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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background to the revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revolt_and_outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revolt_and_outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The revolt and outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_revolt_and_outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" title="Gabriel Prosser – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gabriel Prosser" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Slave rebellion in Virginia, United States (1800)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gabriel's Rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Rebellions#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Rebellions">Slave Revolts in North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">August 30, 1800<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1800-08-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County, Virginia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">Emancipation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Discovered, suppressed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Enslaved African-Americans</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>Gabriel Prosser  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </p> </div> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Likely hundreds</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> 70 arrested, 26 hanged</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> None</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slave_rebellions_in_North_America" title="Category:Slave rebellions in North America">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellions#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave rebellions">North American slave revolts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitian_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Haitian_Revolution.jpg/250px-Haitian_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Haitian_Revolution.jpg/375px-Haitian_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Haitian_Revolution.jpg/500px-Haitian_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Attack and capture of the Crête-à-Pierrot</i> (<i>Combat et prise de la Crête-à-Pierrot</i>, March 1802) in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Raffet" title="Auguste Raffet">Auguste Raffet</a>, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9bert" title="Ernest Hébert">Ernest Hébert</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Context</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Slavery among indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Spain" title="Slavery in New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">colonial US</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Before 1700</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1521</b> <a href="/wiki/Slave_Rebellion_of_December_25,_1521" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Rebellion of December 25, 1521">Santo Domingo Slave Revolt</a><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>) </p> <ul><li><b>1526</b> <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape#Slavery_and_rebellion" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1548–1558, 1579–1582</b> <a href="/wiki/Bayano_Wars" title="Bayano Wars">Bayano Wars</a><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Real Audiencia of Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>c. 1570</b> <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Yanga" title="Gaspar Yanga">Gaspar Yanga</a>'s Revolt<br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Yanga,_Veracruz" title="Yanga, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1601</b> <a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1616</b> <a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1680</b> <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a><br /></li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, victorious)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">18th century</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1712 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Slave_Revolt_of_1712" title="New York Slave Revolt of 1712">New York Slave Revolt</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1730 <a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">First Maroon War</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1730 <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_rebellion" title="Chesapeake rebellion">Chesapeake rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1731 <a href="/wiki/Samba_rebellion" title="Samba rebellion">Samba rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1733 <a href="/wiki/1733_slave_insurrection_on_St._John" title="1733 slave insurrection on St. John">St. John Slave Revolt</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint John</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1739 <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1741 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741" title="New York Conspiracy of 1741">New York Conspiracy</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1760–61 <a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Tacky's Revolt</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1768 <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_slave_rebellion_of_1768" title="Montserrat slave rebellion of 1768">Montserrat slave rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1787 <a href="/wiki/Abaco_Slave_Revolt" title="Abaco Slave Revolt">Abaco Slave Revolt</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1791 <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coup%C3%A9e_Slave_Conspiracy_of_1791" title="Pointe Coupée Slave Conspiracy of 1791">Mina Conspiracy</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1795 <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coup%C3%A9e_Slave_Conspiracy_of_1795" title="Pointe Coupée Slave Conspiracy of 1795">Pointe Coupée Conspiracy</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1795 <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_Slave_Revolt_of_1795" title="Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795">Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1791–1804 <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></b><br /></li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, victorious)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">19th century</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1800 <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1803 <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Landing" title="Igbo Landing">Igbo Landing</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/St._Simons_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Simons