CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="++HlCkvIbxP2T//nb5oYgNLKeiBD4POEebivtjQaKlALV+d1PuV3wRNVSRMb5bdZkRJGDmk0eme+qwHE2Io34A==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Economics &amp; Sociology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Clement Tisdell" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Serge Svizzero" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/10666658/4937382/5673439/s200_serge.svizzero.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell" /> <meta name="description" content="The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied" /> <title>(PDF) Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered | Serge Svizzero and Clement Tisdell - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732477341000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732477341000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied reasons: there was a need for some members of societies - the dominant class also called the elite - to escape from the Malthusian trap. In most cases, agriculture produced a bigger economic surplus eventually. Managerial problems – such as the ones associated with storage, the division of labor, irrigation, trade –being part of the consequences of the Neolithic revolution, created pressures to develop more centralized political organizations, a process which led later to the formation of the early states. This process allowed the appearance of powerful local chiefs who changed the nature of their original communities with new forms of social organization, in which one individual and his enlarged family - transformed into a ruling elite - received the benefits of the labor of a large number of serfs belonging to less-favored communities in neighboring areas. Although the surplus appropriated by the elite was used in specific ways – consumption, investments and expenditures on armed forces - it increased the power and wealth of these societies, albeit a solution involving unequally distributed wealth. While this is not the only factor in the growing dominance of agriculturally based societies, it is one of main ones as is evidenced by considering six early civilizations resulting from the Neolithic revolution. This result involves an important modification of Malthus’ theory. However, inequality - though necessary - was not a sufficient condition for the sustainability and economic development of these early societies.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Serge Svizzero"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Clement Tisdell"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Clement Tisdell"}],"dateCreated":"2014-10-02","dateModified":"2015-12-13","datePublished":null,"headline":"Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Economic History","Economic Sociology","Economics","Economic Anthropology","Neolithic Archaeology","Economic Development","Economic Inequality","Neolithic Transition","Mesolithic/Neolithic","Neolithic","Economic growth and development"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Economics \u0026 Sociology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"univ-reunion"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uq"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "aa92e2fa4c0cf7033e4769e518517f5f4b954804ada0c236ece737e4d5e39833", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="MtGoVM2Od4PXE8PvM/6Hk8wk+vQBVc5z2it6yv+UX93CZ6oruKNvUTIJdRtHgShKj/zG2iuBR5AdONS4EwRCbQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="akA0KFqPgESytzoEweSyX8ZCCv/HJpZoT8MA82O4v6Wa9jZXL6KYlletjPC1mx2GhZo20e3yH4uI0K6BjyiiFQ==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 10666658; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8610721%2FInequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8610721%2FInequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":34975890,"identifier":"Attachment_34975890","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":8610721,"created_at":"2014-10-02T17:56:13.718-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-13T04:34:31.907-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied reasons: there was a need for some members of societies - the dominant class also called the elite - to escape from the Malthusian trap. In most cases, agriculture produced a bigger economic surplus eventually. Managerial problems – such as the ones associated with storage, the division of labor, irrigation, trade –being part of the consequences of the Neolithic revolution, created pressures to develop more centralized political organizations, a process which led later to the formation of the early states. This process allowed the appearance of powerful local chiefs who changed the nature of their original communities with new forms of social organization, in which one individual and his enlarged family - transformed into a ruling elite - received the benefits of the labor of a large number of serfs belonging to less-favored communities in neighboring areas. Although the surplus appropriated by the elite was used in specific ways – consumption, investments and expenditures on armed forces - it increased the power and wealth of these societies, albeit a solution involving unequally distributed wealth. While this is not the only factor in the growing dominance of agriculturally based societies, it is one of main ones as is evidenced by considering six early civilizations resulting from the Neolithic revolution. This result involves an important modification of Malthus’ theory. However, inequality - though necessary - was not a sufficient condition for the sustainability and economic development of these early societies.","publication_name":"Economics \u0026 Sociology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34272858,10666658]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":34975890,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/34975890/mini_magick20190320-13502-1wqk1c6.png?1553074666" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell"><img alt="Profile image of Clement Tisdell" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/34272858/10562079/11788036/s65_clement.tisdell.jpg" />Clement Tisdell</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero"><img alt="Profile image of Serge Svizzero" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/10666658/4937382/5673439/s65_serge.svizzero.jpg" />Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Economics & Sociology</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied reasons: there