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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 定義 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关定義子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-传统定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传统定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 传统定义 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传统定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 现代定义 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-争议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#争议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 争议 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-争议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多樣性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多樣性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 多樣性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多樣性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 演化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-演化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关演化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-演化史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 演化史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化石记录" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化石记录"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 化石记录 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化石记录-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系统发生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系统发生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 系统发生 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-系统发生-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关系统发生子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-系统发生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外类群" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外类群"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 外类群 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外类群-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-内类群" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内类群"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 内类群 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内类群-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 分类 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关分类子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分类学歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类学歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 分类学歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分类学歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藻類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藻類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 藻類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藻類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有胚植物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有胚植物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 有胚植物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有胚植物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形态结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形态结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 形态结构 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-形态结构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关形态结构子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-形态结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-细胞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 细胞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-细胞的增殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞的增殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 细胞的增殖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞的增殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 组织 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-器官" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#器官"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 器官 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-器官-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁殖与生活史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁殖与生活史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 繁殖与生活史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-繁殖与生活史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关繁殖与生活史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-繁殖与生活史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-有性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 有性生殖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 无性生殖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 生態 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生態-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生態子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生態關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 生態關係 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生態關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 生理 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生理子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-光合作用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光合作用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 光合作用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光合作用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-营养" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#营养"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 营养 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-营养-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-保护" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#保护"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 保护 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-保护-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-与人类的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与人类的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 与人类的关系 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-与人类的关系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关与人类的关系子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-与人类的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-食物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 食物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非食用性產品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非食用性產品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 非食用性產品 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非食用性產品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美觀用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美觀用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 美觀用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美觀用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 文化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 参考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 延伸阅读 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 外部連結 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关外部連結子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-植物学与植物数据库" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#植物学与植物数据库"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 植物学与植物数据库 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-植物学与植物数据库-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">植物</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。234种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-234" aria-hidden="true" > 234种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҵиаақәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҵиаақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peunula" title="Peunula – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peunula" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzen" title="Pflanzen – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pflanzen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5" title="አትክልት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አትክልት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="पौधा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पौधा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نبات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="عشبة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عشبة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نبات – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="উদ্ভিদ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitkil%C9%99r" title="Bitkilər – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بیتکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیتکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үҫемлектәр – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran" title="Tetanduran – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tetanduran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzna" title="Pflanzna – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pflanzna" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augal%C4%81" title="Augalā – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom" title="Tinanom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Расліны – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuan" title="Tumbuan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tumbuan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Растения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="উদ্ভিদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ургамал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ургамал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantes" title="Plantes – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plantes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81u-m%C5%ADk" title="Chāu-mŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chāu-mŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ораматаш – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ораматаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanom" title="Tanom – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tanom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%98" title="ᎦᎪᏘ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎪᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9" title="ڕوەک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ӳсентăран – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter" title="Planter – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanze" title="Pflanze – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebat" title="Nebat – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nebat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumuni" title="Susumuni – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Susumuni" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ގަސް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Φυτό – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantoj" title="Plantoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimed" title="Taimed – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare" title="Landare – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="گیاه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvit" title="Kasvit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasv" title="Kasv – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kasv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tea" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantur" title="Plantur – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Plantur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaanten" title="Plaanten – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantis" title="Plantis – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Plantis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planda" title="Planda – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Planda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo" title="Ka'avo – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shuka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chhṳ̍t-vu̍t – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhṳ̍t-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97" title="צומח – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צומח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पादप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paudha" title="Paudha – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paudha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyek" title="Növények – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Növények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բույսեր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utai_tumbuh" title="Utai tumbuh – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Utai tumbuh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osisi" title="Osisi – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osisi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauriaq" title="Nauriaq – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nauriaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula" title="Mula – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БаьцовгӀаш – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БаьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planto" title="Planto – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Planto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurt" title="Jurt – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%95%88%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaant_(Chrii)" title="Plaant (Chrii) – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Plaant (Chrii)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/spati" title="spati – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="spati" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetuwuhan" title="Tetuwuhan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetuwuhan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მცენარეები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93simlikler" title="Ósimlikler – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ósimlikler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C9%A3i" title="Imɣi – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imɣi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="КъэкӀыгъэхэр – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="КъэкӀыгъэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suu" title="Suu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Suu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyin_(a%CC%B1ga%CC%B1fi%CC%B1p)" title="A̱tyin (a̱ga̱fi̱p) – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyin (a̱ga̱fi̱p)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%A9mera" title="Mĩmera – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mĩmera" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өсімдіктер – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="រុក្ខជាតិ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រុក្ខជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಸ್ಯ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%A0_%DA%A9%D9%94%D9%B9%D8%A0" title="کُلؠ کٔٹؠ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کُلؠ کٔٹؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek" title="Riwek – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plans" title="Plans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planzer%C3%A4ich" title="Planzeräich – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Planzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ххяххия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ххяххия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Набатат – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Набатат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 拉定语" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="拉定语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C9%94%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Etɔɛlɛ – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etɔɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augalai" title="Augalai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguoji" title="Auguoji – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Auguoji" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augi" title="Augi – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanduran" title="Tanduran – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tanduran" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuahan" title="Tumbuahan – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tumbuahan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Растенија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Растенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സസ്യം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ургамал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%81%9E%E1%80%B6" title="တၞံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တၞံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="वनस्पती – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кушкыш – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кушкыш" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အပင် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Касыкст – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Касыкст" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="گیاهون – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گیاهون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauhtontli" title="Cuauhtontli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuauhtontli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A6" title="Plantæ – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Plantæ" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaanten" title="Plaanten – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="मा (बोट्यानी) – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मा (बोट्यानी)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar" title="Plantar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter" title="Planter – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliante" title="Pliante – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pliante" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazvi" title="Kazvi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazvi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqilaa" title="Biqilaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqilaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6" title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зайæгойтæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੌਦਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tanaman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaant" title="Plaant – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Plaant" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rośliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piante" title="Piante – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Piante" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="بوټی – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yura" title="Yura – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plantă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A2" title="Plantâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Plantâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Plantae" title="Regnum Plantae – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Plantae" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ростлины – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ростлины" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikimera" title="Ikimera – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikimera" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="ओषधयः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओषधयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Үүнээйилэр – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үүнээйилэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="ٻوٽا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="ශාක – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastliny" title="Rastliny – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rastline" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzinde" title="Madzinde – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Madzinde" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhir" title="Dhir – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt" title="Bimët – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Биљке – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биљке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timila" title="Timila – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Timila" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimela" title="Dimela – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Dimela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonten" title="Plonten – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plonten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan" title="Tutuwuhan – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xtriket" title="Växtriket – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Växtriket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmea" title="Mmea – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9eliny" title="Źeliny – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Źeliny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mulangaway" title="mulangaway – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mulangaway" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவரம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qqhuniq_ru_kk%E2%80%99man" title="qqhuniq ru kk’man – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qqhuniq ru kk’man" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="మొక్క – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Гиёҳ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A" title="พืช – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96s%C3%BCmlikler" title="Ösümlikler – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ösümlikler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaman" title="Halaman – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halaman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAkau" title="ʻAkau – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAkau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayor" title="Sayor – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sayor" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitki" title="Bitki – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bitki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үсемлекләр – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakumela" title="Vyakumela – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vyakumela" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Будос – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Будос" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%85%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83" title="ئۆسۈملۈك – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆسۈملۈك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рослини – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рослини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نباتات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نباتات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Oʻsimliklar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshimela" title="Tshimela – 文达语" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Tshimela" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="文达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazmused" title="Kazmused – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazmused" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thực vật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantn" title="Plantn – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Plantn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0ncax" title="Gàncax – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gàncax" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isityalo" title="Isityalo – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isityalo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩანარეფი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="פלאנץ – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאנץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80gb%C3%ACn" title="Ọ̀gbìn – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀gbìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghgo" title="Doenghgo – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghgo" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%27n" title="Plant'n – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Plant'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Si̍t-bu̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izitshalo" title="Izitshalo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izitshalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>关于「植物」的其它含义，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="植物 (消歧义)">植物 (消歧义)</a>」。