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id="toc-Types_of_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indefinite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Proper article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partitive_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitive_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Partitive article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitive_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Negative article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zero_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Zero article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crosslinguistic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosslinguistic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crosslinguistic variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crosslinguistic_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crosslinguistic variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crosslinguistic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokelauan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokelauan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tokelauan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokelauan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Definite articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indefinite articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Article (grammar)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidwoord" title="Lidwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lidwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أدوات التعريف والتنكير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدوات التعريف والتنكير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%ADculu" title="Artículu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artículu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="পদাশ্রিত নির্দেশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদাশ্রিত নির্দেশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A0n-s%C3%BB" title="Koàn-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koàn-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Артыкль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артыкль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0)" title="आर्टिकल (ग्रामर) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्टिकल (ग्रामर)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Членуване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Членуване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clan" title="Član – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Član" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger-mell" title="Ger-mell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ger-mell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article" title="Article – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Article" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clen_(mluvnice)" title="Člen (mluvnice) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Člen (mluvnice)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannod" title="Bannod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bannod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendeord" title="Kendeord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kendeord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikel_(Wortart)" title="Artikel (Wortart) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artikel (Wortart)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF_(%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Άρθρο (γραμματική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρθρο (γραμματική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%ADculo_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Artículo (gramática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artículo (gramática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikolo_(gramatiko)" title="Artikolo (gramatiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artikolo (gramatiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikulu_(gramatika)" title="Artikulu (gramatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artikulu (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81" title="حرف تعریف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرف تعریف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennior%C3%B0" title="Kenniorð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kenniorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammaire)" title="Article (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Article (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidwurd" title="Lidwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lidwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_(gr%C3%A0mar)" title="Alt (gràmar) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alt (gràmar)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigo_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Artigo (gramática) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artigo (gramática)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%82%AC" title="관사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="अनुच्छेद (व्याकरण) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुच्छेद (व्याकरण)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clan" title="Član – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Član" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikel_(linguistik)" title="Artikel (linguistik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artikel (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulo_(grammatica)" title="Articulo (grammatica) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Articulo (grammatica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greinir" title="Greinir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Greinir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articolo_(linguistica)" title="Articolo (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Articolo (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F)" title="תווית (לשון) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תווית (לשון)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არტიკლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტიკლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Артикль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артикль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Артикль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Артикль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulus_(grammatica)" title="Articulus (grammatica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Articulus (grammatica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikuls" title="Artikuls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Artikuls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikel_(Grammaire)" title="Artikel (Grammaire) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Artikel (Grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikelis" title="Artikelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Artikelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidwoord" title="Lidwoord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lidwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9vel%C5%91" title="Névelő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Névelő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Член (граматика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Член (граматика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpanoritra" title="Mpanoritra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpanoritra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiklu_(grammatika)" title="Artiklu (grammatika) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Artiklu (grammatika)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidwoord" title="Lidwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lidwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" title="冠詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冠詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikkel_(ordklasse)" title="Artikkel (ordklasse) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artikkel (ordklasse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordklassen_artikkel" title="Ordklassen artikkel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordklassen artikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikl" title="Artikl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Artikl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F_(%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8D)" title="ការន្ត (វេយ្យាករណ៍) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការន្ត (វេយ្យាករណ៍)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artike_(granmo%C3%A8re)" title="Artike (granmoère) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Artike (granmoère)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikel_(Woortoort)" title="Artikel (Woortoort) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Artikel (Woortoort)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedimek" title="Przedimek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przedimek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigo_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Artigo (gramática) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artigo (gramática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articol_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Articol (gramatică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Articol (gramatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Артикль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артикль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesl%C3%A4chtswoud" title="Geslächtswoud – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Geslächtswoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajta_(gramatik%C3%AB)" title="Trajta (gramatikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trajta (gramatikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Article (grammar)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolnik" title="Spolnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spolnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramati%C4%8Dki_%C4%8Dlan" title="Gramatički član – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gramatički član" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clan_(gramatika)" title="Član (gramatika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Član (gramatika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikkeli_(kielioppi)" title="Artikkeli (kielioppi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Artikkeli (kielioppi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikel_(grammatik)" title="Artikel (grammatik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artikel (grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பெயர்ச்சொற்குறி (ஆங்கில இலக்கணம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சொற்குறி (ஆங்கில இலக்கணம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="కథనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కథనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำกำกับนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำกำกับนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Артикл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Артикл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%B1ml%C4%B1k" title="Tanımlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanımlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Артикль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артикль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%ACcu%C5%82o_(lengu%C3%ACstega)" title="Artìcuło (lenguìstega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Artìcuło (lenguìstega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rtike_(croejhete)" title="Årtike (croejhete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årtike (croejhete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%AF%8D" title="冠词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冠词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_(%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7)" title="ארטיקל (גראמאטיק) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארטיקל (גראמאטיק)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" title="冠詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冠詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For grammatical articles in English, see <a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">English articles</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Word used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, an <b>article</b> is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun phrases">noun phrases</a> to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, both "the" and "a(n)" are articles, which combine with nouns to form noun phrases. Articles typically specify the grammatical <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> of the noun phrase, but in many languages, they carry additional grammatical information such as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Articles are part of a broader category called <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a>, which also include <a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">demonstratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive determiners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a>. In linguistic <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_glossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlinear glossing">interlinear glossing</a>, articles are <a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> as <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>ART</b></span></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_article">Types of article</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Definite article" redirects here. For the comedy album, see <a href="/wiki/Definite_Article" title="Definite Article">Definite Article</a>.</div> <p>A <b>definite article</b> is an article that marks a <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite noun phrase</a>. Definite articles, such as the English <i><a href="/wiki/The" title="The">the</a>,</i> are used to refer to a particular member of a group. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be otherwise something uniquely specified. </p><p>For example, Sentence 1 uses the definite article and thus, expresses a request for a particular book. In contrast, Sentence 2 uses an indefinite article and thus, conveys that the speaker would be satisfied with any book. </p> <ol><li>Give me <i>the</i> book.</li> <li>Give me <i>a</i> book.</li></ol> <p>The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>The</b> cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of <b>the</b></i> Brassica <i>genus.</i></dd></dl> <p>However, recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements linked to certain noun types due to <a href="/wiki/Lexicalization" title="Lexicalization">lexicalization</a>. Under this point of view, definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than the lexical entry attached to the article.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some languages (such as the continental <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>) have definite articles only as <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_article">Indefinite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indefinite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>indefinite article</b> is an article that marks an <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">indefinite noun phrase</a>. Indefinite articles are those such as English "<a href="/wiki/English_articles#Indefinite_article" title="English articles">a</a>" or "an", which do not refer to a specific identifiable entity. Indefinites are commonly used to introduce a new discourse referent which can be referred back to in subsequent discussion: </p> <ol><li>A monster ate a cookie. His name is <a href="/wiki/Cookie_Monster" title="Cookie Monster">Cookie Monster</a>.</li></ol> <p>Indefinites can also be used to generalize over entities who have some property in common: </p> <ol><li>A cookie is a wonderful thing to eat.</li></ol> <p>Indefinites can also be used to refer to specific entities whose precise identity is unknown or unimportant. </p> <ol><li>A monster must have broken into my house last night and eaten all my cookies.</li> <li>A friend of mine told me that happens frequently to people who live on Sesame Street.</li></ol> <p>Indefinites also have predicative uses: </p> <ol><li>Leaving my door unlocked was a bad decision.