CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rift - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5aae1f8d-f052-4f8b-a4c5-56a0299c7818","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rift","wgTitle":"Rift","wgCurRevisionId":1269126825,"wgRevisionId":1269126825,"wgArticleId":533365,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Rifts and grabens","Structural geology","Plate tectonics","Rift basins"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rift","wgRelevantArticleId":533365,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q473935","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1374"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png/640px-Rift_segmentation.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="733"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rift - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rift rootpage-Rift skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rift" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rift" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rift" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rift" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rift_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rift_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rift development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rift_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rift development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rift_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rift_initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rift_initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rift initiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rift_initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_rift_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_rift_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mature rift stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mature_rift_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-rift_subsidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-rift_subsidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-rift subsidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-rift_subsidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiphase_rifting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiphase_rifting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Multiphase rifting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiphase_rifting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rifting_to_break-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifting_to_break-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rifting to break-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifting_to_break-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Magmatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mineral_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mineral deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oil and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rift</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabenbruch" title="Grabenbruch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grabenbruch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%81_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="خسف (جيولوجيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خسف (جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рыфт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыфт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="रिफ्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिफ्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabenbruch" title="Grabenbruch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grabenbruch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifto" title="Rifto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rifto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_gunea" title="Rift gunea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rift gunea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_(%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="کافت (زمین‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کافت (زمین‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B0%9C%EC%A7%80" title="열개지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열개지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Ռիֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="रिफ़्ट (भूविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिफ़्ट (भूविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retakan_(geologi)" title="Retakan (geologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Retakan (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A2_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="בקע (גאולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקע (גאולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რიფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa_(nomino)" title="Ufa (nomino) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufa (nomino)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riftas" title="Riftas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Riftas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_(tektoniek)" title="Rif (tektoniek) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rif (tektoniek)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengkahan_benua" title="Rengkahan benua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rengkahan benua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%83%88_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA)" title="リフト (地質) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リフト (地質)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryft" title="Ryft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifte" title="Rifte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rifte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_(geology)" title="Rift (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rift (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautavajoama" title="Hautavajoama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hautavajoama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift" title="Rift – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rift" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Рифт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рифт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%A3%82" title="張裂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="張裂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473935#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rift" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rift"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rift"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rift" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rift" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&oldid=1269126825" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rift&id=1269126825&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRift"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRift"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rift&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rifts" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473935" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geological linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chasm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chasm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chasm (disambiguation)">Chasm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geological concept. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rift_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rift (disambiguation)">Rift (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zone</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rift_segmentation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png/240px-Rift_segmentation.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png/360px-Rift_segmentation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rift_segmentation.png/480px-Rift_segmentation.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Block view of a rift formed of three segments, showing the location of the accommodation zones between them at changes in fault location or polarity (dip direction)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GulfofSuezRift.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GulfofSuezRift.png/200px-GulfofSuezRift.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GulfofSuezRift.png/300px-GulfofSuezRift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GulfofSuezRift.png/400px-GulfofSuezRift.png 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a> showing main <a href="/wiki/Extensional_fault" title="Extensional fault">extensional faults</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, a <b>rift</b> is a linear zone where the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> is being pulled apart<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is an example of <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extensional tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical rift features are a central linear <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">downfaulted</a> depression, called a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a>, or more commonly a <a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">half-graben</a> with normal faulting and rift-flank uplifts mainly on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeder_&_Gawthorpe_1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeder_&_Gawthorpe_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where rifts remain above sea level they form a <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a>, which may be filled by water forming a <a href="/wiki/Rift_lake" title="Rift lake">rift lake</a>. The axis of the rift area may contain <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic rocks">volcanic rocks</a>, and active <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> is a part of many, but not all, active rift systems. </p><p>Major rifts occur along the central axis of most <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, where new <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> and lithosphere is created along a <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>. </p><p><i>Failed rifts</i> are the result of continental rifting that failed to continue to the point of break-up. Typically the transition from rifting to spreading develops at a <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> where three converging rifts meet over a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>. Two of these evolve to the point of seafloor spreading, while the third ultimately fails, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">aulacogen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlankMalawi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FlankMalawi.png/250px-FlankMalawi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FlankMalawi.png/330px-FlankMalawi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FlankMalawi.png/500px-FlankMalawi.png 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3719" /></a><figcaption>Topographic profile of the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi Lake">Malawi Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most rifts consist of a series of separate segments that together form the linear zone characteristic of rifts. The individual rift segments have a dominantly half-graben geometry, controlled by a single basin-bounding fault. Segment lengths vary between rifts, depending on the elastic thickness of the lithosphere. </p><p>Areas of thick colder lithosphere, such as the Baikal Rift, have segment lengths in excess of 80 km, while in areas of warmer thin lithosphere, segment lengths may be less than 30 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebinger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebinger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the axis of the rift the position, and in some cases the polarity (the dip direction), of the main rift bounding fault changes from segment to segment. Segment boundaries often have a more complex structure and generally cross the rift axis at a high angle. These segment boundary zones accommodate the differences in fault displacement between the segments and are therefore known as accommodation zones. </p><p>Accommodation zones take various forms, from a simple relay ramp at the overlap between two major faults of the same polarity, to zones of high structural complexity, particularly where the segments have opposite polarity. Accommodation zones may be located where older crustal structures intersect the rift axis. In the Gulf of Suez rift, the Zaafarana accommodation zone is located where a <a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">shear zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabian-Nubian Shield</a> meets the rift.<sup id="cite_ref-Younes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Younes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rift flanks or shoulders are elevated areas around rifts. Rift shoulders are typically about 70 km wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenetal2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenetal2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to what was previously thought, elevated passive continental margins (EPCM) such as the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Origin" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, are not rift shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenetal2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenetal2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rift_development">Rift development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rift development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rift_initiation">Rift initiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rift initiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of rift basins and strain localization reflects rift maturity. At the onset of rifting, the upper part of the lithosphere starts to extend on a series of initially unconnected <a href="/wiki/Normal_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal fault">normal faults</a>, leading to the development of isolated basins.