</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">植物界<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86" title="Help:如何閱讀生物資訊框"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/18px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/27px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/36px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">化石时期：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%B1%82%E7%BA%AA" title="盖层纪">盖层纪</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人类世">现代</a><a href="#cite_note-Rafatazmia-1">[1]</a> 1600–0 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="百万年">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin:4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:90%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(146,195,160); left:220.59782608696px; width:15.711847826087px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(7,202,234); left:236.30967391304px; width:10.103369565217px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(246,236,57); left:246.41304347826px; width:3.5869565217391px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,218,237); left:220.59782608696px; width:29.402173913043px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%99" title="显生宙">显生宙</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,113); left:114.13043478261px; width:48.913043478261px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,184,114); left:163.04347826087px; width:27.173913043478px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,183,87); left:190.21739130435px; width:30.380434782609px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,76,104); left:114.13043478261px; width:106.46739130435px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="元古宙">元古宙</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(238,0,125); left:32.608695652174px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,151); left:54.347826086957px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,124,163); left:76.086956521739px; width:21.739130434783px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,166,186); left:97.826086956522px; width:16.304347826087px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,0,124); left:32.608695652174px; width:81.521739130435px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="太古宙">太古宙</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,3,129); left:0px; width:32.608695652174px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,3,129); left:0px; width:32.608695652174px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="冥古宙">冥古宙</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:163.04347826087px; width:86.95652173913px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:163.04347826087px; width:86.95652173913px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:164.04347826087px; width:84.95652173913px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Diversity_of_plants_(Streptophyta)_version_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/220px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/330px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png/440px-Diversity_of_plants_%28Streptophyta%29_version_2.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1331" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">从上到下，从左到右： <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="轮藻">轮藻</a>、一种杂交<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87" title="蔷薇">蔷薇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B2%81%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="百岁兰">百岁兰</a>； <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%AF%9B%E6%AF%A1%E8%8B%94" class="mw-redirect" title="小毛毡苔">小毛毡苔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E8%98%BD" title="蓬蘽">蓬蘽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%85%B8%E6%A8%B1%E6%A1%83" title="欧洲酸樱桃">欧洲酸樱桃</a>； <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%9D%8F" title="银杏">银杏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A0%91" title="柳树">柳树</a>、溪苔属； <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%8B%8F%E9%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲苏铁">非洲苏铁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%99%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="蕙兰">蕙兰</a>、一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苔藓植物门">藓类</a>； 一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%95%A8%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="真蕨类">真蕨类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%8F%80" title="紫菀">紫菀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%86%B7%E6%9D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜冷杉">朝鲜冷杉</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">科学分类</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Plantae" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/16px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/24px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/32px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>域： </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="真核域">真核域</a> Eukaryota </td></tr> <tr> <td>演化支： </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a> Diaphoretickes </td></tr> <tr> <td>演化支： </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CAM_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF)" title="CAM (演化支)">CAM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>演化支： </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始质体生物</a> Archaeplastida </td></tr> <tr> <td>界： </td> <td>植物界 Plantae <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="赫伯特·科普兰">H.F.Copel.</a>, 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">演化支 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%A0%E6%96%B9%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="綠方藻門（页面不存在）">綠方藻門</a> Chlorokybophyta</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%91%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中斑藻門（页面不存在）">中斑藻門</a> Mesostigmatophyta</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9E%BA%E5%B8%A6%E9%BC%93%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="螺带鼓藻属（页面不存在）">螺带鼓藻属</a> Spirotaenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="绿藻门">绿藻门</a> Chlorophyta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%9E%8B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="链型植物">链型植物</a> Streptophyta</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%90%8D" title="異名">異名</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732977">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> 植物（英語：plant）是植物界（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="学名">学名</a>：Plantae）各种拥有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞壁">细胞壁</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="多細胞">多细胞</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>的统称，除少数<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="寄生植物">寄生物种</a>外都是拥有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>能力的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%90%A5%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自营生物">自营生物</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="陆地生态系统">陆地生态系统</a>和许多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="淡水生態系統">淡水生态系统</a>中最主要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="初级生产">初级生产者</a>。據估計，植物界現存大約有450000個<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="物種">物種</a><a href="#cite_note-Joppal2015-2">[2]</a>，其中通俗意义上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="高等植物">高等植物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a>）主要分<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%AD%A2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多孢植物">多孢植物</a>（主要是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a>）两大类，前者包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%93%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藓类植物门">藓类植物门</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%8C%A2%E9%96%80" title="地錢門">地钱门</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%8B%94%E9%96%80" title="角苔門">角苔门</a>三个<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="類群">类群</a>，约有12000个物种；后者根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="邱园">邱园</a>的统计，直至2017年有381910个物种被描述和命名，其中369000种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>、1110种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>、1300种<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石松門">石松类植物</a>、10500种<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E6%9D%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="链束植物">链束植物</a>（狭义上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蕨类植物">蕨类植物</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a>。与此同时，也不断有新的物种被发现，例如在2016年，有1730种有胚植物被发现和命名<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a>。 植物的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="定义">定义</a>范围在历史上多有变动。在过去，所有非<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>都可能被定义为“植物”，除了现今大众所熟知的植物类群外，许多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原核">原核</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%B6%A0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="藍綠菌">蓝绿菌</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="藻类">藻类</a>等生物因为不具备<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82" title="宏观">宏观</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="移動性">移动性</a>或因为能进行光合作用等特征被视为与植物类似，也都曾被划分进植物界内<a href="#cite_note-abdn-4">[4]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>最早在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6#分类" title="亚里士多德生物学">他的分类法</a>中将生物分为“有感知灵魂”与只有“植物状态灵魂”的两类<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>，这个观点之后被他的学生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="泰奧弗拉斯托斯">泰奧弗拉斯托斯</a>所延续<a href="#cite_note-OxBib-7">[7]</a>。到了<a href="/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="18世纪">18世纪</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">卡尔·林奈</a>在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自然系統">自然系统</a>》中最早创建了科学的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分类法">生物分类法</a>，但仍受亚里士多德概念的影响将物种分为“动物（Animale）、植物（Vegetabile）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物">矿物</a>（Lapideum）”三大<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。1866年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">恩斯特·海克尔</a>在《形态学大纲》中首次使用了“Plantae”的学名，并将原核生物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="黏菌">黏菌</a>和部分藻类移出植物界归入了新建立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生生物界">原生生物界</a>。之后在<a href="/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="20世纪">20世纪</a>经过各国生物学家进一步的研究和完善理论，真菌也被移出成为独立一界<a href="#cite_note-#1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.-11">[11]</a>，所谓的“极<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E5%8C%96" title="广义化">广义</a>植物”（Plantae sensu amplo）概念也被彻底淘汰。在近年来的系统发育和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">分类学</a>研究中，常被采用的定义是： <ul><li>广义植物（Plantae sensu lato <a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">Caval.-Sm.</a> 1981）或泛植物——将<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="原始质体生物">原始质体生物</a>（Archaeplastida）视为与植物等同的概念，包括有胚植物、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="绿藻门">绿藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">红藻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowler2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel2012-13">[13]</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯</a>在1981年提倡<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.-11">[11]</a>；</li> <li>狭义植物（Plantae sensu stricto <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="赫伯特·科普兰">H.F.Copel.</a> 1956）——只包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="绿色质体生物">绿色质体生物</a>（Chloroplastida或Viridiplantae），包括有胚植物、绿藻和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻</a>、但不包括红藻和灰藻<a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="赫伯特·科普兰">赫伯特·科普兰</a>在1956年定义<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a>；</li> <li>最狭义植物（Plantae sensu strictissimo <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="琳·馬古利斯">Margulis</a> 1971）——专指有胚植物、不包括其它任何光合藻类，最早由美国生物学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%B3%B0%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·魏泰克">罗伯特·魏泰克</a>在1969年的“五界说”构想中提出概念<a href="#cite_note-ib.usp.br-18">[18]</a>，后由<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="内共生学说">内共生学说</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%BA%9A%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="盖亚假说">盖亚假说</a>的提出者<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="琳·馬古利斯">琳·马古利斯</a>在1971年正式定义<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>。</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a>是植物细胞主要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>方式，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="無絲分裂">無絲分裂</a>在植物生长和发育中也有重要作用<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:63。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="世代交替">世代交替</a>是植物<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="生物生命周期">生命周期</a>的重要特征，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="无性繁殖">无性繁殖</a>也是重要的增殖方式<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:169。早期植物与其藻类祖先一样通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>繁殖，因此比较依赖<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="水体">水体</a>；之后出现了通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="种子">种子</a>繁殖的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支">演化支</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>，并在约3.19亿年前开始成为常态<a href="#cite_note-Jiao2011-22">[22]</a>，并<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>出了以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="授粉">授粉</a>为主的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%85%8D" title="交配">交配</a>繁殖策略<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a>更强的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90" title="配子">配子</a>耐旱性使其可以向距离水体更远的区域扩展，并且促进了与其它生物（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫">昆虫</a>）之间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="共同演化">共同演化</a>。 植物起源自在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代">古生代</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">奥陶纪</a>晚期<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="适应">适应</a>了内陆<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%B8%E5%B8%A6" title="河岸带">河岸带</a>干燥环境的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="淡水">淡水</a>绿藻，其与其它自营藻类的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="共同祖先">共同祖先</a>（原始质体生物）早在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中元古代">中元古代</a>就通过与蓝绿菌发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="内共生">内共生</a>获得了具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素">叶绿素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="色素体">色素体</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a>，并因此具备了吸收<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%89" title="日光">日光</a>中红蓝光谱<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="水分解">分解</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>后结合<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>生产<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>的光合作用能力。绝大多数植物从祖先那里继承了这一结构及能力<a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a>，但也有少数植物之后退化丧失了叶绿体<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>从而转为完全依赖<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%94%9F" title="腐生">腐生</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="異營生物">异营生物</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:458。早期植物与真菌一起在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="志留纪">志留纪</a>成功登上<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AE%96" title="定殖">定殖</a>并在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a>早期开始大规模<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="演化辐射">辐射繁衍</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%BA%AA-%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="志留纪-泥盆纪陆地革命">其引发的生态革命</a>形成了大量<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地">湿地</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>，为各种早期<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="陆生动物">陆生动物</a>（主要是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E8%82%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="节肢动物">节肢动物</a>）提供了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="栖息地">栖息地</a>，也为后来<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="水生動物">水生</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="半水生">半水生</a>演化创造了条件。植物<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="根系">根系</a>对岩石的不断<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="侵蚀">侵蚀</a>产生了<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%9C%9F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="成土作用">成土作用</a>也导致地球表面的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%88" title="土壤圈">土壤圈</a>的形成，并加速了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物质">矿物质</a>从陆地向水体的流失，很可能部分导致了重创<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="水域生态系统">水域生态系统</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA%E6%9C%AB%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="泥盆纪末大灭绝">泥盆纪末大灭绝</a>。植物的繁盛也使其彻底取代了水生的绿藻和蓝绿菌成为地球上主要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E7%87%9F" title="光合自營">光合自营者</a>，光合作用<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="副产物">副产物</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>的不断释放也使得<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="地球大气层">地球大气</a>的含氧量<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="氧气地质历史">首次超过了10％</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%A2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="固碳">固碳</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%88%AA%E5%AD%98" title="碳截存">碳截存</a>能力也在日后成为影响大气<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="温室效应">温室效应</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="氣候變化">气候变化</a>的一个重要推手，并引发了<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="晚古生代大冰期">晚古生代大冰期</a>。在泥盆纪晚期和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA" title="石炭纪">石炭纪</a>，陆地植物演化出了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0" title="木质素">木质素</a>继续向陆地深处辐射并形成了以<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蕨类植物">蕨类植物</a>为主的茂密的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="煤炭森林">煤炭森林</a>（日后在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="岩層">岩层</a>中形成了现今的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%9F%BF" title="煤矿">煤矿</a>），但在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%A9%E6%BA%83%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="石炭纪雨林崩溃事件">石炭纪雨林崩溃事件</a>后出现大规模<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF" title="演替">演替</a>，使得更加耐旱的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%95%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="種子蕨">种子蕨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>等种子植物在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">二叠纪</a>和之后的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代</a>得以兴盛并成为主流。而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪</a>中晚期出现了<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="白垩纪陆地革命">新一轮的植物革命</a>，使得繁殖效率更高的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>兴起并在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代</a>彻底成为陆地植物的主流，并一直维系至今。 作为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BD%91" title="食物网">食物网</a>基层的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="初级生产者">初级生产者</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="產氧光合作用">产氧光合作用</a>是植物主要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB" title="营养">营养</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="生物能">生物能</a>来源，也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%87%8F" title="生物量">生物质</a>循环和能量流动的重要环节，是大部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>（特别是陆地生态系统）赖以生存的基础<a href="#cite_note-behrenfeld-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:122。许多植物也在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>的生活中充当着<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="食物">食物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="饮品">饮品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E6%9D%90" class="mw-redirect" title="药材">药材</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%B2%E6%96%99" title="饲料">饲料</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="建筑材料">建筑材料</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="纺织">纺织</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料">原材料</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料">燃料</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81" title="产品">产品</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="生产">生产</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="供应">供应</a>赖以维系的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源">自然资源</a>，发挥着重要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="经济">经济</a>作用<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a>。以植物为研究对象的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="自然科学">自然科学</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="学术">分科</a>被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>的重要分支<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:2，也是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a>的关键组成部分，同时更是人类<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="第一产业">第一产业</a>得以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">持续发展</a>的理论基础。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義">定義</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定義">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传统定义">传统定义</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：传统定义">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自养生物</a></div> 传统上，所有生物被分为两类：植物和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>，这种观念可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>，<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>他认为植物和动物的区别是由于二者具有不同的灵魂。<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">卡尔·林奈</a>创立<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a>时延续了这一概念，将所有营固着生活、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">光合自养</a>的生物定义为植物。<a href="#cite_note-abdn-4">[4]</a>恩格勒系统继承了林奈的植物界概念，将藻类、细菌、真菌都包括在内，《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%A7%91%E5%BF%97%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分科志要（页面不存在）">植物分科志要</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien" class="extiw" title="en:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien">Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</a>）》在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·恩格勒">恩格勒</a>生前发表10个版本，去世后由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="路德维希·迪尔斯">路德维希·迪尔斯</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯·梅尔希奥（页面不存在）">汉斯·梅尔希奥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Melchior" class="extiw" title="en:Hans Melchior">Hans Melchior</a>）各主持一次修订，仍然维持了最初的植物界概念，并将植物界分为17门。<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> 随着<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">显微镜</a>的发明和应用，许多兼具传统动物和植物特点的生物被发现，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="裸藻纲">裸藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="双鞭毛虫门">甲藻</a>等。因此，德国生物学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">海克尔</a>先后提出了两个学名：Plantae Haeckel 1866, Metaphyta Haeckel 1894，它们的范围基本相同，都排除了原核生物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="黏菌">黏菌</a>和部分藻类，并将其分入原生生物界。<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 1983年至2009年，在J. Gerloff , K. Walther和Wolfgang Frey的先后主持下，第13版恩格勒系统完成修订，并于2012年开始出版。该系统在具体<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">目</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a>的设置方面吸收了大量<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>成果，但对于植物界整体范围的界定（Plantae W.Frey 2012）只排除了大多数细菌，仍包含了<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>、真菌和藻类。 <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> 1959年，美国生物学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%B3%B0%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·魏泰克">罗伯特·魏泰克</a>将不含质体的广义真菌从植物界分出，提出了一个新的生物分类系统，并在1969年再次修订，称为「魏泰克五界系统」，该系统所定义的植物界排除了原核生物、真菌和部分藻类，将其分别分入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌界">真菌界</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生生物界">原生生物界</a>，但仍包含与陆生植物关系较远的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="褐藻纲">褐藻</a>类。<a href="#cite_note-#1-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代定义">现代定义</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：现代定义">编辑</a>]</div> 1966年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="琳·馬古利斯">琳·馬古利斯</a>（Lynn Margulis）发表论文，阐述了著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="共生體學說">内共生理论</a>，该理论认为，真核生物的共同祖先通过将某种好氧细菌内共生获得了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="有氧呼吸">有氧呼吸</a>的能力，而后植物的共同祖先通过将某种<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>内共生而获得了含叶绿体在内的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">质体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>的能力。<a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a> 马古利斯在同一篇论文中将Plantae定义为维管植物<a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a>，而后，马古利斯又在1971年植物界重新定义为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a>。 按照内共生理论，核基因组和细胞器基因组的演化历史并不一致，因此可以通过二者的差别来判断内共生的发生。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯</a>研究组的分子系统学的结果显示，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素體生物</a>（Archaeplastida，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="紅藻門">红藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">绿藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a>）的最后共同祖先是最早与蓝菌内共生获得质体的生物类群，其他藻类的质体都并非直接来自蓝菌，而是通过与原始色素体生物内共生而间接地获得质体，因此，该研究组将植物定义为原始色素体生物。 <a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="争议">争议</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：争议">编辑</a>]</div> 2015年以来，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯</a>、Patrick J. Keeling、Alastair G. B. Simpson和Fabien Burki各自所带领的研究组的研究对现有的植物定义提出了挑战。 前三者的分子系统学的结果均显示，一类<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a>嵌在了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a>的演化支中，并与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="紅藻門">红藻</a>类构成姊妹群<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="隱藻門">隐藻</a>的分类地位尚不明确，Keeling和Burki研究组的系统树均显示，隐藻可能嵌在原始色素体生物中，但其具体位置则并不一致；在前者的结果中，灰藻和绿色植物构成单系，隐藻则是它们的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姐妹群">姐妹群</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a>；在后者的结果中，隐藻与红藻互为姐妹群<a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a>；而另两个研究组的系统树则显示，隐藻生物可能是原始色素体生物和皮胆虫的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="外類群">外類群</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a>。 这些研究显示，皮胆虫和隐藻很可能是原始色素体生物共同祖先的后代，但其各自在演化过程中将祖先的质体丢失，而后隐藻通过内共生获得了红藻的质体，但皮胆虫则恢复为异养生活。<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="多樣性">多樣性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：多樣性">编辑</a>]</div> 植物是地球上最常见的生命形态之一，广泛分布于各类生境中，包括全世界水圈的大部，岩石圈的表面，大气层的底部，隨著不同氣候區而有不同的种类和数量。甚至在沙漠、高原、极地等极端环境下也有植物的身影。<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:8 植物中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">绿藻</a>可与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>共生形成地衣，并共同在一些极端环境下生存。地球陆地面积的6％被地衣覆盖，北极地区的地衣是北极<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AF%E9%B9%BF" title="驯鹿">驯鹿</a>的主要食物<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>，某些<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A3" title="地衣">地衣</a>甚至可以抵挡高强度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射线</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外线</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星">人造卫星</a>上的研究站存活<a href="#cite_note-Sancho2007-32">[32]</a>。 據估計，植物界現存大約有450000個<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="物種">物種</a><a href="#cite_note-Joppal2015-2">[2]</a>，根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="邱园">邱园</a>的统计，直至2017年，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a>中，381910个物种已被描述和命名，其中369000种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>，1110种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>，1300种<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石松門">石松类植物</a>，10500种<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E6%9D%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="链束植物">链束植物</a>（狭义蕨类植物）<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a>。其他类群在邱园的数据中未被统计，其物种数目及参考资料详见下表。 与此同时，也不断有新的物种被发现，例如在2016年，有1730种新发现的有胚植物被命名<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a>。 <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>植物界的多樣性 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgreen" align="center">非正式的類群 </th> <th style="background:lightgreen" align="center">門 </th> <th style="background:lightgreen" align="center">现存物種數量 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background:lightgray" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="紅藻門">紅藻門</a> </td> <td align="right">7000<a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Rhodophyta-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻门</a> </td> <td align="right">26<a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Glaucophyta-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="隱藻門">隱藻門</a> </td> <td align="right">219<a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Cryptophyta-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">綠藻門</a> </td> <td>3,800–4,300 <a href="#cite_note-Algae_1995-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Chlorophyta-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="輪藻門">輪藻門</a> </td> <td align="right">2,800–6,000 <a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Charophyta-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Algae_1995-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:lightgray" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%98%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="苔蘚植物">苔蘚植物</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%8C%A2%E9%96%80" title="地錢門">地錢門</a> </td> <td align="right">6,000 - 8,000 <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%8B%94%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="角苔纲">角苔门</a> </td> <td align="right">100 - 200 <a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%93%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藓类植物门">藓类植物门</a> </td> <td align="right">10,000 <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:lightgray" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="蕨類植物">蕨類植物</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石松門">石松門</a> </td> <td align="right">1300<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E6%9D%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="链束植物">链束植物</a> </td> <td align="right">10500<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:lightgray" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a> 共约1110<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%93%81%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏铁门">蘇鐵門</a> </td> <td align="right">300<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:448 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%9D%8F%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="銀杏門">銀杏門</a> </td> <td align="right">1<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:450 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9F%8F%E9%96%80" title="松柏門">松柏門</a> </td> <td align="right">630<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:437 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E9%BA%BB%E8%97%A4%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="买麻藤门">買麻藤門</a> </td> <td align="right">75<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a> :453 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="被子植物門">被子植物門</a> </td> <td align="right">369000<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="演化">演化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：演化">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="演化史">演化史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：演化史">编辑</a>]</div> 依照目前较广泛接受的研究，植物（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素體生物</a>）起源于16亿年前的一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="共生體學說">内共生</a>事件<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[42]</a>，其中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">质体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">线粒体</a>等结构，则可以追溯到更早存在的<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%A7%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="好氧細菌">好氧細菌</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>的历史没有定论，最早的可能记录是超过35亿年前的蓝菌黏结堆砌而成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8A%E5%B1%A4%E7%9F%B3" title="疊層石">疊層石</a>，但仍有争议<a href="#cite_note-PiP-43">[43]</a>。在最晚16亿年前，植物的最后共同祖先以蓝菌为食，但在食物缺乏且阳光充足的环境下，与蓝菌共生，利用它们进行光合作用比将蓝菌作为食物更有利于生存，因此植物的祖先与蓝菌发生了内共生，并获得了质体和光合作用的能力，而一种类似衣原体的生物（可能是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="軍團菌屬">軍團菌</a>，包括引发<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2%E7%97%85" title="军团病">军团病</a>的种类）则提供了将有机物转运出质体的基因<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[42]</a>。 传统上认为有胚植物是最早的陆生植物，但近年来有研究指出，通过对古土壤的化学和地质学分析可以看出，早在10亿年前就有陆生单细胞藻类<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="分子系统学">分子系统学</a>显示<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a>起源于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻</a>，最早产生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">奥陶纪</a>中期<a href="#cite_note-NiklasKutschera2010-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vries2018-46">[46]</a>，传统观点认为其起源于海洋藻类，但也有研究认为其起源于陆生单细胞藻类<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">維管植物</a>出現於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留紀</a>時，且到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a>時已辐射并分布在許多不同类型的陆地生態系统中<a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vries20182-49">[49]</a>；早期<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">種子植物</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%95%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="種子蕨">種子蕨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%81%94%E6%A8%B9" title="科達樹">科達樹</a>出現於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a>晚期並於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石炭紀">石炭紀</a>時開始分化，之後經過<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">二叠纪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="三疊紀">三疊紀</a>而有了更多的演化<a href="#cite_note-Novikov2015-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothwelletal989-52">[52]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="被子植物門">被子植物</a>是最後出現的植物類群，於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="侏羅紀">侏羅紀</a>時由古<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>中演化出來，並於<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="白堊紀">白堊紀</a>時迅速地分歧出許多物種，并一直繁盛至今，成为陆生植物的最优势类群<a href="#cite_note-Davies2004-53">[53]</a>；现代裸子植物（称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E7%AB%AF%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="末端裸子植物">末端裸子植物</a>）是与被子植物并列的独立单系分支，并非被子植物的祖先<a href="#cite_note-pnas-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-APweb-55">[55]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化石记录">化石记录</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：化石记录">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学">古植物学</a></div> 植物的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90" title="種子">種子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀">琥珀</a>。植物化石在陸地上、湖泊中、河流裡以及近海內的地層都有发现的记录。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>和藻類的化石被用來界定地層岩石的順序。殘留的植物化石並不如動物化石那麼普遍，然而植物化石在世界上許多地區之內，都可以有大量的發現。 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg/250px-Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg/375px-Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg/500px-Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="石化林國家公園">石化林國家公園</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E5%8C%96%E6%9C%A8" title="硅化木">硅化木</a></figcaption></figure> 最早可以被明确归类于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a>的化石是一种学名叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafatazmia_chitrakootensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafatazmia chitrakootensis（页面不存在）">Rafatazmia chitrakootensis</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafatazmia" class="extiw" title="en:Rafatazmia">Rafatazmia</a>）的红藻，生活在16亿年前，发现于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="印度地理">印度</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8A%E5%B1%A4%E7%9F%B3" title="疊層石">疊層石</a>中<a href="#cite_note-Rafatazmia-1">[1]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a>最早的化石是澳大利亚卢坡群(Roper Group)的一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="微体化石">微体化石</a>，生活在15亿年－13亿年前，其结构与现代绿藻类似<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。 最早的与现生类群有明确亲缘关系的植物化石是<a href="/wiki/Bangiomorpha_pubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiomorpha pubescens">Bangiomorpha pubescens</a>，是一种生活在12亿年前的红藻<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻门</a>的一些植物的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">细胞壁</a>发生<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E5%8C%96" title="钙化">钙化</a>，因此比其他藻类更容易留下化石记录，可追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留纪</a>晚期（大约4.1亿年前）<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:356，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%8D%A1%E8%97%BB" title="派卡藻">派卡藻</a>（Parka decipiens），Palaeonitella cranii 等<a href="#cite_note-Hemsley-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelman2003-59">[59]</a>。 有胚植物已知最古老的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="遗迹化石">遗迹化石</a>源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">奥陶纪</a>，但此類化石是零碎不全的。到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留紀</a>才有完整的化石被保留下來，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石松門">石松門</a>的「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刺石松（页面不存在）">刺石松</a>」。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆紀</a>之後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%BC%E8%95%A8%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="莱尼蕨门">萊尼蕨門</a>的詳細化石在此時期被發現，此化石顯示出了其植物組織的單一細胞。泥盆紀時亦出現了被認為是最古老樹木的植物「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8A%E9%BD%92%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羊齒屬">古羊齒屬</a>」，此類植物在其樹幹上有蕨葉，但此蕨葉不會產生孢子。<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-60">[60]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤系地層（页面不存在）">煤系地層</a>是生存於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代">古生代</a>時的植物的化石的主要來源。煤炭礦是採集化石最好的場所，而且<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>本身便是化石植物的殘留，雖然植物化石的結構細節很少會留在碳中。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5" title="格拉斯哥">格拉斯哥</a>維多利亞公園中的化石森林裡，有發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%AC" title="鱗木屬">鱗木</a>（Lepidodendron）的樹幹。<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> 松柏和開花植物的根、莖及枝幹的化石可以在湖泊及海岸的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代</a>地層中被找到。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%B4%85%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="加州紅木">加州紅木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%98%AD%E5%B1%AC" title="木蘭屬">木蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AB%9F%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="櫟屬">櫟樹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="棕櫚科">棕櫚樹</a>等化石常被找到。<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96%E6%9C%A8" title="石化木">石化木</a>普遍存在於世界的部份地區，且最常在酸性及沙漠地區中所發現，因為那些地方很容易因<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">侵蝕作用</a>而暴露。石化木通常都被嚴重地矽化（有機質被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="二氧化矽">二氧化矽</a>取代），且生殖組織常會被保存在良好的狀態。此類的樣本有些會使用寶石雕琢的裝置來切割及磨光。石化木的石化林已在每個大陸中被發現。<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E7%BE%8A%E9%BD%92%E5%B1%AC" title="舌羊齒屬">舌羊齒屬</a>等種子蕨的化石廣泛分佈在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="南半球">南半球</a>的數個大陸中，此一事實支持了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾弗雷德·魏格納">阿爾弗雷德·魏格納</a>所提出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="大陆漂移学说">大陸漂移學說</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>。 目前无争议的最早的化石<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9E%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="古果属">古果属</a>植物<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-NaturePlants2017-65">[65]</a>；最早的与现生类群亲近的化石被子植物是<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E8%97%BB" title="蒙特塞克藻">蒙特塞克藻</a>，其与<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%B1%BC%E8%97%BB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="金鱼藻科">金鱼藻科</a>互为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姐妹群">姊妹类群</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernard2015-66">[66]</a>。 另有<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%B0%8F%E7%9C%9F%E8%8A%B1" title="潘氏真花">潘氏真花</a>等位置未定的古种子植物，部分学者主张其为被子植物<a href="#cite_note-Liu2015-67">[67]</a>，也有学者质疑其为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9F%8F%E9%96%80" title="松柏門">松柏类</a>裸子植物<a href="#cite_note-NaturePlants2017-65">[65]</a>。若干项关于被子植物起源时间的研究认为，依据<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="分子鐘">分子钟</a>的结论，被子植物可能起源于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">侏罗纪</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪">三叠纪</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>，但尚无可靠的化石证据支持<a href="#cite_note-NaturePlants2017-65">[65]</a>，分析指出，这可能是由于早期被子植物在生态上并不重要，或者其生活在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="石化">化石化作用</a>难以发生的环境中<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="系统发生">系统发生</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：系统发生">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外类群">外类群</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外类群">编辑</a>]</div> 依据目前的研究，植物界是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="双鞭毛生物">双鞭毛生物</a>><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a>的一支，其与相关类群间的系统发生关系如下<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r62996521">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="双鞭毛生物">双鞭毛生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> 植物界 Plantae (<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a> Archaeplastida) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="定鞭藻門">定鞭藻门</a> Haptophyta </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%B3%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="中阳虫门">中阳虫门</a> Centrohelid </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/SAR%E8%B6%85%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="SAR超类群">SAR超类群</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="不等鞭毛門">不等鞭毛门</a> Heterokonta </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1%E8%99%AB" title="囊泡虫">囊泡虫类</a> Alveolata </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%99%AB%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="有孔虫界">有孔虫界</a> Rhizaria </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Telonema </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%9F%B2" title="半鞭毛蟲">半鞭毛虫</a> Hemimastigophora </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%99%AB%E7%95%8C" title="古虫界">古虫界</a> Excavata </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單鞭毛生物">单鞭毛生物</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>等生物类群） Unikonta </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="内类群">内类群</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：内类群">编辑</a>]</div> 植物界各类群的系统发生关系尚不明晰，目前主要的观点如下表。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯</a>研究组<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a> </th> <th>帕特里克 J. 基林研究组<a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a> </th> <th>阿拉斯泰尔 G. B. 辛普森研究组<a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a> </th> <th>Fabien Burki研究组<a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">红藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="隐藻">隐藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">红藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="隐藻">隐藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">红藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="隐藻">隐藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="隐藻">隐藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">红藻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类">分类</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：分类">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分类学歷史">分类学歷史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：分类学歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物分类学">植物分类学</a></div> 不同于现代植物分类学，古代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="本草學">本草学</a>对植物的分类反映的是人类对植物的认识和使用，而非植物本身的特征或不同植物之间的亲缘关系，因此它们属于「人为分类系统」。<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a>现代生物分类学创始人<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">卡尔·林奈</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BF%97" title="植物种志">植物种志</a>》中提出了以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">双名法</a>及阶元体系为核心的林奈氏分类法，并为他当时所知的物种提出了双名法形式的学名。林奈提出了“性系统”，依据花器官的数量等特征为植物分门别类，将植物分为了单雄蕊纲、双雄蕊纲等。<a href="#cite_note-abdn-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:234<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 1858年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士">阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士</a>提出了生物的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化論</a>，在此影响下，新的观念被引入了分类学界，也即，生物的分类系统应当反映出类群间的亲缘关系和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生</a>过程，这一思想被称为「进化分类学」，但是这一阶段主要的证据来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物形態學">形态学</a>，具有一定的主观性；而且进化分类学承认并系群的合理性，这与现代分类学不同。<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a> 德国昆虫学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C" title="维利·亨尼希">维利·亨尼希</a>于1965年提出了<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a>，他主张，任何一个分类群都应该是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="单系群">单系群</a>，包含其最后<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="共同起源">共同祖先</a>的全部后代，早期一般使用形态学数据，根据祖征和衍征重建生物的进化关系。<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>和<a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%8F" title="DNA測序">测序技术</a>的产生及发展，生物分类学家开始采用DNA/RNA序列来计算生物的亲缘关系，由于数据量大，人力难以计算，因此现今一般使用计算机软件构建进化树。<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="藻類">藻類</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：藻類">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg/250px-Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg/375px-Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg/500px-Haeckel_Siphoneae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">恩斯特·海克爾</a>所著《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自然界的藝術形式">自然界的藝術形式</a>》中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB" class="mw-disambig" title="綠藻">綠藻</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a></div> 藻類传统上被视为植物的一部分，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>研究显示其不是一个自然类群。藻类是由若干种可以进行光合作用的不同類群生物所組成的，但大多數的藻類並不被歸類在植物界裡，而是被歸類在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌界</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%8F%8C%E9%96%80" title="藍菌門">蓝菌</a>）、<a href="/wiki/SAR%E8%B6%85%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="SAR超类群">SAR超类群</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%97%BB" title="金藻">金藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="褐藻纲">褐藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%97%BB" title="黄藻">黄藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E8%97%BB" title="矽藻">矽藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="双鞭毛虫门">甲藻</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="定鞭藻門">定鞭藻門</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%99%AB%E7%95%8C" title="古虫界">古虫界</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="裸藻纲">裸藻</a>）裡。<a href="#cite_note-caval.sm.2015-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki2019-16">[16]</a> 有胚植物是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻</a>演化而來的；二者被合稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%9E%8B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="链型植物">链形植物</a>，加上<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">绿藻门</a>共同组成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19216746-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17964920-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18612431-79">[79]</a>。传统上<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">绿藻</a>不包含有胚植物，因此为一<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>，但后来因为许多研究显示有胚植物是由轮藻门的一支演化而来，部分研究者开始将两者视为一体<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruhfel_2014-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。这些植物的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>中存在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>，质体由内共生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>演化而来，含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0a" class="mw-redirect" title="叶绿素a">叶绿素a</a> 以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0b" title="叶绿素b">叶绿素b</a>，不含藻胆素，该类群以沒有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%B2%92" title="中心粒">中心粒</a>的方式行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有絲分裂</a>，且具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="粒線體">粒線體</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:44,63。 红藻具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0a" class="mw-redirect" title="叶绿素a">叶绿素a</a> 和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E8%86%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="藻膽蛋白">藻膽蛋白</a>，类似于大多数<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝菌">蓝菌</a>。灰藻具有典型的蓝菌色素，并且其色素体保留了蓝菌的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="肽聚糖">肽聚糖</a>壁，称为蓝小体 (cyanelles)。<a href="#cite_note-Adl2005-85">[85]</a> 绿藻、红藻和灰藻是最早与蓝菌内共生获得质体的生物类群，它们（包括由绿藻演化来的整个绿色植物）因此被称作「原始色素体生物」。相對的，大多數其他藻類的质体則被三至四层细胞器膜包裹，依据核基因组来看，它們和植物的關係並不相近，可能是将綠藻和紅藻内共生至自己的细胞内而得來的。<a href="#cite_note-Lynn-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> 后文提及「藻类」，如非特别说明，均指原始色素体生物中排除陆生有胚植物的部分。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有胚植物">有胚植物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：有胚植物">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferns02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/250px-Ferns02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/375px-Ferns02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/500px-Ferns02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E6%A8%B9%E8%95%A8" title="軟樹蕨">軟樹蕨</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%95%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="树蕨">樹蕨</a>的一種物種</figcaption></figure> 生活中常见的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞</a>陸生植物為有胚植物。根据是否擁有完整的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">维管组织</a>，可以划分为拥有维管组织的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="維管植物">維管植物</a>（但<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%8F%B6%E8%95%A8%E7%A7%91" title="松叶蕨科">松叶蕨科</a>缺少真正的根）以及缺少维管组织的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%98%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="苔蘚植物">苔蘚植物</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:249。 