</li></ol> <p>Indefinite noun phrases are widely studied within linguistics, in particular because of their ability to take <a href="/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)#Exceptional_scope" title="Scope (formal semantics)">exceptional scope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_article">Proper article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proper article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>proper</b> article indicates that its <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">noun is proper</a>, and refers to a unique entity. It may be the name of a person, the name of a place, the name of a planet, etc. The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> has the proper article <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">a</i></span>, which is used for personal nouns; so, "<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">a Pita</i></span>" means "Peter". In Māori, when the personal nouns have the definite or indefinite article as an important part of it, both articles are present; for example, the phrase "<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">a Te Rauparaha</i></span>", which contains both the proper article <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">a</i></span> and the definite article <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te</i></span> refers to the person name <a href="/wiki/Te_Rauparaha" title="Te Rauparaha">Te Rauparaha</a>. </p><p>The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names, which are already specified by definition (there <i>is</i> just one of them). For example: <i>the Amazon, the Hebrides</i>. In these cases, the definite article may be considered superfluous. Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a longer phrase in which the name is a specifier, i.e. <i>the Amazon River</i>, <i>the Hebridean Islands</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Where the nouns in such longer phrases cannot be omitted, the definite article is universally kept: <i>the United States</i>, <i>the People's Republic of China</i>. </p><p>This distinction can sometimes become a political matter: the former usage <i>the Ukraine</i> stressed the word's Russian meaning of "borderlands"; as <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> became a fully independent state following the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, it requested that formal mentions of its name omit the article. Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Congo_(Brazzaville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo (Brazzaville)">Congo (Brazzaville)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (Kinshasa)</a>; a move in the other direction occurred with <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>. In certain languages, such as French and Italian, definite articles are used with all or most names of countries: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la France</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Canada</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Allemagne</i></span>; <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">l'Italia</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">la Spagna</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">il Brasile</i></span>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a name [has] a definite article, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">the Kremlin</a></i>, it cannot idiomatically be used without it: we cannot say <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> is in Kremlin</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">R. W. Burchfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some languages use definite articles with <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">a Maria</i></span>, literally: "the Maria"), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">η Μαρία</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">ο Γιώργος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">ο Δούναβης</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">η Παρασκευή</span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">la Núria</i></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">el</i></span>/<span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">en Oriol</i></span>). Such usage also occurs colloquially or dialectally in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and other languages. In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, the colloquial use of definite articles with personal names, though widespread, is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Germanism_(linguistics)" title="Germanism (linguistics)">Germanism</a>. </p><p>The definite article sometimes appears in American English nicknames such as "the Donald", referring to former president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and "the Gipper", referring to former president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitive_article">Partitive article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partitive article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>partitive</b> article is a type of article, sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite article, used with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> such as <i>water</i>, to indicate a non-specific quantity of it. Partitive articles are a class of <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>; they are used in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> in addition to definite and indefinite articles. (In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, the partitive is indicated by inflection.) The nearest equivalent in English is <i>some</i>, although it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>, and English uses it less than French uses <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de</i></span>. </p> <dl><dd>French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Veux-tu <b>du</b> café ?</i></span></dd> <dd><i>Do you want (<b>some</b>) coffee?</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd>For more information, see the article on <a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners#Partitive_article" title="French articles and determiners">the French partitive article</a>.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> has a partitive article (suffixed <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">-gyaa</i></span>) referring to "part of something or... to one or more objects of a given group or category," e.g., <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang</i></span> "he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats)."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_article">Negative article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Negative article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>negative</b> article specifies <i>none</i> of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite. On the other hand, some consider such a word to be a simple <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiner</a> rather than an article. In English, this function is fulfilled by <i>no</i>, which can appear before a singular or plural noun: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>No</b> man has been on this island.</i></dd> <dd><i><b>No</b> dogs are allowed here.</i></dd> <dd><i><b>No</b> one is in the room.</i></dd></dl> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the negative article is, among other variations, <i>kein</i>, in opposition to the indefinite article <i>ein</i>. </p> <dl><dd><i>Ein Hund</i> – a dog</dd> <dd><i><b>K</b>ein Hund</i> – no dog</dd></dl> <p>The equivalent in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is <i>geen</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>een hond</i> – a dog</dd> <dd><i><b>g</b>een hond</i> – no dog</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zero_article">Zero article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zero article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zero_article_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero article in English">Zero article in English</a></div> <p>The <b>zero article</b> is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite article, the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite. Linguists interested in <a href="/wiki/X-bar_theory" title="X-bar theory">X-bar theory</a> causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plurals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass nouns</a>, although the word "some" can be used as an indefinite plural article. </p> <dl><dd><i><b>Visitors</b> end up walking in <b>mud</b>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crosslinguistic_variation">Crosslinguistic variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crosslinguistic variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EuropeArticleLanguages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EuropeArticleLanguages.png/300px-EuropeArticleLanguages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EuropeArticleLanguages.png/450px-EuropeArticleLanguages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/EuropeArticleLanguages.png/600px-EuropeArticleLanguages.