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id="toc-Paleo-Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mound_builders_and_pueblos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mound_builders_and_pueblos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Mound builders and pueblos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mound_builders_and_pueblos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_and_northeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_and_northeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Northwest and northeast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_and_northeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Hawaiians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Hawaiians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Native Hawaiians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Hawaiians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Puerto Rico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonization_(1075–1754)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization_(1075–1754)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 European colonization (1075–1754) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_colonization_(1075–1754)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle European colonization (1075–1754) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-European_colonization_(1075–1754)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norse_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Norse exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Spanish contact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_mid-Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_mid-Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Dutch mid-Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_mid-Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Swedish settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 French and Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 British colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_settlement_in_Jamestown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlement_in_Jamestown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 First settlement in Jamestown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlement_in_Jamestown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 New England Colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Middle Colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Southern Colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servitude_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servitude_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Servitude and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Servitude_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_period_(1754–1793)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_period_(1754–1793)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Revolutionary period (1754–1793) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutionary_period_(1754–1793)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolutionary period (1754–1793) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_period_(1754–1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lead-up_to_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead-up_to_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lead-up to the Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead-up_to_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederation_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederation_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Confederation period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederation_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_republic_(1793–1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_republic_(1793–1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early republic (1793–1830) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_republic_(1793–1830)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early republic (1793–1830) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_republic_(1793–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_demand_for_slave_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_demand_for_slave_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Increasing demand for slave labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_demand_for_slave_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Great_Awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Great_Awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Second Great Awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Great_Awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana_and_Jeffersonian_republicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana_and_Jeffersonian_republicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Louisiana and Jeffersonian republicanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana_and_Jeffersonian_republicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_of_Good_Feelings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_Good_Feelings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Era of Good Feelings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_Good_Feelings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_reform_(1830–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_reform_(1830–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expansion and reform (1830–1848) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion_and_reform_(1830–1848)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expansion and reform (1830–1848) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_reform_(1830–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Party_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Party_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Second Party System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Party_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westward_expansion_and_manifest_destiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westward_expansion_and_manifest_destiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Westward expansion and manifest destiny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westward_expansion_and_manifest_destiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1848–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1848–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Civil War and Reconstruction (1848–1877) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1848–1877)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War and Reconstruction (1848–1877) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1848–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions_between_North_and_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_between_North_and_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Divisions between North and South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_between_North_and_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilded_Age_and_the_Progressive_Era_(1877–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilded_Age_and_the_Progressive_Era_(1877–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1877–1914) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gilded_Age_and_the_Progressive_Era_(1877–1914)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1877–1914) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gilded_Age_and_the_Progressive_Era_(1877–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 After Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unions_and_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unions_and_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Unions and strikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unions_and_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Economic growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Imperialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Women's suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_America_and_World_Wars_(1914–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_America_and_World_Wars_(1914–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern America and World Wars (1914–1945) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_America_and_World_Wars_(1914–1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern America and World Wars (1914–1945) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_America_and_World_Wars_(1914–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_interwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_interwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 World War I and the interwar years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_interwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression_and_the_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression_and_the_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Great Depression and the New Deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression_and_the_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_America_(1945–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_America_(1945–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Post-war America (1945–1981) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_America_(1945–1981)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war America (1945–1981) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_America_(1945–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_boom_and_the_beginning_of_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_boom_and_the_beginning_of_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Economic boom and the beginning of the Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_boom_and_the_beginning_of_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truman_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truman_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Truman administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truman_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisenhower_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisenhower_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Eisenhower administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisenhower_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_unrest_and_social_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_unrest_and_social_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Civil unrest and social reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_unrest_and_social_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kennedy_and_Johnson_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_and_Johnson_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Kennedy and Johnson administrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_and_Johnson_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_and_counterculture_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_and_counterculture_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Civil rights and counterculture movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_and_counterculture_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Nixon administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ford_and_Carter_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ford_and_Carter_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Ford and Carter administrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ford_and_Carter_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_America_(1981–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_America_(1981–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Contemporary America (1981–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_America_(1981–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary America (1981–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_America_(1981–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reagan_and_George_H.W._Bush_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_and_George_H.W._Bush_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_and_George_H.W._Bush_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinton_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinton_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Clinton administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinton_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_W._Bush_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_W._Bush_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 George W. Bush administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_W._Bush_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Obama administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 First term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Trump administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biden_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biden_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Biden administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biden_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_die_Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Geskiedenis van die Verenigde State van Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van die Verenigde State van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Historia d'Estaos Xuníos d'América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia d'Estaos Xuníos d'América" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_tarixi" title="ABŞ tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_%C3%AA_le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Bí-kok ê le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok ê le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="АҠШ тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="АҠШ тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Гісторыя ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="История на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_dels_Estats_Units" title="Història dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Dějiny Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Hanes yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_historie" title="USA's historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Historia de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Usono" title="Historio de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_historia" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تاریخ ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikonsk_s%C3%B8ga" title="Amerikonsk søga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amerikonsk søga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Histoire des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiednis_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten" title="Skiednis fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiednis fan de Feriene Steaten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Historia dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia dos Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="미국의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin_Amurka" title="Tarihin Amurka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarihin Amurka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգների պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգների պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Povijest Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Usa" title="Historio di Usa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Usa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Amerika_Serikat" title="Sejarah Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_Statos_Unite_de_America" title="Historia del Statos Unite de America – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia del Statos Unite de America" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Sajarah Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sajarah Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აშშ-ის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Marekani" title="Historia ya Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istw%C3%A8_di_s%C3%A9_%C3%89tazini" title="Istwè di sé Étazini – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istwè di sé Étazini" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Америка Кошмо Штаттары тарыхы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Америка Кошмо Штаттары тарыхы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Historia Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Civitatum Foederatarum Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_v%C4%93sture" title="ASV vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_istorija" title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Историја на САД – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на САД" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantaran%27_i_Etazonia" title="Tantaran' i Etazonia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantaran' i Etazonia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ააშ-იშ ისტორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ააშ-იშ ისტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Sejarah Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_ls_Stados_Ounidos_de_la_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Stória de ls Stados Ounidos de la América – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de ls Stados Ounidos de la América" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын түүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын түүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသမိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသမိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_historie" title="USAs historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari_tarixi" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87" title="د متحده ايالاتو تاريخچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ايالاتو تاريخچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri_a_di_Yunaitid_Stiet" title="Ischri a di Yunaitid Stiet – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ischri a di Yunaitid Stiet" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Historia Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="História dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="История США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/a_laylay_nu_Amilika" title="a laylay nu Amilika – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="a laylay nu Amilika" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara_t%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Shteteve të Bashkuara të Amerikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Shteteve të Bashkuara të Amerikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="අමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Dejiny Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Spojených štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Zgodovina Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مێژووی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Историја Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_historia" title="Yhdysvaltain historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=History_of_the_United_States">reviewed</a> on 26 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"American history" redirects here. For the history of the continents, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_(%2Boverseas),_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_(zoom).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/300px-United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/450px-United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg/600px-United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Current territories of the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> was given independence in 1994</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234909266">.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar{width:22.0em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;background-clip:padding-box}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline and periods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of the lands that became the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> began with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">the first people in the Americas</a> around 15,000 BC. After <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization of North America">European colonization of North America</a> began in the late 15th century, wars and epidemics decimated Indigenous societies. Starting in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">1585</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">colonized</a> the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic Coast</a>, and by the 1760s, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_British_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen British colonies">thirteen British colonies</a> were established. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a> built an agricultural system on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaving millions from Africa</a>. After <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">defeating France</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> imposed a series of taxes; resistance to these taxes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773, led to Parliament issuing the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> designed to end self-government. In 1776, the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">declared its independence</a>. Led by General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, it won the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> in 1783. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> was adopted in 1789, and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> was added in 1791 to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable rights">inalienable rights</a>. Washington, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>, and his adviser <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> created a strong central government. The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803 doubled the size of the country. Encouraged by available, inexpensive land and the notion of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, the country expanded to the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific Coast</a>. The resulting expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial, and fueled political and constitutional battles. After the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">as president in 1860</a>, the southern states <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">seceded</a> from the Union to form the pro-slavery <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and started the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. The Confederates' defeat in 1865 led to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">abolition of slavery</a>. In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, the national government emerged much stronger, and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">gained explicit duty to protect individual rights</a>. White southern Democrats regained their political power in the South in 1877, often using paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">suppression of voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, as well as new <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a> that legalized racial discrimination. The United States became the world's leading industrial power in the 20th century, largely due to entrepreneurship, <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">industrialization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers</a>. A national railroad network was completed, and large-scale mines and factories were established. Dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency, and traditional politics stimulated the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive movement</a>, leading to reforms including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal income tax">federal income tax</a>, direct election of Senators, citizenship for many Indigenous people, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">alcohol prohibition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a>. Initially neutral during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">declared war on Germany</a> in 1917, joining the successful <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. After the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs, including unemployment relief and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">social security</a>, defined <a href="/wiki/Modern_American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern American liberalism">modern American liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilkis-1">[1]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, helping defeat <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="European theater">European theater</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, America defeated <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> after using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. The United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> emerged as rival <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>; the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, propaganda campaigns, and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. In the 1960s, in large part due to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, social reforms enforced the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African Americans. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s presidency realigned American politics towards reductions in taxes and regulations. The Cold War ended when the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991</a>, leaving the United States as the world's sole superpower. Foreign policy <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">after the Cold War</a> has often focused on <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">many conflicts in the Middle East</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. In the 21st century, the country was negatively affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_inhabitants">Indigenous inhabitants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indigenous inhabitants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Geological history of North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/220px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/330px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png/440px-Peopling_of_America_through_Beringia.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Approximate location of the ice-free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites (<a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis theory</a>)</figcaption></figure> It is not definitively known how or when Native Americans first <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">settled the Americas</a>. The prevailing theory proposes that people from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> followed <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> across <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> that connected <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to present-day <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>, and then spread southward. This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and continued to about 10,000 years ago, when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Cohen,_and_Bailey6-3">[3]</a> These early inhabitants, called <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, soon diversified into hundreds of culturally distinct groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleo-Indians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian North America">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_cultural_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North_American_cultural_areas.png/220px-North_American_cultural_areas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North_American_cultural_areas.png/330px-North_American_cultural_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North_American_cultural_areas.png/440px-North_American_cultural_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian North America">pre-Columbian North America</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" title="Alfred Kroeber">Alfred Kroeber</a></figcaption></figure> By 10,000 BCE, humans were relatively well-established throughout North America. Originally, Paleo-Indians hunted Ice Age <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, but as they began to go extinct, people turned instead to <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> as a food source, and later foraging for berries and seeds became an important alternative to hunting. Paleo-Indians in central Mexico were the first in the Americas to farm, around 8,000 BCE. Eventually, the knowledge began to spread northward. By 3,000 BCE, corn was being grown in the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, followed by primitive <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems and, by 300 BCE, early villages of the <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenault-5">[5]</a> One of the earlier cultures in the present-day United States was the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> (9,100 to 8,850 BCE), who are primarily identified by the use of fluted <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> points called the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Folsom_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folsom culture">Folsom culture</a> was similar, but is marked by the use of the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a>. A later migration around 8,000 BCE included <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dene">Na-Dene</a>-speaking peoples, who reached the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> by 5,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> From there, they migrated along the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific Coast</a> and into the interior and constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used only seasonally in the summer to hunt and fish, and in the winter to gather food supplies.