這類植物都有著以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="半纤维素">半纤维素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%83%B6" title="果胶">果胶</a>等成分組成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>所包圍的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="真核">真核</a>細胞，且大部份經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>來合成营养物质<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:249。也有许多植物不行光合作用，而是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>在其他生物体上，在被子植物中，寄生植物约有4100种<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。有胚植物和藻类不同，有著被非生殖組織保護著的特化生殖器官<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:249。 苔蘚植物中，尽管有些物種相对耐旱，但其繁殖离不开水<a href="#cite_note-NiklasKutschera2010-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vries2018-46">[46]</a>，大多數的苔蘚植物一生的體形都很小，它們在兩個階段之間做世代交替：稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" title="配子體">配子體</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單倍體">單倍體</a>階段和稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="孢子体">孢子体</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="雙倍體">雙倍體</a>階段。孢子體的生存期間很短，且必須生活在雌配子體上。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:376 維管植物有很多種適應的型態，允許它們能夠克服苔蘚植物的極限。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%A8%E5%B1%82" title="植物角质层">角質層</a>能幫植物對抗乾燥，而維管束則能把水分輸送到整個生物体內。維管植物的孢子體一般是獨立的植物個體，而配子體只作为生殖结构短期出現。<a href="#cite_note-Vries20182-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[48]</a> 种子植物的配子體階段完全地退化了，而其孢子體則是通過<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a>受精，在母本体内发育成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="种子">种子</a>。种子植物可以在极端干旱的条件下存活和繁殖，因为它们能够形成花粉管，受精过程不依赖水，也不依赖于配子体的独立生活。<a href="#cite_note-Novikov2015-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothwelletal989-52">[52]</a> 早期的種子植物為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E7%8F%A0" title="胚珠">胚珠</a>不被大孢子叶所形成的心皮包被，种子没有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%AE" title="果皮">果皮</a>包被。现代裸子植物依然广泛分佈於世界各處。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:430-432,435-437 而被子植物的孢子体进一步进化，配子体进一步退化，胚珠被心皮形成的雌蕊包被，种子被果皮包被，形成果实，具有真正的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>，并能通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="双受精">双受精</a>形成具有双亲遗传物质的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E4%B9%B3" title="胚乳">胚乳</a>。在現今大多數的生態環境裡，被子植物是最主要的類群。<a href="#cite_note-Davies2004-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:457-459 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形态结构">形态结构</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：形态结构">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物形態學">植物形態學</a></div>植物形態學是一門研究植物的外部形態、構造、組成，及其發育（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="個體發生學">个体发育</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系统发育</a>）的科学<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:9<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>:837。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="细胞">细胞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：细胞">编辑</a>]</div> 植物作为真核生物，其细胞具有真核细胞的共同特征：被核膜包裹的真正的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" title="細胞器">具膜细胞器</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:40。 植物细胞由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%93" title="原生质体">原生质体</a>组成，原生质体又可分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:42 细胞膜又称原生质膜，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E5%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%82" title="磷脂双分子层">磷脂双分子层</a>和镶嵌在其上的糖蛋白构成，它将原生质体与外部环境分离，并能介导物质进出原生质体。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:22-24, 42 细胞质包括细胞质基质和细胞器，植物细胞中有无膜结构的细胞器如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a>等，也有双层膜细胞器如<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">质体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a>，单层膜细胞器如<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液泡</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液泡</a>等的膜结构共同组成植物细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="內膜系統">內膜系統</a>。在活的植物细胞中，细胞质总是在运动，可以观察到细胞器以及悬浮在细胞质基质中的各种物质在有序地运动，这种运动被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA%E6%B5%81" title="細胞質流">细胞质环流</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:42 细胞核由核膜、核仁、核基质、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色质</a>、核纤层、核膜核糖体等部分组成，它通过控制细胞何时产生何种<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>来控制细胞的生命活动；它将遗传信息以<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>储存在其染色质中，在细胞分裂时其传递给子细胞。存储在细胞核中的全部遗传信息称为核<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="基因组">基因组</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:42 质体（质体基因组）和线粒体（线粒体基因组）中也含有DNA，储存了部分遗传信息。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:42 植物细胞的细胞壁由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="半纤维素">半纤维素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%83%B6" title="果胶">果胶质</a>等化学物质组成，细胞壁可分为三层，胞间层是细胞壁的最外层，是相邻细胞共有的一层结构，在分裂过程中最早形成；初生壁在胞间层的内侧，初生壁和胞间层都较为柔软，可随着细胞生长而扩展；次生壁在细胞体积停止增大后形成，含有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0" title="木质素">木质素</a>，一般在起支持和运输作用的细胞中见到，并非所有细胞都有次生壁。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:56-61 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="细胞的增殖">细胞的增殖</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：细胞的增殖">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="有丝分裂">有丝分裂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="無絲分裂">无丝分裂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a></div> 细胞的增殖方式称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>。作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>，植物的细胞增殖方式与大部分真核生物一样，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有丝分裂</a>为主要的体细胞分裂方式，兼有<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="無絲分裂">无丝分裂</a>；以<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a>作为产生生殖细胞的分裂方式<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:62-63。植物的有丝分裂和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>一样，是开放式有丝分裂，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>和一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>（包括一些非植物藻类）则进行封闭式有丝分裂<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="组织">组织</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：组织">编辑</a>]</div> 植物的组织主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="基本组织 (植物)">基本组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">维管组织</a>和皮组织（也称为保护组织）<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:541。 基本组织又可分为<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E5%A3%81%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="薄壁组织">薄壁组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9A%E8%A7%92%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="厚角組織">厚角組織</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9A%E5%A3%81%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="厚壁组织">厚壁组织</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:541，后两者也常被合称为机械组织<a href="#cite_note-ZhouYL-89">[89]</a>。薄壁组织是最常见的基本组织，只有初生壁，在光合作用、储水、传递等方面发挥作用；薄壁组织具有全能性，它们与伤口的愈合、不定根的发生也有着密切的关系<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:541-542。 厚角组织和厚壁组织起支持作用，前者的细胞壁部分加厚，常出现在茎、叶柄等部位，是活细胞；后者的细胞壁全面加厚，具有次生壁，是死细胞，由两类细胞组成：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="纤维">纤维</a>和石细胞<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:542-544。 维管组织包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E9%83%A8" title="木质部">木质部</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A7%E7%9A%AE%E9%83%A8" title="韧皮部">韧皮部</a>，木质部包括导管、管胞（少数被子植物、裸子植物和蕨类植物）、木纤维和木薄壁细胞，韧皮部包括筛管、筛胞（裸子植物和蕨类植物）、伴胞、韧皮纤维和韧皮薄壁细胞；植物通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E9%83%A8" title="木质部">木质部</a>将<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>部吸收到的水分和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">矿物质</a>向上运输，通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A7%E7%9A%AE%E9%83%A8" title="韧皮部">韧皮部</a>将光合作用的产物向下运输<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:544-552。 皮组织也称为保护组织<a href="#cite_note-ZhouYL-89">[89]</a>，包括表皮和周皮。表皮在最外层，是初生保护组织，存在于叶、花、果实、种子<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>以及未成熟的茎和根的表面<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:553。周皮是次生保护组织，存在于成熟的茎和根中，代替表皮起保护作用<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:555。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="器官">器官</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：器官">编辑</a>]</div> 植物的器官包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>三大营养器官和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90" title="種子">種子</a>三大生殖器官，其形态和结构是传统植物形态学的研究重点，相关特征常作为传统<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物分类学">植物分类学</a>上区分物种的证据，尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>证据在现代有着更广泛的应用，但在野外等不方便采用分子生物学手段的场合，形态学证据仍然有着广泛的应用。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:240 植物的根通常位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a>中，主要功能为吸收、输导和固着支持，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B9" title="氣生根">气生根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="贮藏器官">贮藏根</a>等变态根还具有合成、贮藏、呼吸等功能。真正的根最早在维管植物中产生，苔藓植物和藻类也有类似的结构，称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%A0%B9" title="假根">假根</a>，只起固着作用，不具备其他功能。种子植物的主根由种子中的胚根发育形成，主根垂直向下扎入土壤中，长到一定长度后，从主根的中柱鞘结构产生侧根，侧根上还可以进一步生出更多侧根，在主根和侧根以外的部分如茎、叶、胚轴或老根上产生的根称为不定根。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:559,571-577 植物的茎通常位于地面以上，向下与根相连，向上着生叶、花、果实，具有输导、支持的功能。茎具有节和节间，节是叶和芽着生的位置，芽可以根据位置分为顶芽和侧芽，也可以根据将来发育成的器官分为枝芽、花芽和混合芽。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:579-580<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/300px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/450px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/600px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="葉子">葉</a>是植物行使<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>的主要部位</figcaption></figure> 植物的葉是光合作用制造有机物的营养器官，其主要功能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E8%85%BE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="蒸腾作用">蒸腾作用</a>。大部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="真双子叶植物">真双子叶植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B0%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="木兰类植物">木兰类植物</a>的叶可以分为叶片、叶柄和托叶三部分；大部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="單子葉植物">單子葉植物</a>和一部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="真双子叶植物">真双子叶植物</a>，叶基部扩大，形成包裹茎的叶鞘；在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BE%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="禾本科">禾本科</a>植物中，叶鞘会延伸节间的长度。对大部分植物而言，叶片是最主要的部分，一般为绿色薄片状，有利于扩大阳光照射面积和气体接触面积，以便于光合作用和蒸腾作用的进行。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:592-593 变态的茎和叶还具有其他功能，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF" title="马铃薯">马铃薯</a>的块茎，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5" title="洋蔥">洋蔥</a>的鳞茎，<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%8F%96%E8%92%B2" title="唐菖蒲">唐菖蒲</a>的球茎均具有贮藏功能，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%88%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%B1%AC" title="龍舌蘭屬">龍舌蘭屬</a>植物的茎、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%AC" title="景天屬">景天屬</a>植物的叶则具有储水功能。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:611-612 真正的茎和叶最早产生于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="石松門">石松植物</a>中，而类似茎和叶的结构早在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>中已经出现，但因为其不具有维管组织，因此不能算做真正的茎和叶。其中只有叶状结构的，称为「叶状体」，具有茎状和叶状结构的，称为「拟茎叶体」。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:368-369 植物的根、茎、叶都具有韧皮部和木质部，并在各个器官中相互连通。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:604 种子只存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a>中，而花、果实则只在被子植物中存在。苔藓、蕨类植物一般使用孢子繁殖；而藻类除孢子繁殖外，也进行营养生殖、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B6%BF" title="水綿">接合生殖</a>等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="繁殖与生活史">繁殖与生活史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：繁殖与生活史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="植物繁殖">植物繁殖</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG/300px-Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG/450px-Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG/600px-Chara_sp_reproductive_structure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="轮藻">轮藻</a>的生殖结构，上方的结构为藏卵器，下方的结构为藏精器</figcaption></figure> 植物的繁殖方式有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="无性生殖">无性生殖</a>两大类，有性生殖指的是通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90" title="配子">配子</a>结合产生后代，而无性生殖指的是通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="营养器官">营养器官</a>的营养生长产生后代。许多植物能够同时使用这两种方式。<a href="#cite_note-Yang_Kim_2016-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有性生殖">有性生殖</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：有性生殖">编辑</a>]</div> 植物的有性生殖涉及到复杂的生命周期，称为「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="世代交替">世代交替</a>」，包括所有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陆生植物">陆生植物</a>与某些<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="藻类">藻类</a>。繁殖过程中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單倍體">單倍體</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" title="配子體">配子体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%80%8D%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="雙倍體">雙倍體</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="孢子体">孢子体</a>交替出现。某些藻类的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="孢子体">孢子体</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" title="配子體">配子体</a>可能是有相同或不同外观的各自独立的生物体。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>占优势的是自养的配子体，孢子体生于配子体上，不能独立生活。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:368-378<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a>占优势的是孢子体，配子体依赖于孢子体生存。蕨类的孢子体有根、茎、叶的分化，而配子体称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%B6%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原叶体（页面不存在）">原叶体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prothallus" class="extiw" title="en:prothallus">prothallus</a>），分化程度低，能够脱离孢子体<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自營</a>或与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>共生。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:417-419对于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>），配子体极度不发育，无独立生活能力，完全依赖于孢子体。<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="无性生殖">无性生殖</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：无性生殖">编辑</a>]</div> 無性生殖是指生物體不通過生殖細胞的結合，也就是不經由減數分裂來產生配子，直接由母體細胞分裂後產生出新個體的生殖方式。主要分為孢子繁殖、分裂生殖、出芽生殖、斷裂生殖和營養器官繁殖等。這種生殖的速度通常都較有性生殖快很多。<a href="#cite_note-plant_resistance_to_herbivores_and_pathogens-93">[93]</a>例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>能够产生称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E8%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢芽（页面不存在）">孢芽</a>的细胞团，从母体身上分离并形成独立个体，甚至碎块也能能够重新长成完整的植物体。<a href="#cite_note-Kato_Yasui_Ishizaki_2020_pp._459–465-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moody_Diggle_Steingraeber_1999_pp._1512–1522-95">[95]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>上常用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A6%E6%8F%92" title="扦插">扦插</a>技术也属于无性生殖。而也有些植物能够用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%8D%E5%8C%90%E8%8E%96" title="匍匐莖">匍匐茎</a>扩展种群，形成一大片<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>。许多植物的营养贮存器官，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%97%E8%8C%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="块茎">块茎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%97%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="块根">块根</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E8%8C%8E" title="鳞茎">鳞茎</a>也能够用于无性生殖。<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生態">生態</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：生態">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="植物生态学">植物生态学</a></div> 陸生植物和藻類所行使的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>幾乎是所有的生態系中能源及有機物質的最初來源。光合作用根本地改變了早期地球大氣的組成，使得現在有21%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>。動物和大多數其他生物是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%A7%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="好氧性生物">好氧的</a>，依靠氧氣生存。植物在大多數的陸地生態系中屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%87%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自營生物">生產者</a>，形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a>的基本。許多動物依靠著植物做為其居所、以及氧氣和食物的提供者。 植物的光合作用是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a>物质循环和能量流动的重要环节，是地球大部分生态系统的基础，一些植物（如豆科植物等）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E6%B0%AE%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固氮菌（页面不存在）">固氮菌</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="共生">共生</a>，使得植物成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="氮循環">氮循環</a>重要的部分。植物根部在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a>發育和防止<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">水土流失</a>上也扮演著很重要的角色。<a href="#cite_note-behrenfeld-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:122植物通常是它們棲所上主要的物理及結構組成。许多类型的形态系统即以植被的類型而命名，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="草原">草原</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a>等等。它们通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传分化（页面不存在）">遗传分化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7" title="表型可塑性">表型可塑性</a>来适应不同环境。 根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="邱园">邱园</a>的统计，植物和鸟类的生物多样性区域有53%的重叠。<a href="#cite_note-Kew2017-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生態關係">生態關係</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：生態關係">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/220px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/330px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/440px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E8%A0%85%E8%8D%89" title="捕蠅草">捕蠅草</a>－一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%9F%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="食蟲植物">食蟲植物</a></figcaption></figure> 許多動物和植物共演化，例如：許多動物會幫助<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="授粉">授粉</a>以交換其<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜">花蜜</a>；許多動物會在吃掉<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="果實">果實</a>且排泄出種子時幫到植物散播其種子。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A9%E8%9F%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="適蟻植物（页面不存在）">適蟻植物</a>是一種和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%9E%E8%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="螞蟻">螞蟻</a>共演化的植物。此類植物會提供螞蟻居所，有時還有食物。做為交換，螞蟻則會幫助植物防衛植食性动物，也幫助其和其他植物競爭。螞蟻的廢物還可以提供給植物做有機<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料">肥料</a>。<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> 大部份植物的根系會和不同的真菌有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="共生">共生</a>的關係，稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="菌根">菌根</a>。真菌會幫助植物從土壤中獲得水份和礦物質，而植物則會提供真菌從光合作用中組成的碳水化合物。一些植物會提供<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內生生物（页面不存在）">內生</a>真菌居所，而真菌則會產生毒素以保護植物不被草食性動物食用。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:684植物的根系也可与细菌共生，形成根瘤，是根上的瘤状突起，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%A7%91" title="豆科">豆科</a>植物、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%BA%BB%E9%BB%84" title="木麻黄">木麻黄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89%E6%9D%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="罗汉松">罗汉松</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%A2%85" title="杨梅">杨梅</a>等，能够与土壤中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%98%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="根瘤菌">根瘤菌</a>共生，根瘤菌能将空气中的氮转变为氨，提供给植物，同时根瘤菌可以从植物的根中吸取水分和养料，供自身生长发育所需。<a href="#cite_note-Raven8th-20">[20]</a>:693 許多種類型的寄生在植物中亦是很普遍的，约有1%的植物营寄生生活，從半寄生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%B2%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="槲寄生">槲寄生</a>（只是從其寄主中得取一些養分，但依然留有光合作用的葉子）到全寄生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E7%95%B6%E5%B1%AC" title="列當屬">列當</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%B3%9E%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%9E" title="齿鳞草属">齒鱗草</a>（全部都經由和其他植物根部的連結來獲取養分，所以沒有葉綠素）。<a href="#cite_note-Kokla_Melnyk_2010-98">[98]</a>一些植物會寄生在真菌上，通过與真菌形成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="菌根">菌根</a>获取养分，稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%B0%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="菌異養">菌異養</a>。<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> 許多植物是<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="附生植物">附生植物</a>，即長在其他植物（通常是樹木）上，而沒有寄生在其上頭。附生植物可能被間接地傷害到其宿者，經由截取宿者本應得的礦物質和太陽光。大量附生植物的重量可能被折斷樹幹。許多<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E7%A7%91" title="蘭科">蘭花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E6%A2%A8%E7%A7%91" title="凤梨科">鳳梨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="蕨類植物門">蕨類植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%98%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="苔蘚">苔蘚</a>通常會是附生植物。鳳梨科的附生植物會在其葉腋上累積水份而形成樹上水池，一種複雜的水生食物鏈。<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> 少部份（约有630种）植物是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%9F%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="食蟲植物">食蟲植物</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E8%A0%85%E8%8D%89" title="捕蠅草">捕蠅草</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B0%88%E8%8B%94" class="mw-redirect" title="毛氈苔">毛氈苔</a>。它們捕捉及消化小動物以獲取礦物質，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Ellison_Adamec_2018-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生理">生理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：生理">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="光合作用">光合作用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：光合作用">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></div> 植物细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞器">细胞器</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>中含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素">叶绿素</a>，是一类能够捕获光能的色素。植物通过光合作用，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>为原料，将光能保存在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有机物">有机物</a>中并释放出氧气。光合作用的化学方程式为：<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{光 照 }}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>光 照 </mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{光照 }}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f20326f44af8a342ea8afc2c8979b3261c2a6ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.371ex; width:37.911ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{光照 }}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}">。<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> 通过这一过程，植物将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>释放到大气中，植物光合作用是氧气的重要来源。氧气的另一个重要来源是<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝细菌">蓝细菌</a>和非植物<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="藻类">藻类</a>，它们的光合作用原理与植物类似，但光合色素的种类可能不同。<a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Planavsky_Olson_Lyons_2016-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-behrenfeld-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tivy_2014-104">[104]</a> 营<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="寄生植物">寄生</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="腐生植物">腐生</a>的植物可能会丧失<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>及相关基因。<a href="#cite_note-Qu-etal-2019-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="营养">营养</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：营养">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物营养学">植物营养学</a></div> 植物正常的生命周期依赖于许多化学元素，这些元素是某些基本植物成分或代谢物的一部分，<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>总的来说，植物的基本养分包括17种不同的元素：基本营养素（包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>）是从空气中吸收的，而包括氮在内的其他养分通常是从土壤中获得的（例外情况包括一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="寄生植物">寄生植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="腐生植物">腐生植物</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%99%AB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="食虫植物">食虫植物</a>）。 植物从其生长介质中获得的矿物营养可以被分为宏量营养素（包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>）和微量营养素（或称为微量矿物质，包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">钼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">镍</a>）<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 这些元素以<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="盐 (化学)">盐</a>的形式留在土壤中，因此植物以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a>形式吸收这些元素。宏观营养素的吸收量较大；按干物质重量计算，氢、氧、氮和碳占植物全部生物量的95%以上。微量营养素以百万分之几的量存在于植物组织中，从0.1<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>到200ppm不等，或小于0.02%的干重。<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="保护">保护</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：保护">编辑</a>]</div> 由于人类的大规模活动，造成了许多全球性的环境问题，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="温室效应">温室效应</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球变暖</a>等，使许多植物面临绝灭的危险。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际植物遗传资源委员会（页面不存在）">国际植物遗传资源委员会</a>（IBPGB）为此建立了国际基因库联网中心，贮存更多的植物基因。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="与人类的关系">与人类的关系</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：与人类的关系">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a>，內容或許<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> 研究植物對人類的用途的學科被稱之為經濟植物學或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="民族植物學">民族植物學</a>。這兩個詞通常被當做同義詞，但有些人認為經濟植物學主要專注於對現今作用的用途，而民族植物學主要則是在研究當地住民對其本土植物的應用。人類對植物的栽種是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a>的一部份，其為人類文明的基礎。