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CO GEL AND BO AÇ A. ERGENE This article offers a quantitative analysis of wealth inequality in the Ottoman Empire, employing data from probate inventories (terekes) of eighteenth-century Kastamonu, a town located in northern Anatolia. Extracting information on wealth levels and personal characteristics of individuals, we estimate aggregate measures of wealth inequality, namely the Gini coefficient, the coefficient of variation, and the wealth shares of the wealthiest 10 and 25 percent of estates. We use regression analysis to identify the time trend of wealth inequality and determine how warfare, significant weather events, macroeconomic variables, and shifts in population characteristics affected it. espite the significant body of literature that has accumulated on the distribution of wealth in modern economies and on the relationship between inequality and industrialization, research on preindustrialized economies has been slow to progress. 1 The primary culprit is a lack of individual wealth data before the nineteenth century. The literature is particularly weak for non-Western societies. There, the absence of longitudinal data has prevented researchers from studying the long-term evolution of inequality. This article offers a quantitative analysis of wealth inequality in the Ottoman Empire, focusing on the town of Kastamonu, located in northern Anatolia, in the course of the eighteenth century. Recent literature on the economic history of the Ottoman Empire has argued that the eighteenth century was a period of major economic, political, and institutional transformations. 2 Although economic historians of the empire have drawn a variety of inferences about these institutional changes and wealth distribution, they have not examined these","publication_date":"2011,12,1","publication_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"112563634"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Inequality of Wealth in the Ottoman Empire: War, Weather, and Long-term Trends in Eighteenth Century Kastamonu","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42268760]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":112563634,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Inequality of Wealth in the Ottoman Empire: War, Weather, and Long-term Trends in Eighteenth Century Kastamonu”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/112563634/mini_magick20240319-1-p74ldr.png?1710854520" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Inequality of Wealth in the Ottoman Empire: War, Weather, and Long-term Trends in Eighteenth Century Kastamonu</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42268760" href="https://philosophy-uconn.academia.edu/MetinCosgel"><img alt="Profile image of Metin Cosgel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Metin Cosgel</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">24 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 112408460; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">METIN M. CO GEL AND BO AÇ A. ERGENE This article offers a quantitative analysis of wealth inequality in the Ottoman Empire, employing data from probate inventories (terekes) of eighteenth-century Kastamonu, a town located in northern Anatolia. Extracting information on wealth levels and personal characteristics of individuals, we estimate aggregate measures of wealth inequality, namely the Gini coefficient, the coefficient of variation, and the wealth shares of the wealthiest 10 and 25 percent of estates. We use regression analysis to identify the time trend of wealth inequality and determine how warfare, significant weather events, macroeconomic variables, and shifts in population characteristics affected it. espite the significant body of literature that has accumulated on the distribution of wealth in modern economies and on the relationship between inequality and industrialization, research on preindustrialized economies has been slow to progress. 1 The primary culprit is a lack of individual wealth data before the nineteenth century. The literature is particularly weak for non-Western societies. There, the absence of longitudinal data has prevented researchers from studying the long-term evolution of inequality. This article offers a quantitative analysis of wealth inequality in the Ottoman Empire, focusing on the town of Kastamonu, located in northern Anatolia, in the course of the eighteenth century. Recent literature on the economic history of the Ottoman Empire has argued that the eighteenth century was a period of major economic, political, and institutional transformations. 2 Although economic historians of the empire have drawn a variety of inferences about these institutional changes and wealth distribution, they have not examined these</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":112563634,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/112408460/Inequality_of_Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_War_Weather_and_Long_term_Trends_in_Eighteenth_Century_Kastamonu"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":112563634,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/112408460/Inequality_of_Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_War_Weather_and_Long_term_Trends_in_Eighteenth_Century_Kastamonu"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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While differences between Eastern Asia and Western Europe appear pronounced, little is known about patterns of inequality in lands lying in between. Our paper reports some of the preliminary