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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-解剖学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解剖学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>解剖学</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-解剖学-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关解剖学子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-解剖学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原核细胞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原核细胞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>原核细胞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原核细胞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真核细胞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真核细胞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>真核细胞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真核细胞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亚细胞成分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚细胞成分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>亚细胞成分</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-亚细胞成分-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关亚细胞成分子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-亚细胞成分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-細胞膜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞膜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>細胞膜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞膜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細胞質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>細胞質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>细胞器</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞膜之外的结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞膜之外的结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>细胞膜之外的结构</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-细胞膜之外的结构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关细胞膜之外的结构子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-细胞膜之外的结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-細胞壁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞壁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>細胞壁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞壁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原核生物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原核生物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>原核生物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原核生物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-荚膜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荚膜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>荚膜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荚膜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鞭毛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鞭毛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>鞭毛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鞭毛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-菌毛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#菌毛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>菌毛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-菌毛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞过程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞过程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>细胞过程</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-细胞过程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关细胞过程子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-细胞过程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-增殖及调控" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#增殖及调控"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>增殖及调控</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-增殖及调控-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分化與基因表达" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分化與基因表达"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>分化與基因表达</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分化與基因表达-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞衰老與凋亡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞衰老與凋亡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>细胞衰老與凋亡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞衰老與凋亡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞的研究历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞的研究历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>细胞的研究历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞的研究历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">细胞</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。175种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zelle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5" title="ህዋስ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህዋስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celula" title="Celula – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Celula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABfcl%C4%93ofa" title="Līfclēofa – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līfclēofa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कोशिका – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोशिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="بنيقة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بنيقة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خليه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান) – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Лъамел – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъамел" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCceyr%C9%99" title="Hüceyrə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüceyrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حوجره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حوجره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Күҙәнәк – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күҙәнәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8Dstel%C4%97" title="Lōstelė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lōstelė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вуза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="कोष (जीवविज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोष (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="သဲလ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဲလ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কোষ (জীববিজ্ঞান) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোষ (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕྲ་ཕུང། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕྲ་ཕུང།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellig" title="Kellig – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kellig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćelija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula" title="Cèl·lula – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèl·lula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-b%C3%A0u" title="Sá̤-bàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-bàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="خانە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buňka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Пайрăм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(bioleg)" title="Cell (bioleg) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cell (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle_(biologi)" title="Celle (biologi) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Celle (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zelle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κύτταρο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύτταρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cell (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88elo_(biologio)" title="Ĉelo (biologio) – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉelo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakk" title="Rakk – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zelula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="سلول – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu" title="Solu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Solu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kykna" title="Kykna – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kykna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cellule (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8lula_(biologia)" title="Cèlula (biologia) – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cèlula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Cill (bitheolaíocht) – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cill (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9loul_(byoloji)" title="Séloul (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Séloul (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cealla_(bith-e%C3%B2las)" title="Cealla (bith-eòlas) – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cealla (bith-eòlas)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8A%D9%84" title="سللۊل – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سللۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoveap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tekoveapỹi – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoveapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killag" title="Killag – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Killag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-p%C3%A2u" title="Se-pâu – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-pâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90" title="תא – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कोशिका – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanica" title="Stanica – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selil" title="Selil – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Selil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejt" title="Sejt – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sejt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Բջիջ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջիջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Բջիջ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բջիջ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia) – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cellula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellul" title="Cellul – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cellul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula_(biolohia)" title="Selula (biolohia) – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Selula (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3" title="Оагилг – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оагилг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulo" title="Celulo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Celulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruma" title="Fruma – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fruma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(bailoji)" title="Sel (bailoji) – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sel (bailoji)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ji%27esle" title="ji'esle – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ji'esle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8l_(biologi)" title="Sèl (biologi) – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sèl (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="უჯრედი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უჯრედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletka" title="Kletka – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kletka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwatt" title="Takwatt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takwatt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Уэтэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэтэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Жасуша – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасуша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="កោសិកាជីវវិទ្យា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោសិកាជីវវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ಜೀವಕೋಶ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="세포 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xane" title="Xane – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell" title="Kell – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_(Biologie)" title="Zell (Biologie) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zell (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жаннакъатта – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Жаннакъатта" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akataffaali" title="Akataffaali – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Akataffaali" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie) – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cel (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A5_(%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2)" title="ເຊລ (ຊີວະວິທະຍາ) – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊລ (ຊີວະວິທະຍາ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85stel%C4%97" title="Ląstelė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ląstelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABna" title="Šūna – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela" title="Sela – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Илпарчак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Илпарчак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="കോശം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="पेशी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကလာပ်စည်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလာပ်စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Човэриця – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Човэриця" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="سلول – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_(Biologie)" title="Zell (Biologie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zell (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="कोष – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cel (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle" title="Celle – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Celle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle" title="Celle – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Celle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AEtre" title="Aître – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Aître" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cellula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seelii_(Lubbiyyoo)" title="Seelii (Lubbiyyoo) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seelii (Lubbiyyoo)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="କୋଷ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka" title="Komórka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komórka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87" title="ژونکه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژونکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaykuq" title="Kawsaykuq – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaykuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celulă (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%A2_(biologie)" title="Celulâ (biologie) – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Celulâ (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Бунка (біолоґія) – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бунка (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7:" title="रसकोष: – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रसकोष:" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Саанык – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саанык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8llula" title="Cèllula – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cèllula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DA%99%D9%88" title="جيو گھرڙو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيو گھرڙو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealla" title="Sealla – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sealla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ćelija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="සෛලය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෛලය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunka" title="Bunka – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bunka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celica" title="Celica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyere_(Dzezvipenyu)" title="Nyere (Dzezvipenyu) – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyere (Dzezvipenyu)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unug" title="Unug – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Unug" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeliza" title="Qeliza – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeliza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ћелија (биологија) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћелија (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4lle_(Biologie)" title="Sälle (Biologie) – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sälle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9l_(biologi)" title="Sél (biologi) – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sél (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seli" title="Seli – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Seli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sipaw" title="sipaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sipaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரணு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="జీవకణం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవకణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ҳуҷайра – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуҷайра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="เซลล์ (ชีววิทยา) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลล์ (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%BDj%C3%BCk" title="Öýjük – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Öýjük" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcre" title="Hücre – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Күзәнәк – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күзәнәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клітина – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujayra" title="Hujayra – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujayra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C5%82u%C5%82a" title="Sełuła – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sełuła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o" title="Tế bào – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tế bào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BCl" title="Siül – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Siül" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celule" title="Celule – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Celule" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selul%C3%A1" title="Selulá – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Selulá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-cell" title="I-cell – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-cell" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თოლი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="צעל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3r%C3%B3" title="Hóró – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hóró" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibau" title="Sibau – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sibau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-pau" title="Sè-pau – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-pau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqamuzana" title="Ingqamuzana – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqamuzana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&oldid=83024306" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:21em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">细胞</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson1900Fig2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wilson1900Fig2.jpg/250px-Wilson1900Fig2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wilson1900Fig2.jpg/375px-Wilson1900Fig2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wilson1900Fig2.jpg/500px-Wilson1900Fig2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">在细胞週期不同阶段下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5" title="洋蔥">洋蔥</a>根尖細胞（由E.B.Wilson繪製，1900年）</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Celltypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Celltypes.svg/langzh-250px-Celltypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Celltypes.svg/langzh-375px-Celltypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Celltypes.svg/langzh-500px-Celltypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="214" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核</a>細胞（左）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核</a>細胞（右）</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">标识字符</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D" title="医学主题词">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002477">D002477</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E" title="組織學術語">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTH/THh100.html">H1.00.01.0.00001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="解剖学基础模型">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FMA_686465">FMA:686465</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%B0%8F%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="格雷氏解剖學">格雷氏</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/35/mode/2up">p.35</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖學術語">解剖學術語</a>》<div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868" class="extiw" title="d:Q7868">在维基数据上编辑</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG/220px-Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG/330px-Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG/440px-Structure_of_animal_cell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>動物細胞的結構</figcaption></figure> <p><b>细胞</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Cell</span>）旧称<b>䏭</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="生物体">生物体</a>结构和功能的基本单位。它是除了<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>之外全部有完整生命力的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>的最小单位，也经常被称为生命的积木（病毒仅由DNA/RNA组成，并由蛋白质和脂肪包裹其外）。<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>细胞可分為兩大類：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="原核细胞">原核细胞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="真核细胞">真核细胞</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>界的生物由原核细胞构成。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>均由真核细胞构成。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>生物可分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="单细胞生物">单细胞生物</a>（仅由单粒细胞构成，包括大多数的细菌）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多细胞生物</a>，人体包含数十万亿粒细胞（局部样本实验估计总计约3.72 × 10<sup>13</sup>粒<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。植物细胞和动物细胞的大小在1μm到100μm之间，所以在显微镜下可见。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞生物學">細胞生物學</a>，舊稱細胞學是研究細胞的形態結構、生理機能、發育、生活史，以及各種胞器及訊息傳遞路徑的學科，可根據研究的尺度來分類，包括顯微水平，超微水平和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>水平等不同層次研究細胞的結構、功能及生命活動。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="解剖学"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E5.89.96.E5.AD.A6"></span>解剖学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：解剖学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Epithelial-cells.jpg/160px-Epithelial-cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Epithelial-cells.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>在顯微鏡下的細胞。</figcaption></figure> <p>生物界由两种细胞构成：原核细胞和真核细胞。生命最先<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>成原核细胞；地球上存在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>的最初的15亿年间，原核细胞是唯一的生存形式。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>证据可推断出生命演化成真核细胞是在大约21亿年以前。真核细胞最大的特点是其内部包含了以膜封围的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>来存储<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>。真核（eukaryotic）一词源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>，其中前缀“eu”是“真正的”（true）意思，而“karyon”是内核的意思，这里指细胞核（nucleus）。原核（prokaryotic）是指“在细胞核出现之前”，其中前缀“pro”是“在…之前”（before）的意思，映射了原核细胞是在真核细胞之前出现的事实。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" border="1" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; clear:both;"> <caption><b>表格 1:原核细胞和真核细胞特性的比较</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <th>原核细胞 </th> <th>真核细胞 </th></tr> <tr> <th>特征生物 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="单细胞生物">单细胞生物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>大小 </th> <td>～1至10<a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a>（最小的细菌，类菌质体，其的直径在0.1至1.0μm之间） </td> <td>～10至100<a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a>（去掉尾部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90" title="精子">精子</a>的尺寸要更小一些。大多数动植物细胞直径一般在20至30μm间。鸵鸟的卵黄直径可达5cm，人的坐骨神经细胞可长达1m。） </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>类型 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%A0%B8" title="拟核">拟核</a>；无细胞核 </td> <td>包覆于双层膜中的细胞核 </td></tr> <tr> <th>DNA </th> <td>环状（大多数） </td> <td>线性分子（與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="组织蛋白">组织蛋白</a>构成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>） </td></tr> <tr> <th>RNA／蛋白质合成 </th> <td>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a>中同步完成 </td> <td>RNA在细胞核中合成<br />蛋白质在细胞质中合成 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a> </th> <td>50S＋30S </td> <td>60S＋40S </td></tr> <tr> <th>细胞质结构 </th> <td>极简单的结构，非常少的细胞器 </td> <td>高度结构化，包含多个内膜细胞器和一具<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7" title="趨化性">细胞的运动</a> </th> <td>由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鞭毛蛋白（页面不存在）">鞭毛蛋白</a>构成的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>驱动 </td> <td>由包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a>的鞭毛和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E6%AF%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="纤毛">纤毛</a>驱动；或由包含<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌动蛋白">肌动蛋白</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E7%8A%B6%E4%BC%AA%E8%B6%B3" title="板状伪足">板状伪足</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微刺（页面不存在）">微刺</a>驱动 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="粒線體">粒線体</a> </th> <td>无 </td> <td>有一到成千上万粒（有一些沒有） </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">葉绿體</a> </th> <td>无 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="藻类">藻类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>中 </td></tr> <tr> <th>组织结构 </th> <td>通常存在于单细胞体中 </td> <td>单细胞体，群体生物，高级的多细胞生物 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a> </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元分裂繁殖（页面不存在）">二元分裂繁殖</a>（简单分裂） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>（分裂或芽殖）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原核细胞"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E6.A0.B8.E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E"></span>原核细胞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：原核细胞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png/300px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png/450px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png/600px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_zh.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>典型原核细胞结构</figcaption></figure> <p>原核细胞比真核细胞更简单因此也更小，它没有真核细胞中的细胞核和各种的细胞器。原核细胞分两种：细菌和古菌；他们拥有相似的结构。构成原核细胞的核物质的是直接與细胞质接触的单條染色体。这片未與细胞质完全隔离的区域称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%A0%B8" title="拟核">拟核</a>。从结构上看，原核细胞分三区： </p> <ul><li>外形，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E6%AF%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="纤毛">纤毛</a>保护细胞的表面。由蛋白质构成的这种结构使得细胞可以自由运动并且方便细胞间的通讯（并非所有原核细胞都包含鞭毛或纤毛）；</li> <li>包围着细胞的是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胞外被膜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cell envelope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E8%A2%AB%E8%86%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胞外被膜（页面不存在）">胞外被膜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cell_envelope" class="extiw" title="en:cell envelope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cell envelope</span></a></span>）</span></span>——通常包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞壁">细胞壁</a>及其下层的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>，但是有些细菌在其外层覆盖着<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E8%86%9C" title="荚膜">荚膜</a>。包膜增强细胞的坚硬度，并通过保护性的过滤功能将细胞與其外部环境隔离。多数的原核生物都有细胞壁，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="支原体">支原体</a>（细菌）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="古細菌">古細菌</a>例外。细菌的细胞壁由<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="肽聚糖">肽聚糖</a>构成，作为第二道屏障来隔离外界的干扰。它同时可以防止细胞由于过度膨胀及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%BB%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="低滲">高张</a>环境下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F%E5%A3%93" title="滲透壓">渗透压</a>而破裂。一些真核细胞（如植物和真菌）也包含有细胞壁。</li> <li>细胞内部是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a>，包含了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="基因组">染色体组</a>（DNA），核糖体和各种其他的包括物（inclusion）。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>通常是环形分子（特例是一种细菌，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%B0%8F%E7%96%8F%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%AB%94" title="伯氏疏螺旋體">伯氏疏螺旋体</a>，引发<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%A7%86%E7%97%85" title="莱姆病">莱姆病</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>虽然原核细胞没有细胞核，但是紧缩后的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>会形成拟核。