植物農業可分成<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="農學">農學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="園藝學">園藝學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林業</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="食物">食物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：食物">编辑</a>]</div> 實際上，所有人類的養分來源都直接或間接地依靠著陸生植物。絕大多數的人類的養分依靠<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="穀物">穀物</a>，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="小麥">小麥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="稻米">稻米</a>，或者是其他<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A3%9F" title="主食">主食</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%88%B4%E8%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="馬鈴薯">馬鈴薯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%96%AF" title="木薯">木薯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%A2%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="莢果">莢果</a>等。其他被食用的植物部份還包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="堅果">堅果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%8D%89" title="香草">香草</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99" title="香料">香料</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">食用花卉</a>等。由植物製成的飲料包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒">啤酒</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖</a>主要是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗">甘蔗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C" title="甜菜">甜菜</a>中得到的。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E6%B2%B9" title="食用油">食用油</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%89%9B%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="植物牛油">植物牛油</a>來自玉米、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86" title="大豆">大豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A5%E8%8A%B1%E7%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="芥花籽油">芥花籽油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紅花">紅花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E6%97%A5%E8%91%B5" title="向日葵">向日葵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96_(%E6%9C%A8%E6%A8%A8%E7%A7%91)" class="mw-redirect" title="橄欖 (木樨科)">橄欖</a>等等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加劑">食品添加劑</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%A8%B9%E8%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯樹膠">阿拉伯樹膠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%B0%94%E8%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜尔胶">瓜爾膠</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E6%A7%90%E8%B1%86%E8%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刺槐豆膠（页面不存在）">刺槐豆膠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="澱粉">澱粉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%83%B6" title="果胶">果膠</a>等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非食用性產品">非食用性產品</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：非食用性產品">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG/250px-Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG/375px-Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG/500px-Digitalis_purpurea_Linn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%9C%B0%E9%BB%83" class="mw-redirect" title="毛地黃">毛地黃</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a>被用在建築、家具、紙張、樂器和運動用具上頭。布料通常是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BA%BB" title="亚麻">亞麻</a>或其原料為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>的合成纖維，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%98%E7%B8%88" title="嫘縈">嫘縈</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%8B%E9%85%B8%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="醋酸根">醋酸根</a>。來自植物的可再生燃料包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="柴">柴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD" title="泥炭">泥炭</a>和其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="生質燃料">生質燃料</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="炭">炭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>是來自於植物的化石燃料。來自於植物的藥物包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="阿司匹靈">阿司匹靈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%9D%89%E9%86%87" title="紫杉醇">紫杉醇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AF%A7" title="奎寧">奎寧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%80%E5%B9%B3" title="利血平">利血平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%99%E7%B4%A0" title="秋水仙素">秋水仙素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%9C%B0%E9%BB%83" class="mw-redirect" title="毛地黃">毛地黃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%98%A5%E6%96%B0%E7%A2%B1" title="长春新碱">長春新鹼</a>等。植物中存在於上百種藥草如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%9D%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="銀杏">銀杏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E9%94%A5%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紫锥花">紫錐花</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E7%86%B1%E8%8F%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解熱菊（页面不存在）">解熱菊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AB%E8%91%89%E9%80%A3%E7%BF%B9" title="貫葉連翹">貫葉連翹</a>等。來自於植物的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="農藥">農藥</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%97%A4%E9%85%AE" title="魚藤酮">魚藤酮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%A8%E9%B3%96%E7%A2%B1" title="番木鳖碱">番木鱉鹼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E8%9F%B2%E8%8F%8A%E7%B2%BE%E9%A1%9E" title="除蟲菊精類">除蟲菊精類</a>等。來自於植物的毒品包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片">鴉片</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E9%B9%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="古柯鹼">古柯鹼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a>等。來自於植物的毒藥包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%96%E9%BA%BB%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蓖麻毒素">蓖麻毒素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%8F%82%E5%B1%9E" title="毒参属">毒參</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%AD%E6%AF%92" title="箭毒">箭毒</a>等。植物是許多天然產品如纖維、香精油、染料、顏料、蠟、丹寧、乳膠、樹脂、松香、生物鹼、琥珀和軟木的源料。源自於植物的產品包括肥皂、油漆、洗髮精、香油、化妝品、松節油、橡膠、亮光漆、潤滑油、亞麻油地氈、塑膠、墨水、口香糖和麻繩等。植物亦為大量有機化合物的工業合成中，基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>的主要來源。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美觀用途">美觀用途</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：美觀用途">编辑</a>]</div> 成千的植物物種被種植用來美化環境、提供綠蔭、調整溫度、降低風速、減少噪音、提供隱私和防止水土流失。人們會在室內放置切花、乾燥花和室內盆栽，室外則會設置草坪、蔭樹、觀景樹、灌木、藤蔓、多年生草本植物和花壇花草植物的意像通常被使用於美術、建築、性情、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="花語">語言</a>、照像、紡織、錢幣、郵票、旗幟和臂章上頭。活植物的藝術類型包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%A0%E9%9B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="綠雕（页面不存在）">綠雕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%86%E6%99%AF" title="盆景">盆景</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E8%8A%B1" title="插花">插花</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%B9%E7%89%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="樹牆（页面不存在）">樹牆</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E8%B3%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="觀賞植物">觀賞植物</a>有時會影響到歷史，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99%E7%8B%82%E7%86%B1" title="鬱金香狂熱">鬱金香狂熱</a>。植物是每年有數十億美元的旅遊產業的基本，包括到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="植物園">植物園</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花園旅遊（页面不存在）">歷史園林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="國家公園">國家公園</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鬱金香節（页面不存在）">鬱金香花田</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="雨林">雨林</a>以及有多彩秋葉的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a>等地的旅行。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化">文化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：文化">编辑</a>]</div> 植物也为人类的精神生活提供基础需要。每天使用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸">纸</a>就是用植物制作的。一些具有芬芳物质的植物则被人类制作成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水">香水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%B2%BE" title="香精">香精</a>等各种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%A6%86%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="化妆品">化妆品</a>。 许多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%99%A8" title="乐器">乐器</a>也是由植物制作而成。而<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="花卉">花卉</a>等植物更是成为装点人类生活空间的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E8%B5%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="观赏植物">观赏植物</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/32px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/48px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/64px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:植物">植物主题</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类表（页面不存在）">植物分类表</a></li> <li>植物的营养器官<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="叶">叶</a>，生殖器官<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="种子">种子</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：註釋">编辑</a>]</div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考資料">参考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：参考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rafatazmia-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafatazmia_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafatazmia_1-1">1.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bengtson, Stefan; Sallstedt, Therese; Belivanova, Veneta; Whitehouse, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349422">Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests -year-old crown-groupalgae</a>. PLOS Biology. 2017, 15 (3): e2000735. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349422">PMC 5349422</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291791">PMID 28291791</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2000735">doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+preservation+of+cellular+and+subcellular+structures+suggests+-year-old+crown-groupalgae&rft.au=Belivanova%2C+Veneta&rft.au=Sallstedt%2C+Therese&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.pages=e2000735&rft.volume=15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5349422&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5349422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2000735&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28291791&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Joppal2015-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joppal2015_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joppal2015_2-1">2.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Joppa, Lucas N.; Pimm, Stuart L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden/volume-100/issue-3/2012018/How-Many-Plant-Species-are-There-Where-are-They-and/10.3417/2012018.full">How Many Plant Species are There, Where are They, and at What Rate are They Going Extinct?</a>. 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March 2018, 217 (4): 1428–1434. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29318635">PMID 29318635</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.14975">doi:10.1111/nph.14975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Plant+evolution%3A+landmarks+on+the+path+to+terrestrial+life.&rft.au=Archibald%2C+JM&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.date=2018-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+New+Phytologist&rft.pages=1428-1434&rft.volume=217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.14975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29318635&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Novikov2015-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novikov2015_50-0">50.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novikov2015_50-1">50.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni. Modern plant systematics. Liga-Pres: 685. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-966-397-276-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-966-397-276-3">ISBN 978-966-397-276-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4745.6164">doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Modern+plant+systematics&rft.au=Nov%C3%ADkov+%26+Baraba%C5%A1-Krasni&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-966-397-276-3&rft.pages=685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4745.6164&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2007-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2007_51-0">51.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2007_51-1">51.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Anderson, Anderson & Cleal. Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. Strelitzia (SANBI). 2007, 20: 280. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-919976-39-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-919976-39-6">ISBN 978-1-919976-39-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+the+gymnosperms%3A+classification%2C+biodiversity%2C+phytogeography+and+ecology&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Anderson+%26+Cleal&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-1-919976-39-6&rft.jtitle=Strelitzia&rft.pages=280&rft.volume=20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwelletal989-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwelletal989_52-0">52.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwelletal989_52-1">52.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rothwell G. W.; Scheckler S. E.; Gillespie W. H. Elkinsia gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules. Botanical Gazette. 1989, 150: 170–189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F337763">doi:10.1086/337763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Elkinsia+gen.+nov.%2C+a+Late+Devonian+gymnosperm+with+cupulate+ovules&rft.au=Gillespie+W.+H.&rft.au=Rothwell+G.+W.&rft.au=Scheckler+S.+E.&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Gazette&rft.pages=170-189&rft.volume=150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F337763&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2004-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2004_53-0">53.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2004_53-1">53.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davies, T. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC357025">Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004, 101 (7): 1904–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.1904D">Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1904D</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC357025">PMC 357025</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14766971">PMID 14766971</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0308127100">doi:10.1073/pnas.0308127100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+abominable+mystery%3A+Insights+from+a+supertree+of+the+angiosperms&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=1904-9&rft.volume=101&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC357025&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC357025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.1904D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0308127100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14766971&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas-54"><a href="#cite_ref-pnas_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Smith, Stephen A.; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Donoghue, Michael J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/13/5897">An uncorrelated relaxed-clock analysis suggests an earlier origin for flowering plants</a>. 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The ultrastructure of the spores of the Devonian plant Parka decipiens. Annals of Botany. 1989, 64 (3): 359–367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aob.a087852">doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=The+ultrastructure+of+the+spores+of+the+Devonian+plant+Parka+decipiens&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft.aulast=Hemsley&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.pages=359-367&rft.volume=64&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aob.a087852&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelman2003-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelman2003_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kelman, R.; Feist, M.; Trewin, N.H.; Hass, H. Charophyte algae from the Rhynie chert. 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Ecology of Insects 2nd. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-Blackwell（页面不存在）">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. 2008: 212–216. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-3114-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-3114-8">ISBN 978-1-4051-3114-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Watt%2C+Allan+D.&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rft.aulast=Speight&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+Insects&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3114-8&rft.pages=212-216&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokla_Melnyk_2010-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Kokla_Melnyk_2010_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kokla, Anna; Melnyk, Charles W. 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[2008-02-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bromeliadbiota.ifas.ufl.edu/bromfit.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbromeliadbiota.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fbromfit.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellison_Adamec_2018-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellison_Adamec_2018_101-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ellison, Aaron; Adamec, Lubomir. Introduction: What is a carnivorous plant?. 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Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (10): 2789–2796. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevz187">doi:10.1093/gbe/evz187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Plastome+reduction+in+the+only+parasitic+gymnosperm+Parasitaxus+is+due+to+losses+of+photosynthesis+but+not+housekeeping+genes+and+apparently+involves+the+secondary+gain+of+a+large+inverted+repeat&rft.au=Fan%2C+Shou-Jin&rft.au=Wicke%2C+Susann&rft.au=Yi%2C+Ting-Shuang&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Jian&rft.aulast=Qu&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=2789-2796&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevz187&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Epstein, Emanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/217058">Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives.</a>. 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Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8247-5904-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-8247-5904-4">ISBN 0-8247-5904-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65205150">OCLC 65205150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.au=Pilbeam%2C+D.+J.&rft.aufirst=Allen+V.&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+plant+nutrition&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8247-5904-4&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65205150&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65205150&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Marschner, Horst; Marschner, Petra. 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Amsterdam: Academic Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-384906-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-384906-9">ISBN 978-0-12-384906-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/759388108">OCLC 759388108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Marschner%27s+mineral+nutrition+of+higher+plants&rft.au=Marschner%2C+Petra&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.aulast=Marschner&rft.btitle=Marschner%27s+mineral+nutrition+of+higher+plants&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-12-384906-9&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F759388108&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759388108&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aesl.ces.uga.edu/publications/plant/Nutrient.html">Nutrient Content of Plants</a>. Agricultural && Environmental Services Laboratories. [2021-06-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728032324/http://aesl.ces.uga.edu/publications/plant/Nutrient.html">存档</a>于2021-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Nutrient+Content+of+Plants&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+%26%26+Environmental+Services+Laboratories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faesl.ces.uga.edu%2Fpublications%2Fplant%2FNutrient.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读">延伸阅读</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Plants">植物</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>上的相關信息：<a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae">植物</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/植物">植物</a>」</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="植物学与植物数据库">植物学与植物数据库</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：植物学与植物数据库">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ppbc.iplant.cn/">中国植物图像库——最大的植物分类植物图像库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190404024415/http://ppbc.iplant.cn/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/pe/chinese/data/data_center.asp">中科院植物所信息中心中文植物数据库资源</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070826095138/http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/pe/chinese/data/data_center.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zhiwutong.com/">植物通——植物数据库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190404024417/https://www.zhiwutong.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plant.csdb.cn/">中国植物数据库资源</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071012234434/http://www.plant.csdb.cn/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanflora.sinica.edu.tw/">台湾本土植物资料库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080513205941/http://taiwanflora.sinica.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（繁體中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvh.ac.cn/">中国数字植物标本馆</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190404024416/http://www.cvh.ac.cn/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgris.net/">中国作物种质信息网</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060613084413/http://www.cgris.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx">e-Floras</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051105022144/http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - 包括中国、北美等地的植物志（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davesgarden.com/pf/">PlantFiles </a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070707105049/http://davesgarden.com/pf/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/">澳大利亚植物学数据库资源</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070929134747/http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilebosque.cl">Chilean plants at Chilebosque</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200801155926/http://www.chilebosque.cl/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a>的植物数据库（法文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html">欧洲植物志</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110411121849/http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floraweb.de">FloraWeb - 中欧植物志</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170912172717/http://www.floraweb.