results of a project that aims to locate the Ottoman Empire in the early modern map of inequality. Using probate inventories from four of the project cities in Anatolia, we examine patterns of accumulation and distribution of wealth from 1500 to 1840, with an emphasis on 1700-1840. We find a positive relationship between growth and inequality and a net increase in inequality in the long run in all but one of the cities under study. Similar to what has been observed in Western Europe, we also see an upswing in inequality everywhere from late 17th-century onwards and a milder one in 16thcentury Bursa, the only cit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wealth and inequality in Ottoman lands in the early modern period","attachmentId":104962995,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105535504/Wealth_and_inequality_in_Ottoman_lands_in_the_early_modern_period","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105535504/Wealth_and_inequality_in_Ottoman_lands_in_the_early_modern_period"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="3035576" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3035576/A_temporal_analysis_of_wealth_in_eighteenth_century_Ottoman_Kastamonu">A temporal analysis of wealth in eighteenth-century Ottoman Kastamonu</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209286" href="https://istanbultek.academia.edu/AtabeyKaygun">Atabey Kaygun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ABSTRACT. This article studies temporal variations in wealth levels and distribution in an Ottoman context during the eighteenth century. By analysing the probate estate inventories of the Muslim deceased in Kastamonu, located in north-central Anatolia, we demonstrate that real wealth levels generally declined over the course of the century. Our analysis also suggests that the economic conditions of poor men, if not women, deteriorated more so than those of the rich, fuelling growing inequality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A temporal analysis of wealth in eighteenth-century Ottoman Kastamonu","attachmentId":30971914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3035576/A_temporal_analysis_of_wealth_in_eighteenth_century_Ottoman_Kastamonu","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3035576/A_temporal_analysis_of_wealth_in_eighteenth_century_Ottoman_Kastamonu"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="21412085" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21412085/Intergenerational_wealth_accumulation_and_dispersion_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_observations_from_eighteenth_century_Kastamonu">Intergenerational wealth accumulation and dispersion in the Ottoman Empire: observations from eighteenth-century Kastamonu</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42268760" href="https://philosophy-uconn.academia.edu/MetinCosgel">Metin Cosgel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Review of Economic History, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article studies the accumulation and intergenerational transmission of wealth in early-modern Ottoman Anatolia by employing data from probate estate inventories (terekes) as found in the court records (sicils) of eighteenth-century Kastamonu, a town located in northern Anatolia. Extracting information on the wealth levels and personal characteristics of father-son pairs in the period between 1710 and 1806, we conduct regression analysis of factors determining the wealth of sons. In this first attempt to simultaneously analyze the estate inventories of parents and children in the Ottoman Empire, we also compare our results with those obtained for regions that were growing rapidly in this era and discuss the implications of our findings for the prospects of capital accumulation in the Ottoman context. Our results show that wealth holding was more equal in Kastamonu than in Britain in the eighteenth century. This was caused in part by the significantly lower transmission of wealth from fathers to sons. Although there was a significant correlation between the wealth-levels of fathers and sons in Kastamonu, this relationship was weaker there than what has been observed for eighteenth-century Britain. Regression to the mean among the sons was more rapid in Kastamonu. Finally, in at least one Ottoman context, our calculations cast doubt on the argument that Islamic inheritance practices led to excessive levels of wealth fragmentation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Intergenerational wealth accumulation and dispersion in the Ottoman Empire: observations from eighteenth-century Kastamonu","attachmentId":41859203,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21412085/Intergenerational_wealth_accumulation_and_dispersion_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_observations_from_eighteenth_century_Kastamonu","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21412085/Intergenerational_wealth_accumulation_and_dispersion_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_observations_from_eighteenth_century_Kastamonu"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="108491941" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108491941/Farkl%C4%B1_Sosyo_Ekonomik_Gruplara_G%C3%B6re_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bireylerinin_Zenginli%C4%9Fi_1650_1918_Kurumsal_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim_Ba%C4%9Flam%C4%B1nda_Betimsel_Bir_Analiz">Farklı Sosyo-Ekonomik Gruplara Göre Osmanlı Bireylerinin Zenginliği, 1650-1918: Kurumsal Değişim Bağlamında Betimsel Bir