<sup id="cite_ref-Withjack_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withjack-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subaerial rifts, for example, drainage at the onset of rifting is generally internal, with no element of through drainage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mature_rift_stage">Mature rift stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mature rift stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the rift evolves, some of the individual fault segments grow, eventually becoming linked together to form the larger bounding faults. Subsequent extension becomes concentrated on these faults. The longer faults and wider fault spacing leads to more continuous areas of fault-related <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> along the rift axis. Significant uplift of the rift shoulders develops at this stage, strongly influencing drainage and sedimentation in the rift basins.<sup id="cite_ref-Withjack_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withjack-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the climax of lithospheric rifting, as the crust is thinned, the Earth's surface subsides and the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Moho</a> becomes correspondingly raised. At the same time, the mantle lithosphere becomes thinned, causing a rise of the top of the asthenosphere. This brings high heat flow from the upwelling asthenosphere into the thinning lithosphere, heating the orogenic lithosphere for dehydration melting, typically causing extreme metamorphism at high thermal gradients of greater than 30 °C. The metamorphic products are high to ultrahigh temperature granulites and their associated migmatite and granites in collisional orogens, with possible emplacement of metamorphic core complexes in continental rift zones but oceanic core complexes in spreading ridges. This leads to a kind of orogeneses in extensional settings, which is referred as to rifting orogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-rift_subsidence">Post-rift subsidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-rift subsidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once rifting ceases, the mantle beneath the rift cools and this is accompanied by a broad area of post-rift subsidence. The amount of subsidence is directly related to the amount of thinning during the rifting phase calculated as the beta factor (initial crustal thickness divided by final crustal thickness), but is also affected by the degree to which the rift basin is filled at each stage, due to the greater density of sediments in contrast to water. The simple 'McKenzie model' of rifting, which considers the rifting stage to be instantaneous, provides a good first order estimate of the amount of crustal thinning from observations of the amount of post-rift subsidence.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kusznir_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kusznir-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has generally been replaced by the 'flexural cantilever model', which takes into account the geometry of the rift faults and the <a href="/wiki/Lithospheric_flexure" title="Lithospheric flexure">flexural</a> <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a> of the upper part of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Nøttvedt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nøttvedt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiphase_rifting">Multiphase rifting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multiphase rifting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some rifts show a complex and prolonged history of rifting, with several distinct phases. The <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_North_Sea" title="Geology of the North Sea">North Sea rift</a> shows evidence of several separate rift phases from the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> through to the Earliest <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rodmar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodmar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period of over 100 million years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rifting_to_break-up">Rifting to break-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rifting to break-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rifting may lead to continental breakup and formation of oceanic basins. Successful rifting leads to seafloor spreading along a mid-oceanic ridge and a set of conjugate margins separated by an oceanic basin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifting may be active, and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a>. It may also be passive, and driven by far-field tectonic forces that stretch the lithosphere. Margin architecture develops due to spatial and temporal relationships between extensional deformation phases. Margin segmentation eventually leads to the formation of rift domains with variations of the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Moho</a> topography, including proximal domain with fault-rotated crustal blocks, necking zone with thinning of crustal <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a>, distal domain with deep sag basins, ocean-continent transition and oceanic domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deformation and magmatism interact during rift evolution. Magma-rich and magma-poor rifted margins may be formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magma-rich margins include major volcanic features. Globally, volcanic margins represent the majority of passive continental margins.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magma-starved rifted margins are affected by large-scale faulting and crustal hyperextension.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, upper mantle peridotites and gabbros are commonly exposed and serpentinized along extensional detachments at the seafloor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magmatism">Magmatism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Magmatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_(48453477346).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg/330px-20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg/500px-20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg/960px-20190621_CPH-KEF_7314_%2848453477346%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>Volcano-tectonic landforms connected to rifting on <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Reykjanes_Peninsula" title="Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula">Reykjanes Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissures</a>, elongated <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">subglacial origin</a>, postglacial <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many rifts are the sites of at least minor <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatic activity</a>, particularly in the early stages of rifting.