Island">St. Simons Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1805 <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Manor" title="Chatham Manor">Chatham Manor</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1811 <a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">German Coast Uprising</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1811 <a href="/wiki/Aponte_conspiracy" title="Aponte conspiracy">Aponte conspiracy</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(Spanish <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Antislavery_and_independence_movements" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1815 <a href="/wiki/George_Boxley" title="George Boxley">George Boxley</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(Virginia, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1816 <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussa's Rebellion">Bussa's Rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(British <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1822 <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Vesey Plot</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1825 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_African_Slave_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great African Slave Revolt (page does not exist)">Great African Slave Revolt</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1831 <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(Virginia, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1831–32 <a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/British_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jamaica">British Jamaica</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1839 <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">Amistad</a></i>, ship rebellion</b><br /></li></ul> <p>(off the <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> coast, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1841 <i><a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case">Creole</a></i> case, ship rebellion</b><br /></li></ul> <p>(off the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern U.S.</a> coast, victorious) </p> <ul><li><b>1842 <a href="/wiki/1842_Slave_Revolt_in_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation">slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1843–44 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Antislavery_and_independence_movements" title="History of Cuba">Ladder Conspiracy</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1849 <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Workhouse_Slave_Rebellion" title="Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion">Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>(South Carolina, suppressed) </p> <ul><li><b>1859 <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid</a></b><br /></li></ul> (Virginia, suppressed)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlota_(rebel_leader)" title="Carlota (rebel leader)">Carolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Deslondes" title="Charles Deslondes">Charles Deslondes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mackandal" title="François Mackandal">François Mackandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Yanga" title="Gaspar Yanga">Gaspar Yanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Saint_Malo" title="Jean Saint Malo">Jean Saint Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cinqu%C3%A9" title="Joseph Cinqué">Joseph Cinqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Washington" title="Madison Washington">Madison Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(rebel_leader)" title="Maria (rebel leader)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_of_the_Maroons" title="Nanny of the Maroons">Nanny of the Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_(Cura%C3%A7ao)" title="Tula (Curaçao)">Tula</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_slave_revolts" title="Template:North American slave revolts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_slave_revolts" title="Template talk:North American slave revolts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_slave_revolts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American slave revolts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><b>Gabriel's Rebellion</b> was a planned <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked before its execution, and Gabriel, an enslaved blacksmith who planned the event, and twenty-five of his followers were <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>. </p><p>Gabriel's planned uprising was notable not because of its results—the rebellion was quelled before it could begin—but because of its potential for mass chaos and widespread violence.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterward, Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free blacks</a>, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring of enslaved people, to restrict their ability and chances to plan similar rebellions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gabriel">Gabriel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gabriel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabriel (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1776</span> – October 10, 1800), referred to by some as Gabriel Prosser (though no historical records refer to him by that surname, the surname of his enslaver),<sup id="cite_ref-Rucker_surname_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rucker_surname-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlackPast_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackPast-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Virginia born man of African descent born into slavery in 1776 at <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a>, a large tobacco plantation in <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and two brothers, Solomon and Martin, were enslaved by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a>, the owner of Brookfield. Gabriel was literate.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the rare 5% of enslaved people of the colonial era who were able to learn to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel trained as a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> and a carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Solomon, and perhaps his father, were blacksmiths.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel, "hired out" by his enslaver to work in Richmond foundries,<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_pp._24,_25_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_pp._24,_25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was able to keep a portion of the wages that he earned. The bulk of it went to Thomas Prosser.