was a need for some members of societies - the dominant class also called the elite - to escape from the Malthusian trap. In most cases, agriculture produced a bigger economic surplus eventually. Managerial problems – such as the ones associated with storage, the division of labor, irrigation, trade –being part of the consequences of the Neolithic revolution, created pressures to develop more centralized political organizations, a process which led later to the formation of the early states. This process allowed the appearance of powerful local chiefs who changed the nature of their original communities with new forms of social organization, in which one individual and his enlarged family - transformed into a ruling elite - received the benefits of the labor of a large number of serfs belonging to less-favored communities in neighboring areas. Although the surplus appropriated by the elite was used in specific ways – consumption, investments and expenditures on armed forces - it increased the power and wealth of these societies, albeit a solution involving unequally distributed wealth. While this is not the only factor in the growing dominance of agriculturally based societies, it is one of main ones as is evidenced by considering six early civilizations resulting from the Neolithic revolution. This result involves an important modification of Malthus’ theory. However, inequality - though necessary - was not a sufficient condition for the sustainability and economic development of these early societies.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":34975890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":34975890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="34975890" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="87987463" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987463/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop">The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forum for Social Economics, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop","attachmentId":92062363,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87987463/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987463/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="36046535" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36046535/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop_The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop">The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article presents a simple economic theory (and associated evidence) to explain how some early agriculturally based preindustrial societies developed despite most of their population being subject to Malthusian dynamics. Their development depended on a dominant class limiting its membership and extracting an economic surplus which it could use (among other things) to accumulate capital and advance knowledge thereby adding to this surplus. The evolution of urban centers facilitated this development process. Extraction of the agricultural surplus prevented increased population from dissipating this surplus and curtailing development. Examples are given of early economically extractive and non-inclusive societies which were long lasting. Their persistence is at odds with the views of some contemporary development economists about the development prospects of these types of societies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop The Ability in Antiquity of Some Agrarian Societies to Avoid the Malthusian Trap and Develop","attachmentId":55932694,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36046535/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop_The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36046535/The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop_The_Ability_in_Antiquity_of_Some_Agrarian_Societies_to_Avoid_the_Malthusian_Trap_and_Develop"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="19546203" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19546203/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths_Economics_Ecology_and_The_Environment_WP_192_">The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths (Economics, Ecology and The Environment WP 192)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many economists have recently tried to explain the diverse levels of economic development of countries by studying their trajectories during past eras and in recent history. Special attention has been given to the influences on contemporary societies of relevant developments in prehistory and more particularly, those arising from the Neolithic revolution, i.e. the transition from foraging to farming. This transition from simple to complex hunting and gathering and then to farming is a sequence couched in social evolutionary terms. It suggests a pattern of progressive development resulting in increasing cultural complexity. In this evolutionary scheme, simple hunter-gatherers develop into complex hunters and collectors, whose critical economic decisions are a consequence of climatic changes that inevitably lead them to irreversibly adopt agriculture. Although this pattern of development is widely accepted, we challenge it. Studies of past and recent hunting and gathering societies show an incredible diversity of human social organization through time. Similarly, the various centers where agriculture started during the Neolithic period display great diversity in terms of their genesis, nature and consequences. The nature of the spread of agriculture from the Levant to Europe displays diversity. Demic diffusion and cultural diffusion were both present, and generated a variety of diffusion processes. This diversity of human societies is not easily accounted for by social evolutionary processes; indeed, people’s understanding of the world directly influences the economic decisions they make. The development of agriculture eventually generated an economic surplus. This (combined with increasing social and economic inequalities), another feature of the Neolithic revolution, led to economic growth and therefore to the long-term dominance of agropastoralists societies. Inequality (the appropriation by dominant classes of the economic surplus generated by agropastoralism and by stemming economic developments) was therefore a necessary early condition for increasing the chances of the survival and development of these societies; otherwise they would all have been caught in the Malthusian trap.