原核细胞拟核外可携带环形的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外因子控制的DNA" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="extrachromosomal DNA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外因子控制的DNA（页面不存在）">外因子控制的DNA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extrachromosomal_DNA" class="extiw" title="en:extrachromosomal DNA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">extrachromosomal DNA</span></a></span>）</span></span>，称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a>；质粒可提供额外的功能，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5%E6%80%A7" title="抗生素抗藥性">对抗生素的耐药性</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真核细胞"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E6.A0.B8.E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E"></span>真核细胞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：真核细胞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a></div> <p>植物，动物，真菌，黏菌，原生动物，及藻类均属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>。这类细胞，其宽度可达典型原核细胞宽度的15倍，而体积可达原核细胞的1000倍。原核细胞和真核细胞的最大不同点在于真核细胞内包含有以膜边界的隔间，这些隔间是进行特定的新陈代谢活动的场所。其中最重要的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>，这隔间正是遗传物质DNA的所在地。细胞核是真核细胞命名的由来，它的意思是“真正带细胞核的细胞”。其他的不同点包括： </p> <ul><li>真核细胞中细胞膜的功能與其在原核细胞中的功能类似，仅在结构上有些微不同。真核细胞可能有也可能没有细胞壁。</li> <li>真核细胞的DNA排列成一條或以上线性分子，與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="组织蛋白">组织蛋白</a>紧扣而形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>。所有的染色体被保存在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>内，由核膜将其與细胞质分隔开。某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞器">细胞器</a>例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>拥有自身的DNA。</li> <li>很多真核细胞长有“初生<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E6%AF%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="纤毛">纤毛</a>”。初生纤毛在嗅觉感觉、机械感觉和热感觉等功能上发挥着重要的作用。因此纤毛“可被视为传感器似的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A6%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="触角">触角</a>，用以协调大量的细胞信号传导，有时为纤毛运动，或者是另一种情况下为细胞分裂和变异传递信息。”<sup id="cite_ref-Christenson2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>真核细胞可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E6%AF%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="纤毛">纤毛</a>或鞭毛来移动。其鞭毛比原核细胞更复杂。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg/270px-Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg/405px-Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg/540px-Animal_cell_structure_zhtw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>典型動物細胞结构图</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg/270px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg/405px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg/540px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_zh-hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>典型<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="植物细胞">植物细胞</a>结构图</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse;"> <caption><b>表2:动植物细胞的结构比较表</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>典型的动物细胞 </th> <th>典型的植物细胞 </th></tr> <tr> <th>细胞器官 </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a></li> <li>粗糙<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a></li> <li>平滑内质网</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%BD%93" title="中心体">中心体</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%B2%92" title="中心粒">中心粒</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>细胞核 <ul><li>核仁</li></ul></li> <li>核糖体</li> <li>细胞质</li> <li>粗糙内质网</li> <li>平滑内质网</li> <li>高尔基体</li> <li>囊泡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="液泡">液泡</a></li> <li>线粒体</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="色素体">色素体</a>及衍生物</li> <li>细胞骨架</li> <li>细胞膜</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞壁">细胞壁</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="亚细胞成分"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E6.88.90.E5.88.86"></span>亚细胞成分</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：亚细胞成分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>細胞是生物體的構造和生理的基本單位，卻不能因此認為所有的生物細胞都相同，即使在同一粒粒體內，也有因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分化">分化</a>而產生各式各樣外觀與功能不同的細胞，即使相同種類的細胞，也可能正在執行的生理工作也有差異，但是基本上彼此都有共同的基本構造。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞膜"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E8.83.9E.E8.86.9C"></span>細胞膜</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：細胞膜"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞膜">細胞膜</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg/220px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg/330px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg/440px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>脂类双层细胞膜的详细图解</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞膜">細胞膜</a>為細胞與環境之間以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="胞器">胞器</a>與細胞質之間的分界，能夠調節物質的進出，而膜上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>有許多種類，有的可以適時協助物質進出，有的能夠傳遞訊息，有的則負責防禦（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>系統）的功能。细胞膜（又称<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A8%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生质膜">原生质膜</a>）为细胞结构中分隔细胞内、外不同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="介质">介质</a>和组成成份的界面。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A8%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生质膜">原生质膜</a>普遍认为由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="磷脂">磷脂质</a>双层分子作为基本单位重复而成，其上镶嵌有各种类型的膜蛋白以及與膜蛋白结合的糖和糖脂。原生质膜是细胞與周围环境和细胞與细胞间进行物质交换和信息传递的重要通道。原生质膜通过其上的孔隙和跨膜蛋白的某些性质，达到有选择性的，可调控的物质运输作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞質"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E8.83.9E.E8.B3.AA"></span>細胞質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：細胞質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a></div> <p>細胞膜就像半透膜一樣，裝著滿滿的液狀、膠體狀的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>，可粗略分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质基质">细胞质基质</a>和细胞器。細胞質含有維持生命現象所需要的基本物質，例如醣類、脂質、蛋白質、與蛋白質合成有關的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>，因此也是整粒細胞運作的主要場所，透過細胞膜外接收的訊息、細胞內部的物質，共同調節<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>的表現，影響生理活動。另外，細胞質內部也有多種網狀構造，稱為細胞骨架（Cytoskeleton），可以協助維持細胞形狀，也能引導內部物質的移動，一些細胞骨架會於細胞分裂時，形成可以透過染色而觀察的紡錘絲，有一些骨架更能幫助細胞運動。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="细胞器"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E5.99.A8"></span>细胞器</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：细胞器"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/330px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/440px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>人类癌细胞，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="海拉细胞">海拉细胞</a>，DNA被染成蓝色。在中央的和最右边的细胞处于<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="间期">间期</a>，因此它们的DNA是弥散的并且整粒細胞核都被标记。左边的细胞正在经历<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>，其染色体已经凝聚。</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞核">細胞核</a>（nucleus）——具有雙層膜的胞器，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞核">細胞核</a>是操控整粒細胞的控制站，主要攜帶<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>物質（DNA），包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="去氧核糖核酸">去氧核糖核酸</a>加上一些特殊的蛋白質）、核糖核酸等，核膜上有許多小孔稱做核孔，由數十種特殊的蛋白組成特別的構造，容許一些物質自由通過，但是分子量很大的核糖核酸、蛋白質就必須依賴這些蛋白輔助，以消耗能量的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="主動運輸">主動運輸</a>，來往於細胞質跟細胞核之間。細胞分裂的期間可以看到細胞核中最顯著的構造——核仁，其組成為核糖體RNA，以及合成核糖體所需的蛋白質。除核仁外，细胞核中还有许多其它核细胞器，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%B5%A9%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="柯浩体">柯浩体</a>，PML体等。有趣的是，有些細胞為了執行特別的工作而沒有細胞核：哺乳綱動物的紅血球為了減少消耗攜帶的氧氣，所以成熟後沒有細胞核；植物的篩管、導管、假導管為了運輸功能，成熟後沒有細胞核。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a>（nucleolus）——是真核细胞的細胞核中最巨大的結構，其主要功能是核糖體的合成與組裝。其他功能還包括組裝信號識別顆粒，同時也是細胞壓力反應的一部分。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%B3%AA%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="內質網">內質網</a>（endoplasmic reticulum）——有一部分的細胞核<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>會向細胞質延伸，形成許多相通的小管與囊袋，構成迷宮狀的網路，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%B3%AA%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="內質網">內質網</a>，部分內質網上附著著<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體">核糖體</a>，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91#粗面内质网" title="内质网">粗面内质网</a>，其他的部分則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91#平滑内质网" title="内质网">光面内质网</a>。而平滑內質網上有特殊的酶系統，負責合成<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="脂質">脂質</a>，也能夠氧化有毒物質以減低毒性，在肝臟協助可調節血糖，在肌肉細胞可儲存許多鈣離子協助肌肉收縮；粗糙內質網則和蛋白質的合成有密切關聯，附著在粗糙內質網的核糖體所製造的蛋白質，主要運送到膜上，或是分泌出細胞之外。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體">核糖體</a>（ribosomes）——負責合成蛋白質的胞器，由大、小兩粒次單元組成，次單元之中有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體RNA">核糖體RNA</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體">核糖體</a>特有的蛋白質，在細胞質中，接受細胞核的遺傳訊息、細胞外的刺激訊息，以合成蛋白質，可分為游離核糖體（Free ribosomes）與附著核糖體（Bound ribosomes），前者所製造之蛋白質專用於細胞質內部（不含胞器內部），後者則先經過內質網腔修飾，以小囊泡運輸到高基氏體做進一步的分類與修飾，完成的蛋白質主要包裝在胞器之中、運到膜上、或是運出細胞之外。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a>—— 是好幾粒扁平的囊袋相疊而成，而且有固定的方向性，彼此之間並不相通。主要負責蛋白質的修飾、分類與輸送，從粗糙內質網合成的蛋白質被包在小囊泡中首先送到高基氏體，在這裡一些酶會將蛋白質修飾，例如加上一段特別的糖類標記，而許多脂質、糖類也會在這裡合成並且修飾，隨後再利用小囊泡（vesicles）往外運輸。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="溶酶體">溶酶體</a>—— 又称“溶酶体”，是單層膜的囊狀胞器，內部含有數十種從高基氏體送來的水解酶（hydrolytic enzymes），這些酶（或是稱做酵素）在弱酸的環境之下（通常為PH值5.0）能有效分解生命所需的有机物質，許多透過細胞吞噬的物質，會先形成食泡（Food vacuole），然後跟溶體融合並且進行消化。另外溶體也對老舊、損壞的胞器和細胞質進行分解，產生的小分子隨後可再次被細胞利用，一旦溶體破裂釋放出水解酶，細胞就會被分解，許多細胞凋亡的程序都與溶體有關，例如：蝌蚪變成青蛙尾巴的消失、人類胚胎手指的形成。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="液泡">液泡</a>（液胞） ——是另一種囊狀的單層膜胞器，在細胞中扮演不同角色，形狀可大可小。通常植物的液胞較大。在原生動物，例如草履蟲，液胞扮演伸縮泡的功能，將過多的水分收集並排出體外；大多數植物細胞液胞在細胞成熟後，佔有大部分的細胞體積，可以儲存水分、存放色素，有些種類植物的液胞更能夠協助光合作用的進行，另外液胞也有一粒很大的功能：協助細胞往大體積的方向演化同時，能夠使得細胞質的表面積變大，有利物質交換。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>（mitochondrion）——主要協助<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">細胞呼吸</a>，並且產生細胞使用能量最直接的形式，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">三磷酸腺苷</a>。