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel traveled freely throughout Richmond and Henrico County to work for plantation and business owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel was married to Nanny (or Nan), an enslaved woman. They were not known to most historians as having had any children.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those who claim to be his descendants disagree. Their family history states that Nan was pregnant when Gabriel was executed and had a son she named Solomon. Gabriel was described in newspaper articles as having stood "six feet two or three inches high." His long and "bony face, well made," was marred by losing his two front teeth and "two or three scars on his head."<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White people as well as black people regarded the literate young man as "a fellow of great courage and intellect above his rank in life."<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1799, Gabriel, his brother Soloman, and a man named Jupiter tried to steal a pig from Absalom Johnson. Gabriel got into a scuffle with Johnson, and he bit off part of Johnson's ear.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter was charged with stealing a hog, which was a misdemeanor, and Soloman was not charged. It was a capital offense for an enslaved person to assault a white person. He could have been hanged for the assault. Because he was a valuable bondsman for Prosser, the judge sentenced him to jail for one month and had his thumb branded.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel was released from jail when enslaver Prosser paid a bond for his release, and he promised a year of good behavior. Richmond history professor and slave law expert Philip J. Schwarz states that it showed Gabriel's intention "to consciously challenge the system of slave control."<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Douglas R. Egerton, author of <i>Gabriel's Rebellion,</i> states: "He was physically big, he was literate, he's a fighter, he's a skilled artisan. For all these reasons, he was a natural leader."<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_to_the_revolt">Background to the revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background to the revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Richmond, there were slightly more blacks than whites, with a total population of 5,700 in 1800. Richmond promoted slavery, with a community whipping post where enslavers had punishment meted out in a public square. Enslaved men loaded and moved flatboats of tobacco and other cargo. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the state in 1800, 39.2% of the total population were enslaved; they were concentrated on plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a> and west of Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel, living in Virginia in the late eighteenth century, was influenced by the prevailing themes of liberty expounded by the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_p._3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_p._3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his lifetime, the number of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> had grown markedly in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>. Many enslaved people were <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumitted</a> thanks in part to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolchin_AS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolchin_AS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their number was augmented by free black refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, many of whom had been enslavers themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Virginia enslavers were nervous about the sharp increase in the number of free blacks in the slave state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolt_and_outcome">The revolt and outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The revolt and outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians assert that Gabriel became the leader of the planned rebellion because he was highly intelligent, literate, and a blacksmith. Enslaved and free African-American men in Virginia taught their metalwork skills to their sons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the spring and summer of 1800, Gabriel began planning a revolt to end slavery in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were made with enslaved people over ten counties and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Style_-_marker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He, his brothers, and other blacksmiths turned scythe blades into as many as twelve dozen swords. Musket balls and 50 spears were created. They intended to steal muskets from a tavern.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of enslaved people from central Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expected to march into Richmond and take control of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Manufactory_of_Arms" title="Virginia Manufactory of Arms">Virginia State Armory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a>. The plan was to hold Virginia's Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> hostage so that they could negotiate for their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But on August 30, 1800, the planned day of the attack, heavy rain flooded the streets of Richmond and the creeks in central Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, two enslaved people told their enslaver, Mosby Sheppard, about the plans. Sheppard warned Governor Monroe, who called out the state <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>. They patrolled the area and began picking up conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_ltr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_ltr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel escaped downriver to <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, but he was spotted and betrayed there by another enslaved person named Will "Billy" King.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_ltr_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_ltr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 70 enslaved men were arrested by law enforcement for conspiracy and insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel was returned to Richmond for questioning, but he did not submit.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_-_Liberty_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner_-_Liberty-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was heard by five justices in courts of <a href="/wiki/Oyer_and_terminer" title="Oyer and terminer">oyer and terminer</a>, rather than a jury. A recruit, Ben Woolfolk, testified that Gabriel intended on writing the words 'death or liberty' on a silk flag, referring to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death!" title="Give me liberty or give me death!">Give me liberty or give me death!