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths (Economics, Ecology and The Environment WP 192)","attachmentId":40688687,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19546203/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths_Economics_Ecology_and_The_Environment_WP_192_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19546203/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths_Economics_Ecology_and_The_Environment_WP_192_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10530115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10530115/The_Malthusian_Trap_and_Development_in_Pre_Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One">The Malthusian Trap and Development in Pre-Industrial Societies: A View Differing from the Standard One</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Presents a simple economic theory explaining how some agriculturally based preindustrial societies (for example, in the Neolithic period) developed despite most of their population being subject to Malthusian dynamics. Their development depended on a dominant class (limited in size) extracting the economic surplus which could be used (among other things) to accumulate capital and advance knowledge and thereby, add to this surplus. Cities facilitated this process. Extraction of the surplus prevented increased population from dissipating it and curtailing development. Several early extractive and non-inclusive societies were long lasting. This is at odds with the theories of some contemporary development economists.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Malthusian Trap and Development in Pre-Industrial Societies: A View Differing from the Standard One","attachmentId":36523154,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10530115/The_Malthusian_Trap_and_Development_in_Pre_Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10530115/The_Malthusian_Trap_and_Development_in_Pre_Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17693502" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">Comments on the Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246386" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/KenAmes">Kenneth Ames</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comments on the Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":45624882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="80982362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2116889" href="https://richmond.academia.edu/ChrisvonRueden">Chris von Rueden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":87183456,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="17979460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37905717" href="https://ucsb.academia.edu/MichaelGurven">Michael Gurven</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":39811018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="37794491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37794491/From_a_subsistence_economy_to_the_production_of_wealth_in_ancient_formative_societies_a_political_economy_perspective">From a subsistence economy to the production of wealth in ancient formative societies: a political economy perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="193420" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/MarcellaFrangipane">Marcella Frangipane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economia Poltica, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From a subsistence economy to the production of wealth in ancient formative societies: a political economy perspective","attachmentId":57792182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37794491/From_a_subsistence_economy_to_the_production_of_wealth_in_ancient_formative_societies_a_political_economy_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37794491/From_a_subsistence_economy_to_the_production_of_wealth_in_ancient_formative_societies_a_political_economy_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="8525293" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8525293/Pre_Neolithic_Economy">Pre-Neolithic Economy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is commonly believed that it is only from the Neolithic period that one can speak about the economy. Before the development of this economy of food production – based on farming and livestock rearing – the economy of hunter-gatherers – based on food procurement – is usually assumed to be limited to a subsistence economy. Our purpose is to demonstrate that even during the pre-Neolithic period, the economic activity had been already quite developed. Indeed, this period starts with the end of the last ice age and is then featured by a broad-spectrum economy, including varied food resources. Such change has induced less nomadism, increasing division of labour and human population growth. In turn, it has implied, on the one hand, trade, wealth accumulation, the implementation of property rights, including land ownership. On the other hand, it has stimulated labour productivity and human knowledge. Even if it was less developed, the pre-Neolithic economy was quite similar in nature to the Neolithic one’s. Therefore it already contained the origins of our civilization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pre-Neolithic Economy","attachmentId":34903286,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8525293/Pre_Neolithic_Economy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8525293/Pre_Neolithic_Economy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="96464499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory">The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3340125" href="https://transportmarfa.academia.edu/TDouglasPrice">T. Douglas Price</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Archaeology of Inequality. Tracing the Archaeological Record</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure social, economic, and political organization. Here I argue that those egalitarian constraints were relaxed at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginnings of surplus production and storage, which created a basis of wealth and an increasingly important role for dominance behavior and inequality. The almost simultaneous emergence of domestication and social differentiation speaks strongly for the relationship between these two aspects of human adaptation at the origins of agriculture. This essay elaborates on the argument.