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Another group, the <a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a> people, who lived from 5,500 BCE to 600 CE, were part of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Southwest" title="Archaic Southwest">Archaic Southwest</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mound_builders_and_pueblos">Mound builders and pueblos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mound builders and pueblos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/220px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/330px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/440px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>) in summer</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> began constructing large <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork</a> mounds around 600 BCE. They are the earliest known people to have been <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a>, however, there are <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> in the United States that predate this culture. <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a> is an 11-mound complex in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> that dates to 3,500 BCE, and nearby <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point culture</a>, is an earthwork complex that dates to 1,700 BCE. These mounds likely served a religious purpose. The Adenans were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a>, a powerful people who traded tools and goods across a wide territory. They continued the Adena tradition of mound-building and pioneered a trading system called the Hopewell Exchange System, which at its greatest extent ran from the present-day Southeast up to the Canadian side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> By 500 CE, the Hopewellians had been absorbed into the larger <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>. The Mississippians were a broad group of tribes. Their most important city was <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. At its peak in the 12th century, the city had an estimated population of 20,000, larger than the population of London at the time. The entire city was centered around a <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">mound</a> that stood 100 feet (30 m) tall. Cahokia, like many other cities and villages of the time, depended on hunting, foraging, trading, and agriculture, and developed a class system with slaves and human sacrifice that was influenced by societies to the south, like the <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anasazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazi">Anasazi</a> began constructing stone and adobe pueblos around 900 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-eb-9">[9]</a> These apartment-like structures were often built into cliff faces, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Palace" title="Cliff Palace">Cliff Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa Verde">Mesa Verde</a>. Some grew to be the size of cities, with <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_River" title="Chaco River">Chaco River</a> in New Mexico once consisting of 800 rooms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_and_northeast">Northwest and northeast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northwest and northeast">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/220px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/330px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/440px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>The K'alyaan <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at <a href="/wiki/Sitka_National_Historical_Park" title="Sitka National Historical Park">Sitka National Historical Park</a> to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest</a> were likely the most affluent Native Americans. Many distinct cultural groups and political entities developed there, but they all shared certain beliefs, traditions, and practices, such as the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> as a resource and spiritual symbol. Permanent villages began to develop in this region as early as 1,000 BCE, and these communities celebrated by the gift-giving feast of the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a>. In present-day <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> of tribal peoples in the mid-15th century, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooker107–128-12">[12]</a> Each tribe had seats in a group of 50 <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachem chiefs</a>. It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the United States government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Iroquois were powerful, waging war with many neighboring tribes, and later, Europeans. As their territory expanded, smaller tribes were forced further west, including the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooker107–128-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Native Hawaiians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></div> The exact date for the settling of Hawaii is disputed but the first settlement most likely took place between 940 and 1130 CE.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Around 1200 CE, <a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a> explorers found and began settling the area as well establishing a new caste system. This marked the rise of the Hawaiian civilization, which would be largely separated from the rest of the world until the arrival of the British 600 years later.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Europeans under the British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and within five years of contact, European military technology would help <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a> conquer most of the island group, and eventually unify the islands for the first time, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">History of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a></div> The island of Puerto Rico has been settled for at least 4,000 years. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortoiroid culture">Ortoiroid culture</a>, successive generations of native migrations arrived replacing or absorbing local populations. By the year 1000 <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> people had arrived from South America via the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>; these settlers would become the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> encountered by the Spanish in 1493. Upon European contact a native population between 30,000 and 60,000 was likely, led by a single chief called a <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Cacique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rouse_1992-19">[19]</a> Colonization resulted in the decimation of the local inhabitants due to the harsh <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a> system and epidemics caused by Old World diseases. Puerto Rico would remain a part of Spain until American annexation in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Rouse_1992-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_colonization_(1075–1754)">European colonization (1075–1754)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European colonization (1075–1754)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor,_by_William_Halsall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/220px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/330px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/440px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a> in Plymouth Harbor. <a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carracks</a> brought the first Europeans to the Americas.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_exploration">Norse exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norse exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></div> The earliest recorded European mention of America is in a <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">treatise</a> by the medieval chronicler <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, circa 1075, where it is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[a]</a> It is also extensively referred to in the Norse <a href="/wiki/Vinland_sagas" title="Vinland sagas">Vinland sagas</a>. The strongest archaeological evidence of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> settlements in America is located in Canada; there is significant scholarly debate as to whether Norse explorers also made landfall in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlements">Early settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></div> Europeans brought horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and took back maize, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a> to Europe. Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas. However, the effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists, especially smallpox and measles, were much worse for the Native Americans, as they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to them. They <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">suffered epidemics</a> and died in very large numbers, usually before large-scale European settlement began. Their societies were disrupted by the scale of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_contact">Spanish contact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spanish contact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish explorers</a> were the first Europeans, after the Norse, to reach the present-day United States, after the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">voyages of Christopher Columbus</a> (beginning in 1492) established <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">possessions in the Caribbean</a>, including the modern-day <a href="/wiki/U.S._territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territories">U.S. territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> in 1513.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Spanish expeditions quickly reached the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay-27">[26]</a> In 1539, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> extensively explored the Southeast,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay-27">[26]</a> and a year later <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Coronado">Francisco Coronado</a> explored from Arizona to central Kansas in search of gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay-27">[26]</a> Escaped horses from Coronado's party spread over the Great Plains, and the Plains Indians mastered horsemanship within a few generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities, such as <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a>, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_mid-Atlantic">Dutch mid-Atlantic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dutch mid-Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonization of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_(New_York)_print_c1626.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg/220px-Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg/330px-Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg/440px-Fort_New_Amsterdam_on_the_Manhatans_%28New_York%29_print_c1626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in c. 1626</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> sent explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a> to search for a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> to Asia in 1609. <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> was established in 1621 by the company to capitalize on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>. Growth was slow at first due to mismanagement by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a> and Native American conflicts. After the Dutch purchased the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> from the Native Americans, the land was named <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> and became the capital of New Netherland. The town rapidly expanded and in the mid-1600s it became an important trading center. Despite being <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> and building the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>, the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures and traded with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs-29">[28]</a> The colony served as a barrier to British expansion from <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England</a>, and as a result a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">series of wars</a> were fought. The colony was taken over by Britain as <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> in 1664 and its capital was renamed New York City. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedish_settlement">Swedish settlement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Swedish settlement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG/220px-Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG/330px-Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG/440px-Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C._A._Nothnagle_Log_House" title="C. A. Nothnagle Log House">Nothnagle Log House</a>, the oldest wooden building in the United States</figcaption></figure> In the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Swedish Empire</a>, Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New Sweden Company">New Sweden Company</a> to trade furs and tobacco in North America. The company's first expedition was led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a>, who had been governor of New Netherland from 1626 to 1631, and landed in <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a> in March 1638. The settlers founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Christina" title="Fort Christina">Fort Christina</a> at the site of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>, and made treaties with Indigenous peoples for land ownership on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[30]</a> Over the following seventeen years, 12 more expeditions brought settlers from the Swedish Empire to New Sweden. The colony established 19 permanent settlements along with many farms, extending into modern-day <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. It was incorporated into New Netherland in 1655 after a Dutch invasion from the neighboring New Netherland colony during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_and_Spanish">French and Spanish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French and Spanish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pablo_Bastion,_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/220px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/330px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/440px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5643" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>The San Pablo Bastion (completed by 1683) of the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Castillo de San Marcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, Florida</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> landed in North Carolina in 1524, and was the first European to sail into <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>. In the 1540s, French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> settled at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a>, Florida. In 1565, Spanish forces led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Menéndez">Pedro Menéndez</a> destroyed the settlement and established the first Spanish settlement in what would become the United States — <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>. Most French lived in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (modern Canada), but far-reaching trade relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest spread their influence. French colonists in small villages along the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois</a> rivers lived in farming communities that served as a grain source for Gulf Coast settlements. The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonies">British colonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British colonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></div> The English, drawn in by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>'s raids on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure ships</a> leaving the New World, settled the strip of land along the east coast in the 1600s. The first British colony in North America was established at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> in 1585, but failed. It would be twenty years before another attempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> The early British colonies were established by private groups seeking profit, and were marked by starvation, disease, and Native American attacks. Many immigrants were people seeking religious freedom or escaping political oppression, peasants displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, or those simply seeking adventure and opportunity. Between the late 1610s and the Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In some areas, Native Americans taught colonists how to plant and harvest the native crops. In others, they attacked the settlers. Virgin forests provided an ample supply of building material and firewood. Natural inlets and harbors lined the coast, providing easy ports for essential trade with Europe. Settlements remained close to the coast due to this as well as Native American resistance and the Appalachian Mountains in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_settlement_in_Jamestown">First settlement in Jamestown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First settlement in Jamestown">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/220px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/330px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/440px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622" title="Indian massacre of 1622">Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers</a> in 1622. Soon the colonists in Virginia feared all natives as enemies.</figcaption></figure> The first successful English colony, <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, was established by the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company</a> in 1607 on the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The colonists were preoccupied with the search for gold and were ill-equipped for life in the New World. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> held the fledgling Jamestown together in the first year, and the colony descended into anarchy and nearly failed when he returned to England two years later. <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> began experimenting with tobacco from the West Indies in 1612, and by 1614 the first shipment arrived in London. It became Virginia's chief source of revenue within a decade. In 1624, after years of disease and Indian attacks, including the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_attack_of_1622" class="mw-redirect" title="Powhatan attack of 1622">Powhatan attack of 1622</a>, King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England_Colonies">New England Colonies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New England Colonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/220px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/330px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg/440px-Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth, 1914, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Hall_Museum" title="Pilgrim Hall Museum">Pilgrim Hall Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> was initially settled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> fleeing religious persecution. The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> sailed for Virginia on the Mayflower in 1620, but were knocked off course by a storm and landed at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a>, where they agreed to a social contract of rules in the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a>. About half died in the first winter.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Like Jamestown, Plymouth suffered from disease and starvation, but local <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a> Indians taught the colonists how to farm maize. Plymouth was followed by the Puritans and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> in 1630. They maintained a charter for self-government separate from England, and elected founder <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a> as governor. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> opposed Winthrop's treatment of Native Americans and religious intolerance, and established the colony of <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a>, on the basis of freedom of religion. Other colonists established settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> Valley, and on the coasts of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. Native American attacks continued, with the most significant occurring in the 1637 <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> and the 1675 <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. New England became a center of commerce and industry due to the poor, mountainous soil making agriculture difficult. Rivers were harnessed to power grain mills and sawmills, and the numerous harbors facilitated trade. Tight-knit villages developed around these industrial centers, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> became one of America's most important ports. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Colonies">Middle Colonies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Colonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Treaty of Penn with Indians in the province of Pennsylvania by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1660s, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> were established in the former Dutch New Netherland, and were characterized by a large degree of ethnic and religious diversity. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> of New York, strengthened by years of fur trading with Europeans, formed the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. The last colony in this region was <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, established in 1681 by <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> as a home for religious dissenters, including <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton_and_Lombard-34">[33]</a> The capital of the colony, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, became a dominant commercial center in a few short years. While Quakers populated the city, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> immigrants began to flood into the Pennsylvanian hills and forests, while the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> pushed into the far western frontier. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Colonies">Southern Colonies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Southern Colonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg/220px-Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg/330px-Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg/440px-Gullah_s_carolina_1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="2573" /></a><figcaption>"The Old Plantation," South Carolina, about 1790. <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a> slaves are playing traditional West Africa instruments resisting forced assimilation from the Planation culture.</figcaption></figure> The overwhelmingly rural <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a> contrasted sharply with the New England and Middle Colonies. After Virginia, the second British colony south of New England was <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, established as a Catholic haven in 1632. The economy of these two colonies was built entirely on <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> farmers and planters. The planters established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> region of Virginia, establishing massive <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> with slave labor. In 1670, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> was established, and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> became the region's great trading port. While Virginia's economy was also based on tobacco, Carolina was more diversified, exporting rice, indigo, and lumber as well. In 1712, it was divided in two, creating <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Colony">Georgia Colony</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> in 1732 as a border to Spanish Florida and a reform colony for former prisoners and the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton_and_Lombard-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">History of religion in the United States</a></div> Religiosity expanded greatly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>. American <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and conversions that implanted new believers with an intense love for God. Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic, setting the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in the late 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In the early stages, evangelicals in the South, such as <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptists</a>, preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government">Government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> Each of the American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure. Typically, a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote on taxes and make laws. By the 18th century, the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food. The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain, and attracted a steady flow of immigrants, especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelle185–190-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Servitude_and_slavery">Servitude and slavery</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Servitude and slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indenturecertificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indenturecertificate.jpg/220px-Indenturecertificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Indenturecertificate.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>18th century certificate of indentured servitude. At least 500,000 Europeans arrived in North America as indentured servants. This practice declined after the rise of slavery in the colonies.</figcaption></figure> Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Typically, people would sign a contract agreeing to a set term of labor, usually four to seven years, and in return would receive transport to America and a piece of land at the end of their servitude. In some cases, ships' captains received rewards for the delivery of poor migrants, and so extravagant promises and kidnapping were common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">[4]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">African slaves</a> arrived in 1619.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett_et_al.-38">[37]</a> Initially regarded as indentured servants who could buy their freedom, the institution of slavery began to harden and the involuntary servitude became lifelong<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett_et_al.-38">[37]</a> as the demand for labor on tobacco and rice plantations grew in the 1660s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Slavery became identified with brown skin color, and the children of slave women were born slaves (<a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett_et_al.-38">[37]</a> By the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population. The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers. Those threats were gone by 1765. However, London continued to regard the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country in a policy known as <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelle185–190-36">[35]</a> Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that used forms of <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor">unfree labor</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slavery</a> and indentured servitude. The British colonies were also marked by a policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, known as <a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">salutary neglect</a>. This permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncarta_Online-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/220px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/330px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/440px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</a> settlements in North America in 1750, before the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_period_(1754–1793)">Revolutionary period (1754–1793)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Revolutionary period (1754–1793)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">History of the United States (1776–1789)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead-up_to_the_Revolution">Lead-up to the Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lead-up to the Revolution">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763), part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies. The influence of the French and Native Americans, the main rivals of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> in the colonies and Canada, was significantly reduced and the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> expanded into <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A separate government was established in Canada called the Province of Quebec under the authority of the British Army and Louisiana was given to Spain. The thirteen colonies didn't gain any territory from this war.here (January 2022)">citation needed</a>] The war effort also resulted in greater political integration of the colonies, as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a> and symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s call for the colonies to "<a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die">Join, or Die</a>."<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/220px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/330px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/440px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>An 1846 painting of the 1773 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, to organize the new North American empire and protect the Native Americans from colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains. Strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown. The <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_of_1765" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act of 1765">Stamp Act of 1765</a>, imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures. Crying "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>", the colonists refused to pay.