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">北美植物志</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101028024531/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/">USDA的植物数据库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131005020210/http://plants.usda.gov/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm">日本野生植物列表</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070927235837/http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（日語）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151737/http://ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php">Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden</a>（英文）</li></ul> <div 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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">植物</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學史（页面不存在）">植物學史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany">History of botany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學大綱（页面不存在）">植物學大綱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of botany">Outline of botany</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學分支（页面不存在）">分支學科</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:Branches of botany">Branches of botany</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古植物學（页面不存在）">考古植物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天體植物學（页面不存在）">天體植物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotany" class="extiw" title="en:Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E5%AD%A6" title="苔藓学">苔藓学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="樹木學">樹木學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="民族植物學">民族植物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学">古植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="藻类学">藻类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="植物化学">植物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="植物地理学">植物地理学</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8B%98%E6%8E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地植物學勘探（页面不存在）">地植物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" class="extiw" title="en:Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotanical prospecting</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="植物解剖學">植物解剖學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="植物生态学">植物生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物病理學">植物病理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">植物類群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始质体生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="非維管植物">非维管植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="蕨類植物">蕨類植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="植物解剖學">植物解剖學</a> 和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物形態學">形態學</a> （<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物形態學術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology</a>））</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="植物细胞学">植物细胞学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E8%86%9C%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成膜體（页面不存在）">成膜體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast" class="extiw" title="en:Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">色素體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%B5%B2" title="原生質絲">原生質絲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液胞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">組織</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A0%93%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E5%B1%A4" title="木栓形成層">木栓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="基本组织 (植物)">基本組織</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89%E8%82%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葉肉（页面不存在）">葉肉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" class="extiw" title="en:Leaf">Leaf#Mesophyll</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="分生组织">分生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="贮藏器官">贮藏器官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="维管组织">维管组织</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F" title="维管束">维管束</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%">營養器官</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E8%8C%8E" title="鳞茎">鳞茎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%A0%B9" title="假根">假根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%8C%8E" title="根茎">根茎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot" title="Shoot">地上部</a>〔<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%BD" title="芽">芽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E5%87%BA%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低出葉（页面不存在）">低出葉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphyll" class="extiw" title="en:Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E6%9F%84" title="葉柄">葉柄</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%9F%84%E8%8A%B1%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無柄花葉（页面不存在）">無柄花葉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Sessility (botany)">Sessility (botany)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E" title="茎">茎</a>〕</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生殖形態學">生殖器官</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B8%E5%8D%B5%E5%99%A8" title="頸卵器">頸卵器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊群</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89" title="花粉">花粉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="退化雄蕊（页面不存在）">退化雄蕊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode" class="extiw" title="en:Staminode">Staminode</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%A8%E6%B0%88%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絨氈層（页面不存在）">絨氈層</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum (botany)</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB%E5%8D%B7%E5%8F%A0%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花被卷叠式（页面不存在）">花被卷叠式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation (botany)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ABC模型">花朵發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花图式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="花式">花程式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花對稱性（页面不存在）">花對稱性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_symmetry" class="extiw" title="en:Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E7%94%9F" title="轮生">轮生</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">果实</a>〔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果實解剖學（页面不存在）">果實解剖學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="extiw" title="en:Fruit anatomy">Fruit anatomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E6%9E%9C" title="浆果">浆果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="蒴果">蒴果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%9A%E6%9E%9C" title="坚果">坚果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E6%A0%B8" title="果核">果核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90" title="種子">種子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="种子传播">種子傳播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E4%B9%B3" title="胚乳">胚乳</a>）〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94" title="配子體">配子體</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E8%95%8A%E6%9F%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合蕊柱（页面不存在）">合蕊柱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Column (botany)">Column (botany)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%99%A8" title="雌花器">雌蕊群</a>〔<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%88%BF" title="子房">子房</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%90%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="子房室（页面不存在）">子房室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule" class="extiw" title="en:Locule">Locule</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E7%8F%A0" title="胚珠">胚珠</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B1%E9%A0%AD_(%E8%8A%B1)" title="柱頭 (花)">柱頭</a>〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E4%B8%9D%E6%89%98" title="被丝托">被丝托</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="花序">花序</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%9E%E7%89%87" title="苞片">苞片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%A2%97" title="花梗">花梗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%8A%B6%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="总状花序">总状花序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F" title="繖形花序">繖形花序</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB" title="花被">花被</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%A2%AB%E7%89%87" title="花被片">花被片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%A3" title="花瓣">花瓣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%90%BC" title="花萼">花萼</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物胚胎（页面不存在）">植物胚胎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" class="extiw" title="en:Embryo">Embryo#Plant_embryos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E6%89%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花托（页面不存在）">花托</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" class="extiw" title="en:Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle (botany)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孢子葉（页面不存在）">孢子葉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll" class="extiw" title="en:Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="孢子体">孢子体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D4EED4; text-align:center;;width:1%">表層構造</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%A8%E5%B1%82" title="植物角质层">植物角质层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%A0%9F%E8%B3%AA" title="表皮蠟質">表皮蠟質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="表皮 (植物)">表皮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%9C%9C" title="花蜜">花蜜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94" title="气孔">气孔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA" title="刺">刺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="毛状体">毛状体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a> 和相關物質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%89%E5%B1%A4" title="糊粉層">糊粉層</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集流（页面不存在）">集流</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Bulk movement">Bulk movement</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物营养学">植物營養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="叶绿素">叶绿素</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物黑色素（页面不存在）">植物黑色素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomelanin" class="extiw" title="en:Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="植物激素">植物激素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%B6%B2" title="樹液">樹液</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E8%85%BE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="蒸腾作用">蒸腾作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A8%E5%A3%93" title="膨壓">膨壓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">植物生長 和習性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%80%A7" class="mw-disambig" title="习性">植物習性</a>〔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%8A%E7%8B%80%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墊狀植物（页面不存在）">墊狀植物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion_plant" class="extiw" title="en:Cushion plant">Cushion plant</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E5%BA%A7%E7%8B%80%E8%91%89%E5%8F%A2" title="蓮座狀葉叢">蓮座狀植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="灌木">灌木</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%8D%E5%8C%90%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匍匐灌木（页面不存在）">匍匐灌木</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" class="extiw" title="en:Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrub</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="亚灌木">亚灌木</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多肉植物">多肉植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91" title="树">树</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%AA%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC" title="木質藤本">木質藤本</a>）〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草本植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="木本植物">木本植物</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次生生长（页面不存在）">次生生長</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth" class="extiw" title="en:Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="植物繁殖">繁殖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化（页面不存在）">演化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Plant evolution">Plant evolution</a>） 和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="植物生态学">生態學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="世代交替">世代交替</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="双受精">双受精</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化發育生物學（页面不存在）">植物演化發育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Plant evolutionary developmental biology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化史（页面不存在）">植物演化史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history of plants</a>）（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物演化時間軸（页面不存在）">時間軸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of plant evolution">Timeline of plant evolution</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="植物相">植物区系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%8A%BD" title="发芽">发芽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉">授粉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89" title="人工授粉">人工授粉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%88%E7%B2%89%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="授粉者（页面不存在）">授粉者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator" class="extiw" title="en:Pollinator">Pollinator</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%B2%89%E7%AE%A1" title="花粉管">花粉管</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉">自花授粉</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A" title="孢子囊">孢子囊</a>〔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小孢子囊（页面不存在）">小孢子囊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporangia" class="extiw" title="en:Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a>）（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小孢子（页面不存在）">小孢子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspore" class="extiw" title="en:Microspore">Microspore</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A" title="孢子囊">大孢子囊</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大孢子（页面不存在）">大孢子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaspore" class="extiw" title="en:Megaspore">Megaspore</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="孢子">孢子</a>〕</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">命名和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">分類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="植物分类学">植物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物命名法（页面不存在）">植物命名法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a>）（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D" title="植物學名">植物學名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="正確名稱">正確名稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%BC%95%E8%AF%81" title="植物学作者引证">作者引證</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E3%80%81%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%92%8C%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84" title="国际藻类、真菌和植物命名法规">國際藻類、真菌和植物命名法规</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際栽培植物命名法規（页面不存在）">國際栽培植物命名法規</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" class="extiw" title="en:International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a>）》）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="栽培植物分類學（页面不存在）">栽培植物分類學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a>）〔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%91%E6%A9%98%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柑橘分類學（页面不存在）">柑橘分類學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="栽培植物">栽培植物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">栽培品种</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="品種群（页面不存在）">品種群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar_group" class="extiw" title="en:Cultivar group">Cultivar group</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grex_(%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grex (園藝學)（页面不存在）">Grex</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" class="extiw" title="en:Grex (horticulture)">Grex (horticulture)</a>））〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="植物系統學史">植物系統學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%99%E6%9C%AC%E9%A4%A8" title="植物標本館">植物標本館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際植物分類學會（页面不存在）">國際植物分類學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分類系統列表（页面不存在）">植物分類系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:List of systems of plant taxonomy">List of systems of plant taxonomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">經營管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="农学">農藝學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花卉栽培（页面不存在）">花卉栽培</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Floriculture">Floriculture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺">园艺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;width:1%">相關列表 和條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物學術語表（页面不存在）">植物學術語表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of botanical terms">Glossary of botanical terms</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物命名人列表（页面不存在）">植物命名人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists" class="extiw" title="en:List of botanists">List of botanists</a>）（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(W%E2%80%93Z)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按命名人縮寫排列的植物命名人列表 (W–Z)（页面不存在）">按命名人縮寫排列的植物命名人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" class="extiw" title="en:List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="植物考察">植物考察</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3; text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/16px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/24px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg/32px-Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:植物">主題</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="WikiProject:植物">專題</a></li> <li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:植物學">維基分類</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Botany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Botany">維基共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="真核生物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Template:真核生物"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Template talk:真核生物"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:真核生物"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="真核生物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px;background:#e0e0ff; font-size:small"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E5%9F%9F" title="Template:古菌域">古菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:细菌分类">细菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Template:真核生物">真核生物域</a>【主要類群：<a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">古虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:定鞭隐藻生物（页面不存在）">定鞭隐藻生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">有孔虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">囊泡虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:不等鞭毛类（页面不存在）">不等鞭毛类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:植物分类">植物</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單鞭毛生物">單鞭毛生物</a>〔<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB" title="Template:变形虫">变形虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">後鞭毛生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="Template:动物界">动物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Template:真菌分類">真菌界</a>）〕】</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E8%99%AB%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="始虫类（页面不存在）">始虫类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozoa" class="extiw" title="en:Eozoa">Eozoa</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%97%E5%8F%B7%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逗号虫目（页面不存在）">逗号虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commatiida" class="extiw" title="en:Commatiida">Commatiida</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commation（页面不存在）">Commation</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commation" class="extiw" title="en:Commation">Commation</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全虫纲（页面不存在）">全虫纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosea" class="extiw" title="en:Holosea">Holosea</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luffisphaera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luffisphaera（页面不存在）">Luffisphaera</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luffisphaera" class="extiw" title="en:Luffisphaera">Luffisphaera</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E6%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后滴生物（页面不存在）">后滴生物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonad" class="extiw" title="en:Metamonad">Metamonad</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8C%E6%B0%A7%E6%BB%B4%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="厌氧滴虫门（页面不存在）">厌氧滴虫门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="extiw" title="en:Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E6%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛滴生物（页面不存在）">毛滴生物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichozoa" class="extiw" title="en:Trichozoa">Trichozoa</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副基体门（页面不存在）">副基体门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabasalia" class="extiw" title="en:Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%93%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弓形体门（页面不存在）">弓形体门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornicata" class="extiw" title="en:Fornicata">Fornicata</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(240,230,140)"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%99%AB%E7%95%8C" title="古虫界">古虫界</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(240,230,140)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%A7%BD%E8%99%AB%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="始槽虫类（页面不存在）">始槽虫类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolouka" class="extiw" title="en:Eolouka">Eolouka</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B7%B4%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雅各巴虫纲">雅各巴虫纲</a>(Jakobea)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%91%E6%B3%A2%E8%83%9E%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="筑波胞虫纲（页面不存在）">筑波胞虫纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukubea" class="extiw" title="en:Tsukubea">Tsukubea</a>）(Tsukubea)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(240,230,140)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%98%E5%B5%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="盘嵴亚界">盘嵴亚界</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="眼虫门">眼虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E8%89%B2%E9%97%A8" title="透色门">透色门</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%9F%B2" title="半鞭毛蟲">半鞭毛虫门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spironemidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spironemidae（页面不存在）">Spironemidae</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironemidae" class="extiw" title="en:Spironemidae">Spironemidae</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="雙鞭毛生物">雙鞭毛生物</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a>）</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素体生物 （广义植物）</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰胞藻门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅色植物亚界（页面不存在）">紅色植物亚界</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodoplantae" class="extiw" title="en:Rhodoplantae">Rhodoplantae</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玫瑰胞藻门（页面不存在）">玫瑰胞藻门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodelphidia" class="extiw" title="en:Rhodelphidia">Rhodelphidia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="紅藻門">红藻门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><div class="center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">綠色植物亚界 （狭义植物）</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>M+C+S <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%9C%BC%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中眼藻纲（页面不存在）">中眼藻纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" class="extiw" title="en:Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%BF%E5%8F%A0%E7%90%83%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绿叠球藻纲（页面不存在）">绿叠球藻纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="extiw" title="en:Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9E%BA%E5%B8%A6%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="螺带藻属（页面不存在）">螺带藻属</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirotaenia" class="extiw" title="en:Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>C+S <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">綠藻門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%9E%8B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="链型植物">链型植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陆生植物">陆生植物</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="隱藻門">隐藻生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A4%E6%8A%96%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颤抖虫门（页面不存在）">颤抖虫门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitia" class="extiw" title="en:Palpitia">Palpitia</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palpitomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palpitomonas（页面不存在）">Palpitomonas</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitomonas" class="extiw" title="en:Palpitomonas">Palpitomonas</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%99%BD%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内陽门（页面不存在）">内陽门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endohelia" class="extiw" title="en:Endohelia">Endohelia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%96%E7%9C%BC%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尖眼藻門（页面不存在）">尖眼藻門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katablepharidophyta" class="extiw" title="en:Katablepharidophyta">Katablepharidophyta</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="隱藻門">隐藻门</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/wiki/AH%E8%B6%85%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="AH超类群">A+H / AH超类群</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%94%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腔虫门（页面不存在）">腔虫门</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveidia" class="extiw" title="en:Alveidia">Alveidia</a>）(Alveidia) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancoracysta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancoracysta（页面不存在）">Ancoracysta</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancoracysta" class="extiw" title="en:Ancoracysta">Ancoracysta</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>定鞭藻类(Haptista) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%B3%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="中阳虫门">中阳虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%A9%E5%8D%95%E8%83%9E%E8%97%BB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉佩单胞藻目（页面不存在）">拉佩单胞藻目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappemonadales" class="extiw" title="en:Rappemonadales">Rappemonadales</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="定鞭藻門">定鞭藻门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)">TSAR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%9E%AD%E8%99%AB%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网鞭虫門（页面不存在）">网鞭虫門</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/wiki/SAR%E8%B6%85%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="SAR超类群">SAR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="不等鞭毛/囊泡生物" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不等鞭毛/囊泡生物（页面不存在）">不等鞭毛/囊泡生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E9%A1%9E" title="不等鞭毛類">不等鞭毛類</a>(S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E8%89%B2%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="淡色藻門">淡色藻总门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%8E%AF%E6%80%BB%E9%97%A8" title="双环总门">双环总门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E6%80%BB%E9%97%A8" title="伪真菌总门">伪真菌总门</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(173,238,63)"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1%E8%99%AB" title="囊泡虫">囊泡虫类</a>(A)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB" title="纤毛虫">纤毛虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E6%80%BB%E9%97%A8" title="粘孢子总门">粘孢子总门</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E8%99%AB%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金虫門（页面不存在）">帕金虫門</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="extiw" title="en:Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%A4%87%E9%96%80" title="頂複門">頂複門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB%E9%97%A8" title="双鞭毛虫门">双鞭毛虫门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(225,204,252)"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%99%AB" title="有孔虫">有孔虫界</a>(R)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E8%B6%B3%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80" title="絲足蟲門">丝足虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%99%AB" title="有孔虫">有孔虫类</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80" title="有孔蟲門">有孔虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%9F%B2" title="放射蟲">放射虫门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A7%BD%E8%99%AB%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="槽虫类（页面不存在）">槽虫类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukozoa" class="extiw" title="en:Loukozoa">Loukozoa</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%AF%E5%8D%95%E8%83%9E%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弯单胞虫目（页面不存在）">弯单胞虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" class="extiw" title="en:Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonas（页面不存在）">Ancyromonas</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonas" class="extiw" title="en:Ancyromonas">Ancyromonas</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%83%9E%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马拉维胞虫纲（页面不存在）">马拉维胞虫纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonadea" class="extiw" title="en:Malawimonadea">Malawimonadea</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawimonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawimonas（页面不存在）">Malawimonas</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonas" class="extiw" title="en:Malawimonas">Malawimonas</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AA%E8%B6%B3%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伪足类（页面不存在）">伪足类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiata" class="extiw" title="en:Podiata">Podiata</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuM%E8%B6%85%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRuM超类群（页面不存在）">CRuM超类群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" class="extiw" title="en:CRuMs">CRuMs</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B6%E7%BD%91%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胶网虫目（页面不存在）">胶网虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodictyonidae" class="extiw" title="en:Collodictyonidae">Collodictyonidae</a>）(Collodictyonida)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9A%E4%B8%9D%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刚丝虫目（页面不存在）">刚丝虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigifilida" class="extiw" title="en:Rigifilida">Rigifilida</a>）(Rigifilida)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%AF%E5%BD%A2%E8%83%9E%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毯形胞虫目（页面不存在）">毯形胞虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantamonadida" class="extiw" title="en:Mantamonadida">Mantamonadida</a>）(Mantamonadida)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center">无定形类 （<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單鞭毛生物">单鞭毛生物</a>）</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(255,200,160)"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80" title="變形蟲門">变形虫门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%98%E5%BD%A2%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盘形纲（页面不存在）">盘形纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discosea" class="extiw" title="en:Discosea">Discosea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微管蛋白纲（页面不存在）">微管蛋白纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulinea" class="extiw" title="en:Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evosea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evosea（页面不存在）">Evosea</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evosea" class="extiw" title="en:Evosea">Evosea</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B3%9E%E7%9A%AE%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鳞皮纲（页面不存在）">鳞皮纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutosea" class="extiw" title="en:Cutosea">Cutosea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E8%B6%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%96%80" title="錐足亞門">锥足亚门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OBA%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="OBA超類群">OBA超类群</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短变形虫纲（页面不存在）">短变形虫纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" class="extiw" title="en:Breviatea">Breviatea</a>）(Breviatea)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E8%B6%B3%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无足虫纲（页面不存在）">无足虫纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadidae" class="extiw" title="en:Apusomonadidae">Apusomonadidae</a>）(Apusomonadidae)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="後鞭毛生物">后鞭毛生物</a> (Opisthokonta)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E6%80%BB%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物总界">动物总界</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="中菌动物">中菌動物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%A4%E8%83%9E%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肤胞虫目（页面不存在）">肤胞虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermocystida" class="extiw" title="en:Dermocystida">Dermocystida</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B1%BC%E5%AD%A2%E9%9C%89%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鱼孢霉目（页面不存在）">鱼孢霉目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophonida" class="extiw" title="en:Ichthyophonida">Ichthyophonida</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%AF%9B%E8%8F%8C%E7%9B%AE" title="外毛菌目">外毛菌類</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%BD%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多形動物（页面不存在）">多形動物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluriformea" class="extiw" title="en:Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E5%A3%BA%E8%8F%8C%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珊瑚壺菌綱（页面不存在）">珊瑚壺菌綱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallochytrea" class="extiw" title="en:Corallochytrea">Corallochytrea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syssomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syssomonas（页面不存在）">Syssomonas</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syssomonas" class="extiw" title="en:Syssomonas">Syssomonas</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%B7%E4%B8%9D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蜷丝生物">蜷丝生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%B7%E7%B5%B2%E7%90%83%E8%9F%B2%E7%B6%B1" title="蜷絲球蟲綱">蜷丝球虫纲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快孢子虫目（页面不存在）">快孢子虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaspora" class="extiw" title="en:Capsaspora">Capsaspora</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%90%83%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小球虫目（页面不存在）">小球虫目</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministeriida" class="extiw" title="en:Ministeriida">Ministeriida</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="領鞭毛動物">領鞭毛動物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%9F%B2" title="領鞭毛蟲">领鞭毛虫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpingoecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salpingoecidae（页面不存在）">Salpingoecidae</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingoecidae" class="extiw" title="en:Salpingoecidae">Salpingoecidae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthoecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthoecidae（页面不存在）">Acanthoecidae</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthoecidae" class="extiw" title="en:Acanthoecidae">Acanthoecidae</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物界 （后生动物）</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%90%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="真后生动物">真后生动物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BE%A7%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两侧对称动物">两侧对称动物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E8%83%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" title="刺胞動物門">刺胞動物門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%89%E6%B0%B4%E6%AF%8D" title="栉水母">栉水母门</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="中生动物">中生动物门</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" title="菱形動物門">菱形動物門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B3%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" title="直泳動物門">直泳動物門</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="側生動物">侧生动物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%9B%98%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="丝盘虫">扁盘动物门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5" title="海绵">多孔动物门</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%89%A9%E6%80%BB%E7%95%8C" title="菌物总界">菌物总界</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB%E7%9B%AE" title="核形虫目">核形虫类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclearia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclearia（页面不存在）">Nuclearia</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclearia" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclearia">Nuclearia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micronuclearia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micronuclearia（页面不存在）">Micronuclearia</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronuclearia" class="extiw" title="en:Micronuclearia">Micronuclearia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabdiophrys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabdiophrys（页面不存在）">Rabdiophrys</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabdiophrys" class="extiw" title="en:Rabdiophrys">Rabdiophrys</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinaciophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinaciophora（页面不存在）">Pinaciophora</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaciophora" class="extiw" title="en:Pinaciophora">Pinaciophora</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A1%E8%BD%AE%E8%99%AB%E5%B1%9E" title="泡轮虫属">泡轮虫属</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonticula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonticula（页面不存在）">Fonticula</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonticula" class="extiw" title="en:Fonticula">Fonticula</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌界</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%8C" title="雙核亞界">雙核亞界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="子囊菌门">子囊菌门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%85%E5%AD%90%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="担子菌门">担子菌门</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E5%9B%8A%E8%8F%8C%E9%96%80" title="球囊菌門">球囊菌门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="接合菌门">接合菌门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%BD%E6%9E%9D%E9%BB%B4%E9%96%80" title="芽枝黴門">芽枝黴門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B6%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="壶菌门">壶菌门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%8E%E9%9E%AD%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="新美鞭菌门">新美鞭菌门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E8%8F%8C%E9%97%A8" title="罗兹菌门">罗兹菌门</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%9F%B2%E7%B6%B1" title="微孢子蟲綱">微孢子蟲綱</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>来源: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x/pdf">Adl et al. (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x/abstract">Adl et al. (2012)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x/abstract">Cavalier-Smith (2008)</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="现存原始色素體生物_/_泛植物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:植物分类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:植物分类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:植物分类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="现存原始色素體生物_/_泛植物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">现存<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原始色素體生物">原始色素體生物</a> / 泛<a class="mw-selflink selflink">植物</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E5%9F%9F" title="Template:古菌域">古菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:细菌分类">细菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Template:真核生物">真核生物域</a>【主要類群：<a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">古虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%B2%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多貌生物">多貌生物</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:定鞭隐藻生物（页面不存在）">定鞭隐藻生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">有孔虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">囊泡虫类</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:不等鞭毛类（页面不存在）">不等鞭毛类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:植物分类">植物</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單鞭毛生物">單鞭毛生物</a>〔<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB" title="Template:变形虫">变形虫门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">後鞭毛生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="Template:动物界">动物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Template:真菌分類">真菌界</a>）〕】</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="紅藻門">紅藻門</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E6%B3%89%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB%E7%B6%B1" title="溫泉紅藻綱">溫泉紅藻綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%90%83%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="紫球藻纲">紫球藻綱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E4%B8%9D%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复丝藻纲（页面不存在）">复丝藻纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" class="extiw" title="en:Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%8E%E4%B8%9D%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="茎丝藻纲">茎丝藻纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%90%83%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="红球藻纲">红球藻纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%AF%9B%E8%8F%9C%E7%BA%B2" title="红毛菜纲">红毛菜纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%BA%A2%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="真红藻纲">真红藻纲</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildenbrandiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildenbrandiales（页面不存在）">Hildenbrandiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E4%B8%9D%E8%97%BB%E7%9B%AE" title="顶丝藻目">顶丝藻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%B4%A2%E9%9D%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="海索面目">海索面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E7%8F%A0%E8%97%BB%E7%9B%AE" title="串珠藻目">串珠藻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E8%97%BB" title="珊瑚藻">珊瑚藻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8A%B1%E8%8F%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="石花菜目">石花菜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%93%A0%E7%9B%AE" title="江蓠目">江蓠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E8%8F%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="仙菜目">仙菜</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC8A0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%86%E8%99%AB" title="皮胆虫">皮胆虫</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰胞藻</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%97%BB" title="灰藻">灰藻屬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanophora（页面不存在）">Cyanophora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloeochaete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloeochaete（页面不存在）">Gloeochaete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="隱藻門">隐藻门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB%E7%9B%AE" title="隐藻目">隐藻目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campylomonas（页面不存在）">Campylomonas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilomonas（页面不存在）">Chilomonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%9E" title="蓝隐藻属">蓝隐藻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%90%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隐鞭藻（页面不存在）">隐鞭藻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falcomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falcomonas（页面不存在）">Falcomonas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geminigera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geminigera（页面不存在）">Geminigera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillardia（页面不存在）">Guillardia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%83%E5%8D%8A%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="球半隐藻（页面不存在）">球半隐藻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E7%89%87%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%9E" title="斜片藻属">斜片藻屬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteomonas（页面不存在）">Proteomonas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storeatula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storeatula（页面不存在）">Storeatula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%83%9E%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%9E" title="红胞藻属">紅胞藻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleaulax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleaulax（页面不存在）">Teleaulax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goniomonadales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goniomonadales（页面不存在）">Goniomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goniomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goniomonas（页面不存在）">Goniomonas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(155,240,148);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="绿色植物">绿色植物</a>/ 狭义<a class="mw-selflink selflink">植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(155,240,148);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB%E9%96%80" title="綠藻門">綠藻門</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青绿藻纲（页面不存在）">青绿藻纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="extiw" title="en:Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="UTC类群">UTC类群</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%93%B4%E7%B6%B1" title="石蓴綱">石蓴綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%90%83%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="共球藻纲">共球藻纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="绿藻纲">绿藻纲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(139,242,137);"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%9E%8B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="链型植物">链型植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(139,242,137);"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%BE%E4%B8%9D%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="链丝藻门（页面不存在）">链丝藻门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E4%B8%9D%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="链丝藻纲">链丝藻纲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(130,244,125);"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="膜生植物">膜生植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(130,244,125);"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%97%BB%E9%97%A8" title="轮藻门">轮藻门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%97%BB%E7%B6%B1" title="輪藻綱">輪藻綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%98%E6%AF%9B%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="鞘毛藻纲">鞘毛藻纲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%93%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼓藻（页面不存在）">鼓藻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmidiales" class="extiw" title="en:Desmidiales">Desmidiales</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%91%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中斑藻（页面不存在）">中斑藻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesostigma" class="extiw" title="en:Mesostigma">Mesostigma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%98%9F%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="双星藻纲">双星藻纲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(113,246,110);"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%83%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="有胚植物">有胚植物</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陆生植物">陆生植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(113,246,110);"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%8C%A2%E9%96%80" title="地錢門">地錢門</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E8%92%B4%E8%8B%94%E7%BA%B2" title="裸蒴苔纲">裸蒴苔纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%8B%94%E7%BA%B2" title="叶苔纲">叶苔纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%92%B1%E7%BA%B2" title="地钱纲">地钱纲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(97,248,98);"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%AD%94%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="气孔植物">气孔植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(97,248,98);"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物">苔藓植物</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="非維管植物">非維管植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%8B%94%E9%96%80" title="角苔門">角苔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%93%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" title="藓類植物門">苔藓</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%A7%92%E8%95%A8%E7%B6%B1" title="羊角蕨綱">羊角蕨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(69,250,74);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%AE%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="维管植物">维管植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(69,250,74);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%A1%9E" title="石松類">石松門</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%A1%9E" title="石松類">石松纲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E7%A7%91" title="石松科">石松目</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B7%E6%9F%8F%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卷柏目（页面不存在）">卷柏目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9F%AD%E7%9B%AE" title="水韭目">水韭目</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(41,251,49);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="真叶植物">真叶植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E" title="真蕨類">链束植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B2" title="木贼亚纲">木贼纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E" title="真蕨類">真蕨纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%B6%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%8F%E8%8D%89%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%B1" title="瓶爾小草亞綱">松叶蕨纲</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="种子植物" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(41,251,49);"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="种子植物">种子植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9F%8F%E9%96%80" title="松柏門">松柏門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%9D%8F%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="銀杏門">银杏门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%93%81%E7%9B%AE" title="苏铁目">苏铁门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E9%BA%BB%E8%97%A4%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="买麻藤门">买麻藤门</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类列表（页面不存在）">植物分类列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:植物">植物专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然的组成" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Template:自然的组成"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Template