特別的是粒線體有自己的遺傳分子，與細胞核的遺傳物質不同，只遺傳到這粒胞器的子代胞器，而不是子代細胞，能夠讓粒線體自我分裂增殖，製造本身需要的一些蛋白質，但是仍有一些調節控制的過程受到細胞核的影響，更重要的是，粒線體基因只在母系遺傳，不遵守<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟德爾">孟德爾</a>遺傳律，有助於研究人類<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>的研究。线粒体之所以如此稱呼，是因為在顯微鏡下有兩類主要的外觀，是一種雙層膜的胞器，外膜平滑，內膜則朝內部形成皺摺狀的構造稱為摺襞，目的是為了增加生理作用的表面積，摺襞之間充滿基質，其中有許多的代謝反應進行。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="葉綠體">葉綠體</a> ——也是雙層膜狀的胞器，與线粒体類似，有自己的遺傳物質，能夠自己分裂增殖，自製本身所需的一些蛋白質。主要功能是進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>，藉由光能產生營養物質，也就是吸收光能，轉變成化學能，並藉此將無機物（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>）合成為有機物（醣類）。光表示光能，合表示合成。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="细胞膜之外的结构"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E8.86.9C.E4.B9.8B.E5.A4.96.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>细胞膜之外的结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：细胞膜之外的结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞壁"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E8.83.9E.E5.A3.81"></span>細胞壁</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：細胞壁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a></div> <p>分類在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>的生物，其組成的細胞都具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>則有一部分的生物體具有此構造，但是動物沒有。細胞壁是由細胞質的分泌物構成，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="電子顯微鏡">電子顯微鏡</a>的發明之後，有許多的研究因此可以讓人們知道，其成分與組成。而細胞壁可以保護細胞減少外界傷害、維持形狀，並且避免因為水分過多而脹破。 </p> <ul><li>植物細胞壁主要成分是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>，經過有系統的編織形成網狀的外壁。可分為<b>中膠層</b>、<b>初生細胞壁</b>、<b>次生細胞壁</b>。中膠層是植物細胞剛分裂完成的子細胞之間，最先形成的間隔，主要成份是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%83%B6" title="果胶">果膠質</a>（一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多醣類</a>），隨後在中膠層兩側形成初生細胞壁，初生細胞壁主要由果膠質、木質素和少量的蛋白質構成。次生細胞壁主要由纖維素組成的纖維排列而成，如同一條一條的線以接近直角的方式排列，再以木質素等多醣類黏接。</li> <li>真菌細胞壁則是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%B8%81%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="幾丁質">幾丁質</a>、纖維素等多醣類組成，其中幾丁質是含有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>，性柔软，有弹性，與钙盐混杂则硬化，形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E8%82%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="节肢动物">节肢动物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="外骨骼">外骨骼</a>。几丁质不溶于水、酒精、弱酸和弱碱等液体，有保护功能。</li> <li>細菌細胞壁組成以<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="肽聚糖">肽聚糖</a>為主。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原核生物"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E6.A0.B8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>原核生物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：原核生物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="荚膜"><span id=".E8.8D.9A.E8.86.9C"></span>荚膜</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：荚膜"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>部分细菌，在细胞膜和细胞壁外还有着胶状<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E8%86%9C" title="荚膜">荚膜</a>（Bacterial capsule）。荚膜可以是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多糖</a>的，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="肺炎球菌">肺炎球菌</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E%E5%8F%8C%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="脑膜炎双球菌">脑膜炎双球菌</a>中，或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多肽">多肽</a>的，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%96%BD%E8%8A%BD%E5%AD%A2%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="炭疽芽孢桿菌">炭疽芽孢杆菌</a>，或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="玻尿酸">玻尿酸</a>的，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="链球菌属">链球菌属</a>中。荚膜没有被正常的染色方案标记，并且可以被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度墨水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="India ink"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度墨水（页面不存在）">印度墨水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_ink" class="extiw" title="en:India ink"><span lang="en" dir="auto">India ink</span></a></span>）</span></span>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%97%8D" title="甲基藍">甲基蓝</a>检测到；这允许用于观察的细胞之间的较高对比度<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:87</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="鞭毛"><span id=".E9.9E.AD.E6.AF.9B"></span>鞭毛</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：鞭毛"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>是讓细胞移动的细胞器。细菌鞭毛从细胞质延伸，穿过细胞膜，并通过细胞壁挤出。它们是长而粗的线状附属物，亦是天然蛋白质。一种不同类型的鞭毛在古菌中被发现，在真核生物中亦发现了另一种不同类型的鞭毛。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="菌毛"><span id=".E8.8F.8C.E6.AF.9B"></span>菌毛</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：菌毛"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%AF%9B" title="菌毛">菌毛</a>，也被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%8F%8C%E6%AF%9B" title="性菌毛">性菌毛</a>，是在细菌表面上发现的短而薄的头发状细丝。菌毛或性菌毛由称为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菌毛蛋白" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pilin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%8C%E6%AF%9B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菌毛蛋白（页面不存在）">菌毛蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilin" class="extiw" title="en:Pilin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pilin</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="抗原">抗原</a>性）的蛋白质形成，并负责将细菌附着于人细胞的特定受体（细胞粘附）。有特定类型的特定菌毛會進行细菌<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88" title="接合">接合</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="细胞过程"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B"></span>细胞过程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：细胞过程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="增殖及调控"><span id=".E5.A2.9E.E6.AE.96.E5.8F.8A.E8.B0.83.E6.8E.A7"></span>增殖及调控</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：增殖及调控"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>细胞生长到一定程度，不是繁殖就是死亡。细胞分裂后产生的新细胞生长增大，随后又平均地分裂成两粒和原来母细胞“一样”的子细胞，细胞这种生长與分裂的循环称為细胞周期或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>周期。 </p><p>较为普遍的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>方式为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a>。在生物的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="个体发育（页面不存在）">个体发育</a>中，这两种分裂方式交替发生，以保证生物种族的延续。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分化與基因表达"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.8C.96.E8.88.87.E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0.E8.A1.A8.E8.BE.BE"></span>分化與基因表达</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：分化與基因表达"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="细胞分化">细胞分化</a>是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="个体发育（页面不存在）">个体发育</a>过程中细胞之间产生稳定差异的过程。所以，细胞分化是指同源细胞通过分裂，发生形态、结构與功能特征稳定差异的过程。 </p><p>细胞分化的实质是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>选择性表达的结果，在个体发育过程中基因按照一定程序相继活化的现象，称为基因的差次表达（differential expression）或顺序表达（Sequential expression）。即在同一时间内不是所有的基因都具活性，而是有的有活性，有的无活性，有些细胞是这部分基因有活性，有些细胞则是另外一些基因有活性。 </p><p><b>组织特异性基因和管家基因</b> 一类是维持细胞最基本生命活动的基因，是所有一切细胞都需具备的，由此译制基本生命活动所必需的结构和功能蛋白。这类基因称“House-keeping gene”，译为“管家基因”，它们與细胞分化关系不大。如编码與细胞分裂、能量代谢、细胞基本建成有关的蛋白质的基因属此类。另一类是译制特异蛋白质的基因，與细胞的基本生存无直接关系，但與细胞分化关系密切，被称为“Luxury gene”，译为奢侈基因。 </p><p><b>组合调控引发组织特异性基因的表达</b> 弄清了细胞分化的实质，研究者们便把注意力集中到基因选择表达的控制机理方面。除细胞核與细胞质的相互作用对细胞分化的影响外，包括环境在内的诸多因素均对细胞分化有重要的影响。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="细胞衰老與凋亡"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E8.A1.B0.E8.80.81.E8.88.87.E5.87.8B.E4.BA.A1"></span>细胞衰老與凋亡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：细胞衰老與凋亡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" title="细胞衰老">细胞衰老</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a></div> <p>细胞<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="衰老">衰老</a>的研究只是整門<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衰老生物学（页面不存在）">衰老生物学</a>（老年学，人类学）研究中的一部分。所谓<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衰老生物学（页面不存在）">衰老生物学</a>（biology of senescence，或称老年学、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="老人学">老人学</a>，gerontology）是研究生物衰老的现象、过程和规律。其任务是要揭示生物（人类）衰老的特征，探索发生衰老的原因和机理，寻找推迟衰老的方法，根本目的在于延长生物（人类）的寿命。 </p><p>多细胞有机体细胞，依寿命长短不同可划分为两类，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="干细胞">干细胞</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能细胞（页面不存在）">功能细胞</a>。干细胞在一生都保持分裂能力，直到达到最高分裂次数便衰老死亡。如表皮生发层细胞，生血干细胞等。 </p><p>细胞死亡是细胞衰老的结果，是细胞生命现象的终止。包括急性死亡（细胞坏死）和程序化死亡（细胞凋亡）。细胞死亡最显著的现象，是原生质的凝固。事实上细胞死亡是渐进过程，要决定细胞何时已死亡頗為困难。除非用固定液等人为因素瞬间使其死亡。那么，怎样鉴定细胞是否死亡了呢？通常采用活体染色法来鉴定。如用中性红染色时，生活细胞只有液泡系染成红色，如果染料扩散，细胞质和细胞核都染成红色，则标志这细胞已死亡。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a>是主动由基因决定自动结束生命的过程，所以也常称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="程序化细胞死亡">程序化细胞死亡</a>。凋亡细胞将被<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%99%AC%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="吞噬細胞">吞噬细胞</a>吞噬。这一假说是基于Hayflick界限提出的：1961年Hayflick根据人胚胎细胞的传代培养实验提出。指细胞在发育的一定阶段出现正常的自然死亡，它與细胞的病理死亡有根本的区别。细胞凋亡对于多细胞生物个体发育的正常进行，自稳平衡的保持以及抵御外界各种因素的干扰方面都起着非常关键的作用。例如：蝌蚪尾的消失，骨髓和肠的细胞凋亡，脊椎动物的神经系统的发育，发育过程中手和足的成形过程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="细胞的研究历史"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E7.9A.84.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>细胞的研究历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：细胞的研究历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="细胞学说">细胞学说</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/220px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/330px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg/440px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·胡克">胡克</a>对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="木栓">软木</a>中细胞的绘图，1665年</figcaption></figure> <p>细胞是由英国科学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·胡克">罗伯特·胡克</a>於1665年发现的。當時他透過<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>觀察軟木塞時看到一格一格的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>，命名為細胞(<a href="/wiki/Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell">cell</a>)，這粒名詞就此誕生。當時罗伯特·胡克所看到的細胞只是細胞壁，還不是現在所定義的細胞。