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory","attachmentId":98355584,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34975890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34975890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_34975890" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="35871833" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35871833/the_emergence_of_social_inequality_in_the_context_of_early_neolithic_northern_europe">the emergence of social inequality in the context of early neolithic northern europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33380322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GebauerAnne">Anne Birgitte Gebauer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3340125" href="https://transportmarfa.academia.edu/TDouglasPrice">T. Douglas Price</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"the emergence of social inequality in the context of early neolithic northern europe","attachmentId":55751316,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35871833/the_emergence_of_social_inequality_in_the_context_of_early_neolithic_northern_europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35871833/the_emergence_of_social_inequality_in_the_context_of_early_neolithic_northern_europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="73210887" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73210887/Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations">Accumulation , and the Emergence of Civilizations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2854301" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamusLim">Jamus Lim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Accumulation , and the Emergence of Civilizations","attachmentId":81819528,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73210887/Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73210887/Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="8492092" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492092/Theories_about_the_Commencement_of_Agriculture_in_Prehistoric_Societies_A_Critical_Evaluation">Theories about the Commencement of Agriculture in Prehistoric Societies: A Critical Evaluation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Theories about the Commencement of Agriculture in Prehistoric Societies: A Critical Evaluation","attachmentId":34873048,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8492092/Theories_about_the_Commencement_of_Agriculture_in_Prehistoric_Societies_A_Critical_Evaluation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8492092/Theories_about_the_Commencement_of_Agriculture_in_Prehistoric_Societies_A_Critical_Evaluation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="39021573" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory">Affluent societies of Later Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1625268" href="https://uab.academia.edu/RobertoRisch">Roberto Risch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Affluent societies of Later Prehistory","attachmentId":59132609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39021573/Affluent_societies_of_Later_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5669445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5669445/Some_theoretical_remarks_on_intensification_of_food_production_and_emergence_of_wealth_inequality_within_prehistoric_populations_in_Environment_and_Subsistence_SAO_11_2013_477_492">Some theoretical remarks on intensification of food production and emergence of wealth inequality within prehistoric populations, (in:) Environment and Subsistence..., SAO 11 (2013): 477-492.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1825353" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MarcinPrzyby%C5%82a">Marcin Przybyła</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Some theoretical remarks on intensification of food production and emergence of wealth inequality within prehistoric populations, (in:) Environment and Subsistence..., SAO 11 (2013): 477-492.","attachmentId":51841034,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5669445/Some_theoretical_remarks_on_intensification_of_food_production_and_emergence_of_wealth_inequality_within_prehistoric_populations_in_Environment_and_Subsistence_SAO_11_2013_477_492","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5669445/Some_theoretical_remarks_on_intensification_of_food_production_and_emergence_of_wealth_inequality_within_prehistoric_populations_in_Environment_and_Subsistence_SAO_11_2013_477_492"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="16862532" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16862532/Working_Paper_No_192_The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths">Working Paper No. 192 The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34272858" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Working Paper No. 192 The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths","attachmentId":39224345,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16862532/Working_Paper_No_192_The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16862532/Working_Paper_No_192_The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="22312181" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22312181/The_Beginnings_of_Social_Inequality_Consumer_and_Producer_Perspectives_from_Transcaucasia_in_the_4th_and_the_3rd_Millennia_BC_In_Von_Baden_bis_Troia_Oriental_and_European_Archaeology_Volume_3_Rahden_2016_209_234">The Beginnings of Social Inequality: Consumer and Producer Perspectives from Transcaucasia in the 4th and the 3rd Millennia BC. In. Von Baden bis Troia.Oriental and European Archaeology Volume 3 (Rahden 2016) 209-234</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6308839" href="https://rub.academia.edu/ThomasStoellner">Thomas Stoellner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Beginnings of Social Inequality: Consumer and Producer Perspectives from Transcaucasia in the 4th and the 3rd Millennia BC. In. Von Baden bis Troia.Oriental and European Archaeology Volume 3 (Rahden 2016) 209-234","attachmentId":42951197,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22312181/The_Beginnings_of_Social_Inequality_Consumer_and_Producer_Perspectives_from_Transcaucasia_in_the_4th_and_the_3rd_Millennia_BC_In_Von_Baden_bis_Troia_Oriental_and_European_Archaeology_Volume_3_Rahden_2016_209_234","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22312181/The_Beginnings_of_Social_Inequality_Consumer_and_Producer_Perspectives_from_Transcaucasia_in_the_4th_and_the_3rd_Millennia_BC_In_Von_Baden_bis_Troia_Oriental_and_European_Archaeology_Volume_3_Rahden_2016_209_234"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="32754774" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32754774/How_did_wealth_turn_into_surplus_profit_From_affluence_to_scarcity_in_prehistoric_economies">How