<sup id="cite_ref-White_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bimodal_volcanism" title="Bimodal volcanism">bimodal volcanism</a> are common products of rift-related magmatism.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cas_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cas-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies indicate that post-collisional granites in collisional orogens are the product of rifting magmatism at converged plate margins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sedimentary rocks associated with continental rifts host important deposits of both minerals and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_deposits">Mineral deposits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mineral deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_exhalative_deposits" title="Sedimentary exhalative deposits">SedEx</a> mineral deposits are found mainly in continental rift settings. They form within post-rift sequences when hydrothermal fluids associated with magmatic activity are expelled at the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oil and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continental rifts are the sites of significant oil and gas accumulations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_North_Sea" title="Geology of the North Sea">Viking Graben</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a>. Thirty percent of <a href="/wiki/Giant_oil_and_gas_fields" title="Giant oil and gas fields">giant oil and gas fields</a> are found within such a setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 it was estimated that there were 200 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> of recoverable oil reserves hosted in rifts. <a href="/wiki/Source_rock" title="Source rock">Source rocks</a> are often developed within the sediments filling the active rift (<a href="/wiki/Tectonostratigraphy#Effects_of_active_tectonics_on_lithostratigraphy" title="Tectonostratigraphy">syn-rift</a>), forming either in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacustrine" class="extiw" title="wikt:lacustrine">lacustrine</a> environment or in a restricted marine environment, although not all rifts contain such sequences. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">Reservoir rocks</a> may be developed in pre-rift, syn-rift and post-rift sequences. </p><p>Effective regional seals may be present within the post-rift sequence if <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> are deposited. Just over half of estimated oil reserves are found associated with rifts containing marine syn-rift and post-rift sequences, just under a quarter in rifts with a non-marine syn-rift and post-rift, and an eighth in non-marine syn-rift with a marine post-rift.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambiase_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambiase-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n_Rift" title="Asunción Rift">Asunción Rift</a> in Eastern Paraguay</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_and_Central_African_Rift_System" title="West and Central African Rift System">West and Central African Rift System</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Rift_Zone" title="Baikal Rift Zone">Baikal Rift Zone</a>, the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> is the deepest continental rift on the earth.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a></li> <li>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> in North America</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Rift">Rio Grande Rift</a> in the southwestern US</li> <li>The rift zone that contains the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelfoot Rift">Reelfoot Rift</a>, an ancient buried failed rift underlying the <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid Seismic Zone">New Madrid Seismic Zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Rift">Rhine Rift</a>, in southwestern Germany, known as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Rhine valley">Upper Rhine valley</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Cenozoic_Rift_System" title="European Cenozoic Rift System">European Cenozoic Rift System</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Graben" title="Oslo Graben">Oslo Graben</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa-Bonnechere_Graben" title="Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben">Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben</a> in Ontario and Quebec</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province" title="Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province">Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Rift_System" title="West Antarctic Rift System">West Antarctic Rift System</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Midcontinent Rift System</a>, a late <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rift in central North America</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Midland Valley</a> in Scotland</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fundy_Basin" title="Fundy Basin">Fundy Basin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> rift basin in southeastern Canada</li> <li>The Cambay, Kachchh, and Narmada rifts<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan volcanic province</a> of India<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/40px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/60px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">Rift zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cycle" title="Wilson Cycle">Wilson Cycle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopianrift.igg.cnr.it/rift%20valley%20significance.htm">Rift valley: definition and geologic significance</a>, Giacomo Corti, The Ethiopian Rift Valley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mantleplumes.org/VM_DecompressMelt.html">Decompressional Melting During Extension of Continental Lithosphere</a>, Jolante van Wijk, MantlePlumes.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/geology/art/gl209/lecture4/lecture4.html">Plate Tectonics: Lecture 2</a>, Geology Department at University of Leicester</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeder_&_Gawthorpe_1987-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeder_&_Gawthorpe_1987_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeederGawthorpe1987" class="citation book cs1">Leeder, M.R.; Gawthorpe, R.L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/rdorsey/BasinAnalysis/BasinPapers/Leeder_&_Gawthorpe_1987.pdf">"Sedimentary models for extensional tilt-block/half-graben basins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Coward, M.P.; Dewey, J.F.; Hancock, P.L. (eds.). <i>Continental Extensional Tectonics</i>. Geological Society, Special Publications. Vol. 28. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780632016051" title="Special:BookSources/9780632016051"><bdi>9780632016051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sedimentary+models+for+extensional+tilt-block%2Fhalf-graben+basins&rft.btitle=Continental+Extensional+Tectonics&rft.series=Geological+Society%2C+Special+Publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780632016051&rft.aulast=Leeder&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Gawthorpe%2C+R.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.uoregon.edu%2Frdorsey%2FBasinAnalysis%2FBasinPapers%2FLeeder_%26_Gawthorpe_1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebinger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebinger_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbingerJackson_J.A.Foster_A.N.Hayward_N.J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ebinger, C.J.; Jackson J.A.; Foster A.N.; Hayward N.J. (1999). "Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a></i>. <b>357</b> (1753): <span class="nowrap">741–</span>765. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RSPTA.357..741E">1999RSPTA.357..741E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1999.0351">10.1098/rsta.1999.0351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91719117">91719117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Extensional+basin+geometry+and+the+elastic+lithosphere&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=1753&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E765&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91719117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1999.0351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RSPTA.357..741E&rft.aulast=Ebinger&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Jackson+J.A.&rft.au=Foster+A.N.&rft.au=Hayward+N.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Younes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Younes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounesMcClay_K.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Younes, A.I.; McClay K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/6/1003">"Development of Accommodation Zones in the Gulf of Suez-Red Sea Rift, Egypt"</a>. <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>86</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1003–</span>1026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F61EEDC10-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D">10.1306/61EEDC10-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Development+of+Accommodation+Zones+in+the+Gulf+of+Suez-Red+Sea+Rift%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1003-%3C%2Fspan%3E1026&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F61EEDC10-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D&rft.aulast=Younes&rft.aufirst=A.I.&rft.au=McClay+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faapgbull.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F86%2F6%2F1003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenetal2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenetal2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenetal2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenJapsenChalmersBonow2018" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Paul F.; Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A.; Bonow, Johan M.; Duddy, Ian R. (2018). "Post-breakup burial and exhumation of passive continental margins: Seven propositions to inform geodynamic models". <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a></i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">58–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GondR..53...58G">2018GondR..53...58G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2017.03.007">10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=Post-breakup+burial+and+exhumation+of+passive+continental+margins%3A+Seven+propositions+to+inform+geodynamic+models&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2017.03.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018GondR..53...58G&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft.au=Japsen%2C+Peter&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Bonow%2C+Johan+M.&rft.au=Duddy%2C+Ian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withjack-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Withjack_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Withjack_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithjackSchlische_R.W.Olsen_P.E.2002" class="citation book cs1">Withjack, M.O.; Schlische R.W.; Olsen P.E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~schlisch/A33_2002_SEPM_rifts.pdf">"Rift-basin structure and its influence on sedimentary systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Renaut R.W. & Ashley G.M. (ed.). <i>Sedimentation in Continental Rifts</i>. Special Publications. Vol. 73. Society for Sedimentary Geology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rift-basin+structure+and+its+influence+on+sedimentary+systems&rft.btitle=Sedimentation+in+Continental+Rifts&rft.series=Special+Publications&rft.pub=Society+for+Sedimentary+Geology&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Withjack&rft.aufirst=M.O.&rft.au=Schlische+R.W.&rft.au=Olsen+P.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rci.rutgers.edu%2F~schlisch%2FA33_2002_SEPM_rifts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhengChen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng, Y.-F.; Chen, R.-X. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2017.03.009">"Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences</i>. <b>145</b>: <span class="nowrap">46–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAESc.145...46Z">2017JAESc.145...46Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2017.03.009">10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Regional+metamorphism+at+extreme+conditions%3A+Implications+for+orogeny+at+convergent+plate+margins&rft.volume=145&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2017.03.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JAESc.145...46Z&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Y.-F.&rft.au=Chen%2C+R.-X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jseaes.2017.03.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenzie-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKenzie_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1978" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, D. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301085415/http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~tony/watts/downloads/McKenzie_1978_Basins.pdf">"Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978E&PSL..40...25M">1978E&PSL..40...25M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.459.4779">10.1.1.459.4779</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821x%2878%2990071-7">10.1016/0012-821x(78)90071-7</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~tony/watts/downloads/McKenzie_1978_Basins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Some+remarks+on+the+development+of+sedimentary+basins&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.459.4779%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821x%2878%2990071-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978E%26PSL..40...25M&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.ox.ac.uk%2F~tony%2Fwatts%2Fdownloads%2FMcKenzie_1978_Basins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kusznir-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kusznir_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKusznirRoberts_A.M.Morley_C.K.1995" class="citation book cs1">Kusznir, N.J.; Roberts A.M.; Morley C.K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/80/1/33.abstract">"Forward and reverse modelling of rift basin formation"</a>. In Lambiase J.J. (ed.). <i>Hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins</i>. Special Publications. Vol. 80. London: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Society">Geological Society</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897799154" title="Special:BookSources/9781897799154"><bdi>9781897799154</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward+and+reverse+modelling+of+rift+basin+formation&rft.btitle=Hydrocarbon+habitat+in+rift+basins&rft.place=London&rft.series=Special+Publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781897799154&rft.aulast=Kusznir&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Roberts+A.M.&rft.au=Morley+C.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcontent%2F80%2F1%2F33.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nøttvedt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nøttvedt_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNøttvedtGabrielsen_R.H.Steel_R.J.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nøttvedt, A.; Gabrielsen R.H.; Steel R.J. (1995). "Tectonostratigraphy and sedimentary architecture of rift basins, with reference to the northern North Sea". <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology" title="Marine and Petroleum Geology">Marine and Petroleum Geology</a></i>. <b>12</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">881–</span>901. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MarPG..12..881N">1995MarPG..12..881N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0264-8172%2895%2998853-W">10.1016/0264-8172(95)98853-W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Tectonostratigraphy+and+sedimentary+architecture+of+rift+basins%2C+with+reference+to+the+northern+North+Sea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E901&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0264-8172%2895%2998853-W&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995MarPG..12..881N&rft.aulast=N%C3%B8ttvedt&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gabrielsen+R.H.&rft.au=Steel+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodmar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodmar_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavnåsNøttvedt_A.Steel_R.J.Windelstad_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Ravnås, R.; Nøttvedt A.; Steel R.J.; Windelstad J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/167/1/133.abstract">"Syn-rift sedimentary architectures in the Northern North Sea"</a>. <i>Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin</i>. Special Publications. Vol. 167. London: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Society">Geological Society</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862390560" title="Special:BookSources/9781862390560"><bdi>9781862390560</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syn-rift+sedimentary+architectures+in+the+Northern+North+Sea&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+the+Norwegian+Margin&rft.place=London&rft.series=Special+Publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781862390560&rft.aulast=Ravn%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=N%C3%B8ttvedt+A.&rft.au=Steel+R.J.&rft.au=Windelstad+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcontent%2F167%2F1%2F133.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiegler_P.A.Cloetingh_S.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ziegler P.A.; Cloetingh S. (January 2004). "Dynamic processes controlling evolution of rifted basins". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>64</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESRv...64....1Z">2004ESRv...64....1Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2803%2900041-2">10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00041-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Dynamic+processes+controlling+evolution+of+rifted+basins&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2803%2900041-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ESRv...64....1Z&rft.au=Ziegler+P.A.&rft.au=Cloetingh+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPéron-Pinvidic_G.Manatschal_G.Osmundsen_P.T.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Péron-Pinvidic G.; Manatschal G.; Osmundsen P.T. (May 2013). "Structural comparison of archetypal Atlantic rifted margins: a review of observations and concepts". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>43</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MarPG..43...21P">2013MarPG..43...21P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2013.02.002">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.02.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Structural+comparison+of+archetypal+Atlantic+rifted+margins%3A+a+review+of+observations+and+concepts&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2013.02.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MarPG..43...21P&rft.au=P%C3%A9ron-Pinvidic+G.&rft.au=Manatschal+G.&rft.au=Osmundsen+P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReston_T.J.Manatschal_G.2011" class="citation book cs1">Reston T.J.; Manatschal G. (2011). "Arc-Continent Collision". In Brown D. & Ryan P.D. (ed.). <i>Building blocks of later collision</i>. Frontiers in Earth Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arc-Continent+Collision&rft.btitle=Building+blocks+of+later+collision&rft.pub=Frontiers+in+Earth+Sciences&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Reston+T.J.&rft.au=Manatschal+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPéron-Pinvidic_G.Manatschal_G.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Péron-Pinvidic G.; Manatschal G. (2009). "The final rifting evolution at deep magma-poor passive margins from Iberia-Newfoundland: a new point of view". <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>98</b> (7): 1581. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJEaS..98.1581P">2009IJEaS..98.1581P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00531-008-0337-9">10.1007/s00531-008-0337-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129442856">129442856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+final+rifting+evolution+at+deep+magma-poor+passive+margins+from+Iberia-Newfoundland%3A+a+new+point+of+view&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1581&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129442856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00531-008-0337-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IJEaS..98.1581P&rft.au=P%C3%A9ron-Pinvidic+G.