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773 was a direct action to protest the new tax on tea. Parliament responded the next year with the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>, stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self-government and putting it under military rule, which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies. <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> leaders from every colony convened the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> to coordinate their resistance. The Congress called for a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">boycott of British trade</a>, published a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">list of rights and grievances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">petitioned the king</a> to rectify those grievances.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> This appeal had no effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Trumbull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)">Declaration of Independence</a> (1819)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's surprise crossing of the Delaware River</a> in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> voted to declare independence on July 2, 1776. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> presented arguments in favor of the rights of citizens, stating that <a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>, supporting the rights of <a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>, and demanding the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-43">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a> were guided by the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a> of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The Declaration of Independence was <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signed</a> by members of the Congress on July 4.<a href="#cite_note-:02-43">[42]</a> This date has since been <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">commemorated</a> as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> on April 19, 1775.<a href="#cite_note-:22-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was appointed general of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Washington's <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossing of the Delaware River</a> began a series of victories that expelled British forces from New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009101–102-48">[47]</a> The British began the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> in 1777 to capture <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Choke_point" title="Choke point">choke point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> After American <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">victory at Saratoga</a>, France, the Netherlands, and Spain began providing support to the Continental Army.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Britain responded to defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">northern theater</a> by advancing in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">southern theater</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">Capture of Savannah</a> in 1778.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> American forces reclaimed the south in 1781, and the British Army was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> on October 19, 1781.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009110-52">[51]</a> King George III formally ordered the end of hostilities on December 5, 1782, recognizing American independence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on September 3, 1783,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> and was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> on January 14, 1784.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/220px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/330px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/440px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The United States after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, with individual state claims and cessions through 1802</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederation_period">Confederation period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Confederation period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> were ratified as the governing law of the United States, written to limit the powers of the central government in favor of states. This caused <a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">economic decline</a>, as the government was unable to pass economic legislation and pay its debts.<a href="#cite_note-:52-56">[55]</a> Nationalists worried that the <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederate</a> nature of the union was too fragile to withstand an armed conflict with any adversarial states, or even internal revolts such as <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> of 1786 in Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003-57">[56]</a> In the 1780s the western regions were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories. With the migration of settlers to the Northwest, soon they became <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003-57">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> continued in the 1780s as settlers moved west.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Confederacy" title="Northwestern Confederacy">Northwestern Confederacy</a> and American settlers began fighting the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> in the late 1780s; the Northwestern Confederacy received British support, but the settlers received little assistance from the American government.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Nationalists – most of them war veterans – organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a> in 1787. The delegates from every state wrote a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> that created a federal government with a strong president and powers of taxation. The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">individual liberty</a> and of constraining the power of government through <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003-57">[56]</a> The constitution was ratified by a sufficient number of states in 1788 to begin forming a federal government.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_republic_(1793–1830)">Early republic (1793–1830)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Early republic (1793–1830)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GROWTH1850.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GROWTH1850.JPG/220px-GROWTH1850.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GROWTH1850.JPG/330px-GROWTH1850.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GROWTH1850.JPG/440px-GROWTH1850.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Economic growth in America per capita income. Index with 1700 set as 100.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">History of the United States (1789–1815)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a> chose George Washington as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally to Washington, D.C., in 1800. The major accomplishment of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Administration">Washington Administration</a> was creating a strong national government that was recognized by all Americans.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> His government, following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, assumed the debts of the states, created the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a>, and set up a uniform system of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure. To support his programs Hamilton created the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>. To assuage the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a> who feared a too-powerful central government, the Congress adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> in 1791, which guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> formed an opposition Republican Party (usually called the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>). Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> that reestablished good relations with Britain. The Jeffersonians vehemently protested, and the voters aligned behind one party or the other, thus setting up the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-65">[64]</a> The treaty passed, but politics became intensely heated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller-66">[65]</a> Serious challenges to the new federal government included the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a>, and the 1794 <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>, in which western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesson_Plan_on_Washington-67">[66]</a> Washington refused to serve more than two terms – setting a precedent.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, a Federalist, defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election. War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>, build up a large army with Hamilton at the head, and prepare for a French invasion. However, the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> of 1798.<a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_demand_for_slave_labor">Increasing demand for slave labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Increasing demand for slave labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia (by <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)" title="Eyre Crowe (painter)">Eyre Crowe</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War, there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">freed blacks</a>. Inspired by revolutionary ideals of equality and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery, northern states abolished slavery. States of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> made <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> easier, resulting in an increase in the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Free_blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Free blacks">free blacks</a> in the Upper South (as a percentage of the total non-white population) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810. By that date, a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In 1807, with four million slaves already in the United States, Congress severed the U.S.'s involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Great_Awakening">Second Great Awakening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Second Great Awakening">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_meeting.jpg/220px-Camp_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_meeting.jpg/330px-Camp_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camp_meeting.jpg/440px-Camp_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting (by H. Bridport, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circa">c.</a> 1829)</figcaption></figure> The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected virtually all of society during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements – including <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana_and_Jeffersonian_republicanism">Louisiana and Jeffersonian republicanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Louisiana and Jeffersonian republicanism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/220px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/330px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/440px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Territorial expansion; <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in white</figcaption></figure> Jefferson defeated Adams massively for the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 election</a>. Jefferson's major achievement as president was the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803, which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood,_Empire_of_Liberty368–374-74">[73]</a> Jefferson supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Jefferson believed deeply in <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> and argued it should be based on the independent <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> farmer and planter; he distrusted cities, factories and banks. He also distrusted the federal government and judges, and tried to weaken the judiciary. Although the Constitution specified a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, its functions were vague until <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1801–1835), defined them, especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution, first enunciated in 1803 in <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_and_the_French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">The United States and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a></div> Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships' neutral rights to hurt France, the <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> (seizure) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to fight Napoleon, and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a> with the goal of creating a pro-British <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a> to block American expansion westward. They may also have desired to annex all or part of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, although this is still heavily debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_Madison's_War4-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Despite strong opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain, Congress declared war on June 18, 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood,_Empire_of_Liberty-82">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/220px-Battle_erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/330px-Battle_erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/440px-Battle_erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a>'s message to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a> began with: "We have met the enemy and they are ours" (by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Powell">William H. Powell</a>, 1865).<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed. The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed. The British blockade ruined American commerce, bankrupted the Treasury, and further angered New Englanders, who smuggled supplies to Britain. The Americans under General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> finally <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">gained naval control of Lake Erie</a> and defeated the Indians under <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> ended the Indian threat in the Southeast. The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended. The British invaded and occupied much of Maine. The <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">British raided and burned Washington</a>, but were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">repelled at Baltimore</a> in 1814 – where the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">"Star Spangled Banner"</a> was written to celebrate the American success. In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Plattsburgh</a>. Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_War_of_1812-85">[84]</a> Americans claimed victory on February 18, 1815, as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson's victory of New Orleans and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">peace treaty</a> that left the prewar boundaries in place. This "second war of independence" helped lead to an emerging American identity that cemented national pride over state pride.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The War of 1812 also destroyed America's negative perception of a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> as opposed to ill-equipped and poorly-trained militias.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_of_Good_Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Era of Good Feelings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg/220px-Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg/330px-Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg/440px-Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of election-day activities in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (by <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Krimmel" title="John Lewis Krimmel">John Lewis Krimmel</a>, 1815)</figcaption></figure> National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> close down, for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war. With the assistance of foreign bankers, they chartered the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDangerfield-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman56–89-90">[89]</a> The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party, the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans, and the systematic policy of President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> in his two terms (1817–1825) to downplay partisanship, society entered an <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> and closed out the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDangerfield-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman56–89-90">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas. This was a defining moment in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">US foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In 1832, President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> ran for a second term under the slogan "Jackson and no bank" and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank, dissolving the bank in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-North_Carolina_History-92">[91]</a> Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American, and instead implemented publicly owned banks in various states, popularly known as "pet banks".<a href="#cite_note-North_Carolina_History-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_and_reform_(1830–1848)">Expansion and reform (1830–1848)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Expansion and reform (1830–1848)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">History of the United States (1815–1849)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Party_System">Second Party System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Second Party System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a></div> The former Jeffersonian (Democratic-Republican) party split into factions over the choice of a successor to President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, became the Democratic Party. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Jacksonians believed the people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party, and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth-century American politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton_et_al.-93">[92]</a></blockquote>Opposing factions led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> helped form the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>. The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> until the 1850s, when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westward_expansion_and_manifest_destiny">Westward expansion and manifest destiny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Westward expansion and manifest destiny">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trails_of_Tears_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/220px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/330px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/440px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.</figcaption></figure> The country grew rapidly in population and area, as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily, but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army, and after 1830, were relocated to reservations in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHine_and_Faragher,_American_West10-96">[95]</a> That year, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans, including the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>, from desirable lands in the American Southeast.<a href="#cite_note-:7-98">[97]</a> Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations, as seen in the Cherokee <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:7-98">[97]</a> which resulted in approximately 2,000 to 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> dying along the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStannard1993124-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton75–93-100">[99]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole Indians">Seminole Indians</a> in Florida refused to move west, and fought the Army for years in the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/220px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/330px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg/440px-1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.</figcaption></figure> The first settlers in the west were the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish in New Mexico">Spanish in New Mexico</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a>"), followed by over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> miners ('49ers). California grew rapidly, and by 1880, San Francisco had become the economic hub of the Pacific Coast, with a diverse population of a quarter million. From the early 1830s to 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> and its offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers headed to California, Oregon, and other points in the far west. <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">Wagon-trains</a> took five or six months on foot.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay44b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clay44b.jpg/220px-Clay44b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clay44b.jpg/330px-Clay44b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Clay44b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>'s New York Tribune—the leading <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> paper—endorsing <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> for president in 1844</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a> was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent. This concept was born out of "a sense of mission to redeem the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven".<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Manifest destiny was rejected by modernizers, especially the Whigs like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> who wanted to build cities and factories – not more farms.<a href="#cite_note-104">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> strongly favored expansion, and won the key <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">election of 1844</a>. After a bitter debate in Congress, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Republic of Texas was annexed</a> in 1845, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHine_and_Faragher,_American_West-105">[103]</a> The U.S. Army invaded Mexico at several points, <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">captured Mexico City</a>, and won the war decisively. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> ended the war in 1848. Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico, but that idea was rejected by <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>, who argued that incorporating millions of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican people</a>, mainly of mixed race, would undermine the U.S. as an exclusively white republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe798-103">[102]</a> Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">U.S. took Texas</a> and the lightly settled northern parts (California and New Mexico). Simultaneously, gold was discovered in California in 1848. To clear the state for settlers, the U.S. government began a policy of extermination since termed the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, which was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHine_and_Faragher,_American_West-105">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/330px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/440px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5237" data-file-height="3893" /></a><figcaption>The American occupation of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1848</figcaption></figure> The demand for <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> (prized as an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>) led the U.S. to pass the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> in 1856, which enabled U.S. citizens to take possession, in the name of the country, of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits. Under the act, the U.S. annexed nearly 100 islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. By 1903, 66 of these islands were recognized as US territories.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage movement</a> began with the 1848 National Convention of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a>. Presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a> established women's suffrage as a party goal. One month later, the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> was organized, signing the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a> demanding equal rights for women, including the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-109">[c]</a> The women's rights campaign during <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, among others. Stone and <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Wright_Davis" title="Paulina Wright Davis">Paulina Wright Davis</a> organized the prominent and influential <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-:11-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1848–1877)">Civil War and Reconstruction (1848–1877)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Civil War and Reconstruction (1848–1877)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_between_North_and_South">Divisions between North and South</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Divisions between North and South">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">History of the United States (1849–1865)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Secession_map_1863_(BlankMap_derived).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/220px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/330px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png/440px-US_Secession_map_1863_%28BlankMap_derived%29.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>United States map, 1863 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   Union states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Union territories not permitting slavery</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Border Union states, permitting slavery</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Confederate states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Union territories permitting slavery (claimed by Confederacy)</div></figcaption></figure> The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery, with the anti-slavery elements in the North pitted against the pro-slavery elements in the South.<a href="#cite_note-:32-111">[108]</a> By 1860, there were four million slaves in the South. A small number of Northerners <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">sought the immediate abolition of slavery</a>. Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery, seeking to put it on the path to extinction.<a href="#cite_note-:32-111">[108]</a> There were violent reactions to abolitionist advocates in the North, notably the burning of an anti-slavery society in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> There was resistance to slavery by both peaceful and violent means. <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion_and_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States">Slave rebellions</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1800), <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a> (1822), <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a> (1831), and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown</a> (1859) caused fear in the white South, which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free Black people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern white Democrats</a> insisted that slavery was of economic, social, and cultural benefit, even to the slaves themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:32-111">[108]</a> Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a fatal economic impact in the South, and there would be widespread unemployment and chaos; slave labor was the foundation of their economy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> were highly profitable, due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton. Northern cities and regional industries were tied economically to slavery by banking, shipping, and manufacturing, including <a href="/wiki/Textile_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mills">textile mills</a>. In addition, southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg/220px-Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg/330px-Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg/440px-Remember_Your_Weekly_Pledge_Massachusetts_Anti-Slavey_Society_collection_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Remember Your Weekly Pledge, collection box for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a>, 1850</figcaption></figure> The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, which included the admission of California as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free state</a> in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> A point of contention was the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, which required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves. Formerly, an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained freedom under the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:34-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-117">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Compromise of 1820">Compromise of 1820</a> was repealed in 1854 with the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, promoted by Stephen Douglas in the name of "<a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>" and democracy. It permitted voters to decide on the legality of slavery in each territory. Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm, forming the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. Pro- and anti- contingents rushed to Kansas to vote for or against slavery, resulting in a miniature civil war called <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>. By the late 1850s, the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states, and thus, the electoral college. It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand, and thus would slowly die out.