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Articles in languages in and around Europe <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;"> </span> indefinite and definite articles</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> only definite articles</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkmagenta; color:white;"> </span> indefinite and suffixed definite articles</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> only suffixed definite articles</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightgray; color:black;"> </span> no articles</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Articles are found in many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> (only the definite article)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How about nunation in classical and dialectal Arabic? (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>; however, they are formally absent from many of the world's major languages including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>), many <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Saami languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>). In some languages that do have articles, such as some <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a>, the use of articles is optional; however, in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases. </p><p>Linguists believe the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, did not have articles. Most of the languages in this family do not have definite or indefinite articles: there is no article in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, nor in some modern Indo-European languages, such as the families of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, which are rather distinctive among the Slavic languages in their grammar, and some Northern Russian dialects<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> had a definite article (which has survived into <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> and which bears strong functional resemblance to the German definite article, which it is related to), the earlier <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative, whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> did not have any articles. Articles developed independently in several language families. </p><p>Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles, and some languages have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer shades of meaning: for example, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> have a partitive article used for indefinite <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass nouns</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a> has two distinct sets of definite articles indicating focus and uniqueness, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense, with a tripartite distinction (proximal, medial, distal) based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor. The words <i>this</i> and <i>that</i> (and their plurals, <i>these</i> and <i>those</i>) can be understood in English as, ultimately, forms of the definite article <i>the</i> (whose declension in Old English included <i>thaes</i>, an ancestral form of this/that and these/those). </p><p>In many languages, the form of the article may vary according to the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> of its noun. In some languages the article may be the only indication of the case. Many languages do not use articles at all, and may use other ways of indicating old versus new information, such as <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a> constructions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tables">Tables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span style="black-space: nowrap;">Variations of articles in definiteness and inflection among major languages</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width: 20%">Definite </th> <th style="width: 20%">Indefinite </th> <th style="width: 20%">Gendered </th> <th style="width: 20%">Numbered </th> <th style="width: 20%">Case-inflected </th></tr> <tr> <th>Afrikaans </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Albanian </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar#Definite_article" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as prefixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Armenian_grammar#Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian grammar">Armenian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar#Articles,_determiners_and_quantifiers" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belarusian </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar#Case" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar#Nouns" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Only masculine singular </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar#Articles" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar#Noun_phrases" title="Chinese grammar">Chinese</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Gendered </th> <th>Numbered </th> <th>Case-inflected </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar#Articles" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar#Articles" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">No, except for the genitive case </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">English</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar#The_article" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></i> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Estonian </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Finnish<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners#Articles" title="French articles and determiners">French</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if singular) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language#Syntax" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/German_articles" title="German articles">German</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar#Articles" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language#Grammar" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Gendered </th> <th>Numbered </th> <th>Case-inflected </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Grammar" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar#Syntax" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as prefixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar#Articles" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar#Articles" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></i> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension#Articles" title="Irish declension">Irish</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar#Articles" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Japanese </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Korean </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension#Adjectives" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Gendered </th> <th>Numbered </th> <th>Case-inflected </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar#Nouns" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Macedonian </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malay/Indonesian </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes, as suffixes in the colloquial language </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Morphology" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pashto </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Persian </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Might be used optionally </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polish </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar#Articles" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar#Articles" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sanskrit </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar#Articles" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Gendered </th> <th>Numbered </th> <th>Case-inflected </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovak </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovene </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar#Morphology" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners#Articles" title="Spanish