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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gulf_of_Aqaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_of_Aqaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gulf of Aqaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_of_Aqaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wadi_Arabah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wadi_Arabah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Wadi Arabah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wadi_Arabah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead_Sea_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_Sea_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Dead Sea basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_Sea_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan_Valley_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan_Valley_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Jordan Valley fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan_Valley_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_of_Galilee_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_of_Galilee_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Sea of Galilee basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_of_Galilee_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korazim_Plateau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korazim_Plateau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Korazim Plateau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korazim_Plateau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hula_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hula_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Hula basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hula_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon_restraining_bend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon_restraining_bend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lebanon restraining bend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon_restraining_bend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yammouneh_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yammouneh_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Yammouneh fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yammouneh_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roum_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roum_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Roum fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roum_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rachaya-Serghaya_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rachaya-Serghaya_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Rachaya-Serghaya faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rachaya-Serghaya_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Northern section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missyaf_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missyaf_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Missyaf fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missyaf_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghab_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghab_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Ghab basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghab_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacıpaşa_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacıpaşa_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Hacıpaşa fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacıpaşa_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karasu_fault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karasu_fault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Karasu fault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karasu_fault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dehavsriften" title="Dødehavsriften – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dødehavsriften" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daudehavsrifta" title="Daudehavsrifta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daudehavsrifta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BC_Deniz_Transform_Fay%C4%B1" title="Ölü Deniz Transform Fayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölü Deniz Transform Fayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fault system between the African and Arabian plates</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeadSeaTransform.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DeadSeaTransform.png/200px-DeadSeaTransform.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DeadSeaTransform.png/300px-DeadSeaTransform.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DeadSeaTransform.png/400px-DeadSeaTransform.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Dead Sea Transform showing the main fault segments and motion of the Arabian plate relative to the African plate,<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from GPS data</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Dead Sea Transform</b> (<b>DST</b>) <b>fault system</b>, also sometimes referred to as the <b>Dead Sea Rift</b>, is a series of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> that run for about 1,000 km from the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_triple_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraş triple junction">Maraş triple junction</a> (a junction with the <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) to the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a> (just offshore of the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sadeh_etal_2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadeh_etal_2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fault system forms the <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a> to the east. It is a zone of left lateral <a href="/wiki/Sinistral_and_dextral#Geology" title="Sinistral and dextral">(sinistral)</a> displacement, signifying the relative motions of the two plates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both plates are moving in a general north-northeast direction, but the Arabian plate is moving faster, resulting in the observed left lateral motions along the fault of approximately 107 km at its southern end. A component of extension is also present in the southern part of the transform, which has contributed to a series of depressions, or <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart basins</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula basins</a>. A component of shortening affects the Lebanon <a href="/wiki/Transpression#Restraining_bend" title="Transpression">restraining bend</a>, leading to uplift on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Beqaa valley">Beqaa valley</a>. There is local <a href="/wiki/Transtension" title="Transtension">transtension</a> in the northernmost part of the fault system, forming the Ghab pull-apart basin. The southern part of the fault system runs roughly along the political border of Lebanon and Israel on its western side, and southern Syria and Jordan on the eastern side. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_interpretation">Tectonic interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tectonic interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DST fault system is generally considered to be a transform fault that has accommodated a 105 km northwards displacement of the Arabian plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Freund_et_al_1970_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freund_et_al_1970-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joffe_&_Garfunkel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joffe_&_Garfunkel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is based on observation of offset markers, such as river terraces, gullies and archaeological features, giving horizontal slip rates of several mm per year over the last few million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Begin_&_Steinitz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begin_&_Steinitz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> data give similar rates of present-day movement of the Arabian plate relative to the Africa plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed that the fault zone is a rift system that is an incipient oceanic spreading center, the northern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mart_et_al_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mart_et_al_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dead Sea Transform began to form during the Late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> with <a href="/wiki/Epeirogenic_movement" title="Epeirogenic movement">epeirogenic movement</a> in the region, with the start of the faulting phase beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and continuing into the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early</a> to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> (23–11.6 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Ma</a>), there was a change in plate motions, and rifting stopped in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez_Rift" title="Gulf of Suez Rift">Gulf of Suez Rift</a>. The initial phase of northward propagation reached as far as southernmost Lebanon and was followed by a period in the Late Miocene where continuing displacement across the plate boundary was taken up mainly by shortening in the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_fold_belt" title="Palmyra fold belt">Palmyra fold belt</a>. A total displacement of 64 km has been estimated for this early phase of motion. In the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> the DST propagated northwards once more through Lebanon into northwestern Syria before reaching the <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brew_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brew-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sections">Sections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_section">Southern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southern section of the DST is about 400 km long, extending from the spreading center in the Red Sea at southern end of the Gulf of Aqaba to just north of the Hula basin in southernmost Lebanon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_of_Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gulf of Aqaba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> was created by movement on four left-stepping <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip fault</a> segments in a diagonal stepwise sequence known as <a href="/wiki/Echelon_formation" title="Echelon formation">echelon formation</a>. In the areas where these segments overlap, pull-apart basins have developed, forming three bathymetric lows known as the Daka Deep, the Aragonese Deep and the Elat Deep. Parts of three of these faults ruptured during the <a href="/wiki/1995_Gulf_of_Aqaba_earthquake" title="1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake">1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wadi_Arabah">Wadi Arabah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wadi Arabah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Wadi Arabah (Arava Valley)</a> segment of the DST extends for about 160 km from the Gulf of Aqaba to the southern end of the Dead Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Klinger_2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klinger_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have further broken down this segment, recognising two separate segments, Avrona and Arava. The Avrona fault extends from the northern part of the Gulf of Aqaba for about 50 km along the Arava Valley. The Arava fault runs from just north of the Avrona fault segment for about 100 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Makovsky_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makovsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A slip rate of 4 ±2 mm per year has been estimated from the offset of gullies across the fault. Four major earthquakes are well documented to have occurred due to movement on this fault in the last 1,000 years, in <a href="/wiki/1068_Near_East_earthquake" title="1068 Near East earthquake">1068</a>, 1212, 1293 and 1458.<sup id="cite_ref-Klinger_2000a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klinger_2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dead_Sea_basin">Dead Sea basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dead Sea basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dead Sea is formed in a <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart basin</a> due to the left-stepping offset between the Wadi Arabah and Jordan Valley segments. The part of the basin with a sedimentary fill of more than 2 km is 150 km long and 15–17 km wide in its central part. In the north, the fill reaches its maximum thickness of about 10 km. The sequence includes <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> fluvial <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazeva_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazeva Formation (page does not exist)">Hazeva Formation</a> overlain by a sequence of Late Miocene to early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedom_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedom Formation (page does not exist)">Sedom Formation</a>, and a lacustrine to fluvial sequence of Pliocene to recent age.