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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slip, heave, throw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slip,_heave,_throw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanging_wall_and_footwall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanging_wall_and_footwall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hanging wall and footwall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanging_wall_and_footwall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fault_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fault types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fault_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fault types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fault_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strike-slip_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike-slip_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Strike-slip faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike-slip_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dip-slip_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dip-slip_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dip-slip faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dip-slip_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Normal faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basin_and_range_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basin_and_range_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Basin and range topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basin_and_range_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Listric_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listric_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Listric faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listric_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detachment_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detachment_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>Detachment faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detachment_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Reverse faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thrust_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrust_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>Thrust faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrust_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblique-slip_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblique-slip_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oblique-slip faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblique-slip_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ring_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ring_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ring fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ring_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_and_antithetic_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_and_antithetic_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Synthetic and antithetic faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_and_antithetic_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fault_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fault_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fault rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fault_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_structures_and_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_structures_and_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impacts on structures and people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_structures_and_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faults_and_ore_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faults_and_ore_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Faults and ore deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faults_and_ore_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groundwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groundwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Groundwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groundwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Other reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fault (geology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiese_breuke" title="Geologiese breuke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geologiese breuke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82" title="فالق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla_(cheoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Falla (cheolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Falla (cheolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95)" title="চ্যুতি (ভূতাত্ত্বিক) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চ্যুতি (ভূতাত্ত্বিক)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla" title="Falla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Falla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভূ-চ্যুতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূ-চ্যুতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%81n-ch%C3%A2n" title="Toān-chân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toān-chân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Разлом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разлом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla" title="Falla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlom" title="Zlom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffawt" title="Ffawt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffawt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkastning" title="Forkastning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forkastning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwerfung_(Geologie)" title="Verwerfung (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verwerfung (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrang" title="Murrang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Murrang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ρήγμα (γεωλογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρήγμα (γεωλογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla" title="Falla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%ADlto" title="Faŭlto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faŭlto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faila" title="Faila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84" title="گسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faille" title="Faille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89asc_(geola%C3%ADocht)" title="Éasc (geolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éasc (geolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla" title="Falla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%B8%B5" title="단층 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단층" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խզումային խախտումներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խզումային խախտումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="भ्रंश (भूविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रंश (भूविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasjed" title="Rasjed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rasjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strato-fenduro" title="Strato-fenduro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Strato-fenduro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patahan_(geologi)" title="Patahan (geologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patahan (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faglia" title="Faglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%A7" title="העתק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העתק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ნასხლეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნასხლეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_(jewoloji)" title="Fay (jewoloji) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fay (jewoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тектоникалык жарака – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тектоникалык жарака" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disiectura" title="Disiectura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Disiectura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABzuma_zona" title="Lūzuma zona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lūzuma zona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C5%ABdis" title="Sprūdis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sprūdis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%A9s_(geol%C3%B3gia)" title="Törés (geológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törés (geológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Расед – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Расед" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഭ്രംശനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭ്രംശനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesar_bumi" title="Sesar bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sesar bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuk_(geologie)" title="Breuk (geologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Breuk (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%A4" title="断層 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="断層" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkastning" title="Forkastning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forkastning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkasting" title="Forkasting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forkasting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falha" title="Falha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Falha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbaqaqiinsa_Lafaa" title="Babbaqaqiinsa Lafaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Babbaqaqiinsa Lafaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faalt_(jaaloji)" title="Faalt (jaaloji) – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Faalt (jaaloji)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskok" title="Uskok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uskok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falha_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Falha geológica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falha geológica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falie" title="Falie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Falie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Разлом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разлом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1_(%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fault (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlom_(geol%C3%B3gia)" title="Zlom (geológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlom (geológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelom_(geologija)" title="Prelom (geologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prelom (geologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Расед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Расед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasjed" title="Rasjed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rasjed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9sar" title="Sésar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sésar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirros" title="Siirros – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siirros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rkastning" title="Förkastning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förkastning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="รอยเลื่อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอยเลื่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay" title="Fay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Розломи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розломи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%91_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81)" title="دراڑ (جغرافیہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دراڑ (جغرافیہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9t_g%C3%A3y" title="Đứt gãy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đứt gãy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82" title="断层 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="断层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4" title="斷層 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斷層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4" title="斷層 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斷層" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_fault&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal fault">Normal fault</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fracture or discontinuity in displaced rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fault line" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fault_line_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fault line (disambiguation)">Fault line (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shatter belt" redirects here. For the concept in geopolitics, see <a href="/wiki/Shatter_belt_(geopolitics)" title="Shatter belt (geopolitics)">Shatter belt (geopolitics)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piqiang_Fault,_China_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg/290px-Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg/435px-Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg/580px-Piqiang_Fault%2C_China_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of a fault in the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a>. The two colorful ridges (at bottom left and top right) used to form a single continuous line, but have been split apart by movement along the fault.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, a <b>fault</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">planar fracture</a> or discontinuity in a volume of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> result from the action of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonic</a> forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as the megathrust faults of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform faults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy release associated with rapid movement on <a href="/wiki/Active_fault" title="Active fault">active faults</a> is the cause of most <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. Faults may also displace slowly, by <a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">aseismic creep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohnaka_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohnaka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>fault plane</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> that represents the fracture surface of a fault. A <i><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">fault trace</a></i> or <i>fault line</i> is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on <a href="/wiki/Geologic_map" title="Geologic map">geologic maps</a> to represent a fault.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><b>fault zone</b></i> is a cluster of parallel faults.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term is also used for the zone of crushed rock along a single fault.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged motion along closely spaced faults can blur the distinction, as the rock between the faults is converted to fault-bound lenses of rock and then progressively crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_faulting">Mechanisms of faulting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of faulting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></div><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and the rigidity of the constituent rocks, the two sides of a fault cannot always glide or flow past each other easily, and so occasionally all movement stops. The regions of higher friction along a fault plane, where it becomes locked, are called <i><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">asperities</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a> builds up when a fault is locked, and when it reaches a level that exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Shear_strength" title="Shear strength">strength</a> threshold, the fault ruptures and the accumulated <a href="/wiki/Strain_energy" title="Strain energy">strain energy</a> is released in part as <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a>, forming an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohnaka_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohnaka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strain occurs accumulatively or instantaneously, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">liquid state</a> of the rock; the <a href="/wiki/Ductility_(Earth_science)" title="Ductility (Earth science)">ductile</a> lower crust and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> accumulate deformation gradually via <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">shearing</a>, whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture – instantaneous stress release – resulting in motion along the fault.