did wealth turn into surplus profit? From affluence to »scarcity« in prehistoric economies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1625268" href="https://uab.academia.edu/RobertoRisch">Roberto Risch</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How did wealth turn into surplus profit? From affluence to »scarcity« in prehistoric economies","attachmentId":52912153,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32754774/How_did_wealth_turn_into_surplus_profit_From_affluence_to_scarcity_in_prehistoric_economies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32754774/How_did_wealth_turn_into_surplus_profit_From_affluence_to_scarcity_in_prehistoric_economies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="62080616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62080616/Peasants_Agricultural_Intensification_and_Collective_Action_in_Premodern_States">Peasants, Agricultural Intensification, and Collective Action in Premodern States</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="542660" href="https://cinvestav.academia.edu/LaneFargher">Lane Fargher Navarro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Power from Below in Premodern Societies: The Dynamics of Political Complexity in the Archaeological Record, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Peasants, Agricultural Intensification, and Collective Action in Premodern States","attachmentId":99602067,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62080616/Peasants_Agricultural_Intensification_and_Collective_Action_in_Premodern_States","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62080616/Peasants_Agricultural_Intensification_and_Collective_Action_in_Premodern_States"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="83282881" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83282881/Poverty_and_inequality_in_early_civilizations_introduction">Poverty and inequality in early civilizations: introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3398895" href="https://uni-koeln.academia.edu/RichardBussmann">Richard Bussmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Poverty and inequality in early civilizations: proceedings of the international conference November 17–18, 2017, University of Cologne. Studien zur Wirtschaftsarchäologie 4, 1-9. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt., 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Poverty and inequality in early civilizations: introduction","attachmentId":88680566,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83282881/Poverty_and_inequality_in_early_civilizations_introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83282881/Poverty_and_inequality_in_early_civilizations_introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="26554604" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554604/A_Western_Reversal_Since_the_Neolithic_The_Long_Run_Impact_of_Early_Agriculture">A Western Reversal Since the Neolithic? The Long-Run Impact of Early Agriculture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50529793" href="https://independent.academia.edu/cpaik">christopher paik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Western Reversal Since the Neolithic? The Long-Run Impact of Early Agriculture","attachmentId":46848031,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26554604/A_Western_Reversal_Since_the_Neolithic_The_Long_Run_Impact_of_Early_Agriculture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554604/A_Western_Reversal_Since_the_Neolithic_The_Long_Run_Impact_of_Early_Agriculture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="11718405" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11718405/Neolithic_versus_Bronze_Age_Social_Formations_A_Political_Economy_Approach">Neolithic versus Bronze Age Social Formations: A Political Economy Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="185101" href="https://gu-se.academia.edu/KristianKristiansen">Kristian Kristiansen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PARADIGM FOUND Archaeological Theory Present, Past And Future Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný, edited by Kristian Kristiansen, Ladislav Šmejda and Jan Turek, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neolithic versus Bronze Age Social Formations: A Political Economy Approach","attachmentId":37155605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11718405/Neolithic_versus_Bronze_Age_Social_Formations_A_Political_Economy_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11718405/Neolithic_versus_Bronze_Age_Social_Formations_A_Political_Economy_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="32724414" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32724414/The_development_of_centralised_societies_in_Greater_Mesopotamia_and_the_foundation_of_economic_inequality">The development of centralised societies in Greater Mesopotamia and the foundation of economic inequality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="193420" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/MarcellaFrangipane">Marcella Frangipane</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The development of centralised societies in Greater Mesopotamia and the foundation of economic inequality","attachmentId":52883622,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32724414/The_development_of_centralised_societies_in_Greater_Mesopotamia_and_the_foundation_of_economic_inequality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32724414/The_development_of_centralised_societies_in_Greater_Mesopotamia_and_the_foundation_of_economic_inequality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="87987473" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987473/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths">The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Neolithic Revolution and Human Societies: Diverse Origins and Development Paths","attachmentId":92062334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87987473/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987473/The_Neolithic_Revolution_and_Human_Societies_Diverse_Origins_and_Development_Paths"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="70875388" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70875388/Institutional_Development_Capital_Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations">Institutional