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞學說">细胞學說</a>最早由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%8E%B1%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="马提阿斯·施莱登">马蒂亚斯·雅各布·施莱登</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%97%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="泰奥多尔·施旺">泰奥多尔·施旺</a>提出。現代细胞理論的内容包括：所有生物均由一粒或以上细胞组成，细胞由原已存在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>而来，生物最重要的功能在细胞内完成，所有细胞均包含有控制功能和传递繁殖信息所必须的遗传物质<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。细胞（cell）一词来源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>cella，意为“狭窄的房间”。罗伯特·胡克最先使用该词作为描述性术语来表述“最小的生物组成结构”，在他1665年出版的书中他把通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="显微镜">显微镜</a>所看到的软木塞细胞與<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院">僧院</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" title="修道 (基督教)">僧侣</a>所居住的小房间来比较<sup id="cite_ref-Hooke_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而這樣觀察到的細胞早已死亡，僅能看到殘存的植物細胞壁，雖然他並非真的看見一粒生命的單位（因為無生命跡象）後世的科學家仍認為其功不可沒，一般而言還是將他當作發現細胞的第一人。而事實上真正首先發現活細胞的，還是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="生物学家">生物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%96%87%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="列文虎克">列文虎克</a>。 </p> <ul><li>1674年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%96%87%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="列文虎克">列文虎克</a>以自製的鏡片，由雨水、乃至於他自己的口中發現<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>，他也是歷史上可找到的第一粒發現<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>的業餘科學家。</li> <li>1809年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="博物學家">博物學家</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="博物学">博物學</a>即二十世紀後期所稱的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科學</a>等的總稱）<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拉马克">拉馬克</a>提出：「所有生物體都由細胞所組成，細胞裡面都含有些會流動的『液體』。」卻沒有具體的觀察證據支持這說法。</li> <li>1824年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="植物學家">植物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%AD%87" title="亨利·杜特罗歇">亨利·杜特罗歇</a>（1776年－1847年）在論文中提出「細胞確實是生物體的基本構造」又因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>細胞比<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>細胞多了細胞壁，因此觀察技術還不成熟的時候比動物細胞更容易觀察，也因此這說法先被植物學者接受。</li> <li>1839年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="動物學家">動物學家</a>泰奧多爾·施旺進一步發現動物細胞裡有細胞核，核的周圍有液狀物質，在外圈還有一層膜，卻沒有細胞壁，他認為細胞的主要部分是細胞核而非外圈的細胞壁。同一時期，德國植物學家馬蒂亞斯·施萊登以植物為材料，研究結果獲得與施旺相同的結論，他們都認為「動植物皆由細胞及細胞的衍生物所構成」，這就是細胞學說的基礎。</li> <li>在德國泰奧多爾·施旺和馬蒂亞斯·施萊登之後的十年，科學家陸續發現新的證據，證明細胞都是從原來就存在的細胞分裂而來，而至21世紀初期的細胞學說大致上可以簡述為以下三點：細胞為一切生物的構造單位、細胞為一切生物的生理單位、細胞由原已生存的細胞分裂而來。<細胞是生物體構造與機能的基本單位></li> <li>细胞最早作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="和製漢語">和製漢語</a>出现在日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="兰学家">兰学家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E7%94%B0%E5%B7%9D%E6%A6%95%E8%8F%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇田川榕菴（页面不存在）">宇田川榕菴</a>1834年的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E5%AD%A6%E5%95%93%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植学啓原（页面不存在）">植学啓原</a>》中。<sup id="cite_ref-现代汉语词汇的形成：十九世纪汉语外来词研究_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-现代汉语词汇的形成：十九世纪汉语外来词研究-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>据沈国威研究，《植学啟原》中的“细胞”是指小胞，而不是cell<sup id="cite_ref-黄河清_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-黄河清-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 322px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 320px; height: 450px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -160px; left: -120px; width: 1000px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf&page=16" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="《植物学》(1858)第二卷开篇首次把“cell”翻译为「細胞」。此扫描档的原书藏于日本早稻田大学，带有日本的音注。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf/page16-1000px-WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="667" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf/page16-1500px-WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf/page16-2000px-WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WUL-i13_00871_%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_1.pdf" title="File:WUL-i13 00871 植物学 1.pdf"> </a></div>《<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_(1858_book)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:植物学 (1858 book)">植物学</a>》(1858)第二卷开篇首次把“cell”翻译为「細胞」。此扫描档的原书藏于日本早稻田大学，带有日本的音注。 </div> </div> </div> <ul><li>1858年，苏格兰传教士<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%BB%89%E8%87%A3" title="韦廉臣">韦廉臣</a>与中國数学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%96%84%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="李善蘭">李善蘭</a>翻译的《植物學》中首次把“cell”翻译为「細胞」<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，该书将这词传到日本，在日本成为标准译法，19世纪末至20世纪初该词传回中国<sup id="cite_ref-黄河清_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-黄河清-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>作為醫生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="孫文">孫文</a>則把cell譯作「生元」。</li> <li>1855年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·菲尔绍">鲁道夫·菲尔绍</a>说新细胞来自预先存在细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>（omnis cellula ex cellula）。</li> <li>1859年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德">路易·巴斯德</a>通过实验证否生命自发发生（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">generatio spontanea</a>）（尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA" title="弗朗切斯科·雷迪">弗朗切斯科·雷迪</a>已经在1668年进行了一项实验，得到相同的结论）。</li> <li>1931年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡">恩斯特·鲁斯卡</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林大学">柏林大学</a>建立了第一台<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E5%B0%84%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="透射电子显微镜">透射电子显微镜</a>（TEM）。到1935年，他用光学显微镜的两倍分辨率构建了TEM，揭示了以前无法解析的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞器">细胞器</a>。</li> <li>1953年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·杜威·沃森">沃森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">克里克</a>在2月28日首次宣布<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="双螺旋结构">双螺旋结构</a>。</li> <li>1981年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="琳·馬古利斯">琳·馬古利斯</a>发表了细胞进化中的共生关系，详述了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="共生體學說">共生体学说</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子與细胞生物学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB" title="细胞培养">细胞培养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7" title="細胞毒性">細胞毒性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%A3%81%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="质壁分离">质壁分离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">幹細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%83%9E%E4%BD%93" title="合胞体">合胞体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B9%E7%AA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="穹窿体">穹窿体</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/abstract/abstract9324.shtml">西方新概念的容受與造新字为译词———以日本兰学家與来华传教士为例</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-01-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203506/http://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/abstract/abstract9324.shtml">存档</a>于2019-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%B0%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B9%E5%8F%97%E8%88%87%E9%80%A0%E6%96%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%BA%E8%AF%91%E8%AF%8D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%87%E6%9D%A5%E5%8D%8E%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zjujournals.com%2Fsoc%2FCN%2Fabstract%2Fabstract9324.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts2002_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Cell+Movements+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Vertebrate+Body+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+374635%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4.section.3919">Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body</a> in Chapter 21 of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=cell+biology+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+373693%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4">Molecular Biology of the Cell</a></i> fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.<br /> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reece, Neil A.; Lisa A. Urry,Michael L. Cain,Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson. Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition坎贝尔生物学，第9版. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0321558146" title="Special:网络书源/0321558146"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0321558146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology%2C+Ninth+Edition%E5%9D%8E%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94+%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC9%E7%89%88&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0321558146&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eva Bianconi, Allison Piovesan, Federica Facchin, Alina Beraudi, Raffaella Casadei, Flavia Frabetti, Lorenza Vitale, Maria Chiara Pelleri, Simone Tassani, Francesco Piva, Soledad Perez-Amodio, Pierluigi Strippoli, and Silvia Canaider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225221510/https://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03014460.2013.807878">An estimation of the number of cells in the human body</a>. informa. November–December 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-10-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03014460.2013.807878">原始内容</a>存档于2022-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.au=Eva+Bianconi%2C+Allison+Piovesan%2C+Federica+Facchin%2C+Alina+Beraudi%2C+Raffaella+Casadei%2C+Flavia+Frabetti%2C+Lorenza+Vitale%2C+Maria+Chiara+Pelleri%2C+Simone+Tassani%2C+Francesco+Piva%2C+Soledad+Perez-Amodio%2C+Pierluigi+Strippoli%2C+and+Silvia+Canaider&rft.btitle=An+estimation+of+the+number+of+cells+in+the+human+body&rft.date=2013-11%2F2013-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=informa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finformahealthcare.