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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Confederation and expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederation_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Provinces and territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_peacekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_peacekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military and peacekeeping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_peacekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 303 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-303" aria-hidden="true" > 303 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D" title="Канадэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Канадэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D" title="Канадэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Канадэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%B3" title="ካናዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካናዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कनाडा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कनाडा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܩܢܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܢܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Քանատա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քանատա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="কানাডা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কানাডা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata" title="Kanata – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kanata" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کانادا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانادا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="কানাডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কানাডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कनाडा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कनाडा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་ན་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་ན་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadha" title="Kanadha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kanadha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كانادا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كانادا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%A1da" title="Kanáda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kanáda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaa" title="Kanadaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kanadaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%A7" title="ކެނެޑާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެނެޑާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeteel_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Deeteel Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Deeteel Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानाडा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="क्यानाडा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀེ་ན་ཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀེ་ན་ཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Καναδάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καναδάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nada" title="Cànada – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cànada" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Канада Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Канада Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanado" title="Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanada" title="Ceanada – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceanada" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chanadey" title="Yn Chanadey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chanadey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="加拿大" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کانادا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کانادا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE" title="કેનેડા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેનેડા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅनडा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कॅनडा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2-n%C3%A2-thai" title="Kâ-nâ-thai – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kâ-nâ-thai" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4" title="캐나다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak%C4%81" title="Kanakā – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kanakā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Կանադա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कनाडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनाडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1nada" title="Kánada – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kánada" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="কানাডা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কানাডা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%93%87%E1%91%95" title="ᑲᓇᑕ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᓇᑕ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata" title="Kanata – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kanata" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Канадæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Канадæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanada" title="Khanada – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Khanada" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhanada" title="IKhanada – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKhanada" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadha" title="Kanadha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kanadha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaa" title="Kanadaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kanadaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕೆನಡಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆನಡಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="კანადა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8E%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کینَڈا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کینَڈا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannanda" title="Kannanda – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kannanda" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດການາດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດການາດາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81da" title="Kanāda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C3%A1" title="Kanadá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kanadá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuadu" title="Kanuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kanuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kadnygu%27e" title="kadnygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kadnygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानाडा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्यानाडा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1" title="കാനഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാനഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81nata" title="Kānata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kānata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅनडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅनडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="კანადა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კანადა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کاندا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاندا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀꯅꯥꯗꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯅꯥꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-n%C4%81-d%C3%A2i" title="Gă-nā-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-nā-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Канад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenada" title="Kenada – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kenada" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannede" title="Kannede – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kannede" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81nat%C4%81" title="Kānatā – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Kānatā" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यानडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानादा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यानादा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" title="カナダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%98%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߞߣߊߘߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߣߊߘߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneda" title="Kaneda – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kaneda" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannada" title="Cannada – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cannada" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BE" title="କାନାଡ଼ା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାନାଡ଼ା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaadaa" title="Kanaadaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kanaadaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनडा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="केनडा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata" title="Kanata – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kanata" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کینیڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کینیڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ကနေဒါခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကနေဒါခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7" title="کاناډا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاناډا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kianada" title="Kianada – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kianada" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6" title="កាណាដា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាណាដា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Καναδάς – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καναδάς" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanata" title="Tanata – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tanata" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata" title="Kanata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kanata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канаада – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Канаада" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata" title="Kanata – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kanata" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केनडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C3%A4a" title="Kanadäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kanadäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کینیڈا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کینیڈا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadae" title="Canadae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Canadae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaja" title="Kanadaja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanadaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canadà" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කැනඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැනඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%A7" title="ڪينيڊا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪينيڊا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhanada" title="IKhanada – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhanada" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کەنەدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەنەدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadakondre" title="Kanadakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kanadakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="கனடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%E1%B8%8Da" title="Kanaḍa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kanaḍa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶႅၼ်ႇၼေႇတႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႅၼ်ႇၼေႇတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="కెనడా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెనడా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C3%A1" title="Kanadá – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kanadá" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%B3" title="ካናዳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ካናዳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81nata" title="Kānata – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kānata" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A8%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93" title="ᎨᎾᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎨᎾᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CC%B1na%CC%B1da" title="Ka̱na̱da – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ka̱na̱da" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کینیڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کینیڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كانادا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كانادا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyahnazda" title="Gyahnazda – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyahnazda" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nada" title="Cànada – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cànada" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad" title="Kanad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kanad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C3%A4n" title="Kanadän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kanadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(payis)" title="Canada (payis) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Canada (payis)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="加拿大" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaa" title="Kanadaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kanadaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加拿大" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanada" title="Khanada – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Khanada" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2" title="קאנאדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנאדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1n%C3%A1d%C3%A0" title="Kánádà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kánádà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Canada" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kanada" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Canada" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Canada"><img alt="A vertical triband design (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Canada"><img alt="At the top there is a rendition of St. Edward's Crown, with the crest of a crowned gold lion standing on a twisted wreath of red and white silk and holding a maple leaf in its right paw underneath. The lion is standing on top of a helm, which is above the escutcheon, ribbon, motto, and compartment. There is a supporter on either side of the escutcheon and ribbon; an English lion on the left and a Scottish unicorn on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/A_mari_usque_ad_mare" title="A mari usque ad mare">A mari usque ad mare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) "From Sea to Sea"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle=""O_Canada"-«Ô_Canada»,_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga/%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga/%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22O_Canada%22-%C2%AB%C3%94_Canada%C2%BB%2C_performed_by_the_National_Band_of_the_Naval_Reserve.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Royal_anthem_Canada.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Royal_anthem_Canada.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Royal_anthem_Canada.ogg/Royal_anthem_Canada.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoyal_anthem_Canada.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoyal_anthem_Canada.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoyal_anthem_Canada.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoyal_anthem_Canada.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoyal_anthem_Canada.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Canada"><img alt="A projection of North America with Canada highlighted in green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CAN_orthographic.svg/220px-CAN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CAN_orthographic.svg/330px-CAN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CAN_orthographic.svg/440px-CAN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada&params=45_24_N_75_40_W_type:city(1,000,000)_region:CA-ON">45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.400°N 75.667°W / 45.400; -75.667</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 17, 1982</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.76 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total land area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 Q3 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 41,288,599<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 36,991,981<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">236th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.582 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CA-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $62,766<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CA-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.215 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CA-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $53,834<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CA-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.2<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.935<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CAD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−3.5 to −8</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−2.5 to −7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ca" title=".ca">.ca</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Canada is a country in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">ten provinces and three territories</a> extend from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and northward into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, making it the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">second-largest country by total area</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">world's longest coastline</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">border with the United States</a> is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both <a href="/wiki/Temperature_in_Canada" title="Temperature in Canada">meteorologic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">geological</a> regions. With a <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">population</a> of just over 41 million people, it has widely varying population densities, with the majority residing in <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">urban areas</a> and large areas of the country being sparsely populated. Canada's capital is <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">its three largest metropolitan areas</a> are <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a> have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a> expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">various armed conflicts</a>, France <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">ceded nearly all</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">its colonies in North America</a> in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> colonies through <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, Canada was formed as a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of four provinces. This began an <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">accretion of provinces and territories</a> resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">displacement of Indigenous populations</a>, and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This increased sovereignty was highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>, and culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. Canada is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster tradition</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>, who holds office by virtue of their ability to <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">command the confidence</a> of the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch of Canada</a>, the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The country is a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">officially bilingual</a> (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">very highly ranked in international measurements</a> of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and human rights. It is one of the world's most <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnically diverse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multicultural</a> nations, the product of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">large-scale immigration</a>. Canada's long and complex <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">relationship with the United States</a> has had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">its history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">culture</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, Canada has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">high nominal per capita income globally</a> and its advanced economy ranks among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest in the world by nominal GDP</a>, relying chiefly upon <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada#Natural_resources" title="Geography of Canada">its abundant natural resources</a> and well-developed <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Canada" title="List of the largest trading partners of Canada">international trade networks</a>. Recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>, Canada's strong support for <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> has been closely related to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">its foreign relations policies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid for developing countries</a>. Canada is part of <a href="/wiki/International_organisation_membership_of_Canada" title="International organisation membership of Canada">multiple international organizations and forums</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada</a></div> While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoian</a> word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> region used the word to direct French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> to the village of <a href="/wiki/Stadacona" title="Stadacona">Stadacona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rayburn2001-9">[9]</a> Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to <a href="/wiki/Donnacona" title="Donnacona">Donnacona</a> (the chief at Stadacona);<a href="#cite_note-Rayburn2001-9">[9]</a> by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> as Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Rayburn2001-9">[9]</a> From the 16th to the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> referred to the part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Following the British <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">conquest of New France</a>, this area was known as the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> from 1763 to 1791.<a href="#cite_note-f014-11">[11]</a> In 1791, the area became two British colonies called <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. These two colonies were collectively named <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a> until their union as the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Upon <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation in 1867</a>, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference</a> and the word <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> was conferred as the country's title.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>, which brought the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-buckner-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline of Canadian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography of Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">first inhabitants of North America</a> are generally hypothesized to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a> and arrived at least 14,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a> archeological sites at <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Flats" title="Old Crow Flats">Old Crow Flats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a> are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_Canada#The_Stone_Age:_Fire_(14,000_BC_–_AD_1600)" title="Technological and industrial history of Canada">characteristics of Indigenous societies</a> included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada</a> include the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people in Canada">Métis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GraberKuprecht2012-20">[20]</a> the last being of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">mixed descent</a> who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity.<a href="#cite_note-GraberKuprecht2012-20">[20]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg/290px-Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg/435px-Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg/580px-Indigenous_population_by_census_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>A map of Canada showing the percent of <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada#Indigenous_peoples" title="Population of Canada">self-reported indigenous identity</a> (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022_u867-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population</a> at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000<a href="#cite_note-dying-22">[22]</a> and two million,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> As a consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The decline is attributed to several causes, including the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">transfer of European diseases</a>, to which they had no natural immunity,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Although not without conflict, <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European Canadians</a>' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of <a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">European colonies in Canada</a>, particularly for their role in assisting European <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs des bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> in their explorations of the continent during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> These early European interactions with First Nations would change from <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaties" title="Peace and Friendship Treaties">friendship and peace treaties</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a> reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A period of redress began with the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">reconciliation commission</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-trc-33">[33]</a> This included acknowledgment of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">cultural genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TRCSummary-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Residential_Schools_Settlement_Agreement" title="Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement">settlement agreements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-trc-33">[33]</a> and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing the plight of <a href="/wiki/Missing_and_murdered_Indigenous_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing and murdered Indigenous women">missing and murdered Indigenous women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ministère_de_la_Justice_2017-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/290px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/435px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/580px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of territorial claims in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by 1750. Possessions of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> (pink), <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (blue), and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_p.-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Norse</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small short-lived encampment that was occupied sporadically for perhaps 20 years at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> on the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-38">[38]</a> No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> explored and claimed Canada's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic coast</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlakeKeshen2017p19-39">[39]</a> In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words, "long live the King of France", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese</a> establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In general, early settlements during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada#Ephemeral_European_settlements" title="Population of Canada">short-lived</a> due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1583, Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, founded <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St John's, Newfoundland</a>, as the first North American <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English seasonal camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1600, the French established their first seasonal trading post at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac" title="Tadoussac">Tadoussac</a> along the Saint Lawrence.<a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-38">[38]</a> French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">colonists</a> of New France, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a> extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> settled the present-day <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritimes</a>, while fur traders and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic missionaries</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi watershed">Mississippi watershed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The English established additional settlements in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in 1610 along with settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">four wars</a> erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Mainland <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> came under British rule with the 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_North_America">British North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of General Wolfe dying in front of the British flag while attended by officers and native allies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/330px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/440px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a> (1771) dramatizes <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>'s death during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a> at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_Gallery_of_Canada_n963-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> established First Nation treaty rights, created the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> out of New France, and annexed <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> to Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-buckner-15">[15]</a> St John's Island (now <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>) became a separate colony in 1769.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> To avert conflict in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the British Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French civil law</a> there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-buckner-15">[15]</a> After the successful American War of Independence, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">1783 Treaty of Paris</a> recognized the independence of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and set the terms of peace, ceding <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of <a href="/wiki/Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists">Loyalists</a>, the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes, which led to the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, as Canada's first city.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a> divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later <a href="/wiki/Ontario#Canada_West_(1841–1867)" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons,_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/220px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/330px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/440px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> heroine <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a> warning British commander <a href="/wiki/James_FitzGibbon" title="James FitzGibbon">James FitzGibbon</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">impending American attack at Beaver Dams</a><a href="#cite_note-Collection_Search_2023_k800-58">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> The Canadas were the main front in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> New arrivals included refugees escaping the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>-speaking Scots displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.<a href="#cite_note-dying-22">[22]</a> The desire for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> resulted in the abortive <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a> subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.<a href="#cite_note-buckner-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a> merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a>, extending the border westward along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>. This paved the way for British colonies on <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island (1849)</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Anglo-Russian <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1825)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)</a> established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> of 1867, disputes continued about the exact demarcation of the Alaska–Yukon and Alaska–BC border.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederation_and_expansion">Confederation and expansion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/290px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/435px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/580px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Animated map showing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories</a> since Confederation in 1867<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_2016_m242-66">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Following three constitutional conferences, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a> officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Canada assumed control of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, where the Métis' grievances ignited the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> and the creation of the province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> in July 1870.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">had been united</a> in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-canatlas-70">[70]</a> In 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> in the Northwest Territories, Parliament created the Yukon Territory. <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> became provinces in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-canatlas-70">[70]</a> Between 1871 and 1896, almost one quarter of the Canadian population emigrated south to the US.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> To open <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">the West</a> and encourage European immigration, the Government of Canada sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>), passed the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a> to regulate settlement and established the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> to assert authority over the territory.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)#Expansion" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">period of westward expansion</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">nation building</a> resulted in the displacement of many <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a>",<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> clearing the way for ethnic European <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement" title="Block settlement">block settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This caused the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_bison_conservation_in_Canada#Plains_bison" title="History of bison conservation in Canada">Plains Bison in western Canada</a> and the introduction of European <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">cattle farms and wheat fields</a> dominating the land.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Indigenous peoples saw widespread famine and disease due to the loss of the bison and their traditional hunting lands.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the reserves.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During this time, Canada introduced the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a> extending its control over the First Nations to education, government and legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">1918 <a href="/wiki/Canada_Savings_Bond" title="Canada Savings Bond">Canadian War bond posters</a> depicting three French women pulling a plow that had been constructed for horses</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg/135px-Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg/203px-Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg/270px-Canada_WWI_l%27Emprunt_de_la_Victoire2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="3806" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">French version of the poster roughly translates as "They serve France–Everyone can serve; Buy Victory Bonds".</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg/136px-Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg/204px-Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg/272px-Canada_WWI_Victory_Bonds2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="3805" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The same poster in English, with subtle differences in text. "They serve France—How can I serve Canada? Buy Victory Bonds".</div></div></div></div></div> Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">Canada into the First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Volunteers sent to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a>, which played a substantial role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a> and other major engagements of the war.<a href="#cite_note-morton-milhist-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> erupted when the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers.<a href="#cite_note-McGonigal1962-81">[81]</a> In 1919, Canada joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> independently of Britain,<a href="#cite_note-morton-milhist-80">[80]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Westminster, 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>, affirmed Canada's independence.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression in Canada</a> during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In response to the downturn, the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> (as pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>) in the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On the advice of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_Canada#Nazi_Germany" title="Declaration of war by Canada">war with Germany was declared</a> effective September 10, 1939, by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence.<a href="#cite_note-morton-milhist-80">[80]</a> The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-morton-milhist-80">[80]</a> Canada provided asylum for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch monarchy">Dutch monarchy</a> while that country was <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">occupied</a> and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">its liberation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-netherlands-86">[86]</a> The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> for Canada, Britain, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morton-milhist-80">[80]</a> Despite another <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis</a> in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> The financial crisis of the Great Depression led the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> ruled by a British governor.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> After two <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">referendums</a>, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>, marked by the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">maple leaf flag</a> in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Official bilingualism">official bilingualism</a> (English and French) in 1969,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and the institution of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism#Canada" title="Multiculturalism">official multiculturalism</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socially_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially democratic">Socially democratic</a> programs were also instituted, such as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan" title="Canada Pension Plan">Canada Pension Plan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_Canada" title="Student financial aid in Canada">Canada Student Loans</a>; though, provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_(English).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/220px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/330px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg/440px-Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms_%28English%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a><a href="#cite_note-Ministère_de_la_Justice_2021_d986-94">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the Canada Act 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country under <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">its own monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">nationalist</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The radical <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a> (FLQ) ignited the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereigntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> was elected in 1976, organizing an <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">unsuccessful referendum</a> on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> failed in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-sorens-100">[100]</a> This led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> in Quebec and the invigoration of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a> in the West.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">second referendum</a> followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Secession_of_Quebec" title="Reference Re Secession of Quebec">unilateral secession</a> by a province would be unconstitutional, and the <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a> was passed by Parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-sorens-100">[100]</a> In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_massacre" title="École Polytechnique massacre">École Polytechnique massacre</a> in 1989, a <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">university shooting</a> targeting female students;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> of 1990,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> the first of a number of violent confrontations between provincial governments and Indigenous groups.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Canada joined the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1990 and was active in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">several peacekeeping missions</a> in the 1990s, including operations in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Defence_2016_d710-107">[107]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, resulting in an incident that has been described as "<a href="/wiki/Somalia_affair" title="Somalia affair">the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military</a>".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Canada sent <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">troops to Afghanistan in 2001</a>, resulting in the largest amount of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan">Canadian deaths</a> for any single military mission since the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a> in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and also became involved in battling the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The country celebrated <a href="/wiki/150th_anniversary_of_Canada" title="150th anniversary of Canada">its sesquicentennial</a> in 2017, three years before the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a> began on January 27, 2020, with widespread social and economic disruption.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2021, the possible graves of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered</a> near the former sites of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Indian residential school">Canadian Indian residential schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Administered by various Christian churches and funded by the Canadian government from 1828 to 1997, these <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a> attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians#Culture" title="European Canadians">Euro-Canadian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-q869-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Canada" title="Environment of Canada">Environment of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Canada_topo.jpg/290px-Canada_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Canada_topo.jpg/435px-Canada_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Canada_topo.jpg/580px-Canada_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>A topographic map of Canada, in polar projection (for 90° W), showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher)</figcaption></figure> By total area (including its waters), Canada is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">second-largest country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> By land area alone, Canada <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">ranks fourth</a>, due to having the world's largest area of <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Canada" title="List of lakes of Canada">fresh water lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the east, along the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> to the north, and to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the west, the country encompasses 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) of territory.<a href="#cite_note-McColl2005-117">[117]</a> Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of 243,042 kilometres (151,019 mi).<a href="#cite_note-International_Boundary_Commission-118">[118]</a> In addition to sharing <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">the world's largest land border with the United States</a>—spanning 8,891 km (5,525 mi)<a href="#cite_note-canadausa-119">[a]</a>—Canada shares a land border with <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (and hence the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a>) to the northeast, on <a href="/wiki/Hans_Island" title="Hans Island">Hans Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundary</a> with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> to the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, <a href="/wiki/CFS_Alert" title="CFS Alert">Canadian Forces Station Alert</a>, on the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>—latitude 82.5°N—which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In latitude, Canada's most northerly point of land is <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbia" title="Cape Columbia">Cape Columbia</a> in Nunavut at 83°6′41″N, with its southern extreme at <a href="/wiki/Middle_Island_(Lake_Erie)" title="Middle Island (Lake Erie)">Middle Island</a> in Lake Erie at 41°40′53″N. In longitude, Canada's land extends from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spear" title="Cape Spear">Cape Spear</a>, Newfoundland, at 52°37'W, to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount St. Elias</a>, Yukon Territory, at 141°W.<a href="#cite_note-p496-123">[122]</a> Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions: the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interior_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior plains">interior plains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes-St._Lawrence_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands">Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Cordillera_(Canada)" title="Pacific Cordillera (Canada)">Western Cordillera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_Lowlands" title="Hudson Bay Lowlands">Hudson Bay Lowlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Boreal forests</a> prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">northern Arctic regions</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, and the relatively flat <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a> in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-McColl2005-117">[117]</a> The Great Lakes feed the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output.<a href="#cite_note-McColl2005-117">[117]</a> Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are larger than 100 km2 (39 sq mi)—containing much of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> There are also fresh-water glaciers in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Canada" title="Geology of Canada">Canada is geologically active</a>, having <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">many earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">potentially active volcanoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Temperature_in_Canada" title="Temperature in Canada">Temperature in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada" title="Climate change in Canada">Climate change in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/290px-Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/435px-Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/580px-Canada_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification types of Canada</figcaption></figure> Average winter and summer high <a href="/wiki/Temperature_in_Canada" title="Temperature in Canada">temperatures across Canada</a> vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, where daily average temperatures are near −15 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (5 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a> is covered by ice and <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>. The future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada" title="Climate change in Canada">climate change in Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948.<a href="#cite_note-McColl2005-117">[117]</a> The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.<a href="#cite_note-ClimateReport-131">[130]</a> In the southern regions of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Canada" title="Air pollution in Canada">air pollution from both Canada</a> and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth, and agricultural productivity.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Canada is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emitters globally</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> with emissions increased by 16.5 percent between 1990 and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-j018-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada,_2017.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Canada divided into different ecozones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif/290px-Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif/435px-Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif/580px-Terrestrial_ecozones_and_ecoprovinces_of_Canada%2C_2017.gif 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada" title="Ecozones of Canada">Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada</a>. Ecozones are identified with a unique colour. Ecoprovinces are subdivisions of ecozones and are identified with a unique numeric code.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2018_u350-135">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada is divided into <a href="/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada" title="Ecozones of Canada">15 terrestrial and five marine ecozones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Canadian wildlife</a>, with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Although Canada has a low percentage of <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">endemic species compared to other countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> due to human activities, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada#Invasive_species" title="Wildlife of Canada">invasive species</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Canada" title="Environmental issues in Canada">environmental issues in the country</a>, there are currently more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Species_at_Risk_(Canada)" title="List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)">800 species at risk of being lost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered "Secure".