Development, Capital Accumulation, and the Emergence of Civilizations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2854301" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamusLim">Jamus Lim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Institutional Development, Capital Accumulation, and the Emergence of Civilizations","attachmentId":80441840,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70875388/Institutional_Development_Capital_Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70875388/Institutional_Development_Capital_Accumulation_and_the_Emergence_of_Civilizations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="2415501" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2415501/Different_types_of_egalitarian_societies_and_the_development_of_inequality_in_early_Mesopotamia">Different types of egalitarian societies and the development of inequality in early Mesopotamia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="193420" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/MarcellaFrangipane">Marcella Frangipane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Archaeology, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Different types of egalitarian societies and the development of inequality in early Mesopotamia","attachmentId":30641724,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2415501/Different_types_of_egalitarian_societies_and_the_development_of_inequality_in_early_Mesopotamia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2415501/Different_types_of_egalitarian_societies_and_the_development_of_inequality_in_early_Mesopotamia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="3254284" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254284/Agriculture_at_Arslantepe_at_the_end_of_the_IV_millennium_BC_Did_the_Centralised_Political_Institutions_Have_an_Influence_on_Farming_Practices">Agriculture at Arslantepe at the end of the IV millennium BC. Did the Centralised Political Institutions Have an Influence on Farming Practices?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="190612" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/FrancescaBalossiRestelli">Francesca Balossi Restelli</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Agriculture at Arslantepe at the end of the IV millennium BC. Did the Centralised Political Institutions Have an Influence on Farming Practices?","attachmentId":31106777,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3254284/Agriculture_at_Arslantepe_at_the_end_of_the_IV_millennium_BC_Did_the_Centralised_Political_Institutions_Have_an_Influence_on_Farming_Practices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254284/Agriculture_at_Arslantepe_at_the_end_of_the_IV_millennium_BC_Did_the_Centralised_Political_Institutions_Have_an_Influence_on_Farming_Practices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="115694115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115694115/Power_in_Pre_Agricultural_Societies">Power in Pre-Agricultural Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4517043" href="https://fsu.academia.edu/RandallHolcombe">Randall Holcombe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Coordination, Cooperation, and Control, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Power in Pre-Agricultural Societies","attachmentId":112029877,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115694115/Power_in_Pre_Agricultural_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115694115/Power_in_Pre_Agricultural_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="47835697" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica">Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="513300" href="https://wsu.academia.edu/TimothyKohler">Timothy Kohler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica","attachmentId":66753886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47835697/Greater_post_Neolithic_wealth_disparities_in_Eurasia_than_in_North_America_and_Mesoamerica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="34751151" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34751151/The_Appearance_of_Social_Inequalities_Cases_of_Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Societies">The Appearance of Social Inequalities: Cases of Neolithic and Chalcolithic Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="863491" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/robert_hofmann">Robert Hofmann</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1182959" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/JohannesM%C3%BCller">Johannes Müller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Origini, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Appearance of Social Inequalities: Cases of Neolithic and Chalcolithic Societies","attachmentId":54609542,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34751151/The_Appearance_of_Social_Inequalities_Cases_of_Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34751151/The_Appearance_of_Social_Inequalities_Cases_of_Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="87987488" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987488/Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One">Industrial Societies: A View Differing from the Standard One</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Industrial Societies: A View Differing from the Standard One","attachmentId":92062385,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87987488/Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87987488/Industrial_Societies_A_View_Differing_from_the_Standard_One"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology">Economic Sociology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4834" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="11199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology">Neolithic Archaeology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="25502" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Transition">Neolithic Transition</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="30976" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesolithic_Neolithic">Mesolithic/Neolithic</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="41906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic">Neolithic</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="105355" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_growth_and_development">Economic growth and development</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>