<sup id="cite_ref-Garfunkel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfunkel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dead Sea basin is of particular interest due to its title as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level" title="List of places on land with elevations below sea level">lowest land-based elevation</a> on Earth. Other qualities that make the Dead Sea basin unique is the apparent lack of earthquakes in the middle of the basin, an occurrence that is common amongst pull-apart basins as the <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a> tries to accommodate the left-stepping offset, a process that could be described as the fault trying to smooth itself into a more linear feature with no step-overs. The earthquakes are also much deeper than other transform earthquakes throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basin also has a very low heat flow compared to other strike-slip faults like the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a>. A hypothesis of why the Dead Sea basin has unique earthquake locations, earthquake depths, and a lower heat flow is the "drop-down" or damage <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a> hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis states that a heavy magmatic piece of <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> has lodged itself in the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Moho</a> boundary near the center of the Dead Sea, partitioning stress to the edges of the basin and allowing deeper earthquakes. This could explain the <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedron" title="Rhombohedron">rhombohedral</a> shape of the Dead Sea and the exceptional depth of the basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan_Valley_fault">Jordan Valley fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jordan Valley fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg/400px-Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg/600px-Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg/800px-Jordan_Valley_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8764" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Jordan Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan valley">Jordan valley</a> segment of the DST, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>, runs for about 100 km from the northwestern part of the Dead Sea to the southeastern part of the Sea of Galilee along the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>. A slip rate of between 4.7 and 5.1 mm per year has been estimated over the last 47,500 years. The entire segment is thought to have ruptured during the <a href="/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake" title="749 Galilee earthquake">earthquake of 749</a> and <a href="/wiki/1033_Jordan_Rift_Valley_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake">again in 1033</a>, the most recent major earthquake along this structure. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000013-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a>~7.4.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marco_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marco-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_of_Galilee_basin">Sea of Galilee basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sea of Galilee basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sea of Galilee Basin or <a href="/wiki/Moshavat_Kinneret" title="Moshavat Kinneret">Kinneret</a> Basin is a pull apart formed between Jordan valley fault along its eastern edge and a set of smaller faults to the north. The central site of the basin's deepest sedimentary fill (its "depocentre" in geologists' jargon) lies on the eastern side, against the continuation of the Jordan valley fault. The thickness of the fill is estimated as 3 km down to the deepest mapped seismic reflection, correlated with the top of a <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> layer that was extruded about four million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwitz_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwitz-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korazim_Plateau">Korazim Plateau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Korazim Plateau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korazim_Plateau" title="Korazim Plateau">Korazim Plateau</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hula_basin">Hula basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hula basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hula pull-apart basin lies to the north of the Sea of Galilee basin and is formed between several short fault segments. The currently active part of the basin is relatively narrow.<sup id="cite_ref-Marco_2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marco_2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hula Western Border Fault defines the western side of the basin and splays to the north into several faults, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roum,_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roum, Lebanon (page does not exist)">Roum</a> fault and the <a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammouneh</a> fault. The Hula Eastern Border Fault continues northwards from the northeastern part of the Sea of Galilee, forming the eastern edge of the basin and linking eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Rachaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachaya">Rachaya</a> fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberger_2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberger_2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon_restraining_bend">Lebanon restraining bend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lebanon restraining bend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DST splays within the area of the <a href="/wiki/Transpression#Restraining_bend" title="Transpression">restraining bend</a>, with several distinct active fault segments recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberger_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romieh_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romieh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homberg_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberg-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daeron_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daeron-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaafar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaafar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yammouneh_fault">Yammouneh fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yammouneh fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yammouneh fault is the main fault strand within the Lebanon restraining bend, carrying most of the plate boundary displacement. It is SSW-NNE trending and runs for about 170 km from the northwestern end of the Hula Basin to its junction with the Missyaf Fault. It has been the location of several major historical earthquakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/1202_Syria_earthquake" title="1202 Syria earthquake">1202 Syria event</a>. The estimated average slip rate along the Yammouneh fault is 4.0 to 5.5 mm per year, with a major earthquake recurrence interval of 1020 to 1175 years. There have been no major earthquakes since that in 1202.