Analiz</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="291379342" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KorayGoksal">Koray Göksal</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48763937" href="https://asbu.academia.edu/HandeNurK%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1ku%C5%9Fak">Hande Nur Kırmızıkuşak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The study offers a descriptive analysis of individual wealth in the Ottoman Empire, employing a new dataset from inheritance records of 36 different provinces located in Anatolia. The main purpose is to contribute to the discussion on the relationship between wealth inequality and changing institutional structures, spanning from 1650 to 1918. The limitations of data entail restrictions to construct a quantitative research, and hence, the study provides an implicit analysis on this relationship. A new dataset on individual wealth, however, allow to present a descriptive analysis in a long-term perspective. Establishing information on individual wealth by socio-economic groups, the study estimates wealth inequality according to Gini coefficients. This estimates also include a comparative analysis among different groups, including four quartiles starting from the wealthiest 25 percent. Our findings underlie the importance of the role of institutional change over the wealth inequality. ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Farklı Sosyo-Ekonomik Gruplara Göre Osmanlı Bireylerinin Zenginliği, 1650-1918: Kurumsal Değişim Bağlamında Betimsel Bir Analiz","attachmentId":106859639,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108491941/Farkl%C4%B1_Sosyo_Ekonomik_Gruplara_G%C3%B6re_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bireylerinin_Zenginli%C4%9Fi_1650_1918_Kurumsal_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim_Ba%C4%9Flam%C4%B1nda_Betimsel_Bir_Analiz","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108491941/Farkl%C4%B1_Sosyo_Ekonomik_Gruplara_G%C3%B6re_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bireylerinin_Zenginli%C4%9Fi_1650_1918_Kurumsal_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim_Ba%C4%9Flam%C4%B1nda_Betimsel_Bir_Analiz"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="43307054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43307054/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_Economic_History_Review_74_1_2021_6_33_with_Ali_Co%C5%9Fkun_Tun%C3%A7er_">House prices in the Ottoman Empire: evidence from eighteenth-century Edirne, Economic History Review, 74/1 (2021), 6-33 (with Ali Coşkun Tunçer)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59960919" href="https://metu.academia.edu/G%C3%BCrerKaragedikli">Gürer Karagedikli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic History Review, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study uses a new dataset of 2,246 notarial deeds of house sales from one of the major cities of the Ottoman Empire, Edirne, covering the period from 1720 to 1814. It estimates real hedonic house prices and urban wealth inequality for the housing market. It shows that house size, proximity to the commercial centre, access to fresh water, and family ties were important determinants of relative house prices. These findings also apply to the different quartiles of the market, indicating limited market segmentation. It demonstrates that there was an increase in housing wealth inequality during the eighteenth century as house prices became more dispersed. The hedonic house price index provides evidence that inflation-adjusted house prices declined substantially following the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-74. The decline is mainly explained through demographic shocks induced by plague epidemics, natural disasters, and other population movements driven by wars, army mobilization, and political upheavals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"House prices in the Ottoman Empire: evidence from eighteenth-century Edirne, Economic History Review, 74/1 (2021), 6-33 (with Ali Coşkun Tunçer)","attachmentId":63909235,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43307054/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_Economic_History_Review_74_1_2021_6_33_with_Ali_Co%C5%9Fkun_Tun%C3%A7er_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43307054/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_Economic_History_Review_74_1_2021_6_33_with_Ali_Co%C5%9Fkun_Tun%C3%A7er_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="121209189" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121209189/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_">House prices in the Ottoman Empire: evidence from eighteenth‐century Edirne†</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="116371" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AliCoskunTuncer">Ali Coskun Tuncer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Economic History Review</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study uses a new dataset of 2,246 notarial deeds of house sales from one of the major cities of the Ottoman Empire, Edirne, covering the period from 1720 to 1814. It estimates real hedonic house prices and urban wealth inequality for the housing market. It shows that house size, proximity to the commercial centre, access to fresh water, and family ties were important determinants of relative house prices. These findings also apply to the different quartiles of the market, indicating limited market segmentation. It demonstrates that there was an increase in housing wealth inequality during the eighteenth century as house prices became more dispersed. The