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The Supreme Court's 1857 decision in <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> ruled that the Compromise was unconstitutional and that free Black people were not U.S. citizens; the decision enraged Northerners. The Republicans worried the decision could be used to expand slavery.<a href="#cite_note-:34-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the American Civil War">End of the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA_states_evolution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/220px-CSA_states_evolution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/330px-CSA_states_evolution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CSA_states_evolution.gif/440px-CSA_states_evolution.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> between December 1860 and July 1870</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 election</a>, seven Southern states <a href="/wiki/Seceded" class="mw-redirect" title="Seceded">seceded</a> from the Union and formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (Confederacy) on February 8, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> began on April 12, 1861, when <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter</a> in South Carolina. In response, Lincoln <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">called on the states</a> to send troops to recapture forts, protect Washington D.C., and "preserve the Union".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo,_Fateful_Lightning-120">[117]</a> Lincoln's call led to four more states seceding and joining the Confederacy. A few of the (northernmost) slave states did not secede and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>; these were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the war, the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy, becoming the new Union state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg/170px-PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg/255px-PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg/340px-PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> with <a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander McClernand">John Alexander McClernand</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, 1862</figcaption></figure> The two armies' first major battle was the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, which proved to both sides that the war would be much longer than anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo,_Fateful_Lightning-120">[117]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">western theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> was relatively successful, with major battles such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Warfare in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">eastern theater</a> began poorly for the Union. U.S. General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> failed to capture the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">retreated after attacks</a> from Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Meanwhile, in 1861 and 1862, both sides concentrated on raising and training new armies. The Union successfully gained control of the border states, driving the Confederates out.<a href="#cite_note-:10-124">[121]</a> Lee's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> won battles in late 1862 and spring 1863, but he pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west. He <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">invaded Pennsylvania</a> in search of supplies and to cause <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war-weariness</a> in the North.<a href="#cite_note-:27-125">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg/220px-General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg/330px-General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg/440px-General_Robert_E._Lee_surrenders_at_Appomattox_Court_House_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> and the Confederates surrendering to the Union after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freed 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo,_Lincoln's_Emancipation_Proclamation-126">[123]</a> In perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">turning point of the war</a>, Lee's army was badly beaten by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> at the July 1863 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, and barely made it back to Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-:10-124">[121]</a> Survivors of the battle were immediately redeployed to suppress the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> by Irish Americans protesting <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Civil War conscription</a> and the city's free Black population.<a href="#cite_note-:27-125">[122]</a> In July 1863, Union forces under General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> gained control of the Mississippi River at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vicksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vicksburg">Battle of Vicksburg</a>, splitting the Confederacy. In 1864, Union General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> marched south from <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North and helped Lincoln <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">win re-election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's march to the sea">Sherman's march to the sea</a> was almost unopposed. Much of the South was destroyed, and could no longer provide desperately needed supplies to its armies. In spring 1864, Grant launched a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a> and pursued Lee to the final <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a>, which resulted in Lee <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">surrendering</a> in April 1865.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo,_Lincoln's_Emancipation_Proclamation-126">[123]</a> The Civil War was the world's earliest <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial war</a>. Railroads, the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. Civilian factories, mines, shipyards, and were mobilized.<a href="#cite_note-:30-127">[124]</a> Foreign trade increased, with the U.S. providing both food and cotton to Britain, and Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army (and a few to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate army">Confederate army</a>). The Union blockade shut down Confederate ports. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[d]</a> About ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and thirty percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40 died.<a href="#cite_note-:30-127">[124]</a> Many Black people died after being dislocated during the war and Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">History of the United States (1865–1918)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> lasted from the end of the war until <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">1877</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo,_Fateful_Lightning-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Lincoln supported the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Percent_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Percent Plan">Ten Percent Plan</a> for states' re-admission, and the right of Black people to vote.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Lincoln was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinated</a> in April 1865 by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg/220px-East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg/330px-East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg/440px-East_west_shaking_hands_by_russell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4505" data-file-height="3417" /></a><figcaption>The completion of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a> in 1869</figcaption></figure> After the war, the far west was developed and settled, first by wagon trains and riverboats, and then by the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a>. Many Northern European immigrants took up low-cost or free farms in the Prairie States. Mining for silver and copper encouraged development.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg/220px-FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg/330px-FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg/440px-FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">Freedmen</a> voting in New Orleans, 1867</figcaption></figure> The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">Freedmen</a> were met by the first major federal relief agency, the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, operated by the Army.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The bureau also took in freed slaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three "<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a>" expanded civil rights for black Americans: the 1865 <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> outlawed slavery;<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> the 1868 <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> guaranteed equal rights and citizenship for Black people;<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> prevented race from being used to disenfranchise men.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years, until the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> gained control of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/1866_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1866 elections">1866 elections</a>. Johnson, who sought good treatment for ex-Confederates, was virtually powerless in the face of Congress; <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">he was impeached</a>, but the Senate's <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">attempt to remove him</a> from office failed by one vote. Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily banned many ex-Confederate leaders from holding office. New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a> (new arrivals from the North), and <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> (native white Southerners), backed by the Army. Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERable-141">[137]</a> State by state, the New Republicans lost power to a conservative-Democratic coalition, which gained control of the South by 1877. In response to Radical Reconstruction, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> (KKK) emerged in 1867 as a white-supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule. President Ulysses Grant's enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a> of 1870 shut them down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERable-141">[137]</a> Paramilitary groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a> emerging around 1874, openly intimidated and attacked Black people voting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERable-141">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/220px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/330px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg/440px-Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon from <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a>'s Independent Monitor in 1868, threatening that the <a href="/wiki/First_Klan" title="First Klan">KKK</a> will <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">scalawags</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbaggers</a> (right) the day <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">President Grant</a> takes office in 1869</figcaption></figure> Reconstruction ended after the disputed <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> gave Republican <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> the presidency in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> In 1882, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (which barred all Chinese immigrants except for students and businessmen),<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Diplomacy-143">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a> (which barred all immigrants with mental health issues).<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> From 1890 to 1908, southern states effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchised</a> Black and poor white voters by making voter registration more difficult through <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>. Black people were segregated from whites in the violently-enforced <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVann_Woodward-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gilded_Age_and_the_Progressive_Era_(1877–1914)">Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1877–1914)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1877–1914)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Reconstruction">After Reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: After Reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Breakers_Newport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Breakers in New Port, Rhode Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Breakers_Newport.jpg/220px-The_Breakers_Newport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Breakers_Newport.jpg/330px-The_Breakers_Newport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Breakers_Newport.jpg/440px-The_Breakers_Newport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Breakers" title="The Breakers">The Breakers</a>, built by the wealthy railroad <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</a>, constructed in 1895. An example of <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a> of the late 19th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manhattan, turn of the 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/200px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/300px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg/400px-Mulberry_Street_NYC_c1900_LOC_3g04637u_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2067" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Mulberry Street (Manhattan)">Mulberry Street</a>, along which Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan" title="Little Italy, Manhattan">Little Italy</a> is centered. <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, circa 1900. The tenements of lower Manhattan were often unsanitary and unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The "<a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>" was a term that <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity, underscored by the mass corruption in the government.<a href="#cite_note-:28-148">[144]</a> Some historians have argued that the United States was effectively <a href="/wiki/Plutocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocratic">plutocratic</a> for at least part of the Gilded Age and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard-151">[147]</a> As financiers and industrialists such as <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> began to amass vast fortunes, many observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> An unprecedented wave of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a> from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas. From 1880 to 1914, peak years of immigration, more than 22 million people migrated to the country.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> By 1890, American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines, mills, and factories. Many immigrants were craftsmen and farmers (especially from Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia) who purchased inexpensive land on the prairies. Poverty, growing inequality and dangerous working conditions, along with <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchist</a> ideas diffusing from European immigrants, led to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn264–282-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics, and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems, led to the dynamic <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">progressive movement</a> starting in the 1890s. In every major city, and at the federal level, progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions in the fields of politics, education, medicine, and industry.<a href="#cite_note-digital_history_progressive-157">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1528" data-mwtitle="Thejungle_09_sinclair_64kb.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Thejungle_09_sinclair_64kb.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Thejungle_09_sinclair_64kb.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Thejungle_09_sinclair_64kb.ogg/Thejungle_09_sinclair_64kb.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Chapter 9 of <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a>, a 1906 <a href="/wiki/Muckraking" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckraking">muckraking</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> describing corruption in the Gilded Age</figcaption></figure> Leading politicians from both parties, most notably Republicans <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Follette" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Follette">Robert La Follette</a>, and Democrats William Jennings Bryan and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, took up the cause of progressive reform.<a href="#cite_note-digital_history_progressive-157">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">"Muckraking" journalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a> exposed corruption in business and government, and highlighted rampant inner-city poverty. Progressives implemented antitrust laws and regulated such industries of meat-packing, drugs, and railroads. Four new constitutional amendments – the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth</a> through <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth</a> – resulted from progressive activism, bringing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal income tax">federal income tax</a>, direct election of Senators, prohibition, and female suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-digital_history_progressive-157">[153]</a> In 1881, President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guiteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Guiteau">Charles Guiteau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unions_and_strikes">Unions and strikes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Unions and strikes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Union violence in the United States">Union violence in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg/220px-940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg/330px-940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg/440px-940721-remington-givingthemthebutt-harpersweekly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Violence erupted on July 7, 1894, with hundreds of boxcars and coal cars looted and burned. State and federal troops violently attacked striking workers, as this study by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> illustrates.</figcaption></figure> Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a> led the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (1886–1924), coordinating multiple unions. In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices, wheat and cotton farmers joined the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> broke out, and created a severe nationwide depression impacted farmers, workers, and businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Many railroads went bankrupt. The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party, whose leader President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> shouldered much of the blame. Labor unrest involved numerous strikes, most notably the violent <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a> of 1894, which was forcibly shut down by federal troops under Cleveland's orders. One of the disillusioned leaders of the Pullman strike, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, went on to become the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>, eventually going on to win almost 1 million votes in the <a href="/wiki/1912_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 presidential election">1912 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economic growth">edit</a>]</div> Important legislation of the era included the 1883 <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Act</a>, which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs, the 1887 <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a>, which ended railroads' discrimination against small shippers, and the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, which outlawed monopolies in business.<a href="#cite_note-:28-148">[144]</a> After 1893, the Populist Party gained strength among farmers and coal miners, but was overtaken by the even more popular <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">Free silver</a> movement, which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply, leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Financial and railroad communities fought back hard, arguing that only the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> would save the economy. In the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 presidential election</a>, conservative Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan, who ran on the Democratic, Populist, and Silver Republican tickets. Bryan swept the South and West, but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class, industrial workers, cities, and among upscale farmers in the Midwest.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/220px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/330px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/440px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> in 1901</figcaption></figure> Prosperity returned under McKinley. The gold standard was enacted, and the tariff was raised. By 1900, the U.S. had the strongest economy in the world. Republicans, citing McKinley's policies, took the credit for the growth.<a href="#cite_note-:29-164">[160]</a> McKinley was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> in 1901, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The period also saw a major transformation of the banking system, with the arrival of the first <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit union</a> in 1908 (and thus, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative banking</a>) and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Apart from two short recessions in <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">1907</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%931921" title="Depression of 1920–1921">1920</a>, the economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929.<a href="#cite_note-:29-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperialism">Imperialism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Imperialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/220px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/330px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg/440px-Victor_Gillam_A_Thing_Well_Begun_Is_Half_Done_1899_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1136_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>This cartoon reflects the view of <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge magazine</a> regarding America's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> of 1898.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></figcaption></figure> The United States Army continued to fight <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">wars with Native Americans</a> as settlers encroached on their traditional lands. Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims, forcing most tribes onto subsidized <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> in 1894, from 1789 to 1894, the Indian Wars killed 19,000 white people and more than 30,000 Indians.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890. The main episode was the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The war was a series of quick American victories on land and at sea. At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> peace conference the United States acquired the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-171">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg/220px-American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg/330px-American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg/440px-American_1902_Fourth_of_July_fireworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8660" data-file-height="5516" /></a><figcaption>American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> cartoon.</figcaption></figure> Cuba became an independent country, under close American tutelage. Although the war itself was widely popular, the peace terms proved controversial. <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines, which he denounced as <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">imperialism</a> unbecoming to American democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-171">[167]</a> President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> defended the acquisition and was riding high as society had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war. McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-172">[168]</a> After defeating an <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">insurrection by Filipino nationalists</a>, the United States achieved little in the Philippines except in education, and it did something in the way of public health. It also built roads, bridges, and wells, but infrastructural development lost much of its early vigor with the failure of the railroads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley269–272-173">[169]</a> By 1908, however, Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean, especially the building of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East. A key innovation was the <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a>, whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business, with not one of them allowed to take control of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen_et_al.-174">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/220px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/330px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/440px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a> (pictured) wrote these articles about <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> for the Atlanta Constitution in 1916.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_suffrage">Women's suffrage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1449" data-mwtitle="Trialofsusanbanthony_18_anonymous_128kb.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trialofsusanbanthony_18_anonymous_128kb.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Trialofsusanbanthony_18_anonymous_128kb.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Trialofsusanbanthony_18_anonymous_128kb.ogg/Trialofsusanbanthony_18_anonymous_128kb.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Excerpt of a reading of <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B Anthony</a>'s 1873 speech at her voter fraud trial, advocating for woman's suffrage</figcaption></figure> The women's suffrage movement reorganized after the Civil War, gaining experienced campaigners, many of whom had worked for prohibition in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a>. By the end of the century, a few Western states had granted women full voting rights,<a href="#cite_note-:11-110">[107]</a> and women gained rights in areas such as property and child custody law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenda_Riley-175">[171]</a> Around 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> reawakened, putting an emphasis on its demands for equality, and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Protests became increasingly common, as suffragette <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> led parades through the capital and major cities. Paul split from the large, moderate <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA) led by <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, and formed the more militant <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a>. Suffragists were arrested during their "<a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a>" pickets at the White House, and were taken as <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Another prominent leader of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> of Chicago, who created <a href="/wiki/Settlement_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement houses">settlement houses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-digital_history_progressive-157">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue,_1917.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG/220px-Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG/330px-Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG/440px-Suffragists_Parade_Down_Fifth_Avenue%2C_1917.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffragists</a> parade in New York City in 1917, carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></figcaption></figure> The anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight in a war, and therefore only men deserve the right to vote, was refuted by the participation of American women on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I" title="United States home front during World War I">home front in World War I</a>. The success of woman's suffrage was demonstrated by the politics of states which already allowed women to vote, including Montana, who elected the first woman to the House of Representatives, <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a>. The main resistance came from the South, where white leaders were worried about the threat of Black women voting. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a> in 1919, and women could vote in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> NAWSA became the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>. Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>, child health, and world peace.