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<ul id="toc-Deformation_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_beta_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_beta_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Low beta factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_beta_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_beta_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_beta_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>High beta factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_beta_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_margins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_margins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Passive margins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_margins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_environments_associated_with_extensional_tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_environments_associated_with_extensional_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geological environments associated with extensional tectonics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geological_environments_associated_with_extensional_tectonics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geological environments associated with extensional tectonics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geological_environments_associated_with_extensional_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_rifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_rifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Continental rifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_rifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergent_plate_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergent_plate_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Divergent plate boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergent_plate_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_spreading_of_zones_of_thickened_crust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_spreading_of_zones_of_thickened_crust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gravitational spreading of zones of thickened crust</span> </div> </a> <ul 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structures formed by, and the <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> processes associated with, the stretching of a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary body">planetary body</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deformation_styles">Deformation styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deformation styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of structure and the geometries formed depend on the amount of stretching involved. Stretching is generally measured using the parameter <i>β</i>, known as the <i>beta factor</i>, where </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {t_{1}}{t_{0}}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {t_{1}}{t_{0}}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/192aed6290d3229399dceaf2b0dedcc0e8c717c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:8.194ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {t_{1}}{t_{0}}}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p><i>t</i><sub>0</sub> is the initial crustal thickness and <i>t</i><sub>1</sub> is the final crustal thickness. It is also the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a> parameter <i>stretch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_beta_factor">Low beta factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Low beta factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In areas of relatively low crustal stretching, the dominant structures are high to moderate angle normal faults, with associated <a href="/wiki/Half_grabens" class="mw-redirect" title="Half grabens">half grabens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilted_block_faulting" title="Tilted block faulting">tilted fault blocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kearey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kearey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_beta_factor">High beta factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High beta factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In areas of high crustal stretching, individual <a href="/wiki/Extensional_fault" title="Extensional fault">extensional faults</a> may become rotated to too low a dip to remain active and a new set of faults may be generated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large displacements may juxtapose syntectonic sediments against <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> of the mid to lower crust and such structures are called <a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">detachment faults</a>. In some cases the detachments are folded such that the metamorphic rocks are exposed within antiformal closures and these are known as <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_core_complex" title="Metamorphic core complex">metamorphic core complexes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_margins">Passive margins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Passive margins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margins</a> above a weak layer develop a specific set of extensional structures. Large listric regional faults dipping towards the ocean develop with rollover <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlines</a> and related crestal collapse <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a>. On some margins, such as the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, large counter-regional faults are observed, dipping back towards the continent, forming large grabenal mini-basins with antithetic regional faults.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_environments_associated_with_extensional_tectonics">Geological environments associated with extensional tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geological environments associated with extensional tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Areas of extensional tectonics are typically associated with: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/220px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/330px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fault-Horst-Graben.svg/440px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a> structure, typical rift related structure (direction of extension shown by red arrows).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_rifts">Continental rifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continental rifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></div> <p>Rifts are linear zones of localized crustal extension. They range in width from somewhat less than 100 km up to several hundred km, consisting of one or more normal faults and related fault blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-kearey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kearey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In individual rift segments, one polarity (i.e. dip direction) normally dominates, giving a <a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">half-graben</a> geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common geometries include <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_core_complex" title="Metamorphic core complex">metamorphic core complexes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilted_block_faulting" title="Tilted block faulting">tilted blocks</a>. Examples of active continental rifts are the <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Rift_Zone" title="Baikal Rift Zone">Baikal Rift Zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divergent_plate_boundaries">Divergent plate boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Divergent plate boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divergent_plate_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergent plate boundary">Divergent plate boundary</a></div> <p>Divergent plate boundaries are zones of active extension as the crust newly formed at the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> system becomes involved in the opening process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_spreading_of_zones_of_thickened_crust">Gravitational spreading of zones of thickened crust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gravitational spreading of zones of thickened crust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orogenic_collapse" title="Orogenic collapse">Orogenic collapse</a></div> <p>Zones of thickened crust, such as those formed during <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continent-continent collision</a> tend to spread laterally; this spreading occurs even when the collisional event is still in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collision has finished the zone of thickened crust generally undergoes <a href="/wiki/Post-orogenic_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-orogenic collapse">gravitational collapse</a>, often with the formation of very large extensional faults. Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> extension, for example, followed immediately after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> particularly in East <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Releasing_bends_along_strike-slip_faults">Releasing bends along strike-slip faults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Releasing bends along strike-slip faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">strike-slip fault</a> is offset along strike such as to create a gap e.g. a left-stepping bend on a sinistral fault, a zone of extension or <a href="/wiki/Transtension" title="Transtension">transtension</a> is generated. Such bends are known as <i>releasing bends</i> or <i>extensional <a href="/wiki/Fault_stepover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault stepover">stepovers</a></i> and often form <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart basins</a> or <i>rhombochasms</i>. Examples of active pull-apart basins include the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, formed at a left-stepping offset of the sinistral sense <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a> system, and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, formed at a right-stepping offset on the dextral sense <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-arc_basins">Back-arc basins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Back-arc basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></div> <p>Back-arc basins form behind many <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zones due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench</a> roll-back which leads to a zone of extension parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_margins_2">Passive margins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passive margins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></div> <p>A passive margin built out over a weaker layer, such as an overpressured <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">salt</a>, tends to spread laterally under its own weight. The inboard part of the sedimentary prism is affected by extensional faulting, balanced by outboard shortening.<sup id="cite_ref-Brun_&_Fort_2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brun_&_Fort_2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorogenic_magmatism" title="Anorogenic magmatism">Anorogenic magmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensional_tectonics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPark1997" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycASqdxSG3YC&pg=PA64"><i>Foundations of Structural Geology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-5802-9"><bdi>978-0-7487-5802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Structural+Geology&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-5802-9&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycASqdxSG3YC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtensional+tectonics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kearey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kearey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kearey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009" class="citation book cs1">Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. 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WileyBlackwell. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0322-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0322-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-0322-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continental+rifts+and+rifted+margins&rft.btitle=Global+Tectonics&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=WileyBlackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0322-3&rft.aulast=Kearey&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Klepeis%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Vine%2C+F.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYqZntfg25UC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtensional+tectonics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProffett1977" class="citation journal cs1">Proffett, John M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Salt+tectonics+at+passive+margins%3A+Geology+versus+models&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1123-1145&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2011.03.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MarPG..28.1123B&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=J%2C-P.&rft.au=Fort%2C+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtensional+tectonics" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_geology" title="Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_geology" title="Template talk:Structural geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underlying theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_mechanism" title="Deformation mechanism">Deformation mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s_stress_ellipsoid" title="Lamé's stress ellipsoid">Lamé's stress ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">Fissility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_foliation" title="Oblique foliation">Oblique foliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">Pressure solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">Slickenside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylolite" title="Stylolite">Stylolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">Tectonic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Folding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">Anticline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(geology)" title="Chevron (geology)">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fold" title="Detachment fold">Detachment fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocline" title="Homocline">Homocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocline" title="Monocline">Monocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence_(geology)" title="Vergence (geology)">Vergence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boudinage" title="Boudinage">Boudinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(geology)" title="Competence (geology)">Competence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology#Kinematics" title="Structural geology">Kinematic analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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