hedonic house price index provides evidence that inflation‐adjusted house prices declined substantially following the Russo‐Turkish war of 1768–74. The decline is mainly explained through demographic shocks induced by plague epidemics, natural disasters, and other population movements driven by wars, army mobilization, and polit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"House prices in the Ottoman Empire: evidence from eighteenth‐century Edirne†","attachmentId":116149381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121209189/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121209189/House_prices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_evidence_from_eighteenth_century_Edirne_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="82512349" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82512349/The_Ottoman_Economy_1870_1913_Preliminary_Second_Generation_Estimates">The Ottoman Economy (1870-1913): Preliminary Second-Generation Estimates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88164426" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BoraAltay">Bora Altay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this study is to present a new estimate on the GDP and per capita GDP levels of the Ottoman Empire between 1870 and 1913. Since the earlier estimates employ different methods, this study re-combines data series using reliable secondary sources while attempting to incorporate the distribution margins, includes industrial production excluded from the industrial census, and correcting missing information in certain agricultural productions. The inclusion of “Distribution Margins” (DMs) that adjust from producer to market prices reflects the price difference which entails diverse GDP and per capita GDP levels. The DMs are crucial, especially to incorporating costs of distributing industrial and agricultural products between the center and periphery. This research concludes that GDP and per capita GDP levels were higher than those made by earlier estimates. The method and findings of this study make contributions to the recent discussions on the economic performance of the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ottoman Economy (1870-1913): Preliminary Second-Generation Estimates","attachmentId":88198015,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82512349/The_Ottoman_Economy_1870_1913_Preliminary_Second_Generation_Estimates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82512349/The_Ottoman_Economy_1870_1913_Preliminary_Second_Generation_Estimates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="86613922" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86613922/Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_and_post_Ottoman_Balkans_a_socio_economic_history">Wealth in the Ottoman and post-Ottoman Balkans: a socio-economic history</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267453" href="https://uni-vt.academia.edu/GerganaGeorgieva">Gergana Georgieva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wealth in the Ottoman and post-Ottoman Balkans: a socio-economic history","attachmentId":91026268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86613922/Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_and_post_Ottoman_Balkans_a_socio_economic_history","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86613922/Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_and_post_Ottoman_Balkans_a_socio_economic_history"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="99013052" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99013052/Judiciary_and_Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_1689_1843">Judiciary and Wealth in the Ottoman Empire, 1689–1843</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42268760" href="https://philosophy-uconn.academia.edu/MetinCosgel">Metin Cosgel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines the accumulation, temporal variation, and inequality of wealth in the Ottoman judiciary between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using information from the estate inventories, we calculate the gross and net wealth of judges at the time of death. Comparisons against contemporary economic indicators show low to moderate levels of wealth accumulation among the judiciary. Wealth levels varied significantly across judiciary subgroups and they dropped drastically in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Regression analysis shows that differences in motives for bequests and family connections to other members of the judiciary contributed to the inequality of wealth.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Judiciary and Wealth in the Ottoman Empire, 1689–1843","attachmentId":100211983,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99013052/Judiciary_and_Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_1689_1843","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99013052/Judiciary_and_Wealth_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_1689_1843"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112563634,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112563634,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_112563634" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="60560608" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60560608/Wealth_and_Income_Inequality_in_the_Long_Run_of_History">Wealth and Income Inequality in the Long Run of History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Handbook of Cliometrics, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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