talk:自然的组成"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然的组成"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然的组成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>的组成</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="物质">物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="地球歷史">地球歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86" title="地球的未來">地球的未來</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="地球構造">地球構造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="板块构造论">板块构造论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="地球地质历史">地球地质历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋">大洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山">山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E4%BA%9E%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="蓋亞假說">蓋亞假說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气">天气</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="地球大气层">地球大气层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89" title="太阳光">太阳光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="风">风</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境">环境</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB" title="野火">野火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">生命演化史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">植物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="植物相">植物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="動物相">動物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Category:自然">分類:自然</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科學主題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="园艺" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Template:園藝"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Template talk:園藝"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:園藝"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="园艺" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺">园艺</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺">园艺</a>概要</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="園藝歷史（页面不存在）">歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:History of gardening">History of gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="园林设计">設計</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電腦輔助園藝設計（页面不存在）">電腦輔助</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" class="extiw" title="en:Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided garden design</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="園藝工具">園林工具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%86" title="綠色植生牆">綠牆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%83" title="社区农圃">社区农圃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%AE%A4" title="溫室">溫室</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社区花园（页面不存在）">社区花园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Community gardening">Community gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80" title="自然景觀">景觀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%A3%87%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花壇園（页面不存在）">花壇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre" class="extiw" title="en:Parterre">Parterre</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E5%9C%B0%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9" title="园地栽培">园地栽培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9E%B6%E5%BA%8A%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="高架床園藝">高架床園藝</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:RegaderaMetalica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RegaderaMetalica.jpg/100px-RegaderaMetalica.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RegaderaMetalica.jpg/150px-RegaderaMetalica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RegaderaMetalica.jpg/200px-RegaderaMetalica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">園藝類別</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%83" title="社区农圃">社區園藝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="森林園藝">森林園藝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集約園藝（页面不存在）">集約園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:French intensive gardening">French intensive gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%97%E9%A0%AD%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="街頭園藝（页面不存在）">街頭園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9E%B6%E5%BA%8A%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="高架床園藝">高床園藝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一米園藝（页面不存在）">一米園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Square foot gardening">Square foot gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永續園藝（页面不存在）">永續園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable gardening">Sustainable gardening</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E6%B0%B4%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" title="省水花園">省水花園</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="園林列表（页面不存在）">園林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_garden_types" class="extiw" title="en:List of garden types">List of garden types</a>）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="园林类别（页面不存在）">類別</a>（維基數據：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96338860" class="extiw" title="d:Q96338860">Q96338860</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="實用或小型園林" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">實用或 小型園林</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="園林">庭園</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前院（页面不存在）">前院</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_yard" class="extiw" title="en:Front yard">Front yard</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後花園（页面不存在）">後花園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Back garden">Back garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%99%A2" title="後院">後院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%8F%9C%E5%9C%92" title="果菜園">家庭菜園</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%9C%92" title="果園">果園</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%9B%AD" title="葡萄园">葡萄园</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="植物園">植物園</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蕨類庭園（页面不存在）">蕨類</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernery" class="extiw" title="en:Fernery">Fernery</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗花園（页面不存在）">實驗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Trial garden">Trial garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶花園（页面不存在）">熱帶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical garden">Tropical garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="水庭園">水生</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生園（页面不存在）">野生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Wildlife garden">Wildlife garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" title="仙人掌花園">仙人掌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花卉庭園（页面不存在）">花園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Flower garden">Flower garden</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玫瑰花園（页面不存在）">玫瑰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Rose garden">Rose garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%86%E6%A0%BD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盆栽花園（页面不存在）">盆栽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Container garden">Container garden</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="動物園">動物園</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蝴蝶園（页面不存在）">蝴蝶園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_zoo" class="extiw" title="en:Butterfly zoo">Butterfly zoo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%91%E8%88%8D%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="村舍花园">村舍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_(%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圍牆花園 (園藝)（页面不存在）">圍牆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Walled garden">Walled garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" title="屋頂花園">屋頂花園</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%B0%B4%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" title="雨水花園">雨水</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%94%AD%E8%94%BD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蔭蔽花園（页面不存在）">蔭蔽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Shade garden">Shade garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="胜利花园">勝利</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92%EF%BC%88%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="市場花園（庭園）（页面不存在）">市場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Market garden">Market garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%95%E5%A2%BE%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="奇南帕墾田">奇南帕</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感官花園（页面不存在）">感官</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Sensory garden">Sensory garden</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%82%E7%99%92%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="療癒花園（页面不存在）">療癒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic garden</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%AC%E6%99%AF%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冬景花園（页面不存在）">冬景</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Winter garden">Winter garden</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">綠色雕 塑園林</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E7%B4%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結紋庭園（页面不存在）">結紋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Knot garden">Knot garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%92" title="迷路園">迷園</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%A3%87%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花壇園（页面不存在）">花壇園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre" class="extiw" title="en:Parterre">Parterre</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主題或 大型園林</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖經花園（页面不存在）">聖經</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Biblical garden">Biblical garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖母花園（页面不存在）">聖母</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Mary garden">Mary garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖園（页面不存在）">聖園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Sacred garden">Sacred garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E8%89%B2%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同色花園（页面不存在）">同色</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Color garden">Color garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92%EF%BC%88%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空中花園（庭園）（页面不存在）">空中</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="extiw" title="en:Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging garden (cultivation)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲學花園（页面不存在）">哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical garden">Philosophical garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雕塑花園（页面不存在）">雕塑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E9%96%92%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休閒花園（页面不存在）">休閒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Pleasure garden">Pleasure garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%98%E5%9B%AD" title="橘园">橘園</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">建筑风格 </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东亚园林（页面不存在）">东亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="中國園林">中國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97" title="江南园林">江南园林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%AD" title="三山五园">北方园林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="嶺南園林">岭南园林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97" title="四川园林">巴蜀园林</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="日本庭園">日本</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%AF%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4" title="枯山水">枯山水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B8%B8%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%AD" title="回游式庭园">回游式庭园</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝鲜园林（页面不存在）">朝鲜半岛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Korean garden">Korean garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E5%BC%8F%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧式园林（页面不存在）">欧洲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法式园林（页面不存在）">法國</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國典型庭園（页面不存在）">典型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_formal_garden" class="extiw" title="en:French formal garden">French formal garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國景觀庭園（页面不存在）">景觀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_landscape_garden" class="extiw" title="en:French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國文藝復興時期庭園（页面不存在）">文藝復興</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Gardens of the French Renaissance">Gardens of the French Renaissance</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷蘭庭園（页面不存在）">荷蘭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Dutch garden">Dutch garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="英式庭園">英國</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利庭園（页面不存在）">義大利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Italian Renaissance garden">Italian Renaissance garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙庭園（页面不存在）">西班牙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_garden" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish garden">Spanish garden</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希臘庭園（页面不存在）">希臘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="extiw" title="en:Greek gardens">Greek gardens</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬庭園（页面不存在）">羅馬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_gardens" class="extiw" title="en:Roman gardens">Roman gardens</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭庭園（页面不存在）">拜占庭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine gardens">Byzantine gardens</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西亚园林（页面不存在）">西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="波斯園林">波斯</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%88%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格（庭園）（页面不存在）">巴格</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="extiw" title="en:Bagh (garden)">Bagh (garden)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E8%B5%AB%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏赫巴格（页面不存在）">夏巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh" class="extiw" title="en:Charbagh">Charbagh</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="天堂花园">天堂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="伊斯蘭園林">伊斯蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫卧儿庭園（页面不存在）">莫卧儿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_gardens" class="extiw" title="en:Mughal gardens">Mughal gardens</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">栽培植物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="木本植物">木本植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="落葉植物">落葉植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BF%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="常绿植物">常绿植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%8C" title="仙人掌">仙人掌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="灌木">灌木</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="亚灌木">亚灌木</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花卉植物（页面不存在）">花卉植物</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blume" class="extiw" title="de:Blume">Blume</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物">多年生植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="一年生植物">一年生植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="二年生植物">二年生植物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E8%B5%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="观赏植物">观赏植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%82%E8%B5%8F%E8%8D%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="观赏草（页面不存在）">观赏草</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_grass" class="extiw" title="en:Ornamental grass">Ornamental grass</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E8%91%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="觀葉植物">觀葉植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="树木">树木</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%86%E6%A0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="盆栽">盆栽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多肉植物">多肉植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="旱生植物">旱生植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%86%E5%9C%9F%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="覆土作物">覆土作物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺">園藝學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7" title="可持續性">永續</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%9F%BA%E8%B3%AA%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非動物性基質農業（页面不存在）">非動物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stock-free" class="extiw" title="en:stock-free">stock-free</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伴生栽培（页面不存在）">伴生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_planting" class="extiw" title="en:Companion planting">Companion planting</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水生栽培（页面不存在）">水耕</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroculture" class="extiw" title="en:Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="間作（页面不存在）">間作</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping" class="extiw" title="en:Intercropping">Intercropping</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A1%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="採後生理學（页面不存在）">收穫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postharvest_physiology#Postharvest_Physiology" class="extiw" title="en:Postharvest physiology">Postharvest_physiology#Postharvest_Physiology</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="农作物">農作物</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%BE%B2%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A2%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界農作物產值列表（页面不存在）">產值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops" class="extiw" title="en:List of most valuable crops">List of most valuable crops</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E6%A8%B9%E5%AD%B8" title="果樹學">果樹學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="蔬菜學">蔬菜學</a></li> <li>都市 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="都市農業">農業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都市園藝（页面不存在）">園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_horticulture" class="extiw" title="en:Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都市園藝（页面不存在）">林業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_forestry" class="extiw" title="en:Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%B6%A0%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都市綠化（页面不存在）">綠化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_reforestation" class="extiw" title="en:Urban reforestation">Urban reforestation</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">植物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="植物配種">育種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="植物繁殖">繁殖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E8%97%9D" title="樹藝">樹藝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="園藝植物誌（页面不存在）">植物誌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultural_flora" class="extiw" title="en:Horticultural flora">Horticultural flora</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%89%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花卉園藝（页面不存在）">花卉園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Floriculture">Floriculture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民族園藝學（页面不存在）">民族園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" class="extiw" title="en:Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous horticulture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶園藝（页面不存在）">熱帶園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical horticulture">Tropical horticulture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因改造林木（页面不存在）">基改林木</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">景觀設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9" title="葡萄栽培">葡萄栽培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="葡萄酒工艺学">葡萄酒工藝學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="有机园艺">有機園藝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E8%BE%B2%E6%B3%95" title="生物動力農法">生物動力農法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D%E8%88%87%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機園藝與農業主題列表（页面不存在）">有機園藝與農業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organic_gardening_and_farming_topics" class="extiw" title="en:List of organic gardening and farming topics">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="素食有機園藝（页面不存在）">素食有機園藝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_organic_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Vegan organic gardening">Vegan organic gardening</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">植物保護</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%97%85%E5%AE%B3%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物病害預測（页面不存在）">植物病害預測</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" class="extiw" title="en:Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E8%8D%AF" title="农药">农药</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E8%97%A5%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="農藥條目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%80%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%89%82" title="杀真菌剂">殺真菌劑</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%BA%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%8A%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="殺真菌劑列表（页面不存在）">列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fungicides" class="extiw" title="en:List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%9C%E8%8D%89%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雜草防治（页面不存在）">雜草防治</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed_control" class="extiw" title="en:Weed control">Weed control</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E8%8D%89%E5%89%82" title="除草剂">除草剂</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Category:園藝">園藝分类</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Corn_01.JPG/16px-Corn_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Corn_01.JPG/24px-Corn_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Corn_01.JPG/32px-Corn_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:农业和农学">農業和農學主題</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Portal:園藝">園藝主題</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">共享資源</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:园艺学">園藝學專題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="Help:分類單元識別碼">分類單元識別碼</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="维基数据">维基数据</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q756">Q756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54717">54717</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14871">14871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="网络生命大百科">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/281">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="EPPO代码">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PLAK">1PLAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151418">151418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="全球生物多樣性資訊機構">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47126">47126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/107789">107789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202422">202422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/514430">514430</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3ead4965-50d6-4373-a616-240cc151c611">3ead4965-50d6-4373-a616-240cc151c611</a></li> <li>PPE: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/">plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="世界海洋物种目录">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=3">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=植物&oldid=85689507">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=植物&oldid=85689507</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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