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Notably, in 1928, women were mobilized to support both candidates in the year's <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> between <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_America_and_World_Wars_(1914–1945)">Modern America and World Wars (1914–1945)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Modern America and World Wars (1914–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_interwar_years">World War I and the interwar years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: World War I and the interwar years">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">History of the United States (1917–1945)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I" title="United States home front during World War I">United States home front during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States in World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG/220px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG/330px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG/440px-Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The American <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_American_Cemetery" title="Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery">Cemetery at Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, France</a></figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> raged in Europe from 1914, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> took full control of foreign policy, declaring neutrality, but warning Germany that resumption of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war. Germany decided to take the risk, and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">declared war</a> in April 1917, mainly from the threat of the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> By the summer of 1918 soldiers in General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, while Germany was unable to replace its losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffman-184">[180]</a> Dissent against the war was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a> & <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>. German language, leftist & pacifist publications were suppressed. Over 2,000 were imprisoned for speaking out against the war, later released by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> won in November 1918. Wilson demanded Germany depose <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> and accept his terms in the famed <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> speech. Wilson dominated the <a href="/wiki/1919_Paris_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Paris Peace Conference">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>, putting his geopolitical hopes in the new <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as Germany was treated harshly in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919). Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war, and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-186">[182]</a> Instead, the United States chose to pursue <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> The aftershock of Russia's <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States, leading to a <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare</a> and the deportation of non-citizens considered subversive. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_(United_States,_prohibition_era).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg/220px-Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg/330px-Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg/440px-Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago, 1921</figcaption></figure> Despite the Progressive-era modernization of hospitals and medical schools,<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> the country lost around 550,000 lives to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic in 1918 and 1919.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> During the "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring</a>" 1920s, the economy expanded. African-Americans benefited from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and had more cultural power; an example being the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> which spread <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> had a resurgence, and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> was passed to strictly limit the number of new entries.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> began in 1920, when the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a>. Americans resulted to drinking <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegged alcohol</a> from elsewhere in the Americas. Bootlegged alcohol in the cities ended up under the control of gangs, who fought each other for territory in which they controlled the drink's sale. Italian bootleggers in New York City gradually formed the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a> crime syndicate. In 1933, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> repealed prohibition by signing the <a href="/wiki/Cullen-Harrison_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullen-Harrison Act">Cullen-Harrison Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression_and_the_New_Deal">Great Depression and the New Deal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Great Depression and the New Deal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency of Herbert Hoover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png/220px-Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png/330px-Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png/440px-Money_supply_during_the_great_depression_era.png 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>The sharp decrease of the money supply between <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Black Tuesday</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act_of_1933" title="Emergency Banking Act of 1933">Bank Holiday</a> in March 1933, when there were massive <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank runs</a> across the United States</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> (1929–1939) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> (1933–1936) were decisive moments in American political, economic, and social history that reshaped the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Freedom_from_Fear-193">[189]</a> During the 1920s, the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity, albeit with a weakness in agriculture. A <a href="/wiki/Financial_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial bubble">financial bubble</a> was fueled by an inflated stock market, which later led to the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash">Wall Street Crash</a> on October 29, 1929.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> This, along with <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">many other economic factors</a>, triggered a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">depression</a>. During this time, the United States experienced <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> as prices fell, unemployment soared from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933, farm prices fell by half, and manufacturing output plunged by one-third. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="786" data-mwtitle="Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_edited.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_edited.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_edited.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_edited.ogg/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_edited.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>The March 12, 1933 <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chat</a> radio address from President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a></figcaption></figure> In 1932, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised "a New Deal for the American people", coining the enduring label for his domestic policies. The result was a series of permanent reform programs including the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> program, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">unemployment relief and insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">public housing</a>, <a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">bankruptcy insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">farm subsidies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">regulation of financial securities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> It also provided unemployment relief through the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA) and for young men, the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>. Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/220px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/330px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/440px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Migrant_Mother" title="Migrant Mother">Migrant Mother</a> depicts destitute pea pickers in California, in <a href="/wiki/Nipomo,_California" title="Nipomo, California">Nipomo, California</a>, in 1936.</figcaption></figure> State governments added new programs as well, and introduced the sales tax to pay for them. Ideologically, the New Deal established <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism in the United States</a> and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for three decades, thanks to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> of ethnic white and Black people, <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a>, and labor unions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> The New Deal coalition won re-election for Roosevelt in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a> in 1935 and 1936 brought the economy further left, building up labor unions through the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Act">Wagner Act</a>. Roosevelt weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court, which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> The economy essentially recovered by 1936, but had a sharp, short <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">recession in 1937 and 1938</a>. Long-term unemployment, however, remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending. Most of the relief programs were dropped in the 1940s, when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-195">[191]</a> In an effort to denounce past U.S. interventionism and create a friendly relationship with Latin America, Roosevelt announced in 1933 he would stray from asserting military force in the region.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> For Hispanics in the United States, the Depression was a difficult period, as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a> resulted in the dislocation of an estimated 400,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_II" title="United States in World War II">United States in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona (BB-39)</a> burning after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States home front during World War II</a></div> During the Depression, the United States remained focused on domestic concerns, while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> militarized and threatened conquests of their neighbors, while Britain and France attempted <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> to avert another war in Europe. U.S. legislation in the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Acts</a> sought to avoid foreign conflicts; however, policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939 that started <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-199">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="522" data-mwtitle="Roosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Roosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Roosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg/Roosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoosevelt_Pearl_Harbor.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infamy_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Infamy Speech">President Roosevelt's speech</a> in aftermath of Pearl Harbor Attack</figcaption></figure> At first, Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the "<a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a>", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies and <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> agreements – but no military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-:13-199">[195]</a> Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacking Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941, but instead it catalyzed American support to enter the war.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodland,_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg/330px-Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg/440px-Woodland%2C_California._Evacuees_of_Japanese_ancestry_are_boarding_a_special_train_for_Merced_Assembl_._._._-_NARA_-_537818_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption>Japanese-Americans in <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a>, California, boarding a bus to the <a href="/wiki/Merced_Assembly_Center" title="Merced Assembly Center">Merced Assembly Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment camp</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> War fervor inspired <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">anti-Japanese sentiment</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment of Japanese Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a> resulted in over 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent being removed from their homes and placed in internment camps. Two-thirds of those interned were American citizens, and half of them were children.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgawa_and_Fox135-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richey2007-204">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> – the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, China and other countries – fought against Germany in the <a href="/wiki/European_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="European theater">European theater</a> and Japan in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-205">[201]</a> The United States was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Allied Big Four</a>", alongside the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> The U.S. gave the Allied war effort money, food, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, technology, and military personnel. The U.S. focused on maximizing its national economic output, causing a dramatic increase in GDP, the end of unemployment, and a rise in civilian consumption, even as 40% of the GDP went to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Freedom_from_Fear-193">[189]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">wartime production boom</a> led to the end of the Great Depression. Tens of millions of workers moved into the active labor force and to higher-productivity jobs. Labor shortages encouraged industries to look for new sources of workers, finding new roles for women and Black people. Economic mobilization was managed by the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Freedom_from_Fear-193">[189]</a> Most durable goods became unavailable, and meat, clothing, and gasoline were tightly rationed. In industrial areas, housing was in short supply, as people lived in cramped quarters. Prices and wages were controlled, and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes, which led to renewed growth after the war.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Freedom_from_Fear615–668-209">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/220px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/330px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/440px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death" title="Into the Jaws of Death">Into the Jaws of Death</a>: U.S. troops landing at <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> in France, during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in June 1944</figcaption></figure> The U.S. stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942; after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines to Japanese</a> conquests, as well as a draw in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> in May, the American Navy then inflicted a decisive blow at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a> in June 1942. The Allied forces built up a garrison on <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, a Pacific island formerly held by the Japanese, after the successes of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guadalcanal">Battle of Guadalcanal</a>. The Japanese then stopped advancing south, and the U.S. began taking <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Japan also lost <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">their invasion</a> of the Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, allowing the U.S. to begin attacking the Japanese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-205">[201]</a> American ground forces assisted in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> that eventually concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">collapse of Fascist Italy</a> in 1943, as Italy switched to the Allied side. A more significant European front was opened on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, June 6, 1944, in which Allied forces invaded <a href="/wiki/Nazi-occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-occupied France">Nazi-occupied France</a> from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-:24-205">[201]</a> The Allies began pushing the Germans out of France in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy campaign">Normandy campaign</a>, breaking through the local German defenses after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a> in August. This also led to conflict within the German high command, and the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="July Plot">July Plot</a>. After French and American forces landed at the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>, Hitler allowed his army to retreat from Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt">died</a> in 1945, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The western front stopped short of Berlin, leaving the Soviets to take it in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>. The Nazi regime <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">formally capitulated</a> in May 1945, <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">ending the war in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-205">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima,_larger_-_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/220px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/330px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/440px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>: United States Marines raising a US flag atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Suribachi" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> In the Pacific, the U.S. implemented an <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping strategy</a> toward Tokyo. The Philippines was eventually reconquered, after Japan and the United States fought in history's largest naval battle, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> However, the war wiped out all the development the United States invested in the Philippines, as cities and towns were completely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-TimeMag1945-213">[209]</a> After the war, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">granted the Philippines independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.Ph-214">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg/220px-Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg/330px-Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg/440px-Trinity_Detonation_T%26B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Test">Trinity Test</a>, the first detonation of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> Military <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> increased during the war, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, a secret effort to harness <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombs">atomic bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> The first nuclear device ever detonated was <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">conducted</a> on July 16, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Meanwhile, the U.S. established airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, achieving hard-fought victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The U.S. prepared to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invade Japan's home islands</a> when they <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped atomic bombs</a> on the Japanese cities of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, compelling Japan to surrender and ending World War II.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Japan">occupied Japan</a> (and <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">part of Germany</a>), and restructured Japan along American lines.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> 400,000 American military personnel and civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Nuclear weapons have not been used since the war ended, and a "<a href="/wiki/Long_Peace" title="Long Peace">long peace</a>" began between the global powers in era of competition that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Long_Peace-221">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_America_(1945–1981)">Post-war America (1945–1981)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Post-war America (1945–1981)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_(1949-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/220px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/330px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/440px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> (red) alliances from 1949 to 1990</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_boom_and_the_beginning_of_the_Cold_War">Economic boom and the beginning of the Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Economic boom and the beginning of the Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Truman_administration">Truman administration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Truman administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947-1953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War (1947-1953)">Cold War (1947-1953)</a></div> In the decades after World War II, the United States became a global influence in economic, political, military, cultural, and technological affairs. Following World War II, the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> being the other. The U.S. Senate, on a bipartisan vote, approved U.S. participation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), which marked a turn away from traditional <a href="/wiki/American_isolationism" class="mw-redirect" title="American isolationism">American isolationism</a> and toward increased international involvement.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The United States and other major Allied powers — the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China — became the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Origins_of_the_Cold_War-223">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) was created in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marshall Plan poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/220px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/330px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/440px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>One of a number of posters created by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Administration" title="Economic Cooperation Administration">Economic Cooperation Administration</a>, an agency of the U.S. government, to sell the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in Europe</figcaption></figure> America wished to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II, and to contain the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, represented by the Soviet Union. U.S. foreign policy during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> (containing the spread of communism to countries already under that system).<a href="#cite_note-:25-225">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> in 1947 was the U.S.' attempt to secure trading partners in Europe, by providing military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of communist expansion in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Long_Peace-221">[217]</a> In 1948, the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, which pumped money into Western Europe, and removed trade barriers, while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Cold_War-227">[223]</a> Post-war American aid to Europe totaled $25 billion, out of the U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948. Soviet head of state <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> prevented <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">his satellite states</a> from participating, and from that point on, Eastern Europe, with inefficient centralized economies, fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Cold_War-227">[223]</a> In Asia, despite being devastated by World War 2 and being a former colony, <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a>, received negligible assistance from the United States compared to the larger aid given to other Asian allies like: <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aid-228">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> because the latter had hostile Pro-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> neighbors which the United States were opposed to.<a href="#cite_note-Collision-230">[226]</a> In 1949, the United States, rejecting the long-standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime, formed the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) alliance, which continues into the 21st century. In response, the Soviets formed the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> of communist states, leading to the "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Cold_War-227">[223]</a> In 1949, the Soviets performed their <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">first nuclear weapon test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Long_Peace-221">[217]</a> This escalated the risk of nuclear warfare; the threat of <a href="/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a>, however, prevented both powers from nuclear war, and resulted the proxy wars in which the two sides did not directly confront each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis,_Long_Peace-221">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/220px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/330px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg/440px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5644" data-file-height="4488" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines fighting in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">Second Battle of Seoul</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure> The U.S. fought against communists in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change#1945–1991:_Cold_War" title="United States involvement in regime change">toppled left-wing governments in the third world</a> to try to stop its spread, such as <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Iran in 1953</a> and <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala in 1954</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-225">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> was a widespread government program led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> to expose communists in government and business. Government employees were made to prove their loyalty to America, and Hollywood was targeted by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> during the Manhattan Project, had his high-level <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearance</a> <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_clearance_hearing" title="Oppenheimer security clearance hearing">revoked</a> in 1954 over alleged communist sympathies, losing his ability to advise the top heads of government.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Gay people were targeted under the McCarthyist <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Scare" title="Lavender Scare">Lavender Scare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eisenhower_administration">Eisenhower administration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Eisenhower administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War (1953–1962)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">elected president</a> in 1952 in a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> He ended the Korean War, and avoided any other major conflict. He cut military spending by relying on advanced technology, such as nuclear weapons carried by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">long-range bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-236">[232]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin died in 1953</a>, Eisenhower worked to obtain friendlier relationships with the Soviet Union. At home, he ended McCarthyism, expanded the Social Security program, and presided over a decade of bipartisan cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-:14-236">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg/220px-CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg/330px-CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg/440px-CA_58_I5_FHWA_1957_5776_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>A 1957 aerial photograph showing an recently constructed interchange on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">I-5</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a></figcaption></figure> Domestically, after 1948, America entered an <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">economic boom</a>. Americans found themselves flush with cash from wartime work, due to there being little to buy for several years. As a result, 60% of the American population had attained a "middle-class" standard of living by the mid-1950s (defined as incomes of $3,000 to $10,000 in constant dollars), compared with only 31% in the 1928 and 1929. Between 1947 and 1960, the average real income for American workers increased by as much as it had in the previous half-century.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-237">[233]</a> The economy allowed for an affordable lifestyle with large families; this created the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a>, in which millions of children were born at increased rates from 1945 to 1964. The <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomer</a> demographic eventually made up 40 percent of the country.