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3109%2F03014460.2013.807878&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Biology: Exploring Life生物学 - 探索生命</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-250882-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-250882-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-250882-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">存档</a>于2014-11-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6+-+%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-250882-6&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reece, Jane B.; Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campbellbiologyc0000unse_r8t5">Biology,Campbell - Concepts and Connections 7th ed.</a>. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-321-69681-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-321-69681-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-321-69681-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.aufirst=Jane+B.&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.btitle=Biology%2CCampbell+-+Concepts+and+Connections+7th+ed.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-321-69681-6&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampbellbiologyc0000unse_r8t5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">欧洲生物信息研究所European Bioinformatics Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/genomes/bacteria/Borrelia_burgdorferi.html">Karyn's Genomes: Borrelia burgdorferi</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130506040937/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/genomes/bacteria/Borrelia_burgdorferi.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, part of 2can on the EBI-EMBL database. Retrieved 5 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christenson2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christenson2008_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Satir, Peter; Christensen, ST; S?ren T. Christensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428014511/http://www.springerlink.com/content/x5051hq648t3152q/">Structure and function of mammalian cilia</a>. Histochemistry and Cell Biology (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg). 2008-03-26, <b>129</b> (6): 687–693 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-09-12</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386530"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 2386530</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18365235"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 18365235</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-008-0416-9"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9</span></a>. 1432-119X. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/x5051hq648t3152q/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+mammalian+cilia&rft.au=Christensen%2C+ST&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Satir&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Histochemistry+and+Cell+Biology&rft.pages=687-693&rft.volume=129&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2386530&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx5051hq648t3152q%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00418-008-0416-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18365235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=N2GU-DYKkk0C&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=Prokaryotic+india+ink#v=onepage&q=india%20ink&f=false">Prokaryotes</a>. Newnes. Apr 11, 1996 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-03-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780080984735" title="Special:网络书源/9780080984735"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780080984735</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122055353/https://books.google.com/books?id=N2GU-DYKkk0C&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=Prokaryotic%2Bindia%2Bink&hl=en#v=onepage&q=india%20ink&f=false">存档</a>于2020-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.btitle=Prokaryotes&rft.date=1996-04-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780080984735&rft.pub=Newnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DN2GU-DYKkk0C%26pg%3DPA87%26lpg%3DPA87%26dq%3DProkaryotic%2Bindia%2Bink%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dindia%2520ink%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Maton, Anthea; Hopkins, Jean Johnson, Susan LaHart, David Quon Warner, Maryanna Wright, Jill D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellsbuildingblo00mato">Cells Building Blocks of Life细胞：生命的积木</a>. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-423476-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-423476-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-423476-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.btitle=Cells+Building+Blocks+of+Life%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%EF%BC%9A%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%AF%E6%9C%A8&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-423476-6&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcellsbuildingblo00mato&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooke-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooke_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite>... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . .</cite>" – Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html">Robert Hooke</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090204111047/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-现代汉语词汇的形成：十九世纪汉语外来词研究-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-现代汉语词汇的形成：十九世纪汉语外来词研究_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">马西尼. 《现代汉语词汇的形成：十九世纪汉语外来词研究》. 中國: 漢语大詞典出版社. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787543202481" title="Special:网络书源/9787543202481"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787543202481</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787543202481&rft.place=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft.pub=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-黄河清-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-黄河清_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-黄河清_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">黄河清. “细胞”探源 <b>18</b> (5): 56–58. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E2%80%9D%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%B8%85&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=56-58&rft.volume=18&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">金银根. 植物学（第二版）. 北京: 科学出版社. 2010-02-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787030266644" title="Special:网络书源/9787030266644"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787030266644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%A0%B9&rft.btitle=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787030266644&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">闫志佩. 李善兰和我国第一部《植物学》译著. 生物学通报. 1998年9月, (09).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%8E%E5%96%84%E5%85%B0%E5%92%8C%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%83%A8%E3%80%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B%E8%AF%91%E8%91%97&rft.au=%E9%97%AB%E5%BF%97%E4%BD%A9&rft.date=1998-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=09&rft.jtitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cell_biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cell biology"><span style="font-weight:bold;">细胞</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/细胞">细胞语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechanobio.info/">MBInfo - 细胞功能和过程的描述</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170620190645/http://www.mechanobio.info/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechanobio.info/topics/cellular-organization">MBInfo - 细胞组织</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170729162508/http://www.mechanobio.info/topics/cellular-organization">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/">细胞内部</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170720164847/http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="國立衛生研究院 (美國)">國立衛生研究院 (美國)</a>的科学教育手册, 有PDF和<a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a>格式。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409081232/http://www.cellsalive.com/">Cells Alive!</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html">细胞生物学</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170601084451/http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="亚利桑那大学">亚利桑那大学</a>的“生物项目”。