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First, it convincingly organizes wideranging materials in world history to demonstrate that only unusual and largely undesirable circumstances serve to reduce income inequalities in complex societies-a generalization as true in the past century as it was for the Romans or Mayans or dynastic Chinese. Second, it organizes data and argument in ways designed to attract a wide audience, interested in social science and policy, toward serious (if admittedly unusually ambitious) historical analysis, juxtaposing various regions and time periods in the exploration of key topics rather than laying out a conventional chronology. Both the findings and the presentation warrant serious attention in an interdisciplinary context. Depressing as his findings are, Scheidel invites careful consideration of their implications both for contemporary political action and for historical evaluations. The first quarter of the book charts the rise of inequality as societies moved past the hunting and gathering phase-an admirable summary in itself. The role of the state in abetting inequality will surprise no Marxist, but it is well handled. Primary focus, in this section and throughout, rests on the gap between the supremely rich and the rest of the population, not on gradations beneath the top group-potentially an important topic for further treatment. The account turns next to the four kinds of upheaval that alone can significantly reduce inequality. It starts with the mobilizations associated with the big wars of the twentieth century, before addressing the more modest (or nonexistent) effects of earlier wars-the U.S. Civil War, the Warring States period in China, and so on. Next come particularly violent revolutions, primarily again in the twentieth century. Then Scheidel turns to the results of collapsed states, at one point enticingly juxtaposing ancient Egypt with contemporary Somalia but also examining Rome, the Mayans, and other cases. Finally, plagues take the stage, most obviously the Black Death, the Columbian Exchange, and the \"Justinian\" plague of the sixth century; interestingly, mere famine did not have the same results. A challenging section probes other possibilities-land reform, democracy, economic development, and abolitions of slavery-that Scheidel finds to have little impact on inequality unless associated with all-out war or steep revolutionary violence. He does not systematically entertain the potentially significant, though elusive, possibility that some of these developments might have retarded further inequality. Scheidel notes a few exceptional cases, for instance, fifth-century Athens, which combined direct democracy with war mobilization in ways that had some brief positive effect. He dismisses as \"feeble\" the more recent decline of inequality in Latin America (perhaps too hastily). Mamluk and Ottoman policies of confiscation garner his attention to some extent, though ultimately rising inequality prevailed in these instances as well.","publication_name":"The Journal of Interdisciplinary History","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"68397628"},"document_type":"book_review","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Visualizing Community: Art, Material Culture, and Settlement in Byzantine CappadociaVisualizing Community: Art, Material Culture, and Settlement in Byzantine Cappadocia. By Robert G. Ousterhout (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2017) 558 pp. $90.00","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1854761]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":68397628,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Visualizing Community: Art, Material Culture, and Settlement in Byzantine CappadociaVisualizing Community: Art, Material Culture, and Settlement in Byzantine Cappadocia. 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Ousterhout (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2017) 558 pp. $90.00</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1854761" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/HughElton"><img alt="Profile image of Hugh Elton" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Hugh Elton</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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On the determinants of 'redistribution' in sixteenth-century village communities in the Low Countries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3867783" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/ElineVanOnacker">Eline Van Onacker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The increasing focus on (wealth) inequality in economics today has put redistribution to the forefront again. In his influential work Piketty emphasised the role of redistribution, via taxation and the social safety net of the welfare state in the significant drop in inequality after WWII.1 Redistribution via these channels is also put forward as a solution for the searing inequality levels we witness today.2 Still, there is a growing tendency in the literature to suggest that 'real' redistribution can only come about as a consequence of a large-scale disaster. Scheve and Stasavage for example claim that the increasing taxation of the rich, which was essential for the post WWII drop in inequality only came about as a compensation for sacrifices 'ordinary' people made during this war.3 This link between disaster and inequality was taken back further in time, as for example Scheidel claimed that only disasters such as wars, revolutions and epidemics were historically able to redistribute means to an extent that it influenced the level of (in)equality.4 However, this 'absolute' approach of redistribution, focussing on moments of transition between inequality and equality in a given area, tends to shroud the fact that levels of redistribution could significantly differ between societies even under 'normal' circumstances and often link this to the prevailing (in)equality levels within these societies. For present-day democracies it has for example been suggested that redistributive policies are more supported when the distance between middle income voters and the poor is small relative to the Work in progress – do not quote without permission</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Who won the hunger games? On the determinants of 'redistribution' in sixteenth-century village communities in the Low Countries","attachmentId":57507919,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37534136/Who_won_the_hunger_games_On_the_determinants_of_redistribution_in_sixteenth_century_village_communities_in_the_Low_Countries","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37534136/Who_won_the_hunger_games_On_the_determinants_of_redistribution_in_sixteenth_century_village_communities_in_the_Low_Countries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="63085326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63085326/The_Powerful_and_the_Poor_Intenth_Century_by_Zantium_Law_and_Reality">The Powerful and the Poor Intenth-Century by Zantium: Law and Reality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64779037" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RosemaryMorris1">Rosemary Morris</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Past and Present, 1976</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Powerful and the Poor Intenth-Century by Zantium: Law and Reality","attachmentId":75938314,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63085326/The_Powerful_and_the_Poor_Intenth_Century_by_Zantium_Law_and_Reality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63085326/The_Powerful_and_the_Poor_Intenth_Century_by_Zantium_Law_and_Reality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="39863464" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39863464/Levitt_Malcolm_Stanley_2019_The_Neglected_Role_of_Inequality_in_Explanations_of_the_Collapse_of_Ancient_States_Cliodynamics_The_Journal_of_Quantitative_History_and_Cultural_Evolution_10_1_31_53">Levitt, Malcolm Stanley. 2019. "The Neglected Role of Inequality in Explanations of the Collapse of Ancient States." Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution 10 (1): 31-53.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53525216" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CliodynamicsJournal">Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite recent and past research into the collapse of ancient states and into ancient inequality, the possible role of inequality in collapse has been ignored. Inequality as a potential explanatory factor in civil war and collapse in modern states has been the subject of around 150 flawed regression analyses, from which no consensus has emerged. Data for ancient states is insufficient to enable such quantitative modelling. But case studies of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, the Western Roman Empire and the Classic Maya suggest some role for inequality, although the data is sparse and contentious. Paucity of data probably reflects lack of interest and a recent study (Kohler and Ellyson 2018) shows what can be achieved.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Levitt, Malcolm Stanley. 2019. \"The Neglected Role of Inequality in Explanations of the Collapse of Ancient States.\" Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution 10 (1): 31-53.","attachmentId":60048229,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39863464/Levitt_Malcolm_Stanley_2019_The_Neglected_Role_of_Inequality_in_Explanations_of_the_Collapse_of_Ancient_States_Cliodynamics_The_Journal_of_Quantitative_History_and_Cultural_Evolution_10_1_31_53","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246386" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/KenAmes">Kenneth Ames</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comments on the Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":45624882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/LauraBetzig">Laura Betzig</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Human Nature, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Walter Scheidel’s The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century","attachmentId":113115811,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117194537/Review_of_Walter_Scheidel_s_The_Great_Leveler_Violence_and_the_History_of_Inequality_from_the_Stone_Age_to_the_Twenty_First_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ByE. A. Wrigley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xiv + 463 pp. Tables, figures, bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, $75.00; paper, $28.00. ISBN: cloth 0-521-82278-5; paper 0-521-52974-3</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42472710" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JaneHumphries">Jane Humphries</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Business History Review, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Poverty, Progress, and Population. ByE. A. Wrigley. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xiv + 463 pp. Tables, figures, bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, $75.00; paper, $28.00. 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