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Many Americans <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">moved into suburban neighborhoods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Arkansas,_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg/220px-Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg/330px-Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg/440px-Operation_Arkansas%2C_Little_Rock_Nine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> escorting the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> into <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School" title="Little Rock Central High School">Little Rock Central High School</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> Eisenhower promoted civil rights for African-Americans cautiously.<a href="#cite_note-:14-236">[232]</a> In the 1954 Supreme Court decision <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, public school segregation was ruled unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-:26-240">[236]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">nine Black students</a> were threatened over their admission into all-white <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School" title="Little Rock Central High School">Little Rock Central High School</a>, Eisenhower sent in a thousand National Guard troops to ensure peace.<a href="#cite_note-:14-236">[232]</a> Starting in the late 1950s, institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism across the United States</a>, but especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, was increasingly challenged by the growing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. The activism of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">boycott of segregated public buses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, Alabama in 1955, organized by King and the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a>. They faced multiple acts of violence, but continued the boycott for a year, until the Supreme Court ordered the city to desegregate the buses. In 1957, King created the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> to facilitate future protests.<a href="#cite_note-:26-240">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/220px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/330px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/440px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>An American family watching television together in 1958</figcaption></figure> The Soviets unexpectedly surpassed American technology in 1957 with <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>, the first Earth satellite. The <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 missile</a> which launched Sputnik into space could have hypothetically dropped a nuclear bomb into U.S. air space <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">from above</a>; new American fears regarding Soviet power began the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, a competition between the two countries to prove their technological superiority through space exploration. In 1958, Eisenhower created the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) for this purpose, and in 1958, the U.S. launched the <a href="/wiki/Explorer_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer I">Explorer I</a> satellite. In 1961, Eisenhower's newly elected successor, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">announced</a> the U.S. would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> Angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large-scale federal support for <a href="/wiki/Science_education#United_States" title="Science education">science education</a> and research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson,_Grand_Expectations-242">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_unrest_and_social_reforms">Civil unrest and social reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Civil unrest and social reforms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War (1962-1991)">Cold War (1962-1991)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kennedy_and_Johnson_administrations">Kennedy and Johnson administrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Kennedy and Johnson administrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office,_November_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/220px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/330px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/440px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7750" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> being <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">inaugurated</a> in 1963 after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></div> In 1960, John F. Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">elected President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">his administration</a> saw the acceleration of the country's role in the Space Race, escalation of the American role in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. President Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">was assassinated</a> on November 22, 1963, leaving the nation in profound shock.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> then became president.<a href="#cite_note-:2-244">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="622" data-mwtitle="LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg/LBJ_Civil_Rights_signing_1964_edited.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson's</a> speech on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></figcaption></figure> Johnson was rewarded with an <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">electoral landslide in 1964</a> against conservative <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-244">[240]</a> He then secured congressional passage of his <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> programs,<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> dealing with civil rights, the end of legal segregation, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, extension of welfare, federal aid to education at all levels, subsidies for the arts and humanities, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">environmental activism</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">series of programs designed to wipe out poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights_and_counterculture_movements">Civil rights and counterculture movements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Civil rights and counterculture movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial)_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg/220px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg/440px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial%29_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Civil rights activists during the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> For years, <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> civil rights activists organized direct actions, such as the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> and 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma to Montgomery march">Selma to Montgomery march</a>, where they also became victims of violence. Along with Supreme Court decisions like <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> and the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>, these movements achieved great steps toward equality with laws like the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act of 1968">Fair Housing Act of 1968</a>. These ended the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that had legalized <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> between White and Black people.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Native Americans protested federal courts, highlighting the federal government's failure to honor treaties involving them. One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> (AIM). In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a> began organizing poorly paid <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American">Mexican-American</a> farm workers in California. He led a five-year-long strike by grape pickers. Then Chávez formed the country's first successful union of farm workers, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Farm Workers of America">United Farm Workers of America</a> (UFW).<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer,%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_(airmobile)_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Vietnam._As_the_second_phase_of_operation_%22Thayer%2C%22_the_1st_Air_Cavalry_Division_%28airmobile%29_is_having..._-_NARA_-_530612.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>U.S. soldiers searching a village for potential <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamdem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/220px-Vietnamdem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/330px-Vietnamdem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/440px-Vietnamdem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War demonstration</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> Amid the Cold War, the United States entered the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements, including those among women, minorities, and young people. <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> became political forces, and progress continued toward <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> for all Americans. A <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture revolution</a> swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies, further dividing Americans in a "culture war" but also bringing forth more liberated social views.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical politics, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> The summer of 1967 saw opposing philosophies in two widespread movements, the more peaceful <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer of love">summer of love</a> and the radical <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">long, hot summer</a>, which included nationwide riots.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> Martin Luther King Jr. was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinated in 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-253">[249]</a> Following his death, there were <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">further riots</a>, and others led the movement, most notably his wife, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights movement">gay rights movement</a> started after the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation, starting with the 1963 publication of <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a>'s best-seller, <a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a>, which critiqued the American cultural idea that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives, mothers, and keepers of the home, arguing that women should join the workforce. In 1966, Friedan and others established the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW) to advocate for women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenda_Riley-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZophy-256">[252]</a> Protests began, and the new women's liberation movement grew in size and power, gaining much media attention. There were striking gains for women in medicine, law, and business, while only a few were elected to office.<a href="#cite_note-:15-257">[253]</a> The proposed <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> to the Constitution, passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-258">[254]</a> However, many federal laws stablished women's equal status under the law, such as those <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">equalizing pay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Act_of_1972" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972">employment opportunities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">credit</a> between genders, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act" title="Pregnancy Discrimination Act">ending pregnancy discrimination</a>, and requiring organizations like NASA to admit women. State laws criminalized <a href="/wiki/Spousal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal abuse">spousal abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, and the Supreme Court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> applied to women. Social custom and consciousness began to change, accepting women's equality. The controversial issue of abortion, deemed by the Supreme Court as a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental right</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> (1973), is still a point of debate today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nixon_administration">Nixon administration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Nixon administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/200px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/300px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/400px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (shown) and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> became the first humans to walk on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> during <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s 1969 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Activists protesting for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_North_America" title="Women's liberation movement in North America">women's liberation</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure> In March 1968, Johnson announced he would not run for a second full term in office.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> This was partially due to the strong performance of anti-war candidate <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_New_Hampshire_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="1968 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary">New Hampshire primary</a> and because <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, who was also against the Vietnam War, entered the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primary race</a>. The war was increasingly controversial after the recent <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>. Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">assassinated</a> in June. The winner of the primaries was <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>; his policies regarding the Vietnam War led to <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">riots at the party's convention</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-:9-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Humphrey was defeated by Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:9-260">[256]</a> who largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited.<a href="#cite_note-:2-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Greene-262">[258]</a> The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968, largely due to its strength among socially conservative white <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelical Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalist Roman Catholics</a>, adding to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs. The Democratic party also started moving to the right-center.<a href="#cite_note-:17-263">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon-depart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/170px-Nixon-depart.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/255px-Nixon-depart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nixon-depart.png/340px-Nixon-depart.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> departing from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 1974</figcaption></figure> Nixon created the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">opened relations</a> with China, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">attempted to gradually turn the Vietnam War effort over to</a> the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> forces. He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">peace treaty in 1973</a> which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops. The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops. Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the U.S., achieving <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with both parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Greene-262">[258]</a> He was also president during the U.S.' <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">landing on the Moon</a> in 1969. The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, involving Nixon's cover-up of his operatives' break-in into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_office_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate office complex">Watergate office complex</a> destroyed his political base, sent many aides to prison, and forced his resignation on August 9, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Greene-262">[258]</a> He was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Pardoned_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardoned Nixon">pardoned Nixon</a> for Watergate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Greene-262">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ford_and_Carter_administrations">Ford and Carter administrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Ford and Carter administrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency of Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency of Jimmy Carter</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> on April 30, 1975, ended the Vietnam War, and resulted in North and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> being reunited. Communist victories in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> occurred in the same year, with the fall of Cambodia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> on April 17 and the taking of Laos's capital, <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> on December 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Greene-262">[258]</a> In Central America, the U.S. government supported right-wing governments against left-wing groups, such as in <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran civil war">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan civil war">Guatemala</a>. In South America, they supported <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a>, who carried out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, a campaign of assassinations of exiled political opponents by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> governments, which was created at the behest of Chilean dictator <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OPEC_oil_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEC oil embargo">OPEC oil embargo</a> marked a long-term economic transition since, for the first time, energy prices skyrocketed, and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles, clothing, electronics, and consumer goods. By the late 1970s, the economy suffered an <a href="/wiki/1970s_Energy_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1970s Energy Crisis">energy crisis</a>, slow economic growth, high unemployment, and very high inflation, coupled with high-interest rates. The term <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a> was coined to define these trends. Since economists agreed on <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, many of the New Deal era regulations were ended, such as in transportation, banking, and telecommunications.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Meanwhile, the first mass-market <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> were being developed in California's <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_David,_Menachem_Begin,_Anwar_Sadat,_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/201px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/302px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/402px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> (left to right), at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, 1978</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment, was elected president in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> Carter brokered the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> between Israel and Egypt. In 1979, Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and took 66 Americans hostage, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation, Carter lost the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 election</a> to the Republican <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> On January 20, 1981, minutes after Carter's term ended, the remaining U.S. captives were released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_America_(1981–present)">Contemporary America (1981–present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Contemporary America (1981–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">History of the United States (1980–1991)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">History of the United States (1991–2008)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">History of the United States (2008–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reagan_and_George_H.W._Bush_administrations">Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment,_inflation,_and_interest_rates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg/220px-1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg/330px-1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg/440px-1981%E2%80%931989_monthly_unemployment%2C_inflation%2C_and_interest_rates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Monthly unemployment, inflation, and interest rates from January 1981 to January 1989</figcaption></figure> The Republican Party's central leader by 1980 was president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, whose conservative policies produced a major <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a> with his <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> landslide elections.<a href="#cite_note-:17-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-273">[269]</a> Reagan's <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic policies (dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>"), including the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981</a>, lowered the top <a href="/wiki/Marginal_tax_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal tax rate">marginal tax rate</a> from 70% to 28% over the course of seven years.<a href="#cite_note-:18-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz140–141-276">[272]</a> New Deal and Great Society programs were ended.<a href="#cite_note-:2-244">[240]</a> The U.S. experienced a <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">recession in 1982</a>, but after inflation decreased, unemployment then decreased, and the economic growth rate increased from 4.5% in 1982 to 7.2% in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz170-278">[274]</a> However, homelessness and economic inequality also rose.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The Reagan administration's expansion of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> led to an <a href="/wiki/United_States_incarceration_rate" title="United States incarceration rate">increase in incarceration</a>, particularly among African Americans, with the number of people imprisoned for drug offences rising from 50,000 to 400,000 between 1980 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-:19-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> Manufacturing industries moving out of inner cities increased poverty in those areas; poverty increased drug dealing and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack epidemic">crack epidemic</a>, which in turn led to increased crime and incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-:19-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> The government also <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_and_AIDS" title="Ronald Reagan and AIDS">reacted slowly</a> to the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">AIDS crisis</a>, and banned reliable information on the disease, which led to higher infection rates.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_Berlin_Wall_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> challenges Soviet general secretary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">tear down</a> the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1987, shortly before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.</figcaption></figure>Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military, incurring additional budget deficits.<a href="#cite_note-:20-286">[282]</a> The 1983 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a> and 1986 <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">bombing of Libya</a> were popular in the U.S., though Reagan's backing of the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> rebels was mired in the controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Reagan also introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> (SDI). The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>, and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage, so they stopped negotiating <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> deals until the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:20-286">[282]</a> Historians debate over if the SDI forced Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> to <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">initiate radical reforms</a>, or whether the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">deterioration of the Soviet economy</a> alone forced the reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk-288">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/220px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/330px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/440px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>US Air Force aircraft fly over oil fields which had been destroyed by the retreating Iraqi army in 1991's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Operation Desert Shield</a>.</figcaption></figure> Reagan met four times with Gorbachev, and their summit conferences led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a>. Gorbachev tried to save communism in the Soviet Union, first by ending the expensive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> with America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz243–244-289">[285]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union collapsed</a> in 1991, ending the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> For the remainder of the 20th century, the United States emerged as the world's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz400-291">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> started during <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a>'s administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz400-291">[287]</a> The war started when Iraq <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">invaded neighboring Kuwait</a> in 1990. After a "massive", international <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">U.S.-led offensive</a>, Kuwait was taken back. Under Bush, the U.S. also became involved in wars in <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent" title="Operation Gothic Serpent">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> In 1992, there were <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">riots in Los Angeles</a> over <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">police brutality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinton_administration">Clinton administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Clinton administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency of Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way (United States)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/170px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/255px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/340px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> in 1995</figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">his election in 1992</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values. President Clinton worked with the Republican Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">first balanced federal budget</a> in 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz400-291">[287]</a> Much of the economic boom was a side effect of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a>, and new business opportunities created by the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (which started as the government project <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>).<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> During Clinton's administration, the U.S. was involved in wars in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> White Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:17-263">[259]</a> Conservative Republicans heavily won the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994 midterm elections</a> in a "<a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>" which was built around the <a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a> policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-:21-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> was chosen as House Speaker,<a href="#cite_note-:21-299">[295]</a> and he would heavily influence the Republican Party to engage in "confrontational" political speech.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> In response, in June 1995, Clinton shifted his policies more towards the center from the left. This did not majorly increase his approval, but rather, his leadership after the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> in April did.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> He won in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Clinton was impeached</a> by the House of Representatives on charges of <a href="/wiki/Lying_under_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying under oath">lying under oath</a> about a sexual relationship with White House intern <a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky" title="Monica Lewinsky">Monica Lewinsky</a>. He was acquitted by the Senate. The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced Gingrich to resign from Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz400-291">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg/220px-Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg/330px-Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg/440px-Nasdaq_Composite_dot-com_bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Composite" title="Nasdaq Composite">Nasdaq Composite</a> index swelled with the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> in the optimistic "<a href="/wiki/New_economy" title="New economy">New economy</a>". The bubble burst in 2000.