&rft.au=Manatschal+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMcKenzie_D.1989" class="citation journal cs1">White, R.S.; McKenzie D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/White1989.pdf">"Magmatism at Rift Zones: The Generation of Volcanic Margins and Flood Basalts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>94</b> (B6): <span class="nowrap">7685–</span>7729. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JGR....94.7685W">1989JGR....94.7685W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fjb094ib06p07685">10.1029/jb094ib06p07685</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Magmatism+at+Rift+Zones%3A+The+Generation+of+Volcanic+Margins+and+Flood+Basalts&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=B6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7685-%3C%2Fspan%3E7729&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2Fjb094ib06p07685&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JGR....94.7685W&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft.au=McKenzie+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantleplumes.org%2FWebDocuments%2FWhite1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2005" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, G.L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QT52UZxDFwgC&q=%22alkali+basalt%22+rift-related+volcanism&pg=PA98">"Continental Basaltic Rocks"</a>. In Rudnick R.L. (ed.). <i>Treatise on Geochemistry: The crust</i>. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080448473" title="Special:BookSources/9780080448473"><bdi>9780080448473</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continental+Basaltic+Rocks&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Geochemistry%3A+The+crust&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780080448473&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQT52UZxDFwgC%26q%3D%2522alkali%2Bbasalt%2522%2Brift-related%2Bvolcanism%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cas-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cas_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCas2005" class="citation book cs1">Cas, R.A.F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LswmjBnlJMC&q=bimodal+volcanism+rifting&pg=PA145">"Volcanoes and the geological cycle"</a>. In Marti J. & Ernst G.G. (ed.). <i>Volcanoes and the Environment</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139445108" title="Special:BookSources/9781139445108"><bdi>9781139445108</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanoes+and+the+geological+cycle&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+and+the+Environment&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139445108&rft.aulast=Cas&rft.aufirst=R.A.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LswmjBnlJMC%26q%3Dbimodal%2Bvolcanism%2Brifting%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey1993" class="citation web cs1">United States Geological Survey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629180319/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/">"Lake Baikal - A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Baikal+-+A+Touchstone+for+Global+Change+and+Rift+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.au=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarine.usgs.gov%2Ffact-sheets%2Fbaikal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groves_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrovesBierlein_F.P.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Groves, D.I.; Bierlein F.P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/164/1/19.abstract">"Geodynamic settings of mineral deposit systems"</a>. <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>164</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGSoc.164...19G">2007JGSoc.164...19G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2F0016-76492006-065">10.1144/0016-76492006-065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129680970">129680970</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Geodynamic+settings+of+mineral+deposit+systems&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129680970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2F0016-76492006-065&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JGSoc.164...19G&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=D.I.&rft.au=Bierlein+F.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjgs.lyellcollection.org%2Fcontent%2F164%2F1%2F19.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMannGahagan_L.Gordon_M.B.2001" class="citation web cs1">Mann, P.; Gahagan L.; Gordon M.B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldoil.com/September-2001-Tectonic-setting-of-the-worlds-giant-oil-fields.html">"Tectonic setting of the world's giant oil fields"</a>. <i>WorldOil Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldOil+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tectonic+setting+of+the+world%27s+giant+oil+fields&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Gahagan+L.&rft.au=Gordon+M.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldoil.com%2FSeptember-2001-Tectonic-setting-of-the-worlds-giant-oil-fields.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambiase-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambiase_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambiaseMorley_C.K.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lambiase, J.J.; Morley C.K. (1999). "Hydrocarbons in rift basins: the role of stratigraphy". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a></i>. <b>357</b> (1753): <span class="nowrap">877–</span>900. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RSPTA.357..877L">1999RSPTA.357..877L</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.892.6422">10.1.1.892.6422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1999.0356">10.1098/rsta.1999.0356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129564482">129564482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Hydrocarbons+in+rift+basins%3A+the+role+of+stratigraphy&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=1753&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E877-%3C%2Fspan%3E900&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.892.6422%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129564482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1999.0356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RSPTA.357..877L&rft.aulast=Lambiase&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Morley+C.