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemer_2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemer_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roum_fault">Roum fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roum fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roum fault branches away from the Yammouneh fault at the northwestern part of the Hula Basin. It can be traced from there northwards for about 35 km before becoming indistinct. Movement on this fault has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">1837 Galilee earthquake</a>. A slip-rate of 0.86–1.05 mm per year has been estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rachaya-Serghaya_faults">Rachaya-Serghaya faults</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rachaya-Serghaya faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fault zone comprises two main fault strands, the Rachaya and <a href="/wiki/Serghaya" title="Serghaya">Serghaya</a> faults. The Serghaya fault branches off the Hula Eastern Border Fault, continuing northeastwards to the south of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> into the Anti-Lebanon range where it becomes SSW-NNE trending.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007a_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fault has a slip rate of about 1.4 mm per year. Movement on this fault is thought to be responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">November 1759 earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemer_2008_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemer_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rachaya fault also branches off the Hula Eastern Border Fault, trending SSW-NNE, passing to the north of Mount Hermon. No slip rate has yet been estimated for this fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007a_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rachaya fault is the interpreted location of the October 1759 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemer_2008_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemer_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_section">Northern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern section of the DST extends from the northern end of the Yammouneh fault up to the triple junction with the East Anatolian Fault. The over all deformation style is <a href="/wiki/Transpression" title="Transpression">transpressional</a>, in keeping with the relative plate motions as determined from GPS measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missyaf_fault">Missyaf fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Missyaf fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fault segment, also known as the Ghab fault, runs for about 70 km from the northern end of the Yammouneh fault into the Ghab basin. The estimated slip rate for this segment is 6.9 mm per year. Major historical earthquakes interpreted to have occurred along this structure include the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a>>7 events in <a href="/wiki/115_Antioch_earthquake" title="115 Antioch earthquake">AD 115</a> and <a href="/wiki/1170_Syria_earthquake" title="1170 Syria earthquake">1170</a>. No major earthquakes have been recorded since 1170, suggesting that such an event is overdue.<sup id="cite_ref-Meghraoui_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meghraoui-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghab_basin">Ghab basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ghab basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ghab basin was formed in the Pliocene and is interpreted to be a pull-apart basin formed due to the overlap at the left-stepping offset between the Missyaf fault and the Hacıpaşa fault. The basin is about 60 km long and 15 km wide. Based on the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">seismic reflection data</a> and a single well penetration (Ghab-1) the fill of the basin is thought to be entirely Pliocene to recent in age. There are two main depocentres in the basin at the northern and southern end, separated by an intrabasinal high.<sup id="cite_ref-Brew_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brew-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hacıpaşa_fault"><span id="Hac.C4.B1pa.C5.9Fa_fault"></span>Hacıpaşa fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hacıpaşa fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hacıpaşa fault extends from the Ghab basin into the <a href="/wiki/Amik_Valley" title="Amik Valley">Amik basin</a>. It is thought to carry the bulk of the plate boundary displacement linking through on to the Karasu fault. Major earthquakes in 1408 and <a href="/wiki/1872_Amik_earthquake" title="1872 Amik earthquake">1872</a> have been linked to movement on this fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Karabacak_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karabacak-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyuz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyuz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karasu_fault">Karasu fault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Karasu fault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Karasu fault or Amanos fault has SW-NE trend and represents part of the transition from the DST to the East Anatolian Fault. It has an estimated slip rate of 1.0 to 1.6 mm per year for the whole <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahmoud_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahmoud-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yurtmen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yurtmen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tatar_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatar-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February 2023, a M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">7.8 earthquake</a> ruptured the Karasu fault, together with the Pazarcık and Erkenek segments of the <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karasu fault also ruptured during M<sub>w</sub>  7.5 and M<sub>w</sub>  7.2 earthquakes in 521 and <a href="/wiki/1872_Amik_earthquake" title="1872 Amik earthquake">1872</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Akyuz2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyuz2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Levant" title="List of earthquakes in the Levant">List of earthquakes in the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a> (geographical concept)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gomez_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez_2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGomez,_F.,_Karam,_G.,_Khawlie,_M.,_McClusky_S.,_Vernant_P.,_Reilinger_R.,_Jaafar_R.,_Tabet_C.,_Khair_K.,_and_Barazangi_M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez, F., Karam, G., Khawlie, M., McClusky S., Vernant P., Reilinger R., Jaafar R., Tabet C., Khair K., and Barazangi M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03328.x">"Global Positioning System measurements of strain accumulation and slip transfer through the restraining bend along the Dead Sea fault system in Lebanon"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>168</b> (3): 1021–1028. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoJI.168.1021G">2007GeoJI.168.1021G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03328.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03328.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F36424">1885/36424</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Global+Positioning+System+measurements+of+strain+accumulation+and+slip+transfer+through+the+restraining+bend+along+the+Dead+Sea+fault+system+in+Lebanon&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1021-1028&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F36424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03328.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoJI.168.1021G&rft.au=Gomez%2C+F.%2C+Karam%2C+G.%2C+Khawlie%2C+M.%2C+McClusky+S.%2C+Vernant+P.%2C+Reilinger+R.%2C+Jaafar+R.%2C+Tabet+C.%2C+Khair+K.%2C+and+Barazangi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.2006.03328.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Transform" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadeh_etal_2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sadeh_etal_2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadehHamielZivBock2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeh, M.; Hamiel, Y.; Ziv, A.; Bock, Y.; Fang, P.; Wdowinski, S. (2012). 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Serdar; Altunel, Erhan; Karabacak, Volkan; Yalciner, Caglar (2006). "Historical earthquake activity of the northern part of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, southern Turkey". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>426</b> (3–4): 281–293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Tectp.426..281A">2006Tectp.426..281A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2006.08.005">10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Historical+earthquake+activity+of+the+northern+part+of+the+Dead+Sea+Fault+Zone%2C+southern+Turkey&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=281-293&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2006.08.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Tectp.426..281A&rft.aulast=Akyuz&rft.aufirst=H.+Serdar&rft.au=Altunel%2C+Erhan&rft.au=Karabacak%2C+Volkan&rft.au=Yalciner%2C+Caglar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Transform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121130000623/http://192.116.243.250/html/ground/GravityNew/DeadSeaStudy.html">Dead Sea transform (DST) study</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmreDuman2004" class="citation cs2">Emre, O.; Duman, T. Y. (December 2004), "The East Anatolian Fault: Structural pattern and relationship with the Dead Sea Transform", <i>AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts</i>, <b>2007</b>: T42B–01, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.T42B..01E">2004AGUFM.T42B..01E</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AGU+Fall+Meeting+Abstracts&rft.atitle=The+East+Anatolian+Fault%3A+Structural+pattern+and+relationship+with+the+Dead+Sea+Transform&rft.volume=2007&rft.pages=T42B-01&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AGUFM.T42B..01E&rft.aulast=Emre&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Duman%2C+T.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Transform" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_Transform&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro-PerdomoViltresMassonKlinger2021" class="citation journal cs1">Castro-Perdomo, Nicolás; Viltres, Renier; Masson, Frédéric; Klinger, Y.; Liu, S.; Dhahry, M.; Ulrich, P.; Bernard, J.; Matrau, R.; Alothman, A.; Zahran, H.; Reilinger, R.; Mai, P. M.; Jónsson, S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgji%2Fggab353">"Interseismic deformation in the gulf of aqaba from GPS measurements"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>228</b>: 477–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgji%2Fggab353">10.1093/gji/ggab353</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F670810">10754/670810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X">0956-540X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Interseismic+deformation+in+the+gulf+of+aqaba+from+GPS+measurements&rft.volume=228&rft.pages=477-492&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F670810&rft.issn=0956-540X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgji%2Fggab353&rft.aulast=Castro-Perdomo&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%A1s&rft.au=Viltres%2C+Renier&rft.au=Masson%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Klinger%2C+Y.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.&rft.au=Dhahry%2C+M.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+P.&rft.au=Bernard%2C+J.&rft.au=Matrau%2C+R.&rft.au=Alothman%2C+A.&rft.au=Zahran%2C+H.&rft.au=Reilinger%2C+R.&rft.au=Mai%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=J%C3%B3nsson%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgji%252Fggab353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Transform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZohar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zohar, Motti (2019). "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Seismic Activity Associated with the Dead Sea Transform (DST) during the Past 3000 Yr". <i>Seismological Research Letters</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 207–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0220190124">10.1785/0220190124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-0695">0895-0695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210629311">210629311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seismological+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Temporal+and+Spatial+Patterns+of+Seismic+Activity+Associated+with+the+Dead+Sea+Transform+%28DST%29+during+the+Past+3000+Yr&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=207-221&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210629311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0895-0695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1785%2F0220190124&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Motti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADead+Sea+Transform" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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