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slip,_heave,_throw"><span id="Slip.2C_heave.2C_throw"></span>Slip, heave, throw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slip, heave, throw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Slip</i> is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane. A fault's <i>sense of slip</i> is defined as the relative motion of the rock on each side of the fault concerning the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In measuring the horizontal or vertical separation, the <i>throw</i> of the fault is the vertical component of the separation and the <i>heave</i> of the fault is the horizontal component, as in "Throw up and heave out".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed by studying any drag folding of strata, which may be visible on either side of the fault.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drag folding is a zone of folding close to a fault that likely arises from frictional resistance to movement on the fault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFossen2016479_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFossen2016479-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of the fault (called a <a href="/wiki/Piercing_point" title="Piercing point">piercing point</a>). In practice, it is usually only possible to find the slip direction of faults, and an approximation of the heave and throw vector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanging_wall_and_footwall">Hanging wall and footwall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hanging wall and footwall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg/220px-Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg/330px-Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg/440px-Hanging_%26_footwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Hanging & footwall</figcaption></figure> <p>The two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the <i>hanging wall</i> and <i>footwall</i>. The hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the footwall occurs below it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terminology comes from mining: when working a tabular <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> body, the miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with the hanging wall above him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are important for distinguishing different dip-slip fault types: reverse faults and normal faults. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall displaces upward, while in a normal fault the hanging wall displaces downward. Distinguishing between these two fault types is important for determining the stress regime of the fault movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fault_types">Fault types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fault types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faults are mainly classified in terms of the angle that the fault plane makes with the Earth's surface, known as the <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dip</a>, and the direction of slip along the fault plane.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the direction of slip, faults can be categorized as: </p> <ul><li><i>strike-slip</i>, where the offset is predominantly horizontal, parallel to the fault trace;</li> <li><i>dip-slip</i>, offset is predominantly vertical and/or perpendicular to the fault trace; or</li> <li><i>oblique-slip</i>, combining strike-slip and dip-slip.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strike-slip_faults">Strike-slip faults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strike-slip faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strike_slip_fault.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Strike_slip_fault.png/220px-Strike_slip_fault.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Strike_slip_fault.png/330px-Strike_slip_fault.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Strike_slip_fault.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Schematic illustration of the two strike-slip fault types, as seen from above</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></div> <p>In a <b>strike-slip fault</b> (also known as a <i>wrench fault</i>, <i>tear fault</i> or <i>transcurrent fault</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fault surface (plane) is usually near vertical, and the footwall moves laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are also known as <i>sinistral</i> faults and those with right-lateral motion as <i>dextral</i> faults.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each is defined by the direction of movement of the ground as would be seen by an observer on the opposite side of the fault. </p><p>A special class of strike-slip fault is the <i><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a></i> when it forms a <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate</a> boundary. This class is related to an offset in a <a href="/wiki/Spreading_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreading center">spreading center</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a>, or, less common, within continental <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a> in New Zealand. Transform faults are also referred to as "conservative" plate boundaries since the lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dip-slip_faults">Dip-slip faults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dip-slip faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nor_rev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nor_rev.png/220px-Nor_rev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nor_rev.png/330px-Nor_rev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Nor_rev.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Vertical cross-sectional view, along a plane perpendicular to the <i>fault plane</i>, illustrating normal and reverse dip-slip faults</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dip-slip faults</b> can be either <i>normal</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Extensional_fault" title="Extensional fault">extensional</a>") or <i>reverse</i>. The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> in England, where normal faults are the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock_etal_2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock_etal_2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the passage of time, a regional reversal between <a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">tensional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compression_(geology)" title="Compression (geology)">compressional</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stresses</a> (or vice-versa) might occur, and faults may be reactivated with their relative block movement inverted in opposite directions to the original movement (fault inversion). In such a way, a normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Normal_faults">Normal faults</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Normal faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_fault_diagram.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Normal_fault_diagram.gif/130px-Normal_fault_diagram.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Normal_fault_diagram.gif/195px-Normal_fault_diagram.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Normal_fault_diagram.gif/260px-Normal_fault_diagram.gif 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Normal fault diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. The <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dip</a> of most normal faults is at least 60 degrees but some normal faults dip at less than 45 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Oskin_2019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskin_2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Basin_and_range_topography">Basin and range topography</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basin and range topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/300px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/450px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/600px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Diagram illustrating the structural relationship between grabens and horsts.</figcaption></figure> <p>A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a>. A block stranded between two grabens, and therefore two normal faults dipping away from each other, is a <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a>. A sequence of grabens and horsts on the surface of the Earth produces a characteristic <i><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_range_topography" title="Basin and range topography">basin and range topography</a></i>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Listric_faults">Listric faults</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Listric faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normal faults can evolve into listric faults, with their plane dip being steeper near the surface, then shallower with increased depth, with the fault plane curving into the Earth. They can also form where the hanging wall is absent (such as on a cliff), where the footwall may slump in a manner that creates multiple listric faults. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Listric_fault_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diagram of a listric fault."><img alt="A diagram of a listric fault." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Listric_fault_diagram.jpg/88px-Listric_fault_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Listric_fault_diagram.jpg/133px-Listric_fault_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Listric_fault_diagram.jpg/177px-Listric_fault_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A diagram of a listric fault.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Listric faults in a cliff wall."><img alt="Listric faults in a cliff wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg/120px-Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg/180px-Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg/240px-Listric_walls_in_a_cliff_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Listric faults in a cliff wall.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Detachment_faults">Detachment faults</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detachment faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fault panes of listric faults can further flatten and evolve into a horizontal or near-horizontal plane, where slip progresses horizontally along a <a href="/wiki/Decollement" class="mw-redirect" title="Decollement">decollement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional</a> decollements can grow to great dimensions and form <a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">detachment faults</a>, which are low-angle normal faults with regional <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> significance. </p><p>Due to the curvature of the fault plane, the horizontal extensional displacement on a listric fault implies a geometric "gap" between the hanging and footwalls of the fault forms when the slip motion occurs. To accommodate into the geometric gap, and depending on its <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>, the hanging wall might fold and slide downwards into the gap and produce <a href="/wiki/Rollover_anticlines" title="Rollover anticlines">rollover folding</a>, or break into further faults and blocks which fil in the gap. If faults form, <b>imbrication fans</b> or <b>domino faulting</b> may form. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollover.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Listric fault (red line), with a resulting rollover fold"><img alt="Listric fault (red line), with a resulting rollover fold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/120px-Rollover.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/180px-Rollover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rollover.png/240px-Rollover.png 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Listric fault (red line), with a resulting rollover fold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diagram showing how an imbrication fan forms"><img alt="A diagram showing how an imbrication fan forms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg/120px-Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg/180px-Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg/240px-Listric_faults_and_imbrication_fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A diagram showing how an imbrication fan forms</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_faults">Reverse faults</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reverse faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_fault.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Reverse_fault.gif/130px-Reverse_fault.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Reverse_fault.gif/195px-Reverse_fault.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Reverse_fault.gif/260px-Reverse_fault.gif 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Reverse fault</figcaption></figure> <p>A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault—the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.<br /> Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of the crust. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thrust_faults">Thrust faults</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thrust faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg/220px-Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg/330px-Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg/440px-Thrust_with_fault_bend_fold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Thrust fault with a fault-bend fold</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust fault</a></i> has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45°.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSGloss_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSGloss-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCSB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thrust faults typically form ramps, flats and fault-bend (hanging wall and footwall) folds. </p><p>A section of a hanging wall or foot wall where a thrust fault formed along a relatively weak bedding plane is known as a <i>flat</i> and a section where the thrust fault cut upward through the stratigraphic sequence is known as a <i>ramp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, thrust faults move <i>within</i> formations by forming flats and climbing up sections with ramps. This results in the hanging wall flat (or a portion thereof) lying atop the foot wall ramp as shown in the fault-bend fold diagram. </p><p>Thrust faults form <a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">nappes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">klippen</a> in the large thrust belts. <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a> zones are a special class of thrusts that form the largest faults on Earth and give rise to the largest earthquakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oblique-slip_faults">Oblique-slip faults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oblique-slip faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oblique_slip_fault.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oblique_slip_fault.svg/220px-Oblique_slip_fault.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oblique_slip_fault.svg/330px-Oblique_slip_fault.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oblique_slip_fault.svg/440px-Oblique_slip_fault.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3485" data-file-height="2206" /></a><figcaption>Oblique-slip fault</figcaption></figure> <p>A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed an <b>oblique-slip fault</b>. Nearly all faults have some component of both dip-slip and strike-slip; hence, defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to be measurable and significant. Some oblique faults occur within <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)#Transtension" title="Shear (geology)">transtensional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)#Transpression" title="Shear (geology)">transpressional</a> regimes, and others occur where the direction of extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults remain active. </p><p>The <i>hade</i> angle is defined as the <a href="/wiki/Angle#complementary_angle" title="Angle">complement</a> of the dip angle; it is the angle between the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ring_fault">Ring fault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ring fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ring faults</b>, also known as <b>caldera faults</b>, are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sites of <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a> strikes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater" title="Chesapeake Bay impact crater">Chesapeake Bay impact crater</a>. Ring faults are the result of a series of overlapping normal faults, forming a circular outline. Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by <a href="/wiki/Ring_dike" title="Ring dike">ring dikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_and_antithetic_faults">Synthetic and antithetic faults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Synthetic and antithetic faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Synthetic</b></i> and <i><b>antithetic</b></i> are terms used to describe minor faults associated with a major fault. Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the major fault while the antithetic faults dip in the opposite direction. These faults may be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Rollover_anticlines" title="Rollover anticlines">rollover anticlines</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> Structural Style). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fault_rock">Fault rock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fault rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FaultZone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FaultZone.jpg/220px-FaultZone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FaultZone.jpg/330px-FaultZone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FaultZone.jpg/440px-FaultZone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a fault<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FaultGouge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FaultGouge.JPG/220px-FaultGouge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FaultGouge.JPG/330px-FaultGouge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/FaultGouge.JPG/440px-FaultGouge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Salmon-colored <a href="/wiki/Fault_gouge" title="Fault gouge">fault gouge</a> and associated fault separates two different rock types on the left (dark gray) and right (light gray). From the <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg/170px-CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg/255px-CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg/340px-CREIGHTON-fault-sudbury-basin-science-north.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Inactive fault from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a>, Northern Ontario, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>All faults have a measurable thickness, made up of deformed rock characteristic of the level in the crust where the faulting happened, of the rock types affected by the fault and of the presence and nature of any <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">mineralising fluids</a>. Fault rocks are classified by their <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">textures</a> and the implied mechanism of deformation. A fault that passes through different levels of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> will have many different types of fault rock developed along its surface. Continued dip-slip displacement tends to juxtapose fault rocks characteristic of different crustal levels, with varying degrees of overprinting. This effect is particularly clear in the case of <a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">detachment faults</a> and major <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a>. </p><p>The main types of fault rock include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a> – a fault rock which is cohesive with a poorly developed or absent planar <a href="/wiki/Fabric_(geology)" title="Fabric (geology)">fabric</a>, or which is incohesive, characterised by generally angular <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clasts</a> and rock fragments in a finer-grained <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a> of similar composition. <ul><li>Tectonic or <a href="/wiki/Fault_breccia" title="Fault breccia">fault breccia</a> – a medium- to coarse-grained cataclasite containing >30% visible fragments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_gouge" title="Fault gouge">Fault gouge</a> – an incohesive, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>-rich fine- to <a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrafine particles">ultrafine</a>-grained cataclasite, which may possess a planar fabric and containing <30% visible fragments. Rock clasts may be present <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clay_smear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay smear (page does not exist)">Clay smear</a> – clay-rich fault gouge formed in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> sequences containing clay-rich layers which are strongly deformed and sheared into the fault gouge.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a> – a fault rock which is cohesive and characterized by a well-developed planar fabric resulting from tectonic reduction of grain size, and commonly containing rounded <a href="/wiki/Porphyroclast" title="Porphyroclast">porphyroclasts</a> and rock fragments of similar composition to <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in the matrix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylyte" title="Pseudotachylyte">Pseudotachylyte</a> – ultrafine-grained glassy-looking material, usually black and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flinty</a> in appearance, occurring as thin planar <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>, injection veins or as a matrix to <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">pseudoconglomerates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccias</a>, which infills dilation fractures in the host rock. Pseudotachylyte likely only forms as the result of seismic slip rates and can act as a fault rate indicator on inactive faults.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_structures_and_people">Impacts on structures and people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impacts on structures and people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>, a fault often forms a <a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Geotechnical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)">discontinuity</a> that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and rock masses in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">slope</a> construction. </p><p>The level of a fault's activity can be critical for (1) locating buildings, tanks, and pipelines and (2) assessing the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic</a> shaking and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> hazard to infrastructure and people in the vicinity. In California, for example, new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Holocene</a> Epoch (the last 11,700 years) of the Earth's geological history.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, faults that have shown movement during the Holocene plus <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Epochs (the last 2.6 million years) may receive consideration, especially for critical structures such as power plants, dams, hospitals, and schools. Geologists assess a fault's age by studying <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> features seen in shallow excavations and <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> seen in aerial photographs. Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> clay, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore#Sources" title="Iron ore">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide minerals">oxide</a> mineralization, in the case of older soil, and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> material buried next to or over a fault shear is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults. From such relationships, <a href="/wiki/Paleoseismology" title="Paleoseismology">paleoseismologists</a> can estimate the sizes of past <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> over the past several hundred years, and develop rough projections of future fault activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faults_and_ore_deposits">Faults and ore deposits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Faults and ore deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many ore deposits lie on or are associated with faults. This is because the fractured rock associated with fault zones allow for magma ascent<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the circulation of mineral-bearing fluids. Intersections of near-vertical faults are often locations of significant ore deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Piqueretal1019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piqueretal1019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a fault hosting valuable <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit" title="Porphyry copper deposit">porphyry copper deposits</a> is northern Chile's <a href="/wiki/Domeyko_Fault" title="Domeyko Fault">Domeyko Fault</a> with deposits at <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collahuasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collahuasi (page does not exist)">Collahuasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Abra,_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Abra, Chile (page does not exist)">El Abra</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador_mine" title="El Salvador