determiners">Spanish</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar#Articles" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar#Articles_and_definite_forms" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar#Auxiliaries" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thai </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></i> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Turkish </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Might be used optionally </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology#The_article" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">Welsh</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Causes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colloquial_Welsh_nouns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colloquial Welsh nouns (page does not exist)">initial consonant mutation to singular feminine nouns</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar#Article" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes (if definite) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Gendered </th> <th>Numbered </th> <th>Case-inflected </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span style="black-space: nowrap;">The articles used in some languages</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>definite article </th> <th>partitive article </th> <th>indefinite article </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td> <td><i>a-</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>-k</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> </td> <td><i>die</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>'n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </td> <td><i>-a</i>, <i>-ja</i>, <i>-i</i>, <i>-ri</i>, <i>-ni</i>, <i>-u</i>, <i>-t</i>, <i>-in</i>, <i>-un</i>, <i>-n</i>, <i>-rin</i>, <i>-nin</i>, <i>-në</i>, <i>-ën</i>, <i>-s</i>, <i>-së</i>, <i>-ës</i>, <i>-të</i>, <i>-it</i>, <i>-ët</i> (all suffixes) </td> <td><i>disa</i> </td> <td><i>një</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">al-</a></i></span> or <i>el</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ال</span></span> (prefix) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>-n </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> </td> <td><i>-tû</i>, <i>-ta</i>, <i>-ti</i>, <i>-khôn</i>, <i>-khini</i>, <i>-zôn</i>, <i>-zôni</i>, <i>-dal</i>, <i>-zûpa</i> etc. </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>êta</i>, <i>êkhôn</i>, <i>êzôn</i>, <i>êzôni</i>, <i>êdal</i>, <i>êzûpa</i> etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>-টা, -টি, -গুলো, -রা, -খানা (-ṭa, -ṭi, -gulo, -ra, -khana) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>একটি, একটা, কোন (ekôṭi, ekôṭa, konô) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> </td> <td><i>an</i>, <i>al</i>, <i>ar</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i>, <i>ul</i>, <i>ur</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td><i>-та</i>, <i>-то</i>, <i>-ът</i>, <i>-ят</i>, <i>-те</i> (all suffixes) </td> <td>няколко </td> <td><i>един</i>/<i>някакъв</i>, <br /> <i>една</i>/<i>някаква</i>, <br /> <i>едно</i>/<i>някакво</i>, <br /> <i>едни</i>/<i>някакви</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </td> <td><i>el</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>l'</i>, <i>els</i>, <i>les</i><br /><i>ses</i>, <i>lo</i>, <i>los</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>sa</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i>, <i>una</i><br /> <i>uns</i>, <i>unes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> </td> <td><i>an</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </td> <td>Singular: <i>-en, -n -et, -t</i> (all suffixes) <p>Plural: <i>-ene, -ne</i> (all suffixes) </p> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>en, et</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">de</i></span>, <i>het ('t)</i>; archaic since 1945/46 but still used in names and idioms: <i>des</i>, <i>der</i>, <i>den</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>een ('n)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">English</a> </td> <td><i>the</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>a</i>, <i>an</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></i> </td> <td><i>la</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Finnish" title="Colloquial Finnish">colloquial</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>se</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>yks(i)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="French articles">French</a> </td> <td><i>le</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>l',</i> <i>les</i><br /> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de</i></span>, <i>d',</i> <i>du</i>, <i>de la</i>, <i>des</i>, <br /> <i>de l'</i><br /> </td> <td><i>un</i>, <i>une</i>, <i>des</i> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_articles" title="German articles">German</a> </td> <td><i>der</i>, <i>die</i>, <i>das</i><br /> <i>des</i>, <i>dem</i>, <i>den</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>ein</i>, <i>eine</i>, <i>einer</i>, <i>eines</i><br /> <i>einem</i>, <i>einen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ο, η, το<br />οι, οι, τα</span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ένας, μια, ένα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </td> <td><i>ka</i>, <i>ke</i><br /> <i>nā</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>he</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ (prefix) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Language">Hungarian</a> </td> <td><i>a</i>, <i>az</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>egy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </td> <td><i>-(i)nn</i>, <i>-(i)n</i>, <i>-(i)ð</i>, <i>-(i)na</i>, <i>-num</i>, <i>-(i)nni</i>, <i>-nu</i>, <i>-(i)ns</i>, <i>-(i)nnar</i>, <i>-nir</i>, <i>-nar</i>, <i>-(u)num</i>, <i>-nna</i> (all suffixes) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></i> </td> <td><i>le</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </td> <td><i>an</i>, <i>na</i>, <i>a' (used colloquially)</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar#Articles" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a> </td> <td><i>il</i>, <i>lo</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>l'</i><br /> <i>i</i>, <i>gli</i>, <i>le</i> </td> <td><i>del</i>, <i>dello</i>, <i>della</i>, <i>dell'</i><br /> <i>dei</i>, <i>degli</i>, <i>degl',</i> <i>delle</i> </td> <td><i>un'</i>, <i>uno</i>, <i>una</i>, <i>un</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a> </td> <td><i>u</i>, <i>ka</i>, <i>i</i><br /> <i>ki</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Kurdish</a> </td> <td><i>-eke</i><br /> <i>-ekan</i> </td> <td><i>hendê</i>, <i>birrê</i> </td> <td><i>-êk</i><br /> <i>-anêk</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> </td> <td><i>den</i>, <i>déi (d')</i>, <i>dat (d')</i><br /> <i>dem</i>, <i>der</i> </td> <td><i>däers/es</i>, <i>däer/er</i> </td> <td><i>en</i>, <i>eng</i> <br /> <i>engem</i>, <i>enger</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> </td> <td><i>-от</i> <i>-ов</i> <i>-он</i> <i>-та</i> <i>-ва</i> <i>-на</i> <i>-то</i> <i>-во</i> <i>-но</i> <br /> <i>-те</i> <i>-ве</i> <i>-не</i> <i>-та</i> <i>-ва</i> <i>-на</i> (all suffixes) </td> <td><i>неколку</i> </td> <td><i>еден</i> <i>една</i> <i>едно</i> <br /> <i>едни</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx</a> </td> <td><i>y</i>, <i>yn</i>, '<i>n</i>, <i>ny</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> </td> <td><i>-nya</i> (colloquial), before names: <i>si</i> (usually informal), <i>sang</i> (more formal) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>se-</i> (+ classifiers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> </td> <td><i>te</i> (singular), <i>ngā</i> (plural) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>he</i> (also for "some") </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> </td> <td><i>(i)l-</i>, <i>(i)ċ-</i>, <i>(i)d-</i>, <i>(i)n-</i>, <i>(i)r-</i>, <i>(i)s-</i>, <i>(i)t-</i>, <i>(i)x-</i>, <i>(i)z-</i>, <i>(i)ż-</i> (all prefixes) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>euta</i>, <i>euti</i>, <i>ek</i>, <i>anek</i>, <i>kunai</i> <p><i>एउटा</i>, <i>एउटी</i>, <i>एक</i>, <i>अनेक</i>, <i>कुनै</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>) </td> <td>Singular: <i>-en</i>, <i>-et</i>, <i>-a (all suffixes)</i> <p>Plural: <i>-ene, -a</i> (all suffixes) </p> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>en</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>ei</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norwegian (<a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>) </td> <td>Singular: <i>-en</i>, <i>-et</i>, <i>-a (all suffixes)</i> <p>Plural: <i>-ane, -ene, -a</i> (all suffixes) </p> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>ein</i>, <i>eit</i>, <i>ei</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> </td> <td><i>e</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>yaow</i>, <i>yaowə</i>, <i>yaowa</i>, <i>yaowey</i><br /> <i>يو</i>, <i>يوهٔ</i>, <i>يوه</i>, <i>يوې</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td><i>in, ān, -e</i><br /><i>این، آن، ـه</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>ye(k)</i><br /><i>یه، یک</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td><i>o</i>, <i>a</i><br /> <i>os</i>, <i>as</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>um</i>, <i>uma</i><br /> <i>uns</i>, <i>umas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></i> </td> <td><i>i</i>, <i>in</i>, '<i>n</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td><i>-(u)l</i>, <i>-le</i>, <i>-(u)a</i><br /><i>-(u)lui</i>, <i>-i</i>, <i>-lor</i> (all suffixes) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i>, <i>o</i><br /><i>unui</i>, <i>unei</i><br /><i>niște</i>, <i>unor</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> </td> <td><i>the</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>a</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> </td> <td><i>an</i>, <i>am</i>, <i>a'</i>, <i>na</i>, <i>nam</i>, <i>nan</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></i> </td> <td><i>i</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>-in</i>, <i>-n</i>, <i>en</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners#Articles" title="Spanish determiners">Spanish</a> </td> <td><i>el</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>lo</i>,<br /> <i>los</i>, <i>las</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>un</i>, <i>una</i><br /> <i>unos</i>, <i>unas</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>Singular: <i>-en, -n, -et, -t</i> (all suffixes) <p>Plural: <i>-na, -a, -en</i> (all suffixes) </p> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i>en, ett</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td><i>y</i>, <i>yr</i>, <i>-'r</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> </td> <td>דער <i>(der)</i>, די <i>(di)</i>, דאָס <i>(dos)</i>, דעם <i>(dem)</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>אַ <i>(a)</i>, אַן <i>(an)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grammatically speaking <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> has no articles, but the words <i>se</i> (it) and <i>yks(i)</i> (one) are used in <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Finnish" title="Colloquial Finnish">colloquial Finnish</a> in the same fashion as <i>the</i> and <i>a/an</i> in English and are, for all intents and purposes, treated like articles when used in this manner.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to the noun: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i>zog</i>, a bird; <i>zog<b>u</b></i>, the bird</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>: שלם (shalam), peace; שלמ<b>א</b> (shalma), the peace <ul><li>Note: Aramaic is written from right to left, so an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Aleph</a> is added to the end of the word. ם becomes מ when it is not the final letter.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: "কিতাপ (kitap)", book; "কিতাপ<b>খন</b> (kitapkhôn)": "The book"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: "বই (bôi)", book; "বই<b>টি</b> (bôi<b>ti</b>)/বই<b>টা</b> (bôi<b>ta</b>)/বই<b>খানা</b> (bôi<b>khana</b>)" : "The Book"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: стол <i>stol</i>, chair; стол<b>ът</b> <i>stolǎt</i>, the chair (<a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>); стола <i>stol<b>a</b></i>, the chair (<a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i>hus</i>, house; <i>hus<b>et</b></i>, the house; if there is an adjective: <i><b>det</b> gamle hus</i>, the old house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i>hestur</i>, horse; <i>hestur<b>inn</b></i>, the horse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: стол <i>stol</i>, chair; стол<b>от</b> <i>stolot</i>, the chair; стол<b>ов</b> <i>stolov</i>, this chair; стол<b>он</b> <i>stolon</i>, that chair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i>sib</i>, apple. (There is no definite articles in the Standard Persian. It has one indefinite article 'yek' that means 'one'. In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a>, if a noun is not indefinite, it is a definite noun. 'Sib e' man' means 'my apple'. Here, 'e' is like 'of' in English, so literally 'sib e man' means 'the apple of mine'. However, in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>, "-e" is used as a definite article, quite different from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a>. <i>pesar</i>, boy; <i>pesar<b>e</b></i>, the boy; <i>pesar<b>e</b> in'o be'm dād</i>, the boy gave me this.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i>drum</i>, road; <i>drum</i>u<i><b>l</b></i>, the road (the article is just "l", "u" is a "connection <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>" <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">vocală de legătură</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i>hus</i>, house; <i>hus<b>et</b></i>, the house; if there is an adjective: <i><b>det</b> gamle (N)/gamla (S) hus<b>et</b></i>, the old house</li></ul> <p>Examples of prefixed definite articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ילד</span>, transcribed as <i>yeled</i>, a boy; <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הילד</span></span>, transcribed as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>ha</b>yeled</i></span>, the boy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">ktieb</i>, a book; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">il-ktieb</i></span>, the book; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">għotja</i>, a donation; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">l-għotja</i></span>, the donation; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">ċavetta</i>, a key; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">iċ-ċavetta</i></span>, the key; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">dar</i>, a house; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">id-dar</i></span>, the house; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">nemla</i>, an ant; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">in-nemla</i></span>, the ant; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">ras</i>, a head; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">ir-ras</i></span>, the head; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">sodda</i>, a bed; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">is-sodda</i></span>, the bed; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">tuffieħa</i>, an apple; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">it-tuffieħa</i></span>, the apple; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">xahar</i>, a month; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">ix-xahar</i></span>, the month; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">zunnarija</i>, a carrot; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">iz-zunnarija</i></span>, the carrot; <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">żmien</i>, a time; <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt" dir="rtl">iż-żmien</i></span>, the time</li></ul> <p>A different way, limited to the definite article, is used by <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined. In Latvian: <i>galds</i>, a table / the table; <i>balt<b>s</b> galds</i>, a white table; <i>balt<b>ais</b> galds</i>, the white table. In Lithuanian: <i>stalas</i>, a table / the table; <i>balt<b>as</b> stalas</i>, a white table; <i>baltas<b>is</b> stalas</i>, the white table. </p><p>Languages in the above table written in <i>italics</i> are <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed languages</a> and are not natural, that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an individual (or group of individuals) with some purpose in mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokelauan">Tokelauan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tokelauan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to Tokelauan, we should not give a separate lengthy section to all languages, much less to Tokelauan out of all</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When using a definite article in <a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan language</a>, unlike in some languages like English, if the speaker is speaking of an item, they need not have referred to it previously as long as the item is specific.