</figcaption></figure> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, a widespread <a href="/wiki/Overvaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Overvaluation">overvaluation</a> of Internet company stocks, burst and hurt the U.S. economy.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> The close <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">presidential election in 2000</a> between Governor <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> helped lay the seeds for <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a> to come. The vote in the decisive states of New Mexico and Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">dispute over the counting of votes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz420–427-307">[303]</a> Bush ultimately won. Including 2000, the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2020, except for 2004.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_W._Bush_administration">George W. Bush administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: George W. Bush administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/220px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/330px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/440px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> crashes into the <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center" title="2 World Trade Center">South Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> On September 11, 2001 (9/11), the United States was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attack</a>, when 19 <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> hijackers commandeered four commercial planes to be used in <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a>. Two were crashed intentionally into both Twin Towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and a third into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">fourth plane</a> was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft, and it was crashed into an <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">empty field in Pennsylvania</a>, killing everyone on board and saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for. Every building of the World Trade Center partially or completely <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">collapsed</a>, massively damaging the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">toxic dust clouds</a>. A total of 2,977 victims died in the attacks. In response, on September 20, Bush announced a "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>".<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm/220px--Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="282" data-mwtitle="Address_to_the_Nation_September_11,_2001.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Address_to_the_Nation_September_11,_2001.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm/Address_to_the_Nation_September_11%2C_2001.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Bush's address to the American people on the night of the September 11 attacks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/220px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/330px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg/440px-Marines_in_Saddams_palace_DM-SD-04-12222.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines prepare to storm one of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s palaces during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure> In October 2001, the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invaded Afghanistan</a> and ousted the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime, which had harbored al-Qaeda and its leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> Bin Laden then escaped to Pakistan, starting a <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">manhunt</a> for him.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> The U.S. established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> increased the power of government to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on intelligence sharing between federal law enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-:31-313">[309]</a> The government's <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention" title="Indefinite detention">indefinite detention</a> of terrorism suspects captured abroad at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>, a prison at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">the U.S. naval base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Bay">Guantanamo Bay</a>, Cuba, led to allegations of human rights abuses and violations of international law.<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> was created to lead federal counter-terrorism activities.<a href="#cite_note-:31-313">[309]</a> In March 2003, the U.S. launched <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">an invasion of Iraq</a>, claiming Iraqi dictator <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> had <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs) and the Iraqi people needed to liberated from him. Intelligence backing WMDs were later found to be inaccurate. The war led to the collapse of the Iraqi government and the eventual <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">capture</a> of Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> Despite some initial successes early in the invasion, the continued <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> fueled <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">international protests</a> and gradually saw <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">domestic support decline</a> as many people questioned if the invasion was worth the cost.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> killed 1,800 people around New Orleans after the city's <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">broke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> In 2007, after years of violence by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a>, Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">the surge</a>". While the death toll decreased, the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz453-322">[318]</a> In December 2007, the U.S. unemployment rate rose from 5% to 10%.<a href="#cite_note-:23-323">[319]</a> In 2008, the U.S. entered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> Multiple overlapping crises were involved, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing market correction">housing market crisis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">soaring oil prices</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_2008%E2%80%932010_automotive_industry_crisis_on_the_United_States" title="Effects of the 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis on the United States">automotive industry crisis</a>, rising unemployment, and the worst <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">financial crisis</a> since the Great Depression. The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008, when <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> failed, and other giant banks were in grave danger.<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> Starting in October, the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obama_administration">Obama administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Obama administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_term">First term</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: First term">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/220px--Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1282" data-mwtitle="Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABarack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2009_inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 inauguration">2009 inauguration</a> speech</figcaption></figure>The unpopularity of Bush and the Iraq War, along with the financial crisis, led to the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the first multiracial<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> president, with African-American or Kenyan ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> He won by a wide electoral margin.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> He signed the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which allowed people to serve in the military while openly gay.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> To help the economy, he signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>,<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cash_for_clunkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash for clunkers">Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (informally "Obamacare"),<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> The employment rate began falling as the economy and labor markets experienced a recovery.<a href="#cite_note-:23-323">[319]</a> These changes to the economic system created new political movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/220px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/330px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/440px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protesters</a> walk towards the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_March_on_Washington" title="Taxpayer March on Washington">Taxpayer March on Washington</a> in 2009.</figcaption></figure> The recession officially ended in June 2009, and the economy slowly began recovering.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2010_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 midterm elections">2010 midterm elections</a>, which resulted in a Republican-controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic-controlled Senate,<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> Congress was in <a href="/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)" title="Gridlock (politics)">gridlock</a>, as heated debates were held over whether or not to raise the <a href="/wiki/Debt_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a>, extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually, and how to address other key issues.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> These ongoing debates led to the <a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> The economic expansion that followed the Great Recession was the longest in U.S. history;<a href="#cite_note-Rushe-343">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayly-344">[340]</a> the unemployment rate reached a 50-year low in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> Despite the strong economy, increases in the cost of living surpassed increases in wages.<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> The economic expansion came to an end in early 2020, largely caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rushe-343">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayly-344">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="566" data-mwtitle="President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1078" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1922" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden_no_watermark.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Obama announces the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a> in 2011.</figcaption></figure> In 2009, Obama issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13491" title="Executive Order 13491">executive order banning the use of torture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barela-349">[345]</a> a prohibition codified into law in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> He ordered the closure of <a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">secret CIA-run prisons</a> overseas,<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13492" title="Executive Order 13492">sought to close</a> the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, but his efforts were stymied by Congress, which in 2011 enacted a measure blocking him from transferring any Guantanamo detainees to U.S. facilities. The number of inmates nonetheless was decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Rath-353">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 2010, when he declared that combat operations had ended. However, 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq for safety reasons until they <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">left the country</a> in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> Meanwhile, he increased involvement in Afghanistan, adding an additional 30,000 troops, while proposing to begin <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">withdrawing troops</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Barela-349">[345]</a> The U.S., with NATO, <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">intervened</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan Civil War</a> for seven months in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> In May 2011, Osama bin Laden <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">was killed</a> in Pakistan in a raid ordered by Obama and conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEALs</a>. While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan, affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas, as the CIA used <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drones</a> to hunt down its leadership.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a> In October, Obama <a href="/wiki/Operation_Observant_Compass" title="Operation Observant Compass">sent troops to Central Africa</a> to fight the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_term">Second term</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Second term">edit</a>]</div> Following Obama's <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 re-election</a>, Congressional gridlock continued. Congressional Republicans' demands, like calling for the repeal of the Affordable Care Act, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2013 United States federal government shutdown">first government shutdown since the Clinton administration</a>, and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century. As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress, Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows.<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Connecticut" title="Newtown, Connecticut">Newtown, Connecticut</a> led to unsuccessful attempts from Obama to promote <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">Boston Marathon bombing</a> of 2013 killed three people and injured more than 260.<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> Also that year, NSA employee <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Snowden disclosures">leaked information</a> regarding the NSA's <a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">widespread program of surveilling American citizens</a> through the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> In 2013, the U.S. also started a <a href="/wiki/US_military_intervention_in_Niger" title="US military intervention in Niger">counter-terrorist invention</a> in Niger,<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> and began a covert operation to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Syrian Train and Equip Program">train rebels in Syria</a> who were fighting against the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>. The latter program was publicized and <a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">expanded</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> That year, ISIS grew in scope in the Middle East, and inspired many terrorist attacks in the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">2015 San Bernardino attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> The U.S. and its allies began a significant <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">military offensive against ISIS</a> in Iraq which lasted from 2014 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> In December 2014, Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of almost all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a> However, troops stayed until 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:38-372">[368]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png/220px-White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png/330px-White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png/440px-White_house_Rainbow_20150626.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> lit with rainbow colors in celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">legalization of gay marriage</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown" title="Killing of Michael Brown">shooting</a> of Black teen Michael Brown by police officer Darren Wilson, and a grand jury declining to charge Wilson with murder, led to the <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a> in Missouri in 2014 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> In 2015, U.S. also joined the international <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-374">[370]</a> Meanwhile, debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community, including <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, began to shift in favor of same-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> In 2012, President Obama became the first president to openly support same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> The Supreme Court provided <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">federal recognition of same-sex marriages</a> in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> and then legalized gay marriage nationwide with <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_administration">Trump administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Trump administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/220px--Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="305" data-mwtitle="Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm/Donald_Trump_Victory_Speech.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> victory speech</figcaption></figure> In November 2016, following a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">contentious election</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was elected president.<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> The election's legitimacy was disputed when <a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">the FBI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election">Congress</a> investigated if Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">interfered in the election</a> to help Trump win. There were also <a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">accusations of collusion</a> between Trump's campaign and Russian officials. The <a href="/wiki/Mueller_report" title="Mueller report">Mueller report</a> concluded that Russia attempted to help Trump's campaign, but there was no evidence of "explicit" collusion found.<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-:36-381">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> Trump, however, "welcomed help from Russia"; in July 2016, after <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak" title="2016 Democratic National Committee email leak">published emails</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) – initially suspected to be obtained by Russian hackers – Trump publicly asked Russia to find emails that were deleted from <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy" title="Hillary Clinton email controversy">Clinton's private email server</a> that she used as Obama's Secretary of State. In 2018, the DNC emails were confirmed to be obtained by a Russian hacker or hacker group named <a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:36-381">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_(40369207261)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Thoughts_and_Prayers_Don%27t_Save_Lives_%2840369207261%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4021" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration organized in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland shooting">Parkland shooting</a> in Florida in 2018</figcaption></figure>In the 2010s and early 2020s, Americans became more <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">politically polarized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement">#MeToo</a> movement exposed alleged sexual harassment and abuse in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> Many celebrities were accused of misconduct or rape.<a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement gained support after multiple police killings of African-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> White supremacy also grew.<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">2017 Women's March</a> against Trump's presidency was one of the largest protests in American history.<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a> Multiple mass shootings, including the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Pulse Nightclub shooting</a>, 2017 <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas shooting</a>, and 2018 <a href="/wiki/Parkland_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland shooting">Parkland shooting</a>, led to increased calls for gun reform, such as in the <a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a> student protest movement.<a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> During Trump's presidency, he espoused an "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" ideology, placing restrictions on asylum seekers, <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">expanding the wall</a> on the U.S.-Mexico border, and <a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">banning immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries</a>. Many of his executive orders and other actions were challenged in court.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a> He confirmed <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">three new Supreme Court justices</a> (cementing a conservative majority),<a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a> started a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">trade war with China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act</a>, and removed the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:1-374">[370]</a> In 2018, the administration <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">separated families</a> which were illegally immigrating to the country. After public outcry, Trump rescinded the policy.<a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">a U.S. attack</a> caused the suicide of the leader of ISIS, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a> A whistleblower complaint also alleged that Trump had <a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">withheld foreign aid from Ukraine</a> under the demand that they investigate the business dealings of <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a>; Hunter's father, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, would be Trump's opponent in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-:37-408">[404]</a> Trump was <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">impeached</a> for abuse of power and obstruction of congress, but <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">he was acquitted</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg/220px-Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg/330px-Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg/440px-Timeline_of_weekly_confirmed_COVID-19_deaths_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Weekly confirmed deaths from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 in the United States</a> from January 2020 to August 2023</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> disease started spreading in China in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a> In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> declared the spread to be a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a> American state and local governments imposed <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">stay-at-home orders</a> to slow the virus' spread, <a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">reducing patient overload</a> in hospitals. By April, the U.S. had the most cases of any country, at 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a> At Trump's direction, the federal government released preventative guidelines for Americans.<a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a> On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world at 20,000,<a href="#cite_note-416">[412]</a> and by May 2022, one million had died.<a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a> U.S. life expectancy fell by around a year and a half in 2020 and 2021, and unemployment rates were the highest since the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-418">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[415]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">biggest mass vaccination campaign in U.S. history</a> started in December 2020, when the <a href="/wiki/Pfizer-BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine</a> was first distributed to U.S. citizens.<a href="#cite_note-420">[416]</a> By October 2022, 613 million vaccine shots had been administered to Americans.<a href="#cite_note-421">[417]</a> The May 2020 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> caused mass <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">protests and riots</a> in many cities over police brutality, with many states calling in the National Guard.<a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a> Many organizations attempted to rid themselves of institutionalized racism.<a href="#cite_note-423">[419]</a> 2020 was also marked by a rise in domestic terrorist threats and widespread <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> around <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">mail-in voting</a> and COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a> The <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> conspiracy theory gained publicity due to greater Internet usage during the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-427">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[424]</a> Multiple major cities were hit by rioting and fighting between far-left <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">anti-fascist groups</a> and far-right groups like the <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[426]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_(50820534063)_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of then-President Trump attempting to stop the counting of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral votes">electoral votes</a> on <a href="/wiki/January_6,_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="January 6, 2021">January 6, 2021</a></figcaption></figure>Joe Biden defeated Trump in the 2020 election, the first defeat of an incumbent president since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-:37-408">[404]</a> The election, with an exceptional amount of mail-in voting and early voting due to the pandemic, had historically high voter turnout.<a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a> Trump then repeatedly made <a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">false claims</a> of massive voter fraud and election rigging,<a href="#cite_note-432">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> by supporters of Trump and right-wing militias.<a href="#cite_note-435">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[432]</a> The attack was widely described as a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-Multiple_Sources-439">[435]</a> It led to Trump's <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">impeachment</a> for incitement of insurrection, making him the only U.S. president to be impeached twice.<a href="#cite_note-440">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[438]</a> The Senate later <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">acquitted</a> Trump, despite some fellow Republicans voting against him.<a href="#cite_note-443">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inaugurated</a> as the first Black, Asian, and female vice president.<a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biden_administration">Biden administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Biden administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Presidency of Joe Biden</a></div> In 2021, Biden finished the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdrawal of American troops</a> from Afghanistan which started under Trump. After an <a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift" title="2021 Kabul airlift">evacuation of over 120,000 American citizens</a>, Afghanistan <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Afghanistan">fell to the Taliban</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-:38-372">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[443]</a> Biden signed into law the <a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act of 2021</a>; a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill in response to continued economic pressure from COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-448">[444]</a> He also proposed a significant expansion of the social safety net through the <a href="/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act" title="Build Back Better Act">Build Back Better Act</a>, but those efforts, along with <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_Vote_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom to Vote Act">voting rights legislation</a>, failed in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-449">[445]</a> He then signed bills regarding <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">infrastructure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act" title="Bipartisan Safer Communities Act">gun reform</a>,<a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">inflation reduction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022" title="Honoring our PACT Act of 2022">healthcare for veterans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> among other issues.<a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta variant</a> of <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, the virus that causes COVID-19, started spreading in 2021. New preventative restrictions were put in place in reaction to this.