<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada" title="Boreal forest of Canada">boreal forest of Canada</a> is considered to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">intact forest</a> on Earth, with approximately 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi) undisturbed by roads, cities or industry.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Since the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial period</a>, Canada has consisted of <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Canada#Regions" title="Forests of Canada">eight distinct forest regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Area" title="National Wildlife Area">conservation areas</a>, including 11.4 percent designated as <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Canada" title="Protected areas of Canada">protected areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conserved-144">[143]</a> Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-conserved-144">[143]</a> Canada's first <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> established in 1885 spans 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Canada's oldest provincial park, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Provincial_Park" title="Algonquin Provincial Park">Algonquin Provincial Park</a>, established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area">Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area</a> is the world's largest freshwater protected area, spanning roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Canada's largest national wildlife region is the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Islands_Marine_National_Wildlife_Area" title="Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area">Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area</a> which spans 11,570.65 square kilometres (4,467.45 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon,_Ottawa,_Ontario,_Canada,_Y2K_(7173715788).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg/220px-Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg/330px-Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg/440px-Parliament_Hill_from_a_Hot_Air_Balloon%2C_Ottawa%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_Y2K_%287173715788%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament_Buildings" title="Canadian Parliament Buildings">Canadian Parliament Buildings</a> and their surroundings</figcaption></figure> Canada is described as a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">full democracy</a>",<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> with a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">moderate</a> political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> An emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a>, alongside an <a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a>, are founding principles of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> parties practising "brokerage politics":<a href="#cite_note-politics-157">[b]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> leaning <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> leaning <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> (or its <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada#Predecessors" title="Conservative Party of Canada">predecessors</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gill_2021_p._485-159">[157]</a> The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_2021_p._485-159">[157]</a> Five parties had representatives elected to the Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 election</a>—the Liberals, who formed a minority government; the Conservatives, who became the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>; the New Democratic Party (occupying the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">Far-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Canada has a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> within the context of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy of Canada</a> being the foundation of the executive, <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> branches.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigning</a> monarch is also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">14 other sovereign Commonwealth countries</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Canada's 10 provinces</a>. The monarch appoints a representative, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>, to carry out most of their ceremonial royal duties.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Charles III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/89px-Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/134px-Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/178px-Charles_Prince_of_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="745" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Simon,_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Governor General Mary Simon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/80px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/120px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/160px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="425" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prime Minister Justin Trudeau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg/81px-Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg/122px-Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg/162px-Justin_Trudeau_March_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1665" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></div></div></div></div></div> The monarchy is the source of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and authority in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> However, while the governor general or monarch may exercise their power without ministerial <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> in rare <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">crisis situations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forseyp1-167">[165]</a> the use of the executive powers (or <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>) is otherwise directed by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>, a committee of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> responsible to the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and chosen and headed by the prime minister,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the individual who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority</a> of members in the House.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> (PMO) is one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown the governor general, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a>, senators, federal court judges, and heads of <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a> and government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Forseyp1-167">[165]</a> The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Official Opposition</a> and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The House of Commons chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/220px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/330px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg/440px-West_Block_Temp_House_of_Commons%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in its temporary location, the <a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a><a href="#cite_note-Services_Canada_2023_u321-171">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> passes all federal statute laws. It comprises the monarch, the House of Commons, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>. While Canada inherited the British concept of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary supremacy">parliamentary supremacy</a>, this was later, with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, all but completely superseded by the American notion of <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">the supremacy of the law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Each of the 338 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral district</a> or riding. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>, requires that no more than five years pass between elections, although the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a> limits this to four years with a "fixed" election date in October; <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">general elections</a> still must be called by the governor general and can be triggered by either the advice of the prime minister or a lost <a href="/wiki/Confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence vote">confidence vote</a> in the House.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a> divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the 10 provinces. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Provincial legislatures</a> are <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-Montpetit-175">[173]</a> Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign, have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> and differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law of Canada</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Act, 1867</a> prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The Statute of Westminster, 1931, granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> The Charter guarantees basic <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">rights and freedoms</a> that usually cannot be overridden by any government; a <a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a> allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Supreme Court of Canada building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/220px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/330px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg/440px-Supreme_court_of_Canada_in_summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Canada's judiciary</a> interprets laws and has the power to strike down acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> is the highest court, final arbiter, and has been led since 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The governor general appoints the court's nine members on the advice of the prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">minister of justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCP-2018-183">[181]</a> The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada#Common_law" title="Law of Canada">Common law</a> prevails everywhere except <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">Quebec, where civil law</a> predominates.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Canada" title="Criminal law of Canada">Criminal law</a> is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In most rural and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-2005-188">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Canadian Aboriginal law</a> provides certain <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">constitutionally recognized rights to land</a> and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FN-190">[188]</a> The role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support were reaffirmed by <a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FN-190">[188]</a> These rights may include provision of services, such as healthcare through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Transfer_Policy" title="Indian Health Transfer Policy">Indian Health Transfer Policy</a>, and exemption from taxation.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_and_territories">Provinces and territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada"><img alt="Labelled map of Canada detailing its provinces and territories" resource="/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Canada.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Political_map_of_Canada.svg/290px-Political_map_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Political_map_of_Canada.svg/435px-Political_map_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Political_map_of_Canada.svg/580px-Political_map_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Political map of Canada showing its <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">10 provinces and 3 territories</a><a href="#cite_note-Anon._y967-192">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada is a federation composed of 10 <a href="/wiki/Federated_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated states">federated states</a>, called provinces, and three <a href="/wiki/Federal_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal territories">federal territories</a>. These may be grouped into <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">four main regions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together).<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Provinces and territories have responsibility for social programs such as <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">social programs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> as well as administration of justice (but not criminal law). Although the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments" title="Equalization payments">equalization payments</a> are made by the federal government to ensure reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their sovereignty from the Crown<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> and power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867, whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> and the commissioners represent the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King in his federal Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> rather than the monarch directly. The powers flowing from the Constitution Act, 1867, are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> and any changes to that arrangement require a <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">constitutional amendment</a>, while changes to the roles and powers of the territories may be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_embassies_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canadian_embassies_map.png/290px-Canadian_embassies_map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canadian_embassies_map.png/435px-Canadian_embassies_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canadian_embassies_map.png/580px-Canadian_embassies_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-GAC_2014_c263-201">[199]</a> <div style="font-size:95%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Interests section and other representations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Canada</div></div></figcaption></figure> Canada is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">international</a> solutions.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Canada is known for its commitment to international peace and security, as well as being a mediator in conflicts,<a href="#cite_note-o407-203">[201]</a> and for providing <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid to developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada and the United States</a> have a long and complex relationship;<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Canada also maintains historic and traditional <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">ties to the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">to France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Morrison_2008_p._177-207">[205]</a> along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Canada is noted for having a positive <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">relationship with the Netherlands</a>, owing, in part, to its contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of the Netherlands">Dutch liberation during the Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-netherlands-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Canada has diplomatic and consular offices</a> in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-GAC_2014_c263-201">[199]</a> Canada is a <a href="/wiki/International_organisation_membership_of_Canada" title="International organisation membership of Canada">member of various international organizations and forums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">Canada was a founding member of the United Nations</a> in 1945 and formed the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> together with the United States in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2012_p._10-210">[208]</a> The country has membership in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD).<a href="#cite_note-Chapnick2011a-211">[209]</a> The country was a founding member the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum (APEC) in 1989 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Canada ratified the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948, and seven principal UN human rights conventions and covenants since then.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage_2017_a990-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_peacekeeping">Military and peacekeeping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAFDay-27_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fighter jet taking off from a runway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-CAFDay-27_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet</a> in "special markings" used by the 2014 <a href="/wiki/CF-18_Demonstration_Team" title="CF-18 Demonstration Team">CF-18 Demonstration Team</a><a href="#cite_note-Skies_Mag_2014_p953-214">[212]</a></figcaption></figure> Alongside many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations#Domestic" title="List of Canadian military operations">domestic obligations</a>, more than 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> (CAF) personnel are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations#Foreign" title="List of Canadian military operations">deployed in multiple foreign military operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The Canadian unified forces comprise the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>. The nation employs a professional, volunteer force of approximately 68,000 active personnel and 27,000 reserve personnel—increasing to 71,500 and 30,000 respectively under "Strong, Secure, Engaged"<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a>—with a sub-component of approximately 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Force-219">[c]</a> In 2022, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) – placing it 14th for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military expenditure by country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2022-220">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canada's role in developing peacekeeping and its participation in major peacekeeping initiatives</a> during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Peacekeeping is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Massie_2019_pp._575–594-224">[221]</a> Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonJoshee2007-225">[222]</a> The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_NATO" title="Canada in NATO">operations through NATO</a>, rather than directly through the UN.<a href="#cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-226">[223]</a> The change to participation via NATO has resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<a href="#cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/220px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/330px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/440px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Toronto financial district</a> is the second-largest financial centre in North America, the seventh-largest globally in employment and the heart of Canada's finance industry.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada has a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">highly developed</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-market">mixed-market economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">ninth-largest economy</a> as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> of approximately <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2.221 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> It is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">trading nations</a>, with a highly <a href="/wiki/Globalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalized">globalized</a> economy.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-econ-232">[229]</a> Canada's exports totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-econ-232">[229]</a> In 2018, Canada had a <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion.<a href="#cite_note-econ-232">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> is the ninth-largest stock exchange in the world by <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a>, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Watts-1993-234">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">minister of finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science_and_Industry" title="Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry">minister of innovation, science, and industry</a> use data from <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> to enable financial planning and develop economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Canada has a strong <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative banking</a> sector, with the world's highest per-capita membership in <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> It ranks low in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (14th in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-cpi-237">[234]</a> and "is widely regarded as among the least corrupt countries of the world".<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> It ranks high in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> (19th in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-x737-239">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> (14th in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Canada's economy ranks above most <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">the Heritage Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> and experiences a relatively low level of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income disparity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> The country's average household <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable income</a> per capita is "well above" the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Canada" title="Affordable housing in Canada">housing affordability</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Since the early 20th century, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Canada">Canada's manufacturing</a>, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The Canadian economy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service industry</a>, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Canada has an unusually important <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">petroleum industries</a> are the most prominent components.<a href="#cite_note-SueyoshiGoto2018-248">[245]</a> Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustained by nearby mines or sources of timber.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FTAs_with_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/FTAs_with_Canada.svg/260px-FTAs_with_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/FTAs_with_Canada.svg/390px-FTAs_with_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/FTAs_with_Canada.svg/520px-FTAs_with_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Canada</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Free trade agreements of Canada">Countries and territories with free-trade agreements</a><a href="#cite_note-GAC_2020-250">[247]</a></div></figcaption></figure> Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_%E2%80%93_United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement</a> (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1994 (later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement</a>).<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Canada" title="Free trade agreements of Canada">Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements</a> with 51 different countries.<a href="#cite_note-GAC_2020-250">[247]</a> Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling_in_Atlantic_Canada" title="Offshore drilling in Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada possess vast offshore deposits of natural gas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> and Alberta hosts the fourth-largest oil reserves in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Monga_2022-255">[252]</a> The vast <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> and other oil reserves give Canada 13 percent of global oil reserves, constituting the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">third- or fourth-largest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Canada is additionally one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">largest suppliers of agricultural products</a>; the Canadian Prairies region is one of the most important global producers of wheat, <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>, and other grains.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Canada" title="List of exports of Canada">country is a leading exporter</a> of zinc, uranium, gold, nickel, <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinoids</a>, aluminum, steel, iron ore, coking coal, lead, copper, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, cobalt, and cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Canada has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> representing particularly important industries.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">fishing industry</a> is also a key contributor to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2021_n754-260">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and technology in Canada</a></div> In 2020, Canada spent approximately $41.9 billion on domestic <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, with supplementary estimates for 2022 at $43.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country has produced 15 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">Nobel laureates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles" title="List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles">ranks seventh</a> in the worldwide share of articles published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific journals">scientific journals</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> and is home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> Canada <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world</a>, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total population.