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also true when it comes to the reference of a specific person.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, although the definite article used to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is <i>te</i>, it can also translate to the indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been referenced prior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When translating to English, <i>te</i> could translate to the English definite article <i>the</i>, or it could also translate to the English indefinite article <i>a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of how the definite article <i>te</i> can be used as an interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be the sentence “<i>Kua hau te tino</i>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the English language, this could be translated as “<b>A man has arrived</b>” or “<b>The man has arrived</b>” where using <i>te</i> as the article in this sentence can represent any man or a particular man.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>he</i>, which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan, is used to describe ‘any such item’, and is encountered most often with negatives and interrogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the use of <i>he</i> as an indefinite article is “<i>Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki</i> ”, where ‘<i>he toki</i> ’ mean ‘<b>an axe</b>’.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <i>he</i> and <i>te</i> in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a singular noun. However, when describing a plural noun, different articles are used. For plural definite nouns, rather than <i>te</i>, the article <i>nā</i> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ‘<i>Vili ake oi k'aumai nā nofoa</i>’ in Tokelauan would translate to “<b>Do run and bring me the chairs</b>” in English.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some special cases in which instead of using <i>nā</i>, plural definite nouns have no article before them. The absence of an article is represented by <i>0</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way that it is usually used is if a large amount or a specific class of things are being described.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, such as if one was describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion, the singular definite noun <i>te</i> would is used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, ‘<i>Ko te povi e kai mutia</i>’ means “<b>Cows eat grass</b>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this is a general statement about cows, <i>te</i> is used instead of <i>nā</i>. The <i>ko</i> serves as a preposition to the “<i>te</i>” The article <i>ni</i> is used for describing a plural indefinite noun. ‘<i>E i ei ni tuhi?</i>’ translates to “<b>Are there any books?</b>”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles often develop by specialization of <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiners">determiners</a>. Their development is often a sign of languages becoming more <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>, perhaps combined with the loss of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> as in English, Romance languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> in Universals of Human Language describes "the cycle of the definite article": Definite articles (Stage I) evolve from demonstratives, and in turn can become generic articles (Stage II) that may be used in both definite and indefinite contexts, and later merely noun markers (Stage III) that are part of nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings. Eventually articles may evolve anew from demonstratives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_articles">Definite articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Definite articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definite articles typically arise from <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> meaning <i>that</i>. For example, the definite articles in most <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>—e.g., <i>el</i>, <i>il</i>, <i>le</i>, <i>la</i>, <i>lo, a, o</i> — derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> demonstratives <i>ille</i> (masculine), <i>illa</i> (feminine) and <i>illud</i> (neuter). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> definite article <i><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">the</a></i>, written <i>þe</i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, derives from an <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> demonstrative, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, was written <i>se</i> (masculine), <i>seo</i> (feminine) (<i>þe</i> and <i>þeo</i> in the Northumbrian dialect), or <a href="/wiki/That#Historical_usage" title="That"><i>þæt</i></a> (neuter). The neuter form <i>þæt</i> also gave rise to the modern demonstrative <i>that</i>. The <i>ye</i> occasionally seen in pseudo-archaic usage such as "<a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye Olde">Ye Olde</a> Englishe Tea Shoppe" is actually a form of <i>þe</i>, where the letter <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> (<i>þ</i>) came to be written as a <i>y</i>. </p><p>Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple definite articles. <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, for example, in which the articles are suffixed, has <i>столот</i> (<i>stolot</i>), the chair; <i>столов</i> (<i>stolov</i>), this chair; and <i>столон</i> (<i>stolon</i>), that chair. These derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> demonstratives <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/t%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tъ">*tъ</a></i> "this, that", <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ov%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ovъ">*ovъ</a></i> "this here" and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/on%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/onъ">*onъ</a></i> "that over there, yonder" respectively. <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a> prepositions articles such as in <i>dat Auto</i>, or <i>et Auto</i>, the car; the first being specifically selected, focused, newly introduced, while the latter is not selected, unfocused, already known, general, or generic. </p><p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> distinguishes between proximal and distal definite articles in the plural (dialectally, a proximal singular and an additional medial grade may also be present). The Basque distal form (with infix <i>-a-</i>, etymologically a suffixed and phonetically reduced form of the distal demonstrative <i>har-/hai-</i>) functions as the default definite article, whereas the proximal form (with infix <i>-o-</i>, derived from the proximal demonstrative <i>hau-/hon-</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Markedness#Marked_and_unmarked_word_pairs" title="Markedness">marked</a> and indicates some kind of (spatial or otherwise) close relationship between the speaker and the referent (e.g., it may imply that the speaker is included in the referent): <i>etxeak</i> ("the houses") vs. <i>etxeok</i> ("these houses [of ours]"), <i>euskaldunak</i> ("the Basque speakers") vs. <i>euskaldunok</i> ("we, the Basque speakers"). </p><p>Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Aramaic language">modern Aramaic language</a> that lacks a definite article, may at times use demonstratives <i>aha</i> and <i>aya</i> (feminine) or <i>awa</i> (masculine) – which translate to "this" and "<a href="/wiki/That" title="That">that</a>", respectively – to give the sense of "the".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, the third person <a href="/wiki/Possessive_affix" title="Possessive affix">possessive suffix</a> <i>-nya</i> could be also used as a definite article.