<a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[453]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-i---i-_(52380995447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/-i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg/220px--i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/-i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg/330px--i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/-i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg/440px--i---i-_%2852380995447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Protestors outside the Supreme Court shortly after the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbs v. Jackson">Dobbs v. Jackson</a> decision in 2022</figcaption></figure> In the early 2020s, Republican-led states began <a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBT_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States">sweeping rollbacks of LGBT rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[454]</a> In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbs v. Jackson">Dobbs v. Jackson</a> that having an abortion is not a protected Constitutional right, overturning Roe v. Wade and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a> and sparking <a href="/wiki/2022_abortion_rights_protests_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 abortion rights protests in the United States">nationwide protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[456]</a> Biden also appointed <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> to become the first Black woman to serve on the court.<a href="#cite_note-461">[457]</a> In 2023, Trump began appearing in court as a defendant in <a href="/wiki/Indictments_against_Donald_Trump" title="Indictments against Donald Trump">multiple notable criminal trials</a>, including alleged federal crimes,<a href="#cite_note-462">[458]</a> while he was campaigning for the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[459]</a> Meanwhile, the U.S. began supporting Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[460]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">protecting shipping</a> in the Red Sea from attacks by the Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[461]</a> In June 2024, Trump became the first president convicted of a crime, when he was found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">34 felony counts</a> for falsifying business documents related to his <a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">paying off of Stormy Daniels</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-466">[462]</a> In July, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a> that presidents are somewhat <a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">immune from criminal prosecution</a> after their presidency over "official acts" taken during their presidency, helping Trump before his planned <a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">election subversion trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-467">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[465]</a> Later in July, Biden <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">dropped out</a> of the 2024 race, endorsing Kamala Harris.<a href="#cite_note-470">[466]</a> During the election season, there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots#Donald_Trump" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">two assassination attempts</a> on Trump.<a href="#cite_note-471">[467]</a> Trump and vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> won the 2024 presidential election, making Trump the first president to be elected to a non-consecutive second term since Grover Cleveland in 1892, and the oldest person ever elected president.<a href="#cite_note-472">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">American urban history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_American_history" title="Bibliography of American history">Bibliography of American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History of agriculture in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">History of United States foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">History of immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">History of religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">History of the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study#History_of_the_United_States" title="List of historians by area of study">List of historians by area of study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals#United_States_and_Canada" title="List of history journals">List of history journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of the history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_factor" title="United States factor">United States factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Indigenous_Peoples%27_History_of_the_United_States" title="An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States">An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> 'In addition, he [i.e., <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Estridsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweyn Estridsson">Sweyn Estridsson</a>, king of Denmark (reigned 1047–1076)] named one more island in this ocean, discovered by many, which is called "Vinland", because vines grow wild there, making the best wine. For [that] crops [that are] not sown, abound there, we learn not from fanciful opinion but from the true account of the Danes.'<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe</a> argued that, "American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe798-103">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Convention_of_American_Women" title="Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women">Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women</a> in 1837 held in New York City, at which women's rights issues were debated, especially African-American women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people, but most likely 761,000 people, died through the war.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilkis-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilkis_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilkis">Milkis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071025160653.htm">"New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas"</a>. ScienceDaily. October 29, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225103124/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071025160653.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=New+Ideas+About+Human+Migration+From+Asia+To+Americas&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F10%2F071025160653.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Cohen,_and_Bailey6-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy,_Cohen,_and_Bailey6_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy,_Cohen,_and_Bailey">Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOutline_of_American_History_4-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOutline_of_American_History">Outline of American History</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenault-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenault_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChenault">Chenault</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumond1969" class="citation journal cs1">Dumond, D. E. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1969.71.5.02a00050">"Toward a Prehistory of the Na-Dene, with a General Comment on Population Movements among Nomadic Hunters"</a>. American Anthropologist. 71 (5): 857–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1969.71.5.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1969.71.5.02a00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/670070">670070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Prehistory+of+the+Na-Dene%2C+with+a+General+Comment+on+Population+Movements+among+Nomadic+Hunters&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=857-863&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F670070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1969.71.5.02a00050&rft.aulast=Dumond&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1969.71.5.02a00050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeerHitchRitter2001" class="citation book cs1">Leer, Jeff; Hitch, Doug; Ritter, John (2001). Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary: The Dialects Spoken by Tlingit Elders of Carcross and Teslin, Yukon, and Atlin, British Columbia. <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehorse, Yukon Territory">Whitehorse, Yukon Territory</a>: Yukon Native Language Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55242-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55242-227-5"><bdi>1-55242-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Tlingit+Noun+Dictionary%3A+The+Dialects+Spoken+by+Tlingit+Elders+of+Carcross+and+Teslin%2C+Yukon%2C+and+Atlin%2C+British+Columbia&rft.place=Whitehorse%2C+Yukon+Territory&rft.pub=Yukon+Native+Language+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55242-227-5&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Hitch%2C+Doug&rft.au=Ritter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1283">"Hopewell"</a>. 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Retrieved December 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hopewell&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-9"><a href="#cite_ref-eb_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429223628/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22804/Ancestral-Pueblo-culture">"Ancestral Pueblo culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22804/Ancestral-Pueblo-culture">the original</a> on April 29, 2015. 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Crown Forum. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-34668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-34668-1"><bdi>978-0-307-34668-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083603/https://books.google.com/books?id=dCMcnBRKR-0C&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016. 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Blackwell. pp. 216–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+revolutionary+organization%2C+1765%E2%80%931775&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=216-221&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S.</a> (1948). George Washington: A Biography. Augustus M. Kelley. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780678028346" title="Special:BookSources/9780678028346"><bdi>9780678028346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Augustus+M.+Kelley&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780678028346&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009101–102-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009101–102_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2016" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean R. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/The-Continental-Congress-s-ratification-of-the-%E2%80%9CTreaty-of-Paris%E2%80%9D/">the original</a> on November 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Confederation+Congress%27s+Ratification+of+the+%22Treaty+of+Paris%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1700s%2FThe-Continental-Congress-s-ratification-of-the-%25E2%2580%259CTreaty-of-Paris%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Cleve2019" class="citation book cs1">Van Cleve, George William (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5r0lEAAAQBAJ">We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226641522" title="Special:BookSources/9780226641522"><bdi>9780226641522</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192825/https://www.google.com/books/edition/We_Have_Not_a_Government/5r0lEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139444705" title="Special:BookSources/9781139444705"><bdi>9781139444705</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192830/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_First_Way_of_War/JGCin1JJp8cC">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. 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(1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revivalismandsoc012498mbp">Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War</a>. Harper Torchbooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalism+and+Social+Reform%3A+American+Protestantism+on+the+Eve+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevivalismandsoc012498mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood,_Empire_of_Liberty368–374-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood,_Empire_of_Liberty368–374_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood,_Empire_of_Liberty">Wood, Empire of Liberty</a>, p. 368–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. 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University of Massachusetts Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericanw0000unse_q4k8/page/2">2–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-059-8"><bdi>978-1-55849-059-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=African+American+women+and+the+vote%2C+1837%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=2-9&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-059-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ann+D.&rft.au=Collier-Thomas%2C+Bettye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericanw0000unse_q4k8%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2006" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Rebecca J. 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Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0939526123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0939526123"><bdi>978-0939526123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Experience%2C+a+Collision+of+Cultures&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0939526123&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollisionofcultu00doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/McCarthyism">"McCarthyism - Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved June 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=McCarthyism+-+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FMcCarthyism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-Robert-Oppenheimer">"J. Robert Oppenheimer - Biography, Manhattan Project, Atomic Bomb, Significance, & Facts"</a>. Britannica.com. May 28, 2024. 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Retrieved July 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jan.+6+insurrection&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Finteractive%2F2021%2Fjan-6-insurrection-capitol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <cite>Eastman v Thompson, et al.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf"> 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260</a>, 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself."). </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenAyerPerryBookbinder2022" class="citation report cs1">Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/">Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality</a> (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023. <q>[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trump+on+Trial%3A+A+Guide+to+the+January+6+Hearings+and+the+Question+of+Criminality&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Ayer%2C+Donald&rft.au=Perry%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Bookbinder%2C+Noah&rft.au=Perry%2C+E.+Danya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftrump-on-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multiple_Sources-439"><a href="#cite_ref-Multiple_Sources_439-0">^</a> Multiple media sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2021" class="citation web cs1">Graham, David A. 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Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. 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Retrieved December 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=GOP+lawmaker+on+violence+at+Capitol%3A+%27This+is+a+coup+attempt%27&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2021" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/">"Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>. Retrieved January 7, 2021. <q>A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolitiFact&rft.atitle=Is+this+a+coup%3F+Here%27s+some+history+and+context+to+help+you+decide&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2Fjan%2F06%2Fcoup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarryFrenkel2021" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html">"'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2021. 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HarperPerennial Modern Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060528423" title="Special:BookSources/9780060528423"><bdi>9780060528423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=HarperPerennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780060528423&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-FtlblxbLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZophy" class="citation book cs1">Zophy, Angela Howard, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00zoph">Handbook of American Women's History</a> (2nd ed.). Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824087449" title="Special:BookSources/9780824087449"><bdi>9780824087449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Women%27s+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780824087449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofameric00zoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> History of the United States at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/History_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/History of the United States">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="c:History of the United States">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/History_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/History of the United States">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="q:History of the United States">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/History_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/History of the United States">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History" class="extiw" title="b:US History">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/United_States_History" class="extiw" title="v:United States History">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu">"Encyclopedia of American Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feas-ref.press.jhu.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117042507/http://www.houstonculture.org/kids/usmap.html">"US History map animation"</a>. Houston Institute for Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonculture.org/kids/usmap.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+History+map+animation&rft.pub=Houston+Institute+for+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonculture.org%2Fkids%2Fusmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826003047/http://edsitement.neh.gov/subject/history-social-studies">"Edsitement, History & Social Studies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/subject/history-social-studies">the original</a> on August 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edsitement%2C+History+%26+Social+Studies&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedsitement.neh.gov%2Fsubject%2Fhistory-social-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gilderlehrman.org">"The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backstoryradio.org">"BackStory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BackStory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackstoryradio.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988">, American history public radio show hosted by <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Ayers" title="Edward L. Ayers">Ed Ayers</a>, Brian Balogh, and Peter Onuf</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template talk:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="History of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="History of the World">History of the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="History of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fiji" title="History of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kiribati" title="History of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau" title="History of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solomon_Islands" title="History of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suriname" title="History of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Template:Cite_news"," 3.88% 148.940 44 Template:Main"," 3.66% 140.272 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 3.07% 117.963 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.86% 109.630 25 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.612","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12649543,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsKeene2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlstrom1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmasy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltermanMattson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbrose1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonLeachSmithWalter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppelbaumHerszenhorn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyers1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerCooperMazzetti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldorBurns2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanner1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarela2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarryFrenkel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordewich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBresnahan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreuninger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunyan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapatosto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplowBahrChadwickJohn_Modell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlisle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlisle_and_Golson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatton1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanShumakerMaler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimbala2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochran2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCogliano2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConteAnderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCountryman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchlow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrotty2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDangerfield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeBonisKim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVroy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerthick1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDierenfield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowns2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleWeiss1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuignan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumenil1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumond1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDye2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyke2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrmanFlamm2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenAyerPerryBookbinder2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElving2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncarta_Online\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtcheson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFink2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForret2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost-KnappmanCullen-Dupont2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis,_Cold_War\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis,_Long_Peace\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis,_Origins_of_the_Cold_War\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallup,_Inc.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGast2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetchell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiangreco2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilderhus2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenda_Riley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzales2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood,_Aaron2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonCollier-Thomas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottbrath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenePole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo,_Fateful_Lightning\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo,_Lincoln\u0026#039;s_Emancipation_Proclamation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHamowy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynesAneja2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidlerHeidler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbRajuBarrettFox2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinderakerHorn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHineFaragher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHine_and_Faragher,_American_West\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchcock2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoopesBrinkley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuddleston2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIorfida2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Greene\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeneally2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_Cohen,_and_Bailey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_Freedom_from_Fear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhimm2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnutson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolb2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolchin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraditor1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabunski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangguth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeerHitchRitter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelandOboroceanu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLererEmber2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesson_Plan_on_Washington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowrey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumpkin1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLupo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLybrand2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagazineBoissoneault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansbridge1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNabb2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhillips2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkMerk1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiao2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton_and_Lombard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilbankDeane2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilkis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerEntous\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusgrave2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Harrow_Jr.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgawa_and_Fox\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOutline_of_American_History\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwens2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson,_Grand_Expectations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettigrew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiketty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyne1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRable\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRath2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg,_Jerry_M.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSancton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavelle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlupRyan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebakijje\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalalHolland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShane2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelser1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelser1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolnit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSottek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucheray2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStagg,_Madison\u0026#039;s_War\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStagg,_War_of_1812\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStampp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStannard1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapperde_VogueZelenyKlein2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson-DeVeaux2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrachtenberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Bureau_of_the_Census1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnruh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrofsky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Cleve2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandermeer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVann_Woodward\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_Empire_of_Liberty\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodworth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelizer2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFZelizer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZengerle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZophy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bremen1917\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 173,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 191,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 1,\n [\"History of North America by country\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 44,\n [\"Main article\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 91,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 43,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"U.S. political divisions histories\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"World topic\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131110","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131110","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-31T03:33:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/United_States_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_%28zoom%29.svg","headline":"occurrences and people in the USA throughout history"}</script> </body> </html>