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chouhan, A.K. Structural fabric over the seismically active Kachchh rift basin, India: insight from world gravity model 2012. Environ Earth Sci 79, 316 (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09068-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09068-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chouhan, A.K., Choudhury, P. & Pal, S.K. New evidence for a thin crust and magmatic underplating beneath the Cambay rift basin, Western India through modelling of EIGEN-6C4 gravity data. J Earth Syst Sci 129, 64 (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1335-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1335-y</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rifts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rifts">Rifts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallySnelson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bally, A.W.; Snelson, S. (1980). "Realms of subsidence". <i>Canadian Society for Petroleum Geology Memoir</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Society+for+Petroleum+Geology+Memoir&rft.atitle=Realms+of+subsidence&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bally&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft.au=Snelson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingstonDishroonWilliams1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kingston, D.R.; Dishroon, C.P.; Williams, P.A. (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos-pdf4/global-basin-classification-system/global-basin-classification-system.pdf">"Global Basin Classification System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Petroleum_Geologists" title="American Association of Petroleum Geologists">AAPG Bulletin</a></i>. <b>67</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2175–</span>2193<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Global+Basin+Classification+System&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2175-%3C%2Fspan%3E2193&rft.date=1983-12&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Dishroon%2C+C.P.&rft.au=Williams%2C+P.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monografias.com%2Ftrabajos-pdf4%2Fglobal-basin-classification-system%2Fglobal-basin-classification-system.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemme1980" class="citation journal cs1">Klemme, H.D (1980). "Petroleum Basins - Classifications and Characteristics". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Petroleum_Geology" title="Journal of Petroleum Geology">Journal of Petroleum Geology</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JPetG...3..187K">1980JPetG...3..187K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x">10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Petroleum+Basins+-+Classifications+and+Characteristics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980JPetG...3..187K&rft.aulast=Klemme&rft.aufirst=H.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structural_geology445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_geology" title="Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_geology" title="Template talk:Structural geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_geology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underlying theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_mechanism" title="Deformation mechanism">Deformation mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s_stress_ellipsoid" title="Lamé's stress ellipsoid">Lamé's stress ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">Fissility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_foliation" title="Oblique foliation">Oblique foliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">Pressure solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">Slickenside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylolite" title="Stylolite">Stylolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">Tectonic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Folding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">Detachment fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">Homocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boudinage" title="Boudinage">Boudinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">Competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Kinematics" title="Structural geology">Kinematic analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_fold_evolution" title="3D fold evolution">3D fold evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress_inversion" title="Paleostress inversion">Paleostress inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleostress" title="Paleostress">Paleostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_restoration" title="Section restoration">Section restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shear_zone" title="Shear zone">Shear zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_shear" title="Pure shear">Pure shear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Structural_geology" title="Category:Structural geology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473935#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4157973-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rifts (Geology)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114066">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538873505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rift&oldid=1269126825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rift&oldid=1269126825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rifts_and_grabens" title="Category:Rifts and grabens">Rifts and grabens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structural_geology" title="Category:Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rift_basins" title="Category:Rift basins">Rift basins</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 January 2025, at 04:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rift&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rift</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>47 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-tvd26","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.540","walltime":"0.726","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2263,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":85423,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1759,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":109703,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 609.764 1 -total"," 40.79% 248.740 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.19% 123.092 7 Template:Cite_book"," 15.92% 97.072 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.48% 88.291 1 Template:Structural_geology"," 13.94% 85.030 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.56% 76.591 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.17% 49.791 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.84% 47.798 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.57% 46.140 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.362","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6729916,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-8r7cc","timestamp":"20250331031341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rift","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rift","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q473935","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q473935","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-17T21:21:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-13T04:40:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Rift_segmentation.png","headline":"linear zone where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart"}</script> </body> </html>