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_articles">Indefinite articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indefinite articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indefinite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning <i>one</i>. For example, the indefinite articles in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>—e.g., <i>un</i>, <i>una</i>, <i>une</i>—derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective <i>unus</i>. Partitive articles, however, derive from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <i>de illo</i>, meaning <i>(some) of the</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> indefinite article <i><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">an</a></i> is derived from the same root as <i>one</i>. The <i>-n</i> came to be dropped before consonants, giving rise to the shortened form <i>a</i>. The existence of both forms has led to many cases of <a href="/wiki/Juncture_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Juncture loss">juncture loss</a>, for example transforming the original <i>a napron</i> into the modern <i>an apron</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> indefinite article is <i>yek</i>, meaning one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">English articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">Al-</a> (definite article in Arabic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_title" title="False title">False title</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRecasensMartíTaulé2009" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Marta; Martí, M. Antònia; Taulé, Mariona (2009-06-16), Winkler, Susanne; Featherston, Sam (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110216158.217/html">"First-mention definites:More than exceptional cases"</a>, <i>The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics II</i>, vol. 102, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 217–238, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110216158.217">10.1515/9783110216158.217</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021347-8"><bdi>978-3-11-021347-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fruits+of+Empirical+Linguistics+II&rft.atitle=First-mention+definites%3AMore+than+exceptional+cases&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=217-238&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110216158.217&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021347-8&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Mart%C3%AD%2C+M.+Ant%C3%B2nia&rft.au=Taul%C3%A9%2C+Mariona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110216158.217%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/969386958"><i>New perspectives on Hispanic contact : linguistics in the Americas</i></a>. Melvin González-Rivera, and Sandro Sessarego. Madrid: Iberoamericana. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95487-831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95487-831-4"><bdi>978-3-95487-831-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969386958">969386958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+perspectives+on+Hispanic+contact+%3A+linguistics+in+the+Americas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Iberoamericana&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F969386958&rft.isbn=978-3-95487-831-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F969386958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Burchfield, R. W.</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage"><i>The New Fowler's Modern English Usage</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199690367" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199690367"><bdi>978-0199690367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0199690367&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgetsinger2015" class="citation news cs1">Argetsinger, Amy (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/">"Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+does+everyone+call+Donald+Trump+%27The+Donald%27%3F+It%27s+an+interesting+story.&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Argetsinger&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fwp%2F2015%2F09%2F01%2Fwhy-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1977" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Erma (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED162532&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED162532&_nfls=false"><i>Haida dictionary</i></a>. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haida+dictionary&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Erma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fsearch%2FrecordDetails.jsp%3FERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DED162532%26searchtype%3Dkeyword%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26_pageLabel%3DRecordDetails%26accno%3DED162532%26_nfls%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster1997" class="citation journal cs1">Master, Peter (1997). "The English article system: Acquisition, function, and pedagogy". <i>System</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 215–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0346-251X%2897%2900010-9">10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00010-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=System&rft.atitle=The+English+article+system%3A+Acquisition%2C+function%2C+and+pedagogy&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-232&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0346-251X%2897%2900010-9&rft.aulast=Master&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusmenko" class="citation web cs1">Kusmenko, J K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://julevbaago.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/7-the_thypology_of_the_language_contact_on_the_balkans_and_in_scandinavia.pdf">"The typology of the language contact on the Balkans and in Scandinavia. A case of the suffixed definite article"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004042537/https://julevbaago.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/7-the_thypology_of_the_language_contact_on_the_balkans_and_in_scandinavia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+typology+of+the+language+contact+on+the+Balkans+and+in+Scandinavia.+A+case+of+the+suffixed+definite+article.&rft.aulast=Kusmenko&rft.aufirst=J+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjulevbaago.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F06%2F7-the_thypology_of_the_language_contact_on_the_balkans_and_in_scandinavia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span> See s.5 Summary. Retrieved 2 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimona1986" class="citation book cs1">Simona, Ropati (1986). <i>Tokelau Dictionary</i>. New Zealand: Office of Tokelau Affairs. p. Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tokelau+Dictionary&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.pub=Office+of+Tokelau+Affairs&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Simona&rft.aufirst=Ropati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Joseph H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/132691297"><i>Genetic linguistics : essays on theory and method</i></a>. William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151452-4"><bdi>978-0-19-151452-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/132691297">132691297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+linguistics+%3A+essays+on+theory+and+method&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F132691297&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151452-4&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F132691297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon, Zomaya S. (1997). <i>Functional and other exotic sentences in Assyrian Aramaic</i>, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XI/2:44-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kumparan.com/ragam-info/20-contoh-penggunaan-kata-nya-dalam-kalimat-22B008A3Fp3">"20 Contoh Penggunaan Kata nya dalam Kalimat"</a>. <i>kumparan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kumparan.com&rft.atitle=20+Contoh+Penggunaan+Kata+nya+dalam+Kalimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkumparan.com%2Fragam-info%2F20-contoh-penggunaan-kata-nya-dalam-kalimat-22B008A3Fp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticle+%28grammar%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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(1921)/Article">Article</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2526603">"The Definite Article, 'The': The Most Frequently Used Word in World's Englishes"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIng2019" class="citation web cs1">Ing, John (September 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressenglish.ae/blogs/how-to-use-articles-in-english-correctly/">"How to Use Articles Correctly in English (A, An & The)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a 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