+S.+Heiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedivinecouncil.com%2FDT32BibSac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riemer-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riemer_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiemer_Roukema2010" class="citation book cs1">Riemer Roukema (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7b_gdO7H28AC&q=Israel%E2%80%99s+king&pg=PA158"><i>Jesus, Gnosis and Dogma</i></a>. T&T Clark International. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567466426" title="Special:BookSources/9780567466426"><bdi>9780567466426</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Gnosis+and+Dogma&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567466426&rft.au=Riemer+Roukema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7b_gdO7H28AC%26q%3DIsrael%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bking%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_S._Heiser2001" class="citation web cs1">Michael S. Heiser (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/otesources/05-deuteronomy/text/articles/heiser-deut32-bs.htm">"DEUTERONOMY 32:8 AND THE SONS OF GOD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEUTERONOMY+32%3A8+AND+THE+SONS+OF+GOD&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Michael+S.+Heiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.gordon.edu%2Fhu%2Fbi%2Fted_hildebrandt%2Fotesources%2F05-deuteronomy%2Ftext%2Farticles%2Fheiser-deut32-bs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/psalms/29-1.htm">"Psalm 29:1 - Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psalm+29%3A1+-+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fpsalms%2F29-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/daniel/3-25.htm">"Daniel 3:25 - Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+3%3A25+-+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fdaniel%2F3-25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2004">Wright 2004</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Carleton_Paget" title="James Carleton Paget">James Carleton Paget</a>, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas: outlook and background</i> 1994 - p10 "The quotation finds no precise equivalent in Enoch, which is probably explicable on the grounds that B. is inspired by something he remembers from Enoch at this point (see for a parallel to I Enoch 89:61-64; 90:17f.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bamberger,_150-1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,_150-1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,_150-1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, pp. 150, 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bamberger,149-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,149_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,149_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bamberger,150-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,150_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bamberger,150_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, pp. 149, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2004">Jung 2004</a>, pp. 66, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamberger2006">Bamberger 2006</a>, p. 151</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasTenneySilva2011" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C.; Silva, Moisés (2011). <i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i> (Revised ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310229834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310229834"><bdi>978-0310229834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0310229834&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Tenney%2C+Merrill+C.&rft.au=Silva%2C+Mois%C3%A9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1995" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Jon, ed. (1995). <i>Words remembered, text renewed: essays in honour of John F. A. Sawyer</i>. Sheffield: JSOT Press [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850755426" title="Special:BookSources/1850755426"><bdi>1850755426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+remembered%2C+text+renewed%3A+essays+in+honour+of+John+F.+A.+Sawyer&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=JSOT+Press+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1850755426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Darshan, Guy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7503767/The_Story_of_the_Sons_of_God_and_the_Daughters_of_Men_Gen_6_1_4_and_the_Hesiodic_Catalogue_of_Women_Shnaton_an_Annual_for_Biblical_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Studies_23_2014_pp._155-178_Hebrew_English_abstract_">"The Story of the Sons of God and the Daughters of Men: Gen.6:1–4 and the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women"</a>, <i>Shnaton: An Annual for Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</i> 23 (2014), 155–178 (in Hebrew; Eng. abstract)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDDD1998" class="citation book cs1">DDD, Editors: Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst (1998). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_deities_and_demons_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible"><i>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD)</i></a> (2., extensively rev. ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004111190" title="Special:BookSources/9004111190"><bdi>9004111190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible+%28DDD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2.%2C+extensively+rev.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004111190&rft.aulast=DDD&rft.aufirst=Editors%3A+Karel+van+der+Toorn%2C+Bob+Becking%2C+Pieter+W.+van+der+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2004" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, David R. (2004). <i>Enochic Judaism</i>. London: T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826470890" title="Special:BookSources/0826470890"><bdi>0826470890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enochic+Judaism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0826470890&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Archie T. (2004). <i>The origin of evil spirits the reception of Genesis 6.1–4 in early Jewish literature</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3161486560" title="Special:BookSources/3161486560"><bdi>3161486560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+evil+spirits+the+reception+of+Genesis+6.1%E2%80%934+in+early+Jewish+literature&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3161486560&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Archie+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamberger2006" class="citation book cs1">Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). <i>Fallen angels: soldiers of satan's realm</i> (1. paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0827607970" title="Special:BookSources/0827607970"><bdi>0827607970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels%3A+soldiers+of+satan%27s+realm&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Jewish+Publ.+Soc.+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0827607970&rft.aulast=Bamberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2004" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Rabbi Leo (2004). <i>Fallen angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan literature</i>. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766179389" title="Special:BookSources/0766179389"><bdi>0766179389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels+in+Jewish%2C+Christian%2C+and+Mohammedan+literature&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Kessinger+Reprints&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0766179389&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_God&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14142b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: "Son of God"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=964&letter=S&search=Son%20of%20God"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: "Son of God"</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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