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_(NASA_S116-E-05765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg/220px-STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg/330px-STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg/440px-STS-116_-_P5_Truss_hand-off_to_ISS_%28NASA_S116-E-05765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Canadian-built <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> robotic arm (left), referred to as <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a>, transferred the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">P5 truss segment</a> over to the Canadian-built <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> robotic arm, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Space_Agency_2002_a865-266">[263]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Canada's developments in science and technology</a> include the creation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline battery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Insulin#Discovery" title="Insulin">discovery of insulin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> the development of the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> and discoveries about the interior structure of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">artificial cardiac pacemaker</a>, mapping the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> the development of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> technology, and the identification of the first <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis" title="Site-directed mutagenesis">site-directed mutagenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">T-cell receptor</a>, and the identification of the genes that cause <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early-onset Alzheimer's disease</a>, among numerous other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research and developing rockets and satellites.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite when in 1962 <a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> was launched.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Canada is a participant in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadarm3" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm3">Canadarm3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a> robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including <a href="/wiki/Radarsat-1" title="Radarsat-1">Radarsat-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISIS_(satellite)" title="ISIS (satellite)">ISIS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOST_(spacecraft)" title="MOST (spacecraft)">MOST</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rockets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">List of cities in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_statistics_canada.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_density_statistics_canada.gif/290px-Population_density_statistics_canada.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_density_statistics_canada.gif/435px-Population_density_statistics_canada.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Population_density_statistics_canada.gif/580px-Population_density_statistics_canada.gif 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Canada population</a> density map (2014) Top left: The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a> is the most densely inhabited and heavily industrialized region.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2015_l621-280">[277]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a> enumerated a <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Canada by year">total population</a> of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.<a href="#cite_note-2021cen-281">[278]</a> It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40,000,000 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2023_e538-282">[279]</a> The main drivers of population growth are <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration</a> and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> driven mainly by <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="Economic impact of immigration to Canada">economic policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_categories_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration categories (Canada)">family reunification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> A record 405,000 immigrants were admitted in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Canada leads the world in <a href="/wiki/Third_country_resettlement" title="Third country resettlement">refugee resettlement</a>; it resettled more than 47,600 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-g225-287">[284]</a> New immigrants settle mostly in <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">major urban areas</a>, such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Canada's population density, at 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sq mi), is among the lowest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-2021cen-281">[278]</a> with approximately 95 percent of the population is found south of the <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55th parallel</a> north.<a href="#cite_note-OECD2014-289">[286]</a> About 80 percent of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the border with the contiguous United States.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Canada is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of the population living in urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Open_Data_s787-291">[288]</a> The majority of Canadians (over 70 percent ) live below the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>, with 50 percent of Canadians living south of 45°42′ (45.7 degrees) north.<a href="#cite_note-a715-292">[289]</a> The most densely populated part of the country is the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a> in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<a href="#cite_note-McMurryShepherd2004-293">[290]</a> The majority of Canadians (81.1 percent) live in family households, 12.1 percent report living alone, and 6.8 percent live with other relatives or unrelated persons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[291]</a> Fifty-one percent of households are couples with or without children, 8.7 percent are single-parent households, 2.9 percent are multigenerational households, and 29.3 percent are single-person households.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[291]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Canada" title="Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Largest metropolitan areas of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest metropolitan areas in Canada <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a><a href="#cite_note-Illustrated_Glossary_2017_l140-295">[292]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada"> Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,202,225</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Montreal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,291,732</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">465,703 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,642,825</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">433,604 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa–Gatineau</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ontario–Quebec</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,488,307</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">422,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,481,806</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">415,311 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,418,118</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">397,237 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Quebec City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">839,311</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">317,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Winnipeg Metropolitan Region">Winnipeg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">834,678</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">249,217 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">785,184</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">575,847</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">222,162 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div> Respondents in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a> self-reported over 450 "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnic or cultural origins</a>".<a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-296">[293]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">panethnic</a> groups chosen were: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> (52.5 percent), <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> (22.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asian</a> (19.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indigenous</a> (6.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> (3.8 percent), <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin, Central and South American</a> (2.5 percent), <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> (2.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanian people">Oceanian</a> (0.3 percent), and other (6 percent).<a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-296">[293]</a> Over 60 percent of Canadians reported a single origin, and 36 percent reported having multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100 percent.<a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-296">[293]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png/290px-Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png/435px-Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The top 168 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians</a> in the 2021 census<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_u055-297">[294]</a></figcaption></figure> The country's ten largest self-reported ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-300">[d]</a> (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a> (14.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish</a> (12.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a> (12.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> (11.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a> (8.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> (4.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a> (4.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Canadians" title="Indian Canadians">Indian</a> (3.7 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a> (3.5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-ethnicpopulationordered2021-301">[297]</a> Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 24.5 million reported being "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>", representing 67.4 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022a-302">[298]</a> The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022a-302">[298]</a> One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[e]</a> the largest of which in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022-306">[301]</a> Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> In 1961, about 300,000 people, less than two percent of Canada's population, were members of visible minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residency in Canada">landed immigrant or permanent resident</a> in Canada—above the <a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_census" title="1921 Canadian census">1921 census</a> previous record of 22.3 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022b-309">[304]</a> In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Canada with English speakers and French speakers at a percentage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/290px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/435px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/580px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Approximately 98 percent of Canadians can speak either or <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">both English and French</a>:<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><div style="font-size:95%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  English – 57%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  English and French – 16% (<a href="/wiki/Bilingual_belt" title="Bilingual belt">Bilingual belts</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French – 21%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sparsely populated area (< 0.4 persons per km2)</div></div></figcaption></figure> A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>) being the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongues</a> of approximately 54 percent and 19 percent of Canadians, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Canada's official bilingualism policies</a> give citizens the right to receive federal government services in either English or French with official-<a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">language minorities</a> guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Quebec's 1974 <a href="/wiki/Official_Language_Act_(Quebec)" title="Official Language Act (Quebec)">Official Language Act</a> established French as the only official language of the province.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> Although more than 82 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Brunswick" title="Demographics of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Manitoba</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Ontario</a> having the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has an <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> minority constituting 33 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and in central and western Prince Edward Island.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> There are 11 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous language groups</a>, composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Several Indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> is the majority language in Nunavut and is one of three official languages in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> As of the 2021 census, just over 7.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. Some of the most common non-official first languages include <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (679,255 first-language speakers), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (666,585), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (553,380), Spanish (538,870), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (508,410), <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (461,150), Italian (319,505), German (272,865), and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (237,890).<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[291]</a> The country is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>, some of which are Indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) is used across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> (LSQ) is used primarily in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_of_Religion_(38007857792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/220px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/330px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/440px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion</a> sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a><a href="#cite_note-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice-324">[319]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs.<a href="#cite_note-Cornelissen_2021-325">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> refers to God; however, Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion in Canada</a> is a constitutionally protected right.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Cornelissen_2021-325">[320]</a> With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2005w-328">[323]</a> Canada has become a <a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">post-Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> Although the majority of Canadians consider <a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">religion to be unimportant</a> in their daily lives,<a href="#cite_note-Punnett2015-330">[325]</a> they still believe in God.<a href="#cite_note-Haskell2009-331">[326]</a> The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter.<a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-332">[327]</a> According to the 2021 census, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Canada, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> representing 29.9 percent of the population having the most adherents. <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> overall representing 53.3 percent of the population,<a href="#cite_note-religion-335">[f]</a> are followed by people reporting <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">irreligion or having no religion</a> at 34.6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> Other faiths include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (4.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (2.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (2.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (0.9 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> (0.2 percent).<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> Canada has the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">second-largest national Sikh population</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a></div> Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a>, informally called <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> It is guided by the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> of 1984<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> Universal access to publicly funded health services "is often considered by Canadians as a fundamental value that ensures national healthcare insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country".<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> Around 30 percent of Canadians' healthcare is paid for through the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll2012-343">[337]</a> This mostly pays for services not covered or partially covered by Medicare, such as <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kroll2012-343">[337]</a> Approximately 65 to 75 percent of Canadians have some form of supplementary health insurance; many receive it through their employers or access secondary social service programs.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="graph of expenditures as described in the caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg/260px-OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg/390px-OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg/520px-OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Health expenditure and financing by country</a>. Total health expenditure per capita in US dollars (PPP).</figcaption></figure> In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing an increase in healthcare expenditures due to a <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic shift</a> toward an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2021, the average age in Canada was 41.9 years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[291]</a> Life expectancy is 81.1 years.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> A 2016 report by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Public_Health_Officer_of_Canada" title="Chief Public Health Officer of Canada">chief public health officer</a> found that 88 percent of Canadians, one of the highest proportions of the population among G7 countries, indicated that they "had good or very good health".<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> Eighty percent of Canadian adults self-report having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease: smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-347">[341]</a> Canada has one of the highest rates of adult obesity among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries, contributing to approximately 2.7 million cases of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryStephens2019-347">[341]</a> Four chronic diseases—<a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (leading cause of death), <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory diseases">respiratory diseases</a>, and diabetes—account for 65 percent of deaths in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Health_Information" title="Canadian Institute for Health Information">Canadian Institute for Health Information</a> reported that healthcare spending reached $308 billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> In 2022, Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">health-care systems in the OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theOECD_h799-350">[344]</a> Canada has performed close to, or above the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s, ranking above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund's</a> 2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> ranked Canada second-to-last.<a href="#cite_note-commonwealthfund-352">[346]</a> Identified weaknesses were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs and dental coverage.<a href="#cite_note-commonwealthfund-352">[346]</a> An increasing problem in Canada's health system is a lack of healthcare professionals,<a href="#cite_note-Duong_Vogel_2023_pp._E309–E310-353">[347]</a> and hospital capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_Partner_Organization_Ma_2023_j399-354">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educationincanada-eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/290px-Educationincanada-eng.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/435px-Educationincanada-eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/580px-Educationincanada-eng.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Canada by province and territory, showing the percentage of the population aged 25 to 64 who had a bachelor's degree or higher, and the percentage point change from 2016 to 2021<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022_i032-355">[349]</a></figcaption></figure> Education in Canada is for the most part <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">provided publicly</a>, funded and overseen by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> Education is within provincial jurisdiction and a province's curriculum is overseen by its government.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> Education in Canada is generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary education</a>. Education in both English and French is available in most places across Canada.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> Canada has a large number of universities, almost all of which are publicly funded.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> Established in 1663, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-BlakeKeshen2017p249-360">[354]</a> The nation's three top ranking universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> The largest university is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, which has over 85,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> According to a 2022 report by the OECD, Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world;<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> the country ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having tertiary education, with over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree.<a href="#cite_note-Education_c106-364">[358]</a> Canada spends an average of 5.3 percent of its GDP on education.<a href="#cite_note-TheGlobalEconomy.com_1971_w626-365">[359]</a> The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than US$20,000 per student).<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_2023_t514-367">[361]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">mandatory education</a> age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.<a href="#cite_note-cia-369">[363]</a> Just over 60,000 children are <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">homeschooled in the country</a> as of 2016. Canada is a well-performing OECD country in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, with the average student scoring 523.7, compared with the OECD average of 493 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg/170px-WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg/255px-WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg/340px-WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Multiculturalism" title="Monument to Multiculturalism">Monument to Multiculturalism</a> by Francesco Pirelli, in Toronto<a href="#cite_note-Kuitenbrouwer_2010_g035-371">[365]</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, Canada has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French</a>, and Indigenous cultures and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> During the 20th century, Canadians with African, Caribbean, and Asian nationalities have added to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a> and its culture.<a href="#cite_note-t408-373">[367]</a> Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a <a href="/wiki/Just_society" title="Just society">just society</a> are constitutionally protected.<a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> Since the 1960s, Canada has emphasized <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">human rights</a> and inclusiveness for all its people.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">The official state policy of multiculturalism</a> is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity.<a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong and there is a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">French Canadian culture</a> that is distinct from English Canadian culture.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> As a whole, Canada is in theory a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a> of regional ethnic subcultures.<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">suppression</a> of far-right politics, has wide public support.