mine">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escondida" title="Escondida">La Escondida</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potrerillos_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potrerillos Mine (page does not exist)">Potrerillos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south in Chile <a href="/wiki/Los_Bronces_mine" title="Los Bronces mine">Los Bronces</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Teniente" title="El Teniente">El Teniente</a> porphyry copper deposit lie each at the intersection of two fault systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Piqueretal1019_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piqueretal1019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faults may not always act as conduits to surface. It has been proposed that deep-seated "misoriented" faults may instead be zones where magmas forming porphyry copper stagnate achieving the right time for—and type of—<a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation" title="Igneous differentiation">igneous differentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-piqueetal2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piqueetal2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a given time differentiated magmas would burst violently out of the fault-traps and head to shallower places in the crust where porphyry copper deposits would be formed.<sup id="cite_ref-piqueetal2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piqueetal2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groundwater">Groundwater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Groundwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As faults are zones of weakness, they facilitate the interaction of water with the surrounding rock and enhance chemical <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>. The enhanced chemical weathering increases the size of the weathered zone and hence creates more space for <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fault zones act as <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> and also assist groundwater transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microfault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microfault showing a piercing point (the coin's diameter is 18 mm (0.71 in))"><img alt="Microfault showing a piercing point (the coin's diameter is 18 mm (0.71 in))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microfault.jpg/120px-Microfault.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microfault.jpg/180px-Microfault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microfault.jpg/240px-Microfault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microfault showing a <a href="/wiki/Piercing_point" title="Piercing point">piercing point</a> (the coin's diameter is 18 mm (0.71 in))</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A normal fault in Morocco. The fault plane is the steeply leftward-dipping line in the centre of the photo, which is the plane along which the rock layers to the left have slipped downwards, relative to the layers to the right of the fault."><img alt="A normal fault in Morocco. The fault plane is the steeply leftward-dipping line in the centre of the photo, which is the plane along which the rock layers to the left have slipped downwards, relative to the layers to the right of the fault." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg/90px-Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg/135px-Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg/180px-Fault_in_Seppap_Gorge_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A normal fault in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. The fault plane is the steeply leftward-dipping line in the centre of the photo, which is the plane along which the rock layers to the left have slipped downwards, relative to the layers to the right of the fault.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal fault with displacement motion from top left to bottom right. La Herradura Formation, Morro Solar, Peru."><img alt="Normal fault with displacement motion from top left to bottom right. La Herradura Formation, Morro Solar, Peru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg/120px-Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg/180px-Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg/240px-Falla_normal_Morro_Solar_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Normal fault with displacement motion from top left to bottom right. <a href="/wiki/La_Herradura_Formation" title="La Herradura Formation">La Herradura Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morro_Solar" title="Morro Solar">Morro Solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fault breccia from Spain"><img alt="Fault breccia from Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg/120px-Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg/180px-Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg/240px-Fault_Breccia_from_Galicia_Spain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fault <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> from Spain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fault_zones" title="List of fault zones">List of fault zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s_theory_of_faulting" title="Anderson's theory of faulting">Anderson's theory of faulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">Aseismic creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a> – Large blocks of rock created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a> – Small vertical offset on the ground surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a> – Type of fracture in rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_seismic_motion" title="Mitigation of seismic motion">Mitigation of seismic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a> – Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a> – The formation of mountain ranges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress_inversion" title="Paleostress inversion">Paleostress inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a> – Earthquake probability in a specific area and time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striation_(geology)" title="Striation (geology)">Striation</a> – Groove, created by a geological process, on the surface of a rock or a mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_displacement" title="Vertical displacement">Vertical displacement</a> – Vertical movement of Earth's crust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLutgensTarbuckTasa2012" class="citation book cs1">Lutgens, Frederick K.; Tarbuck, E.J.; Tasa, D. (illustrator) (2012). <i>Essentials of geology</i> (11th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321714725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321714725"><bdi>978-0321714725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+geology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0321714725&rft.aulast=Lutgens&rft.aufirst=Frederick+K.&rft.au=Tarbuck%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Tasa%2C+D.+%28illustrator%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohnaka-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ohnaka_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohnaka_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhnaka,_M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Ohnaka, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp0gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234"><i>The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes</i></a>. 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Sanchez-Alfaro, Pablo; Pérez-Flores, Pamela (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG48287.1">"A new model for the optimal structural context for giant porphyry copper deposit formation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>49</b> (5): 597–601. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Geo....49..597P">2021Geo....49..597P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG48287.1">10.1130/G48287.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234008062">234008062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=A+new+model+for+the+optimal+structural+context+for+giant+porphyry+copper+deposit+formation&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=597-601&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234008062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG48287.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Geo....49..597P&rft.aulast=Piquer&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Sanchez-Alfaro%2C+Pablo&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Flores%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252FG48287.