</a>" speech of 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the enslaved men reportedly said, "I have nothing more to offer than what <a href="/wiki/General_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="General Washington">General Washington</a> would have had to offer, had he been taken by the British and put to trial."<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel, his two brothers, and 23 other enslaved people were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_-_Liberty_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner_-_Liberty-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One individual committed suicide before his arraignment. Eight enslaved men were moved or sold outside of Virginia. Thirteen were found guilty but were pardoned by the governor. Twenty-five were acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two men received their freedom for informing their enslavers of the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of Gabriel's execution for several recent years was believed to have been at the <a href="/wiki/African_Burial_Ground,_Richmond,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="African Burial Ground, Richmond, Virginia">Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground</a>, historically known as the Burial Ground for Negroes. His execution was advertised in 1800 as occurring at the usual place; however, until 1806, the usual place was not yet the location of the Burial Ground for Negroes in Shockoe Bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place of execution was a place referred to as Gallows Hill near 1st St. and Canal St. The location of Gabriel's burial, as well as others who were executed on Gallows Hill for their involvement in the insurrection, was reported to have been in a sort of potters' field used primarily for the interment of negroes. This burying ground was located on land attached to the old Baptist church on Cary St., just a few blocks from the place of execution.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rebellion was reported in newspapers across the country. James Monroe and Thomas Jefferson were concerned about the optics of executing so many people. Jefferson said, "The other states & the world at large will forever condemn us if we indulge in a principle of revenge." The <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> argued that the rebellion occurred as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>'s support of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fears of an enslaved revolt regularly swept major enslaving communities. After the rebellion, many enslavers significantly restricted their slaves' ability to travel after a second conspiracy was discovered in 1802 among enslaved boatmen along the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Appomattox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_River" title="Roanoke River">Roanoke Rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New laws were enacted to restrict free blacks and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Virginia Assembly in 1802 made it illegal for free or enslaved Black people to obtain and pilot or navigate a boat. Two years later, they could not meet in groups after their work was done or on Sundays. In 1808, state legislators banned hiring out of enslaved people and required freed blacks to leave the state within 12 months or face re-enslavement. The growing population of free blacks had to petition the legislature to stay in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian Douglas Egerton offered a new perspective on Gabriel in his book <i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 & 1802</i> (1993). He based this on extensive <a href="/wiki/Primary_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary research">primary research</a> from surviving contemporary documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_pp._24,_25_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_pp._24,_25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egerton concluded that Gabriel would have been stimulated and challenged at the foundries by interacting with European, African, and mixed-descent co-workers. They hoped <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s Democratic-Republicans would liberate them from domination by the wealthy Federalist merchants of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal dynamics of Jefferson's and Monroe's party in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 United States presidential election</a> were complex. A significant part of the Democratic-Republican base were prominent planters and colleagues of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Egerton believes that any sign that white radicals, particularly Frenchmen, had supported Gabriel's plan could have cost Jefferson the election. Enslavers feared such violent excesses as those related to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> after 1789 and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. Egerton believed that Gabriel planned to take Governor Monroe hostage to negotiate an end to slavery. Then, he planned to "drink and dine with the merchants of the city".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egerton noted that Gabriel instructed his followers not to kill white <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">Frenchmen</a>. During this period, Methodists and Quakers were active missionaries for <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFord_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LVA_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabriel's rebellion was an important example of enslaved people acting to gain freedom: </p> <ul><li>In 2002, the City of Richmond adopted a resolution to commemorate the 202nd anniversary "of the execution of the patriot and freedom fighter, Gabriel, whose death stands as a symbol for the determination and struggle of slaves to obtain freedom, justice and equality as promised by the fundamental principles of democratic governments of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States of America".<sup id="cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Style_-_marker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caroline2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroline2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Spring Park Historic Site in Henrico County commemorates Gabriel.<sup id="cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Style_-_marker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2004, the Virginia Board of Historic Resources approved a historic highway marker at the spot where Gabriel was then believed to have been hanged on October 10, 1800. It is between 15th and 16th streets, on the north side of East Broad Street. The state worked with individuals from a group called the Defenders for Freedom, Justice & Equality.