<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a> Government policies such as publicly funded health care, <a href="/wiki/Income_taxes_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Income taxes in Canada">higher taxation</a> to redistribute wealth, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">outlawing of capital punishment</a>, strong efforts to <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">eliminate poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Canada">strict gun control</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a> attitude toward <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">women's rights</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">pregnancy termination</a>) and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Canada">LGBT rights</a>, and legalized <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">euthanasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">cannabis use</a> are indicators of Canada's political and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">cultural values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> Canadians also identify with the country's foreign aid policies, peacekeeping roles, the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">national park system</a>, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National symbols of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_sculpture,_Centre_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The mother beaver sculpture outside the House of Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg/200px-Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg/300px-Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg/400px-Beaver_sculpture%2C_Centre_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>The mother beaver on the Canadian parliament's <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity—<a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur de lis">Fleur de lis</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>: <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>.</figcaption></figure> Themes of nature, pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, cold climate, lifestyles, and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> The use of the <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">previous flags</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-symbol1-386">[380]</a> Canada's official tartan, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">maple leaf tartan</a>", reflects the colours of the maple leaf through the seasons—green in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, gold in the early <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>, red at the first <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>, and brown after falling.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> The Arms of Canada are closely modelled after <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">those of the United Kingdom</a>, with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version.<a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> Other prominent symbols include the national motto, "<a href="/wiki/A_mari_usque_ad_mare" title="A mari usque ad mare">A mari usque ad mare</a>" ("From Sea to Sea"),<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> the sports of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">Canadian horse</a>, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies,<a href="#cite_note-symbol1-386">[380]</a> and, more recently, the <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuksuk" title="Inuksuk">Inuksuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nels-390">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian beer">Canadian beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">tuques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoes">canoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_bar" title="Nanaimo bar">nanaimo bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter_tart" title="Butter tart">butter tarts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a> are defined as uniquely Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the <a href="/wiki/Loonie" title="Loonie">$1 coin</a>, the Arms of Canada on the <a href="/wiki/50-cent_piece_(Canadian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="50-cent piece (Canadian coin)">50¢ piece</a>, and the beaver on the <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(Canadian_coin)" title="Nickel (Canadian coin)">nickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berman2008-392">[386]</a> An image of the monarch appears on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$20 bank notes</a> and the obverse of coins.<a href="#cite_note-Berman2008-392">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></div> Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a> The earliest Canadian narratives were of travel and exploration.<a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a> This progressed into three major themes of historical Canadian literature: nature, frontier life, and Canada's position within the world, all of which tie into the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_mentality" title="Garrison mentality">garrison mentality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> In recent decades, Canada's literature has been strongly influenced by immigrants from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a> By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best.<a href="#cite_note-Dominic2010-397">[391]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_writers" title="List of Canadian writers">Canadian authors</a> have accumulated international literary awards,<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> including novelist, poet, and literary critic <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, who received two <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prizes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English;<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> and Booker Prize recipient <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, who wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a>, which was adapted as a <a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)" title="The English Patient (film)">film of the same name</a> that won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/L._M._Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="L. M. Montgomery">L. M. Montgomery</a> produced a series of children's novels beginning in 1908 with <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/220px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/330px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg/440px-CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) satellite truck, used for live television broadcasts</figcaption></figure> Canada's media is <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">highly autonomous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">uncensored</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_media_in_Canada" title="Multicultural media in Canada">diverse</a>, and very regionalized.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_(1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Act (1991)">Broadcasting Act</a> declares "the system should serve to safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the cultural, political, social, and economic fabric of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> Canada has a well-developed media sector, but its cultural output—particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">English films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Canada" title="Television in Canada">television shows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_magazines" title="List of Canadian magazines">magazines</a>—is often overshadowed by imports from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC), the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (NFB), and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC).<a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media in Canada">Canadian mass media</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers of Canada">print</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_online_media" title="Canadian online media">digital</a>, and in both official languages, is largely dominated by a "<a href="/wiki/Media_ownership_in_Canada" title="Media ownership in Canada">handful of corporations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-TarasBakardjievaPannekoek20072-407">[401]</a> The largest of these corporations is the country's national <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public broadcaster">public broadcaster</a>, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which also plays a significant role in producing domestic cultural content, operating <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">its own radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">TV</a> networks in both English and French.<a href="#cite_note-TarasBakardjievaPannekoek2007-408">[402]</a> In addition to the CBC, some provincial governments offer their own public educational TV broadcast services as well, such as <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a> Non-news media content in Canada, including film and television, is influenced both by local creators as well as by imports from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and France.<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> In an effort to reduce the amount of foreign-made media, government interventions in television broadcasting can include both regulation of content and public financing.<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Canadian tax laws</a> limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Canadian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jack_Pine,_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/200px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/300px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/400px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Pine" title="The Jack Pine">The Jack Pine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Thomson" title="Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a>. Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Art_Canada_Institute_-_Institut_de_l'art_canadien_h165-413">[407]</a></figcaption></figure> Art in Canada is marked by thousands of years of habitation by Indigenous peoples,<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a> and, in later times, artists have combined British, French, Indigenous, and American artistic traditions, at times embracing European styles while working to promote nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a> The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions and adapted these influences to reflect the reality of their lives in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> Modern painting in Canada has been greatly influenced by several major movements that have emerged over the years. One of the most prominent movements is the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a>, which was founded in 1920, aimed to capture the wilderness in their artwork.<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> Associated with the group was <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a>, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> The mid-20th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> in Canada, with artists like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Riopelle" title="Jean-Paul Riopelle">Jean-Paul Riopelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Borduas" title="Paul-Émile Borduas">Paul-Émile Borduas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-y340-419">[413]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, saw emergence of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Snow" title="Michael Snow">Michael Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Carr-Harris" title="Ian Carr-Harris">Ian Carr-Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-m694-420">[414]</a> This era also saw the emergence of Indigenous artists like <a href="/wiki/Norval_Morrisseau" title="Norval Morrisseau">Norval Morrisseau</a>, who combined traditional Indigenous techniques with modern art styles.<a href="#cite_note-z744-421">[415]</a> In more recent years, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> has seen a revival of <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative art</a>, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kent_Monkman" title="Kent Monkman">Kent Monkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shuvinai_Ashoona" title="Shuvinai Ashoona">Shuvinai Ashoona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j056-422">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O-Canada-1908.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/O-Canada-1908.pdf/page1-170px-O-Canada-1908.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/O-Canada-1908.pdf/page1-255px-O-Canada-1908.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/O-Canada-1908.pdf/page1-340px-O-Canada-1908.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Original publication of "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>" in English, 1908<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2018_g033-423">[417]</a></figcaption></figure> Canadian music reflects a <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canadian_cultures" title="Music of Canadian cultures">variety of regional scenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> Canada has developed a vast music infrastructure that includes <a href="/wiki/Church_hall" title="Church hall">church halls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber halls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies">academies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_center" title="Performing arts center">performing arts centres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio stations">radio stations</a>, and television <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a> channels.<a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a> Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music.<a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a> As a result of its cultural importance, as well as government initiatives and regulations, the Canadian music industry is one of the largest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a> producing internationally renowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_composers" title="List of Canadian composers">composers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_musicians" title="List of Canadian musicians">musicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_bands_from_Canada" title="List of bands from Canada">ensembles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC.<a href="#cite_note-429">[423]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences</a> presents Canada's music industry awards, the <a href="/wiki/Juno_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Award">Juno Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Music Hall of Fame">Canadian Music Hall of Fame</a> honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.<a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthems_and_nationalistic_songs_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada">Patriotic music in Canada</a> dates back over 200 years. The earliest work of patriotic music in Canada, "<a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Canadian" title="The Bold Canadian">The Bold Canadian</a>", was written in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Maple_Leaf_Forever" title="The Maple Leaf Forever">The Maple Leaf Forever</a>", written in 1866, was a popular patriotic song throughout <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a> and, for many years, served as an unofficial national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a> "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>" also served as an unofficial national anthem for much of the 20th century and was adopted as the country's official anthem in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_(9162222032).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg/220px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg/330px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg/440px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_%289162222032%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> Our Game sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Edie_Parker_(artist)" title="Edie Parker (artist)">Edie Parker</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a> in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-k228-435">[429]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada's official national sports are <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Canada" title="Ice hockey in Canada">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_in_Canada" title="Lacrosse in Canada">lacrosse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a> Other major professional games include <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Canada" title="Basketball in Canada">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Canada" title="Baseball in Canada">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Canada" title="Soccer in Canada">soccer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a> Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by numerous "Halls of Fame" and museums, such as <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canada's Sports Hall of Fame">Canada's Sports Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Danilov1997cv-438">[432]</a> Canada shares several <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports leagues</a> with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Canada#Major_League_Soccer" title="Soccer in Canada">Major League Soccer</a> teams, and one team in each of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>. Other popular professional competitions include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a>, and the curling tournaments hosted by <a href="/wiki/Curling_Canada" title="Curling Canada">Curling Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a> In terms of participation, <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a> was the most commonly reported sport by over one-third (35 percent) of Canadians in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-h903-441">[435]</a> This was closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> (33 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a> (27 percent).<a href="#cite_note-h903-441">[435]</a> The popularity of specific sports varies;<a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a> in general, the Canadian-born population was more likely to have participated in <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> such as ice hockey, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, compared with immigrants, who were more likely to have played soccer (the most popular youth team sport),<a href="#cite_note-a691-443">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> or basketball.<a href="#cite_note-h903-441">[435]</a> Sports such as <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_in_Canada" title="Volleyball in Canada">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> are also widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels.<a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a> Canada has enjoyed success both <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the Winter Olympics">at the Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Canada at the Summer Olympics">at the Summer Olympics</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[439]</a>—particularly the Winter Games as a "winter sports nation"—and has hosted high-profile international sporting events such as the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2015 FIFA Women's World Cup">2015 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015 Pan American Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Parapan_American_Games" title="2015 Parapan American Games">2015 Parapan American Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a> The country is scheduled to co-host the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a> alongside Mexico and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index of Canada-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-canadausa-119"><a href="#cite_ref-canadausa_119-0">^</a> 6,416 km (3,987 mi) via the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_48_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous 48 states">contiguous 48 states</a> and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) via <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Boundary_Commission-118">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-politics-157"><a href="#cite_ref-politics_157-0">^</a> "Brokerage politics: A Canadian term for successful <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent parties</a> that embody a <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic</a> catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist policies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral coalitions</a> to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> "The traditional brokerage model of Canadian politics leaves little room for ideology."<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Force-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Force_219-0">^</a> "The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> is composed of approximately 8,400 full-time sailors and 5,100 part-time sailors. The Army is composed of approximately 22,800 full-time soldiers, 18,700 reservists, and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>. The Royal Canadian Air Force is composed of approximately 13,000 Regular Force personnel and 2,400 Air Reserve personnel."<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_300-0">^</a> All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada's nationality laws</a>. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-335"><a href="#cite_ref-religion_335-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Canada">Catholic Church</a> (29.9%), <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> (3.3%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church</a> (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (1.7%), <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptistism</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism and other Charismatic</a> (1.1%) <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan</a> (Holiness) (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed</a> (0.2%).<a href="#cite_note-religion2021-333">[328]</a> 7.6 percent simply identified as "Christians".<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022_z483-334">[329]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html">"Royal Anthem"</a>. 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August 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190257/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Anthem&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Froyal-symbols-titles%2Froyal-anthem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209191004/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2018. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9227-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-9227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compact%2C+Contract%2C+Covenant%3A+Aboriginal+Treaty-Making+in+Canada&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9227-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcPckf7snr8C%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation book cs1">Williams, L. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47233-2"><bdi>978-1-000-47233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Intergenerational+Resilience%3A+Confronting+Cultural+and+Ecological+Crisis&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Indigenous+Peoples+and+Policy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-47233-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHehEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2020" class="citation book cs1">Turner, N.J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JVjZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Canada and Beyond</a>. McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies. 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McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9818-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-9818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Residential+Schools%3A+The+History%2C+Part+1%2C+Origins+to+1939%3A+The+Final+Report+of+the+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Canada%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9818-8&rft.au=Commission+de+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9+et+r%C3%A9conciliation+du+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gWQCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLux2016" class="citation book cs1">Lux, M.K. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1386-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separate+Beds%3A+A+History+of+Indian+Hospitals+in+Canada%2C+1920s-1980s&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1386-7&rft.aulast=Lux&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9gQDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmayerGuthrie2009" class="citation book cs1">Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Guthrie, Gail Valaskakis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9">Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 27, 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=27%2C+82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rft.au=McManamon%2C+Francis&rft.au=Milner%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlakeKeshen2017p19-39"><a href="#cite_ref-BlakeKeshen2017p19_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeKeshenKnowlesMessamore2017" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Raymond B.; Keshen, Jeffrey; Knowles, Norman J.; Messamore, Barbara J. 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University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesofjacques0000cart/page/n79">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6000-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-6000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyages+of+Jacques+Cartier&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6000-6&rft.aulast=Cartier&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Biggar%2C+Henry+Percival&rft.au=Cook%2C+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesofjacques0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1987" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Donald Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itsTLSnw8qgC&pg=PA47">Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800</a>. 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A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. 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Lamar">LaMar, Howard Roberts</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama_0/page/355">The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama_0/page/355">355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-00008-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-690-00008-5"><bdi>978-0-690-00008-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Encyclopedia+of+the+American+West&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-690-00008-5&rft.aulast=LaMar&rft.aufirst=Howard+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadersencyclope00lama_0%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerArnoldWiener2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394">The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. 