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物質階層"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物界物质层级" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="物质">生物界物质层级</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">个体层次</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="群落">群落</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="种群">种群</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="个体">个体</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">多细胞层次</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="器官系統">器官系統</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">組織</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞层次</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">细胞</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" title="細胞器">細胞器</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子层次</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质结构">蛋白质结构</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">亚分子层次</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="次原子粒子">亚原子粒子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="复合粒子">复合粒子</a> > <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="细胞结构和細胞器" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="Template:細胞結構"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:細胞結構（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:細胞結構"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="细胞结构和細胞器" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">细胞</a>结构和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" title="細胞器">細胞器</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="组织学术语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terminologia Histologica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E" title="組織學術語">TH H1.00.01</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" class="extiw" title="en:Terminologia Histologica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terminologia Histologica</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="內膜系統" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="內膜系統">內膜系統</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="膜蛋白">膜蛋白</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="离子通道">离子通道</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖體核糖核酸">核糖體RNA</a>、<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93DNA" title="核糖体DNA">核糖体DNA</a>、</span><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核基质（页面不存在）">核基质</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E9%AB%94" title="卡哈爾體">卡哈爾體</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色质</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%94" title="核小體">核小体</a>：<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>）、</span><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="組織蛋白">组蛋白</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BA%A4%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核纤层">核纤层</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%BA%A4%E8%82%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核纤肽（页面不存在）">核纤肽</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94" title="核孔">核孔</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核孔复合体（页面不存在）">核孔复合体</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">内核膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%91%A8%E9%9A%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核周隙（页面不存在）">核周隙</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">外核膜</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="粗面内质网">粗面内质网</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a>） · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="光面内质网">光面内质网</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B3%8C%E9%AB%94" title="外泌體">外吐小體</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%85%A7%E9%AB%94" title="胞內體">核內體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%99%AC%E4%BD%93" title="吞噬体">吞噬體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液胞</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胞漿顆粒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Granule (cell biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9E%E6%BC%BF%E9%A1%86%E7%B2%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胞漿顆粒（页面不存在）">胞漿顆粒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Granule (cell biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Granule (cell biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="黑色素体">黑色素體</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="微粒體">微粒體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="过氧化物酶体">過氧化物酶體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%9B%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%BD%93" title="乙醛酸循环体">乙醛酸循環體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="怀布尔-帕拉德小体">怀布尔-帕拉德小体</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E5%AD%94%E8%A6%86%E5%A2%8A" title="桶孔覆墊">桶孔覆墊</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%99%AC%E4%BD%93" title="自噬体">自噬体</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="细胞骨架" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%9D" title="微丝">微丝</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="中间纤维">中间纤维</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="原核细胞骨架">原核细胞骨架</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="微管组织中心">微管组织中心</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%BD%93" title="中心体">中心体</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%B2%92" title="中心粒">中心粒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="基体">基体</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纺锤体极体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spindle pole body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%9E%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纺锤体极体（页面不存在）">纺锤体极体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_pole_body" class="extiw" title="en:Spindle pole body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spindle pole body</span></a></span>）</span></span>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%BD%93" title="纺锤体">纺锤体</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%B8%9D" title="纺锤丝">纺锤丝</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肌原纤维" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Myofibril"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E5%8E%9F%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌原纤维（页面不存在）">肌原纤维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibril" class="extiw" title="en:Myofibril"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Myofibril</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="内共生体" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="内共生体">内共生体</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" title="线粒体基质">线粒体基质</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C" title="线粒体内膜">线粒体内膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E8%86%9C%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99" title="线粒体膜间隙">线粒体膜间隙</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E8%86%9C" title="线粒体外膜">线粒体外膜</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">質粒體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%8C%96%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94" title="黃化葉綠體">黃化葉綠體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="白色體">白色體</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89%E9%AB%94" title="澱粉體">澱粉體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94" title="蛋白質體">蛋白質體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="油粒體">油粒體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AF%A7%E9%AB%94" title="單寧體">單寧體</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="有色體">有色體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原質粒體（页面不存在）">原質粒體</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="其他内部结构" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其他内部结构</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E6%BA%B6%E8%83%B6" title="胞质溶胶">胞质溶胶</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白复合体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5%E9%AB%94" title="剪接體">剪接體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B9%E7%AA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="穹窿体">穹窿体</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92%E9%85%B6" title="端粒酶">端粒酶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8FRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核小RNP（页面不存在）">核小RNP</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶體</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="外部结构" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">外部结构</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波动足" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Undulipodium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E8%B6%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波动足（页面不存在）">波动足</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulipodium" class="extiw" title="en:Undulipodium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Undulipodium</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E6%AF%9B" title="纖毛">纖毛</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%B4%E4%B8%9D" title="轴丝">轴丝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放射辐条" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radial spoke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%BE%90%E6%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射辐条（页面不存在）">放射辐条</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_spoke" class="extiw" title="en:Radial spoke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radial spoke</span></a></span>）</span></span>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" title="细胞外基质">细胞外基质</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E8%86%9C" title="荚膜">荚膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E4%BD%93" class="mw-disambig" title="顶体">顶体</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="Template:細胞結構">结构</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Peroxisomal_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Peroxisomal proteins（页面不存在）">过氧化物酶体</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:细胞骨架蛋白">骨架</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:Centrosome" title="Template:Centrosome">中心体</a>），<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:上皮组织蛋白质">上皮</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:Ciliary_proteins" title="Template:Ciliary proteins">纤毛</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:线粒体蛋白质">线粒体</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="Template:细胞核">细胞核</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:染色体遗传学">染色体</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a>：各地 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Células"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526178">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cellules"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958045s">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cellules"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958045s">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067537-3">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284823005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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