<sup id="cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Style_-_marker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the fall of 2006, the Virginia State Conference of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> requested Gov. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> pardon Gabriel in recognition of his contributions to the civil rights struggle of African Americans and all peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-caroline2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroline2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On August 30, 2007, Governor Kaine informally <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> Gabriel and his co-conspirators. Kaine said that Gabriel's motivation had been "his devotion to the ideals of the American revolution—it was worth risking death to secure liberty." Kaine noted that "Gabriel's cause—the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality of all people—has prevailed in the light of history" and added that "it is important to acknowledge that history favorably regards Gabriel's cause while consigning legions who sought to keep him and others in chains to be forgotten."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arna_Bontemps" title="Arna Bontemps">Arna Bontemps</a> wrote <i>Black Thunder</i> (1936), a historical novel based on Gabriel's Rebellion.</li> <li>Gigi Amateau wrote <i>Come August, Come Freedom: The Bellows, The Gallows, and The Black General Gabriel</i> (2012), a historical fiction novel based on Gabriel's Rebellion.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots (book)">Roots</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>'s historical fiction, the rebellion is heard of by the book's characters.</li> <li>In <i>Sally Hemings</i>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Chase-Riboud" title="Barbara Chase-Riboud">Barbara Chase-Riboud</a>'s 1979 novel about <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Hemings</a>'s relationship with Thomas Jefferson, Monroe writes Jefferson asking his advice on what to do about the insurrectionists still in jail after "(m)ore than thirty-five" had been executed. Hemings intercedes on their behalf, telling Jefferson, "I think there has been enough hanging," and suggests they be exiled instead. Although it is not made explicit in the novel, it is implied that Jefferson followed her suggestion and advised Monroe accordingly. At the end of the chapter, Hemings says, "I heard that the last of Gabriel's rebels had been reprieved and banished from Virginia by James Monroe. I had not pleaded in vain."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Gabriel, the Musical" was produced at Firehouse Theatre in Richmond, Virginia, from September 8, 2022, through October 2, 2022. With libretto by Jerold Solomon, Foster Solomon and Ron Klipp and Music & Lyrics by Ron Klipp, the musical tells a semi-fictionalized account of the development of Gabriel's conspiracy and its aftermath on the conspirators, the local government, and the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production was funded in part by a 2020 grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (grant 1861109-28-20).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barry" title="Tim Barry">Tim Barry</a>, a singer/songwriter from Richmond, wrote and performed "Prosser's Gabriel" for the album <i>28th & Stonewall</i>. It chronicles the events of Gabriel's life, focusing on the attempted revolution.</li> <li>Gabriel is mentioned in Public Enemy's song "Prophets of Rage."</li> <li>Gabriel is the hero of a cleverly subversive<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a> recorded<sup id="cite_ref-Marryat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marryat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some forty years after events in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Jack" title="Poor Jack">Poor Jack</a></i> (1840).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of enslaved people">List of enslaved people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of free blacks as part of the black population rose from less than 1 percent in 1782 to more than 10 percent by 1810. By then, free blacks in Virginia numbered 30,466, or 7.2 percent of the black population. By 1810, nearly three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>'s black population were free.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolchin_AS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolchin_AS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They were uneasy as well by the violent aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the uprising of enslaved people in the 1790s in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>. In 1792, France granted social equality to free people of color, and in 1793, French Revolutionary commissioners in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> granted freedom to all the enslaved people. Whites and free people of color, some of whom were also enslavers, emigrated as refugees to the US during the years of upheaval now known as the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. They added to the free people of color in Charleston, Richmond, and New Orleans. In addition, enslavers brought thousands of ethnic enslaved Africans with them, especially adding to the African population of New Orleans. In 1804, the black and mulatto revolutionaries succeeded in gaining freedom, declaring the colony the independent black nation of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No reliable numbers existed regarding enslaved and free black conspirators; most likely, the number of men actively involved numbered only several hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'[the] song subverts...by exaggerating the reward and by foregrounding the extent of state repression aimed at a single man. This emphasizes White fear of slaves' potential power to ruin the state, rather than accenting the majesty of White power. This, then, was a song slaves could sing in front of Whites. It appeared to focus on exactly what authorities hoped slaves would remember about the conspiracy, but it did not accept a White version of the story. The song reversed the meaning...turning it into a tale of White anxiety rather than White power.'<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although elsewhere in his fiction Marryat sometimes invents lyrics to songs, this is unlikely to be the case with the shanty about Gabriel. It refers to a rebellion over thirty years earlier and contains details that Marryat, as an Englishman, was unlikely to have known. Furthermore, he had sailed to North America in 1837, noting in his diary his interest in the shanties he repeatedly heard: <i>The seamen, as usual lightened their labour with the song and chorus...The one they sung was particularly musical, though not refined; and the chorus of 'Oh! Sally Brown', was given with great emphasis by the whole crew between every line of the song'.