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WestBow Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-2084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4497-2084-1"><bdi>978-1-4497-2084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Faith+and+the+Social+Construction+of+Religion%3A+With+Particular+Attention+to+the+Qu%C3%A9bec+Experience&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4497-2084-1&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Savage%2C+Allan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdx4AV1kgCsC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahyWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Leahy, Todd; Wilson, Raymond (September 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=999tRpj8VGQC&pg=PR49">Native American Movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6892-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Movements&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6892-2&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D999tRpj8VGQC%26pg%3DPR49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. 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September 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902165955/https://atlas.gc.ca/ette/en/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorial+Evolution&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.gc.ca%2Fette%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkinkKnippenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Dijkink, Gertjan; Knippenberg, Hans (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RRJr-5q1H0C&pg=PA226">The Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a Globalising World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-188-4"><bdi>978-90-5629-188-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territorial+Factor%3A+Political+Geography+in+a+Globalising+World&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-188-4&rft.aulast=Dijkink&rft.aufirst=Gertjan&rft.au=Knippenberg%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RRJr-5q1H0C%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell1996" class="citation book cs1">Bothwell, Robert (1996). 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Watson & Dwyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920486-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920486-23-8"><bdi>978-0-920486-23-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+River+Rebellion&rft.pub=Watson+%26+Dwyer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-920486-23-8&rft.aulast=Bumsted&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history">"Railway History in Canada"</a>. 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Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-422-2"><bdi>978-1-55458-422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Empires+and+the+Empires+of+Nature%3A+Indigenous+Peoples+and+the+Great+Lakes+Environment&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-422-2&rft.aulast=Hele&rft.aufirst=Karl+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhLaAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon" class="citation web cs1">Gagnon, Erica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/settling-the-west-immigration-to-the-prairies-from-1867-to-1914">"Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914"</a>. Canadian Museum of Immigration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194403/https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/settling-the-west-immigration-to-the-prairies-from-1867-to-1914">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12194-4"><bdi>978-3-642-12194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptive+Capacity+and+Environmental+Governance&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-12194-4&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Plummer%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ68_-biGhU8C%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaschuk2013" class="citation book cs1">Daschuk, James William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxwwZmSSOssC&pg=PA99">Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life</a>. University of Regina Press. pp. 99–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-296-0"><bdi>978-0-88977-296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clearing+the+Plains%3A+Disease%2C+Politics+of+Starvation%2C+and+the+Loss+of+Aboriginal+Life&rft.pages=99-104&rft.pub=University+of+Regina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-88977-296-0&rft.aulast=Daschuk&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxwwZmSSOssC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2015" class="citation book cs1">Hall, David John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLoeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258">From Treaties to Reserves: The Federal Government and Native Peoples in Territorial Alberta, 1870–1905</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4595-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-4595-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Treaties+to+Reserves%3A+The+Federal+Government+and+Native+Peoples+in+Territorial+Alberta%2C+1870%E2%80%931905&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4595-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLoeDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonJacksonKoop2020" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert J.; Jackson, Doreen; Koop, Royce (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6zNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT186">Canadian Government and Politics</a> (7th ed.). Broadview Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4604-0696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4604-0696-0"><bdi>978-1-4604-0696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Government+and+Politics&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4604-0696-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Doreen&rft.au=Koop%2C+Royce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6zNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennyson2014" class="citation book cs1">Tennyson, Brian Douglas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Canada's Great War, 1914–1918: How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation</a>. 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"Intro". The Conscription Crisis in Quebec – 1917: a Study in Canadian Dualism. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intro&rft.btitle=The+Conscription+Crisis+in+Quebec+%E2%80%93+1917%3A+a+Study+in+Canadian+Dualism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=Richard+Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2002" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Frederick Lee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PA63">Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada</a>. 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Arcturus Publishing. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-098-7"><bdi>978-1-78404-098-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Canadian+Battles%3A+Heroism+and+Courage+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78404-098-7&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-SsBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-netherlands-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netherlands_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-netherlands_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2005" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Lance (2005). 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Retrieved March 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+in+Afghanistan+%282001-2014%29&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Defence&rft.aufirst=National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fdefence%2Fcaf%2Fmilitaryhistory%2Fwars-operations%2Fafghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehirMurray2013" class="citation book cs1">Hehir, Aidan; Murray, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TchAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88">Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27396-3"><bdi>978-1-137-27396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%2C+the+Responsibility+to+Protect+and+the+Future+of+Humanitarian+Intervention&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-27396-3&rft.aulast=Hehir&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Murray%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TchAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuneau2015" class="citation web cs1">Juneau, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state">"Canada's Policy to Confront the Islamic State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Global_Affairs_Institute" title="Canadian Global Affairs Institute">Canadian Global Affairs Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211070017/http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Policy+to+Confront+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Canadian+Global+Affairs+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Juneau&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgai.ca%2Fcanadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html">"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)"</a>. Government of Canada. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613213135/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus+disease+%28COVID-19%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-health%2Fservices%2Fdiseases%2Fcoronavirus-disease-covid-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/catholic-group-to-release-all-records-from-marievel-kamloops-residential-schools-1.5485691">"Catholic group to release all records from Marievel, Kamloops residential schools"</a>. CTV News. June 25, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625180324/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/catholic-group-to-release-all-records-from-marievel-kamloops-residential-schools-1.5485691">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+group+to+release+all+records+from+Marievel%2C+Kamloops+residential+schools&rft.pub=CTV+News&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fcatholic-group-to-release-all-records-from-marievel-kamloops-residential-schools-1.5485691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q869-114"><a href="#cite_ref-q869_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">They Came for the Children: Canada, Aboriginal Peoples, and Residential Schools. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9675-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-9675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9675-3&rft.aulast=Brescia&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft.au=Super%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2qzBUEWxpoC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattram2010" class="citation book cs1">Battram, Robert A. 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McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1672-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-1672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+surface+climates+of+Canada&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1672-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=William+G&rft.au=Oke%2C+TR&rft.au=Rouse%2C+Wayne+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxNMhw-rRrQC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205125542/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1">"Physical Components of Watersheds"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-94570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-94570-4"><bdi>978-0-470-94570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-94570-4&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Berg%2C+Linda+R.&rft.au=Hassenzahl%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVpO2R51JBIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">National Atlas of Canada. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. 2005. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1198-2"><bdi>978-0-7705-1198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Atlas+of+Canada&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7705-1198-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckertHaleyHoberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Luckert, Martin K.; Haley, David; Hoberg, George (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Gm-rBnGghcC&pg=PA1">Policies for Sustainably Managing Canada's Forests: Tenure, Stumpage Fees, and Forest Practices</a>. UBC Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2069-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-2069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policies+for+Sustainably+Managing+Canada%27s+Forests%3A+Tenure%2C+Stumpage+Fees%2C+and+Forest+Practices&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2069-1&rft.aulast=Luckert&rft.aufirst=Martin+K.&rft.au=Haley%2C+David&rft.au=Hoberg%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Gm-rBnGghcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-conserved-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conserved_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conserved_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/conserved-areas.html">"Canada's conserved areas"</a>. 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February 7, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182613/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/scott-islands-marine/regulatory-strategy.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+Scott+Islands+Marine+National+Wildlife+Area%3A+regulatory+strategy&rft.pub=Environment+and+Climate+Change+Canada&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fenvironment-climate-change%2Fservices%2Fnational-wildlife-areas%2Flocations%2Fscott-islands-marine%2Fregulatory-strategy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q">"2021 Democracy Index"</a> (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220221533/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=2021+Democracy+Index&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2Feiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf%3Fmkt_tok%3DNzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesthuesWharf2014" class="citation book cs1">Westhues, Anne; Wharf, Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives</a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-409-3"><bdi>978-1-55458-409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Social+Policy%3A+Issues+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-409-3&rft.aulast=Westhues&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Wharf%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchTaAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickertonGagnon2009" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, James; Gagnon, Alain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jd6oqRHxLYC&pg=PA56">Canadian Politics</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0121-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-0121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Politics&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0121-5&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jd6oqRHxLYC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada</a> (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-3521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Government%3A+Public+Administration+and+Politics+in+Canada&rft.pages=13-23&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_HzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuaig2010" class="citation book cs1">McQuaig, L. 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Doubleday Canada. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9"><bdi>978-0-385-67297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+the+Bully%27s+Coat%3A+Canada+and+the+U.S.+Empire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-67297-9&rft.aulast=McQuaig&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g4Xd12rIGYC%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierlbeck2006" class="citation book cs1">Fierlbeck, Katherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bZBHlF4V8EC&pg=PA87">Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-711-9"><bdi>978-1-55111-711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Thought+in+Canada%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-711-9&rft.aulast=Fierlbeck&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bZBHlF4V8EC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonP._Scheurell2016" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, John; P. Scheurell, Robert (March 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries</a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36677-5"><bdi>978-1-317-36677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Welfare+in+Developed+Market+Countries&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36677-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=P.+Scheurell%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpzDCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughey2017" class="citation book cs1">Boughey, Janina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Human Rights and Judicial Review in Australia and Canada: The Newest Despotism?</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-0788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-0788-5"><bdi>978-1-5099-0788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+Judicial+Review+in+Australia+and+Canada%3A+The+Newest+Despotism%3F&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5099-0788-5&rft.aulast=Boughey&rft.aufirst=Janina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgK-DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLachlin2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beverley_McLachlin" title="Beverley McLachlin">McLachlin, Beverly</a> (June 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ohrlp">"Human Rights Protection in Canada"</a>. " Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy. <q>Canada's experience with human rights. Canada's experience can be divided into three phases: 1) Judicially implied rights; 2) Legislatively protected rights; and 3) Constitutionally protected human rights. Before human rights legislation and the Charter, courts in Canada relied on the theory of an "implied bill of rights" to protect traditional civil liberties such as freedom of speech and association. The theoretical foundation for these rights was the importance of free political speech and discussion in a democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Protection+in+Canada&rft.pub=%22+Osgoode+Hall+Review+of+Law+and+Policy&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=McLachlin&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1001%26context%3Dohrlp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlandGiassonLees-Marshment2012" class="citation book cs1">Marland, Alex; Giasson, Thierry; Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257">Political Marketing in Canada</a>. UBC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2231-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-2231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Marketing+in+Canada&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2&rft.aulast=Marland&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Giasson%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Lees-Marshment%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSeSaYPa2A4C%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtneySmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Courtney, John; Smith, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195">The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533535-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533535-4"><bdi>978-0-19-533535-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Canadian+Politics&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533535-4&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KomEXgxvMcC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cochrane, Christopher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40983510">"Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics"</a>. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique. 43 (3): 583–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423910000624">10.1017/S0008423910000624</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40983510">40983510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science+%2F+Revue+Canadienne+de+Science+Politique&rft.atitle=Left%2FRight+Ideology+and+Canadian+Politics&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=583-605&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008423910000624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40983510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40983510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2004" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQnPIXV5CEC">Canadian Democracy: An Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541806-4"><bdi>978-0-19-541806-4</bdi></a>. <q>Two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Democracy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-541806-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeQnPIXV5CEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Miriam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0695-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-0695-1</bdi></a>. <q>Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(politics)" title="Cleavage (politics)">social cleavages</a> in an effort to defuse potential tensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Politics+and+Social+Movements+in+Canada%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiG4rAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada</a> (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-3521-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-3521-0</bdi></a>. <q>...most Canadian governments, especially in the federal sphere, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Government%3A+Public+Administration+and+Politics+in+Canada&rft.pages=13-23&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_HzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittnerKoop2013" class="citation book cs1">Bittner, Amanda; Koop, Royce (March 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdFTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics</a>. UBC Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2411-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-2411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Elections%2C+and+the+Future+of+Canadian+Politics&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2411-8&rft.aulast=Bittner&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Koop%2C+Royce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdFTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Richard (April 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/">"The baffling history of Canada's party system"</a>. Policy Options. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209225002/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Options&rft.atitle=The+baffling+history+of+Canada%27s+party+system&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fmagazines%2Foctober-2017%2Fthe-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill_2021_p._485-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_2021_p._485_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_2021_p._485_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Jessica K. (December 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci10120485">"Unpacking the Role of Neoliberalism on the Politics of Poverty Reduction Policies in Ontario, Canada: A Descriptive Case Study and Critical Analysis"</a>. Social Sciences. 10 (12). MDPI AG: 485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci10120485">10.3390/socsci10120485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Unpacking+the+Role+of+Neoliberalism+on+the+Politics+of+Poverty+Reduction+Policies+in+Ontario%2C+Canada%3A+A+Descriptive+Case+Study+and+Critical+Analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=485&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsocsci10120485&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Jessica+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsocsci10120485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansde_Graaf2013" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Geoffrey; de Graaf, Nan Dirk (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZhcx6hLOMMC&pg=PA166">Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966399-6"><bdi>978-0-19-966399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Choice+Matters%3A+Explaining+the+Strength+of+Class+and+Religious+Cleavages+in+Cross-National+Perspective&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966399-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=de+Graaf%2C+Nan+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZhcx6hLOMMC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2017" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Richard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZAwDwAAQBAJ">The Canadian Party System: An Analytic History</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3610-4"><bdi>978-0-7748-3610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Party+System%3A+An+Analytic+History&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3610-4&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZAwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/">"Election 2015 roundup"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022233012/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2015+roundup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Finteractives%2Fresults-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbroseMudde2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ambrose, Emma; Mudde, Cas (2015). "Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 21 (2): 213–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033">10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=Canadian+Multiculturalism+and+the+Absence+of+the+Far+Right&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-236&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537113.2015.1032033&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Mudde%2C+Cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub2017" class="citation news cs1">Taub, Amanda (June 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html">"Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627090321/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Secret+to+Resisting+the+West%27s+Populist+Wave&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fcanadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes2022" class="citation web cs1">Geddes, John (February 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/">"What's actually standing in the way of right-wing populism in Canada?"</a>. Macleans.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031024415/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macleans.ca&rft.atitle=What%27s+actually+standing+in+the+way+of+right-wing+populism+in+Canada%3F&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fwhats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2024" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Raymond B. (January 2, 2024). "Locating the Right in Canadian Political History". American Review of Canadian Studies. 