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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lexicalization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikalisierung" title="Lexikalisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lexikalisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikaliseerumine" title="Leksikaliseerumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leksikaliseerumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Lexicalización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lexicalización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicalisation" title="Lexicalisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lexicalisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%ED%9C%98%ED%99%94" title="어휘화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어휘화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessicalizzazione" title="Lessicalizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lessicalizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Лексикалану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лексикалану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikaliz%C3%A1l%C3%B3d%C3%A1s" title="Lexikalizálódás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lexikalizálódás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%8C%96" title="語彙化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語彙化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksykalizacja" title="Leksykalizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leksykalizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicalizare" title="Lexicalizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lexicalizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикализация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лексикализация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikalisering" title="Lexikalisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lexikalisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лексикалізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лексикалізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB%E5%8C%96" title="詞庫化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詞庫化" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The process of becoming a word or adding words to a language</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>lexicalization</b> is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. </p><p>Whether <i><a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">word formation</a></i> and <i>lexicalization</i> refer to the same process is controversial within the field of linguistics. Most linguists agree that there is a distinction, but there are many ideas of what the distinction is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexicalization may be simple, for example borrowing a word from another language, or more involved, as in <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque or loan translation</a>, wherein a foreign phrase is translated literally, as in <i>marché aux puces</i>, or in English, flea market. </p><p>Other mechanisms include <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly interesting from the perspective of historical linguistics is the process by which <i>ad hoc</i> phrases become set in the language, and eventually become new words (see <a href="/wiki/Lexicon#Lexicalization" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>). Lexicalization contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">grammaticalization</a>, and the relationship between the two processes is subject to some debate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psycholinguistics">In psycholinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In psycholinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, lexicalization is the process of going from <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> production. The most widely accepted model, <a href="/wiki/Speech_production" title="Speech production">speech production</a>, in which an underlying concept is converted into a <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a>, is at least a two-stage process. </p><p>First, the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> form (which is specified for meaning) is converted into a <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(psycholinguistics)" title="Lemma (psycholinguistics)">lemma</a>, which is an abstract form specified for semantic and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> information (how a word can be used in a sentence), but not for <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> information (how a word is pronounced). The next stage is the <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexeme</a>, which is phonologically specified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some recent work has challenged this model, suggesting for example that there is no lemma stage, and that syntactic information is retrieved in the semantic and phonological stages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sign_languages">In sign languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In sign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> adopt new words is through <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>, but in some cases these borrowings undergo a systemic transformation in form and meaning to become what are referred to as 'lexicalized signs'<sup id="cite_ref-MRID96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRID96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'loan signs.' These manual borrowings can act the same as other signs and can undergo regularly morphological changes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, regular, predictable changes may be made to hand shape and palm orientation. Similarly, movement and location of the sign may add grammatical information. Letters may also be elided or omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-MRID96_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRID96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexicalized signs may also be developed from gestures related to handling an object.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brinton & Traugott, 2005, <i>Lexicalization and Language Change</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLipka1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lipka, Leonhard (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5105/1/5105.pdf">"Lexicalization and Institutionalization in English and German"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistica Pragensia</i>: 1–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica+Pragensia&rft.atitle=Lexicalization+and+Institutionalization+in+English+and+German&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1992-01&rft.aulast=Lipka&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F5105%2F1%2F5105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmy2000" class="citation book cs1">Talmy, Leonard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/talmy/talmyweb/Volume2/chap1.pdf"><i>Toward a Cognitive Semantics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Cognitive+Semantics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Talmy&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.buffalo.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Ftalmy%2Ftalmyweb%2FVolume2%2Fchap1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley, T. (2005) <i>The Psychology of Language.</i> Hove; New York: Psychology Press: 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caramazza, A. 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Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. & Ishara Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614518174-007">10.1515/9781614518174-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-796-2"><bdi>978-1-61451-796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Sign+Language&rft.btitle=Sign+Languages+of+the+World%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+Inc.+%26+Ishara+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614518174-007&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-796-2&rft.aulast=Neidle&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Poole+Nash%2C+Joan+Cottle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeesonSaeedGrehan2015" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Lorraine; Saeed, John I.; Grehan, Carmel (2015). 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