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhanSinghOjhaBiswal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pradhan, Rudra Mohan; Singh, Anand; Ojha, Arun Kumar; Biswal, Tapas Kumar (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9276672">"Structural controls on bedrock weathering in crystalline basement terranes and its implications on groundwater resources"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 11815. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1211815P">2022NatSR..1211815P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-15889-x">10.1038/s41598-022-15889-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9276672">9276672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35821387">35821387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Structural+controls+on+bedrock+weathering+in+crystalline+basement+terranes+and+its+implications+on+groundwater+resources&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11815&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9276672%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..1211815P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35821387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-15889-x&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Rudra+Mohan&rft.au=Singh%2C+Anand&rft.au=Ojha%2C+Arun+Kumar&rft.au=Biswal%2C+Tapas+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9276672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_reading">Other reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisReynolds1996" class="citation book cs1">Davis, George H.; Reynolds, Stephen J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=2132&VerticalID=0">"Folds"</a>. <i>Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions</i> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 372–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52621-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-52621-5"><bdi>0-471-52621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folds&rft.btitle=Structural+Geology+of+Rocks+and+Regions&rft.pages=372-424&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-52621-5&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknovel.com%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fbrowse%2Fdisplay%3F_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid%3D2132%26VerticalID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichterBaedke2000" class="citation web cs1">Fichter, Lynn S.; Baedke, Steve J. (13 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112111556/http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/vageol/vahist/struprimer.html">"A Primer on Appalachian Structural Geology"</a>. James Madison University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/vageol/vahist/struprimer.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Appalachian+Structural+Geology&rft.pub=James+Madison+University&rft.date=2000-09-13&rft.aulast=Fichter&rft.aufirst=Lynn+S.&rft.au=Baedke%2C+Steve+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmres.jmu.edu%2Fgeollab%2Fvageol%2Fvahist%2Fstruprimer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartBryant1997" class="citation report cs1">Hart, E.W.; Bryant, W.A. (1997). Fault rupture hazard in California: Alquist-Priolo earthquake fault zoning act with index to earthquake fault zone maps (Report). Special Publication 42. California Division of Mines and Geology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fault+rupture+hazard+in+California%3A+Alquist-Priolo+earthquake+fault+zoning+act+with+index+to+earthquake+fault+zone+maps&rft.series=Special+Publication+42&rft.pub=California+Division+of+Mines+and+Geology&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=E.W.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSCECEducation_Module" class="citation cs2">Marquis, John; Hafner, Katrin; Hauksson, Egill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625133126/http://www.data.scec.org/Module/sec1pg14.html">"The Properties of Fault Slip"</a>, <i>Investigating Earthquakes through Regional Seismicity</i>, Southern California Earthquake Center, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.scec.org/Module/sec1pg14.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigating+Earthquakes+through+Regional+Seismicity&rft.atitle=The+Properties+of+Fault+Slip&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hafner%2C+Katrin&rft.au=Hauksson%2C+Egill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.scec.org%2FModule%2Fsec1pg14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnightHess2000" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Tom L.; Hess, Darrel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/416">"The Internal Processes: Types of Faults"</a>. <i>Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation</i>. Prentice Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/416">416–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-020263-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-020263-0"><bdi>0-13-020263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Internal+Processes%3A+Types+of+Faults&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography%3A+A+Landscape+Appreciation&rft.pages=416-7&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-020263-0&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Tom+L.&rft.au=Hess%2C+Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalgeographmckn%2Fpage%2F416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFault+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fault_(geology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Faults" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Faults">Faults</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Faults" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Faults">Faults</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217095327/http://www.iris.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm">Fault Motion Animations</a> at <a href="/wiki/IRIS_Consortium" title="IRIS Consortium">IRIS Consortium</a> (archived 17 February 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/how.html">Aerial view of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, Central California, from "How Earthquakes Happen"</a> at <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404030212/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/stories/what_fault.html">LANDSAT image of the San Andreas Fault in southern California, from "What is a Fault?"</a> at <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> (archived 4 April 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_geology" title="Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_geology" title="Template talk:Structural geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underlying theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_mechanism" title="Deformation mechanism">Deformation mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s_stress_ellipsoid" title="Lamé's stress ellipsoid">Lamé's stress ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">Fissility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_foliation" title="Oblique foliation">Oblique foliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">Pressure solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">Slickenside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylolite" title="Stylolite">Stylolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">Tectonic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Folding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">Detachment fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">Homocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boudinage" title="Boudinage">Boudinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">Competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Kinematics" title="Structural geology">Kinematic analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_fold_evolution" title="3D fold evolution">3D fold evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress_inversion" title="Paleostress inversion">Paleostress inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress" title="Paleostress">Paleostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_restoration" title="Section restoration">Section restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">Shear zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_shear" title="Pure shear">Pure shear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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geophysicists">Geophysicists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">Geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Geophysical fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-surface_geophysics" title="Near-surface geophysics">Near-surface geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> 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