54 (1). Informa UK Limited: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02722011.2024.2326264">10.1080/02722011.2024.2326264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-2011">0272-2011</a>. <q>Social conservatives and the extreme right have had limited success designing the direction and policies of Canada's right-wing political parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Locating+the+Right+in+Canadian+Political+History&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02722011.2024.2326264&rft.issn=0272-2011&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Raymond+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowdingDumont2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowding, Keith; Dumont, Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395">The Selection of Ministers around the World</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63444-7"><bdi>978-1-317-63444-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selection+of+Ministers+around+the+World&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63444-7&rft.aulast=Dowding&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Dumont%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAClHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html">"Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Printer">Queen's Printer</a>. March 29, 1867. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Act%2C+1867%3A+Preamble&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=1867-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solon.org%2FConstitutions%2FCanada%2FEnglish%2Fca_1867.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation news cs1">Smith, David E (June 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C?url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf">"The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?"</a> (PDF). The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 17, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crown+in+Canada%3A+Present+Realities+and+Future+Options&rft.atitle=The+Crown+and+the+Constitution%3A+Sustaining+Democracy%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fiigr%2Fconf%2FConferenceOnTheCrown%2FCrownConferencePapers%2FThe_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">MacLeod, Kevin S</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4">A Crown of Maples</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1"><bdi>978-0-662-46012-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4">the original</a> (PDF) on January 5, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crown+of+Maples&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-662-46012-1&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadiancrown.gc.ca%2FDAMAssetPub%2FDAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl%2FSTAGING%2Ftexte-text%2FcrnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf%3FWT.contentAuthority%3D4.4.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2WHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT196">Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-4015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-4015-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-4015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Royal%3A+Monarchists+vs.+Republicans+and+the+Crown+of+Canada&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-4015-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2WHDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3">"The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities"</a>. Queen's Printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122338/http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Governor+General+of+Canada%3A+Roles+and+Responsibilities&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgg.ca%2Fdocument.aspx%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54">Commonwealth public administration reform 2004</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-703249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-703249-1"><bdi>978-0-11-703249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+public+administration+reform+2004&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-11-703249-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATi5R5XNb2MC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">MacLeod, Kevin S</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4">A Crown of Maples</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1"><bdi>978-0-662-46012-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4">the original</a> (PDF) on January 5, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crown+of+Maples&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-662-46012-1&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadiancrown.gc.ca%2FDAMAssetPub%2FDAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl%2FSTAGING%2Ftexte-text%2FcrnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf%3FWT.contentAuthority%3D4.4.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Forsey, Eugene</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf">How Canadians Govern Themselves</a> (PDF) (6th ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 1, 16, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5"><bdi>978-0-662-39689-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 29, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves&rft.pages=1%2C+16%2C+26&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-662-39689-5&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2Fsites%2Flop%2Faboutparliament%2Fforsey%2FPDFs%2FHow_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarleauMontpetit" class="citation web cs1">Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828112251/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5">"House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions"</a>. Queen's Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5">the original</a> on August 28, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Procedure+and+Practice%3A+Parliamentary+Institutions&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.aulast=Marleau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Montpetit%2C+Camille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FMarleauMontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FDocId%3D1001%26Lang%3DE%26Print%3D2%26Sec%3DCh01%26Seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forseyp1-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forseyp1_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forseyp1_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Forsey, Eugene</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf">How Canadians Govern Themselves</a> (PDF) (6th ed.). Queen's Printer. pp. 1, 16, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5"><bdi>978-0-662-39689-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 29, 2009. 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Psychology Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8488-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8488-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-8488-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Peacekeeping+in+the+Post-cold+War+Era&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8488-8&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Pia+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OZ6NRiL5MkC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobelShiraevShapiro2002" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Richard; Shiraev, Eric; Shapiro, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsY3pK_993EC&pg=PA21">International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis</a>. Lexington Books. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0480-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-0480-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Public+Opinion+and+the+Bosnia+Crisis&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0480-4&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Shiraev%2C+Eric&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsY3pK_993EC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez-Haces2018" class="citation book cs1">Gutiérrez-Haces, Maria Teresa (November 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en">Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy</a>. Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 231–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-2722-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-2722-9"><bdi>978-0-7766-2722-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Otherness+in+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.series=Collection+internationale+d%27%C3%89tudes+canadiennes+%26%23124%3B+International+Canadian+Studies+Series&rft.pages=231-250&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez-Haces&rft.aufirst=Maria+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fuop%2F1488%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Michael K (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">"Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future?"</a>. International Journal. 71 (1). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 167–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020702015619857">10.1177/0020702015619857</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">44631172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Peacekeeping%3A+Canada%27s+past%2C+but+not+its+present+and+future%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-176&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020702015619857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4">"Canada's Current Role in World"</a> (PDF). Environics Institute for Survey Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Current+Role+in+World&rft.pub=Environics+Institute+for+Survey+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environicsinstitute.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fproject-documents%2Fcanada-s-world-survey%2Fcanada%2527s-current-role-in-world.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3Dd5590018_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingstKarns2019" class="citation book cs1">Mingst, K.; Karns, M.P. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-30674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-30674-3"><bdi>978-1-000-30674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+In+The+Post-cold+War+Era%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-30674-3&rft.aulast=Mingst&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Karns%2C+M.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKk2fDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Massie, Justin (April 30, 2019). 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UBC Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1325-9"><bdi>978-0-7748-1325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+education+policies+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1325-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft.au=Joshee%2C+Reva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8jr_pE3YPwC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-226"><a href="#cite_ref-McQuaig2010bt_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuaig2010" class="citation book cs1">McQuaig, Linda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50">Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire</a>. Random House Digital. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9"><bdi>978-0-385-67297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+the+Bully%27s+Coat%3A+Canada+and+the+U.S.+Empire&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-67297-9&rft.aulast=McQuaig&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g4Xd12rIGYC%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177-227"><a href="#cite_ref-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMichaudO'Reilly2006" class="citation book cs1">James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. 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Lexington Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-5580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+N.&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTk2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2018" class="citation book cs1">Sassen, Saskia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBlcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210">Cities in a World Economy</a> (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-6260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-6260-1"><bdi>978-1-5063-6260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+a+World+Economy&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-6260-1&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwBlcDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallSoskice2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter A.; Soskice, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EU02HzYJeFsC&q=canada+a+market+economy">Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191647703" title="Special:BookSources/9780191647703"><bdi>9780191647703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Capitalism%3A+The+Institutional+Foundations+of+Comparative+Advantage&rft.pages=570&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191647703&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Soskice%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEU02HzYJeFsC%26q%3Dcanada%2Ba%2Bmarket%2Beconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiekmeyer2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Diekmeyer, Peter (June 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capitalism-in-canada#:~:text=Canada%20has%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmixed%E2%80%9D%20economy">"Capitalism in Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016165252/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capitalism-in-canada#:~:text=Canada%20has%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmixed%E2%80%9D%20economy">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism+in+Canada&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Diekmeyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcapitalism-in-canada%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCanada%2520has%2520a%2520%25E2%2580%259Cmixed%25E2%2580%259D%2520economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2015&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140957/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2015&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D156%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2015%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/chart-10-may-2021">"Evolution of the world's 25 top trading nations – Share of global exports of goods (%), 1978–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715130020/https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/chart-10-may-2021">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+world%27s+25+top+trading+nations+%E2%80%93+Share+of+global+exports+of+goods+%28%25%29%2C+1978%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=United+Nations+Conference+on+Trade+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Ftopic%2Ftrade-analysis%2Fchart-10-may-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ_232-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/canada">"U.S.-Canada Trade Facts"</a>. Canada's State of Trade (20 ed.). Global Affairs Canada. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417130737/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/canada">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+State+of+Trade&rft.atitle=U.S.-Canada+Trade+Facts&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustr.gov%2Fcountries-regions%2Famericas%2Fcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/assets/pdfs/publications/State-of-Trade-2019_eng.pdf">PDF version</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053553/https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/assets/pdfs/publications/State-of-Trade-2019_eng.pdf">Archived</a> October 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics">"Monthly Reports"</a>. World Federation of Exchanges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218202537/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Reports&rft.pub=World+Federation+of+Exchanges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-exchanges.org%2Four-work%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988">as of November 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada&action=edit">[update]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts-1993-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Watts-1993_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1993" class="citation book cs1">Watts, George S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf36m">Bank of Canada/La Banque du Canada: Origines et premieres annees/Origins and Early History</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-182-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-182-2"><bdi>978-0-88629-182-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf36m">j.ctt9qf36m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bank+of+Canada%2FLa+Banque+du+Canada%3A+Origines+et+premieres+annees%2FOrigins+and+Early+History&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qf36m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-182-2&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qf36m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm">"About"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115144515/http://statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fabout-apercu%2Fmandate-mandat-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobrakMartin2018" class="citation book cs1">Kobrak, Christopher; Martin, Joe (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yw9aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">From Wall Street to Bay Street: The Origins and Evolution of American and Canadian Finance</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1625-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1625-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1625-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Wall+Street+to+Bay+Street%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+American+and+Canadian+Finance&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1625-7&rft.aulast=Kobrak&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Martin%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyw9aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpi-237"><a href="#cite_ref-cpi_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi">"Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. January 31, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724013412/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corruption+Perceptions+Index+%28latest%29&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotbergCarment2018" class="citation book cs1">Rotberg, Robert I.; Carment, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujOoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12">Canada's Corruption at Home and Abroad</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-57924-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-57924-7"><bdi>978-1-351-57924-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Corruption+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-57924-7&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft.au=Carment%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujOoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-x737-239"><a href="#cite_ref-x737_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-competitiveness-ranking/rankings/wcr-rankings/#_tab_Rank">"World Competitiveness Center"</a>. IMD business school for management and leadership courses. June 10, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMD+business+school+for+management+and+leadership+courses&rft.atitle=World+Competitiveness+Center&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.org%2Fcenters%2Fwcc%2Fworld-competitiveness-center%2Frankings%2Fworld-competitiveness-ranking%2Frankings%2Fwcr-rankings%2F%23_tab_Rank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_OrganizationDuttaLanvinRivera_León2024" class="citation book cs1">World Intellectual Property Organization; Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Rivera León, Lorena; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024. 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OECD Better Life Index. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305123737/https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/canada/#:~:text=In%20Canada%2C%20the%20average%20household%20net%20adjusted%20disposable%20income%20per,average%20of%20USD%2030%20490.">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OECD+Better+Life+Index&rft.atitle=Canada&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecdbetterlifeindex.org%2Fcountries%2Fcanada%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520Canada%252C%2520the%2520average%2520household%2520net%2520adjusted%2520disposable%2520income%2520per%2Caverage%2520of%2520USD%252030%2520490.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/price/housing-prices.htm">"Prices - Housing prices"</a>. 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The School of Public Policy Publications. 14 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11575%2Fsppp.v14i1.72311">10.11575/sppp.v14i1.72311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+School+of+Public+Policy+Publications&rft.atitle=View+of+2020+Tax+Competitiveness+Report%3A+Canada%27s+Investment+Challenge&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11575%2Fsppp.v14i1.72311&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Bazel%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalhosting.ucalgary.ca%2Findex.php%2Fsppp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F72311%2F55149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/worst-in-the-world-here-are-all-the-rankings-in-which-canada-is-now-last">"'Worst in the world': Here are all the rankings in which Canada is now last"</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3448-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-3448-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320150918/https://books.google.com/books?id=pD7vTXLqkugC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Canada%3A+Addressing+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+1891%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3448-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R.+Cole&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Geoffrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpD7vTXLqkugC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063742/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm">"Employment by Industry"</a>. 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Wiley. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97933-4"><bdi>978-1-118-97933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Assessment+on+Energy+and+Sustainability+by+Data+Envelopment+Analysis&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97933-4&rft.aulast=Sueyoshi&rft.aufirst=Toshiyuki&rft.au=Goto%2C+Mika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0RKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoddenCunsolo2021" class="citation web cs1">Vodden, K; Cunsolo, A. (2021). Warren, F.J.; Lulham, N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/pdf/National_Issues_Report_Final_EN.pdf">"Rural and Remote Communities; Chapter 3"</a> (PDF). Canada in a Changing Climate: National Issues Report. 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Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-27-9"><bdi>978-981-4374-27-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+Canadian+space+robotics+activities&rft.btitle=Field+Robotics%3A+Proceedings+of+the+14th+International+Conference+on+Climbing+and+Walking+Robots+and+the+Support+Technologies+for+Mobile+Machines&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4374-27-9&rft.aulast=Bidaud&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Dupuis%2C+Erick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSlqDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html">"The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada"</a>. 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Springer. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-40105-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-40105-8"><bdi>978-3-319-40105-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Space+Program%3A+From+Black+Brant+to+the+International+Space+Station&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-40105-8&rft.aulast=Godefroy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJVLJDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2015_l621-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2015_l621_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-214-x/2015000/section04-eng.htm">"Section 4: Maps"</a>. 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Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Canada%3A+Essential+Readings+in+Population&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-322-2&rft.aulast=Beaujot&rft.aufirst=Roderic+P.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCofPBh5BRhwC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangani2022" class="citation news cs1">Sangani, Priyanka (February 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/canada-to-take-in-1-3-million-immigrants-in-2022-24/articleshow/89593324.cms?from=mdr">"Canada to take in 1.3 million immigrants in 2022–24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215120744/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/canada-to-take-in-1-3-million-immigrants-in-2022-24/articleshow/89593324.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Canada+to+take+in+1.3%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3Emillion+immigrants+in+2022%E2%80%9324&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.aulast=Sangani&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fworld-news%2Fcanada-to-take-in-1-3-million-immigrants-in-2022-24%2Farticleshow%2F89593324.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g225-287"><a href="#cite_ref-g225_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2023" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Soo-Jung (June 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.ca/news/unhcr-calls-for-concerted-action-as-forced-displacement-hits-new-record-in-2022/#:~:text=OTTAWA%2C%2014%20June%202023%20%E2%80%93%20Canada,UNHCR%2C%20the%20UN%20Refugee%20Agency.">"UNHCR calls for concerted action as forced displacement hits new record in 2022"</a>. 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UBC Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0783-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voices+of+Winter%3A+Aboriginal+Languages+and+Public+Policy+in+Canada&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+education%3A+fulfilling+the+promise&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0783-8&rft.aulast=Fettes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Norton%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2005" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Peter H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180">"Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?"</a>. 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Canadian Association of the Deaf – Association des Sourds du Canada. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730163508/http://cad.ca/issues-positions/language/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sign+languages&rft.pub=Canadian+Association+of+the+Deaf+%E2%80%93+Association+des+Sourds+du+Canada&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcad.ca%2Fissues-positions%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepsenDe_ClerckLutalo-Kiingi2015" class="citation book cs1">Jepsen, Julie Bakken; De Clerck, Goedele; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZqnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA702">Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook</a>. De Gruyter. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-817-4"><bdi>978-1-61451-817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+Languages+of+the+World%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=702&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-817-4&rft.aulast=Jepsen&rft.aufirst=Julie+Bakken&rft.au=De+Clerck%2C+Goedele&rft.au=Lutalo-Kiingi%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZqnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyDolbyCampbell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Carole Sue; Dolby, Kathy; Campbell, Hilda Marian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_D_ZRFm_4EsC&pg=PR11">The Canadian Dictionary of ASL Canadian Cultural Society of the Dead</a>. University of Alberta. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-300-1"><bdi>978-0-88864-300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Dictionary+of+ASL+Canadian+Cultural+Society+of+the+Dead&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-300-1&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Carole+Sue&rft.au=Dolby%2C+Kathy&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Hilda+Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_D_ZRFm_4EsC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice-324"><a href="#cite_ref-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcmurtrygardensofjustice.com/content/freedom-religion-marlene-hilton-moore">"Freedom of Religion - by Marlene Hilton Moore"</a>. McMurtry Gardens of Justice. Retrieved June 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McMurtry+Gardens+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Religion+-+by+Marlene+Hilton+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcmurtrygardensofjustice.com%2Fcontent%2Ffreedom-religion-marlene-hilton-moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornelissen_2021-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornelissen_2021_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornelissen_2021_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelissen2021" class="citation web cs1">Cornelissen, Louis (October 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2021001/article/00010-eng.htm">"Religiosity in Canada and its evolution from 1985 to 2019"</a>. Statistics Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religiosity+in+Canada+and+its+evolution+from+1985+to+2019&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Cornelissen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F75-006-x%2F2021001%2Farticle%2F00010-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2008" class="citation book cs1">Moon, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA1">Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada</a>. UBC Press. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religious+Pluralism+in+Canada&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah66SQsk4hAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Jamie S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbZJ2ZszYw8C&pg=PA345">The Religions of Canadians</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0516-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-0516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Canadians&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0516-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jamie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbZJ2ZszYw8C%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2005w-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2005w_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Lance W. 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McGill-Queen's Press. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Social+Trends+in+Canada%2C+1960%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2955-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lance+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnPOqwsR5UsC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramadatSeljak2009" class="citation book cs1">Bramadat, Paul; Seljak, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&pg=PA3">Religion and Ethnicity in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7&rft.aulast=Bramadat&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Seljak%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVymssyK1Hs0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Kurt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__38sGZLrvYC&pg=PA174">Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7194-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7194-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-7194-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+a+Secular+World%3A+The+Canadian+Experience&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7194-5&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__38sGZLrvYC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryJohnstonPrattWatts2009" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael; Whatmore, Sarah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5liCbG4J9LYC&pg=PT672">The Dictionary of Human Geography</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1056-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-1056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1056-6&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Ron&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Geraldine&rft.au=Watts%2C+Michael&rft.au=Whatmore%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5liCbG4J9LYC%26pg%3DPT672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punnett2015-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Punnett2015_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunnett2015" class="citation book cs1">Punnett, Betty Jane (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tG2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management</a>. Routledge. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46745-8"><bdi>978-1-317-46745-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Perspectives+on+Organizational+Behavior+and+Human+Resource+Management&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46745-8&rft.aulast=Punnett&rft.aufirst=Betty+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtG2mBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haskell2009-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Haskell2009_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell_(Wilfrid_Laurier_University)2009" class="citation book cs1">Haskell (Wilfrid Laurier University), David M. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30000-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall+of+fame+museums%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30000-4&rft.aulast=Danilov&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUO_J0YzpP0C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButenkoGil-LafuentePardalos2010" class="citation book cs1">Butenko, Sergiy; Gil-Lafuente, Jaime; Pardalos, Panos M. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7522-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7522-7&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Heijmans%2C+Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mM0XzW03AcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Paul Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2mTzjIKkNcC&pg=PA3">Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7656-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-7656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montreal+Olympics%3A+An+Insider%27s+View+of+Organizing+a+Self-financing+Games&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7656-8&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2mTzjIKkNcC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneWhannel2016" class="citation book cs1">Horne, John; Whannel, Garry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQozDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT157">Understanding the Olympics</a>. Routledge. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49519-2"><bdi>978-1-317-49519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Olympics&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49519-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Whannel%2C+Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQozDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Trade,_Tourism_and_Economic_Development2006" class="citation book cs1">United States Senate Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism and Economic Development (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4XN6eyYqiUC">The Economic Impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005</a>. US GPO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076789-0"><bdi>978-0-16-076789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Impact+of+the+2010+Vancouver%2C+Canada%2C+Winter+Olympics+on+Oregon+and+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+hearing+before+the+Subcommittee+on+Trade%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Economic+Development+of+the+Committee+on+Commerce%2C+Science%2C+and+Transportation%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+One+Hundred+Ninth+Congress%2C+first+session%2C+August+5%2C+2005&rft.pub=US+GPO&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-0-16-076789-0&rft.au=United+States+Senate+Subcommittee+on+Trade%2C+Tourism+and+Economic+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4XN6eyYqiUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromm2006" class="citation book cs1">Fromm, Zuzana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXYgkSsrnaMC">Economic Issues of Vancouver-Whistler 2010 Olympics</a>. Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-197843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-197843-0"><bdi>978-0-13-197843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Issues+of+Vancouver-Whistler+2010+Olympics&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-197843-0&rft.aulast=Fromm&rft.aufirst=Zuzana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXYgkSsrnaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY2lnQAACAAJ">Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order</a>. Canada Border Services Agency. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temporary+Importations+Using+the+FIFA+Women%27s+World+Cup+Canada+2015+Remission+Order&rft.pub=Canada+Border+Services+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY2lnQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, David (July 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/">"Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925011444/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Why+Toronto+should+get+excited+about+the+Pan+Am+Games&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-debate%2Fwhy-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games%2Farticle19543736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913">"World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament"</a>. BBC Sport. June 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114150230/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44464913">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2026%3A+Canada%2C+US+%26+Mexico+joint+bid+wins+right+to+host+tournament&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F44464913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography of Canadian history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> Overview <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marsh, James H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&pg=PP1">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5"><bdi>978-0-7710-2099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwR_-aSFyvuYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Culture <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Andrew Cohen (journalist)">Cohen, Andrew</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfinishedcanadi00andr">The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are</a>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2181-7"><bdi>978-0-7710-2181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Canadian%3A+The+People+We+Are&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2181-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfinishedcanadi00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Vance, Jonathan F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOR9SwAACAAJ">A History of Canadian Culture</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-544422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-544422-3"><bdi>978-0-19-544422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Canadian+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-544422-3&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOR9SwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Forbes, H.D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9W1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Multiculturalism in Canada: Constructing a Model Multiculture with Multicultural Values</a>. Recovering Political Philosophy. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19835-0"><bdi>978-3-030-19835-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+in+Canada%3A+Constructing+a+Model+Multiculture+with+Multicultural+Values&rft.series=Recovering+Political+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-19835-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=H.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9W1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Demography and statistics <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=11-402-X&chropg=1&lang=eng">Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967</a>. Statistics Canada. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Year+Book+%28CYB%29+annual+1867%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww5.statcan.gc.ca%2Fbsolc%2Folc-cel%2Folc-cel%3Fcatno%3D11-402-X%26chropg%3D1%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNYqAxXOxNIC&pg=PP1">The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7854-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-7854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+Canada%3A+Diaspora%2C+Demography%2C+and+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7854-8&rft.aulast=Carment&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bercuson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNYqAxXOxNIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2012000-eng.htm">Canada Year Book, 2012</a> (Report). Statistics Canada. December 2012. Catalogue no 11-402-XWE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Canada+Year+Book%2C+2012&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fpub%2F11-402-x%2F11-402-x2012000-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Economy <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Easterbrook, W.T.; Aitken, Hugh G. J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQGNBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Canadian Economic History</a>. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-5814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-5814-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-5814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Economic+History&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press%2C+Scholarly+Publishing+Division&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-5814-1&rft.aulast=Easterbrook&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft.au=Aitken%2C+Hugh+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQGNBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-canada.htm">Economic Survey of Canada - 11 March 2021</a>. OECD. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Survey+of+Canada+-+11+March+2021&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Feco%2Feconomic-survey-canada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> – (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-canada_19990081">Previous surveys</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jones-Imhotep, Edward; Adcock, Tina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4x8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3726-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3726-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-3726-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+Modern%3A+Science+and+Technology+in+Canadian+History&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3726-2&rft.aulast=Jones-Imhotep&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Adcock%2C+Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4x8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Foreign relations and military <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Conrad, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8ypARC5JJkC&pg=PP1">Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping</a>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-981-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-981-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-981-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scarce+Heard+Amid+the+Guns%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+Canadian+Peacekeeping&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-981-5&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8ypARC5JJkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thomas Juneau; Philippe Lagassé; Srdjan Vucetic, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmKtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice</a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-026403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-026403-1"><bdi>978-3-03-026403-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Defence+Policy+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-03-026403-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmKtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Geography and environment <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiss2022" class="citation book cs1">Leiss, W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vYrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Canada and Climate Change</a>. Canadian Essentials. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0985-6"><bdi>978-0-2280-0985-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+Climate+Change&rft.series=Canadian+Essentials&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-2280-0985-6&rft.aulast=Leiss&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vYrEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDowell2012" class="citation book cs1">MacDowell, L.S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7-803ot3DIC&pg=PP1">An Environmental History of Canada</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2103-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-2103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+Canada&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2103-2&rft.aulast=MacDowell&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7-803ot3DIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Montello, Daniel R.; Applegarth, Michael T.; McKnight, Tom L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRMoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Regional Geography of the United States and Canada</a> (5th ed.). Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-4712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-4712-6"><bdi>978-1-4786-4712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Geography+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-4712-6&rft.aulast=Montello&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft.au=Applegarth%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Tom+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRMoEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Quentin H, ed. (2008). Canadian Oxford World Atlas (6th ed.). Oxford University Press (Canada). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542928-2"><bdi>978-0-19-542928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Oxford+World+Atlas&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Canada%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542928-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Government and law <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C&pg=PP1">The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada</a> (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0047-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0047-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-0047-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Regime%3A+An+Introduction+to+Parliamentary+Government+in+Canada&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0047-8&rft.aulast=Malcolmson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Myers%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jpXFH_ZhY8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morton, Frederick Lee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PP1">Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada</a>. Frederick Lee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-046-8"><bdi>978-1-55238-046-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+politics%2C+and+the+judicial+process+in+Canada&rft.pub=Frederick+Lee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-046-8&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddj_4_H35nmYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> History <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Careless, J. M. S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mARx1-EGwR0C&pg=PR1">Canada: A Story of Challenge</a> (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67581-0"><bdi>978-1-107-67581-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+Story+of+Challenge&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-67581-0&rft.aulast=Careless&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmARx1-EGwR0C%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Francis, RD; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PP1">Journeys: A History of Canada</a>. Nelson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6"><bdi>978-0-17-644244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pub=Nelson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-644244-6&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Donald+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbbZRIOKclsC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Doug (1994). Canadian History (2 volumes). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+History&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Martin+Brook&rft.au=Owram%2C+Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5016-8">978-0-8020-5016-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2801-3">978-0-8020-2801-3</a></li></ul> Social welfare <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Alvin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialpolicyprac0000fink">Social Policy and Practice in Canada: A History</a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-475-1"><bdi>978-0-88920-475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Policy+and+Practice+in+Canada%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-475-1&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialpolicyprac0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Valerie D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd51BwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927406-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927406-31-1"><bdi>978-1-927406-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+and+Health+Care+Delivery+in+Canada&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-927406-31-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Valerie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd51BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burke, Sara Z.; Milewski, Patrice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apjYaExaI-QC&pg=PP1">Schooling in Transition: Readings in Canadian History of Education</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9577-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-9577-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schooling+in+Transition%3A+Readings+in+Canadian+History+of+Education&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9577-0&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Sara+Z.&rft.au=Milewski%2C+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapjYaExaI-QC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Canada at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canada" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Canada">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canada" class="extiw" title="c:Canada">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Canada" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Canada">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Canada" class="extiw" title="q:Canada">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canada" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Canada">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canada" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Canada">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canada" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Canada">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Canada" class="extiw" title="voy:Canada">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Overviews <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204012447/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/canada.htm">Canada</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">UCB</a> Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/canada/">Canada profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CA">Key Development Forecasts for Canada</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/">Official website of the Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/">Official website of the Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/eng">Official website of the Prime Ministers of Canada</a></li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.gc.ca">Canada's official website for travel and tourism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122385050">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136600716">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204310/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMHVW4rfVXPrhVP4VwG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029456-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007233">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120149708">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120149708">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564831">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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