<sup id="cite_ref-Marryat_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marryat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the book an African American sailor sings the shanty. It refers to its subject as "General" Gabriel and claims a bounty of £1000 was put on his head. After being betrayed and captured, he is heavily loaded with chains, and "a troop of light horse" is appointed to guard him. He is taken before the governor, whose name is slightingly alluded to ("<a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a> he set up for go[ver]nor"). The whole country turns out to see him. Gabriel makes a last speech in which he proclaims his own "right name" and that he is "here today and gone tomorrow / I did not come for to stay for e[v]er". He is taken to the gallows in a wagon drawn by four grey horses.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting with heavy irony that the execution was a "Very sad loss to Major Prosser" the verse concludes by describing Gabriel as the man "who almost ruined old Virginny".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DeFord-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFord_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeFord2000" class="citation news cs1">DeFord, Susan (2000-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/02/06/gabriels-rebellion/33c9061a-e33d-4f18-bf02-fe3cd294f5df/">"Gabriel's Rebellion"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion&rft.date=2000-02-06&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=DeFord&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F2000%2F02%2F06%2Fgabriels-rebellion%2F33c9061a-e33d-4f18-bf02-fe3cd294f5df%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rucker_surname-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rucker_surname_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRucker2008" class="citation book cs1">Rucker, Walter C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdW7laRJ7aEC&q=%2522Prosser%2527s%2520Gabriel%2522"><i>The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America</i></a>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4888-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-4888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Flows+On%3A+Black+Resistance%2C+Culture%2C+and+Identity+Formation+in+Early+America&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-4888-4&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Walter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdW7laRJ7aEC%26q%3D%252522Prosser%252527s%252520Gabriel%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackPast-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlackPast_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/prosser-gabriel-1775-1800/">"Gabriel Prosser (1775–1800)"</a>. 2007-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Prosser+%281775%E2%80%931800%29&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Fprosser-gabriel-1775-1800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egerton-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/21"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/21">21–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4422-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4422-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Virginia+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4422-9&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LVA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LVA_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/deathliberty/gabriel/index.htm">"Gabriel's Conspiracy"</a>. <i>www.lva.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lva.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Gabriel%27s+Conspiracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lva.virginia.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fdeathliberty%2Fgabriel%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egerton_pp._24,_25-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_pp._24,_25_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_pp._24,_25_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/24"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion : The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. pp. 24–25]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807844229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807844229"><bdi>978-0807844229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion+%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0807844229&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA556"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-157-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-157-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Early+American+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931812%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%5B3+volumes%5D%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-157-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsApvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/18"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion : The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807844229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807844229"><bdi>978-0807844229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion+%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0807844229&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/">"Historical Census Browser"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091206001455/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/">Archived</a> December 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Virginia Library, accessed 21 Mar 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egerton_p._3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_p._3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/3"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/3">https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/3</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807844225" title="Special:BookSources/0807844225"><bdi>0807844225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F3+3&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0807844225&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolchin_AS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolchin_AS_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolchin_AS_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolchin1994" class="citation book cs1">Kolchin, Peter (1994). <i>American Slavery: 1619–1877</i>. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 78, 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Slavery%3A+1619%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78%2C+81&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kolchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EV-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EV_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/gabriels-conspiracy-1800/">"Gabriel's Conspiracy of 1800"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Gabriel%27s+Conspiracy+of+1800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fgabriels-conspiracy-1800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRucker2008" class="citation book cs1">Rucker, Walter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdW7laRJ7aEC&pg=PT207"><i>The River Flows On Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807148884" title="Special:BookSources/9780807148884"><bdi>9780807148884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Flows+On+Black+Resistance%2C+Culture%2C+and+Identity+Formation+in+Early+America&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780807148884&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdW7laRJ7aEC%26pg%3DPT207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Style_-_marker-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Style_-_marker_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/gabriels-rebellion-to-have-lasting-marker/Content?oid=1364936">"Gabriel's Rebellion to Have Lasting Marker"</a>. <i>Style Weekly</i>. 23 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Style+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion+to+Have+Lasting+Marker&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.styleweekly.com%2Frichmond%2Fgabriels-rebellion-to-have-lasting-marker%2FContent%3Foid%3D1364936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. "Chapter 14". <i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss_ltr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_ltr_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_ltr_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/deathliberty/gabriel/moss16.htm">"John Moss to [Governor James Monroe?]"</a>. <i>www.lva.virginia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lva.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=John+Moss+to+%5BGovernor+James+Monroe%3F%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lva.virginia.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fdeathliberty%2Fgabriel%2Fmoss16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner_-_Liberty-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner_-_Liberty_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner_-_Liberty_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2006" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (2006). <i>Give me liberty!: An American History</i>. Vol. I. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+me+liberty%21%3A+An+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richmondcemeteries.org/africanburialground/">Smith, Ryan K., African Burial Ground – Richmond Cemeteries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Daily Dispatch, (Richmond, VA) April 29, 1871, Chronicling America, Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/120/mode/2up?"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807844225" title="Special:BookSources/0807844225"><bdi>0807844225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0807844225&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/164/mode/2up?q=1808"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807844225" title="Special:BookSources/0807844225"><bdi>0807844225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0807844225&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F164%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D1808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1993" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Douglas R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/13"><i>Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gabrielsrebellio0000eger/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807844225" title="Special:BookSources/0807844225"><bdi>0807844225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+Virginia+Slave+Conspiracies+of+1800+and+1802&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0807844225&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgabrielsrebellio0000eger%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/deathliberty/gabriel/gabtrial17.htm">"Testimony in the Trial of Gabriel"</a>. <i>www.lva.virginia.gov</i>. 6 October 1800<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lva.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Testimony+in+the+Trial+of+Gabriel&rft.date=1800-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lva.virginia.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fdeathliberty%2Fgabriel%2Fgabtrial17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroline2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caroline2006_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroline2006_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.caroline.va.us/gabirelpardon.html">C. Ruth Ebrahim, "Virginia State NAACP Conference requests pardon of Gabriel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303160032/http://www.co.caroline.va.us/gabirelpardon.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Caroline Register</i>, Oct 2006, accessed 23 Jul 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (August 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/news/gov-pardons-gabriels-rebellion-moc/">"Gov. 'Pardons' Gabriel's Rebellion Slave"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gov.+%27Pardons%27+Gabriel%27s+Rebellion+Slave&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fnews%2Fgov-pardons-gabriels-rebellion-moc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase-Riboud2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Chase-Riboud" title="Barbara Chase-Riboud">Chase-Riboud, Barbara</a> (2009) [1979]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781556529450_0"><i>Sally Hemings: A Novel</i></a></span>. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781556529450_0/page/222">222</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-945-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-945-0"><bdi>978-1-55652-945-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sally+Hemings%3A+A+Novel&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=222-24&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-945-0&rft.aulast=Chase-Riboud&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781556529450_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz" class="citation web cs1">Rabinowitz, Chloe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/washington-dc/article/Firehouse-Theatre-Announces-World-Premiere-Musical-GABRIEL-20220103">"Firehouse Theatre Announces World Premiere Musical 'Gabriel'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BroadwayWorld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.atitle=Firehouse+Theatre+Announces+World+Premiere+Musical+%27Gabriel%27&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Fwashington-dc%2Farticle%2FFirehouse-Theatre-Announces-World-Premiere-Musical-GABRIEL-20220103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberline2022" class="citation web cs1">Timberline, David (14 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/the-gift-of-gabriel/Content?oid=19190920">"The Gift of 'Gabriel'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Style Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Style+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Gift+of+%27Gabriel%27&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Timberline&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.styleweekly.com%2Frichmond%2Fthe-gift-of-gabriel%2FContent%3Foid%3D19190920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidbury-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidbury1997" class="citation book cs1">Sidbury, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ploughsharesinto0000sidb/page/260"><i>Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ploughsharesinto0000sidb/page/260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521598606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521598606"><bdi>978-0521598606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ploughshares+into+Swords%3A+Race%2C+Rebellion+and+Identity+in+Gabriel%27s+Virginia&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521598606&rft.aulast=Sidbury&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fploughsharesinto0000sidb%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marryat-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marryat_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marryat_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Marryat, <i>A Diary in America</i> (London, 1839)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Marryat1840" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a> (1840), "Chapter 17", <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Jack" title="Poor Jack">Poor Jack</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17&rft.btitle=Poor+Jack&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Frederick+Marryat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1576.html">"Africans in America – Part 3 Gabriel's Conspiracy"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Africans+in+America+%E2%80%93+Part+3+Gabriel%27s+Conspiracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart3%2F3p1576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel%27s+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Gabriel's Rebellion</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gabriel%26%2339%3Bs+Rebellion&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gabriel%26%2339%3Bs+Rebellion">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gabriel%26%2339%3Bs+Rebellion&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Aptheker, Herbert</a>. <i>American Negro Slave Revolts</i>. New York: International Publishers, 1943.</li> <li>Nicholls, Michael L. <i>Whispers of Rebellion: Narrating Gabriel's Conspiracy</i>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012.</li> <li>Schwarz, Philip J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/6">Gabriel's Challenge: Slaves and Crime in Late Eighteenth-Century Virginia</a>", <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> Volume 90, Issue 3, pp. 283–309, 1982.</li> <li>Schwarz, Philip J. <i>Gabriel's Conspiracy: A Documentary History.</i> Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012.</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/deathliberty/alldocs.htm#gabriel">The Library of Virginia holds documentation related to Gabriel's life and the events surrounding the attempted rebellion</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The Collegian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollegianur.com/article/2022/10/community-gathers-for-20th-annual-gabriel-gathering-at-shockoe-bottom-african-burial-ground">Community gathers for 20th Annual Gabriel Gathering at Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Richmond Magazine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richmondmagazine.com/nice-shot-gabriel-gathering-2022/">Nice Shot: Illumination and ReclamationThe 20th annual Gabriel Gathering at the African Burial Ground in Shockoe Bottom</a>, Nov 8, 2022</li></ul> <ul><li>Black Agenda Report, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackagendareport.com/commemorating-gabriels-rebellion-african-burial-ground-richmond-virginia">Commemorating Gabriel's Rebellion at the African Burial Ground in Richmond, Virginia</a>, Sept 30, 2022</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacredgroundproject.net/p/gabriels-rebellion.html">Sacred Ground Historical Reclamation Project, Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIqVZf7Ul9Q">Library of Virginia, Gabriel's Conspiracy, African American Burial Grounds, 9 of 9, Dr. Philip Schwarz, March 8, 2013</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> (1834–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lee_(valet)" title="Philip Lee (valet)">Philip Lee</a> (c. 1785–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a> (1736–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a> (1822–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a> (died 1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a> (1816–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Woodroof" title="Seth Woodroof">Seth Woodroof</a> (1805–1875)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruin%27s_Slave_Jail" title="Bruin's Slave Jail">Bruin's Slave Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cage_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="The Cage (Richmond, Virginia)">The Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremo_Slave_Chapel" title="Bremo Slave Chapel">Bremo Slave Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705" title="Virginia Slave Codes of 1705">Virginia Slave Codes of 1705</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion_and_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia_slave_market" title="Richmond, Virginia slave market">Richmond slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Black genocide in the United States">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Freedmen" title="Cherokee Freedmen">Cherokee Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Freedmen">Choctaw Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_Nebraska" title="African-American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_(state)" title="African Americans in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black 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