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aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vajrayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vajrayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visualisation_of_Vajrayana_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visualisation_of_Vajrayana_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Visualisation of Vajrayana teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visualisation_of_Vajrayana_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mount_Meru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Meru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Mount Meru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Meru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom_and_impermanence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom_and_impermanence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Wisdom and impermanence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom_and_impermanence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Buddhas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Buddhas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.3</span> <span>Five Buddhas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Buddhas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Theravada Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shingon_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shingon_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Shingon Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shingon_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nichiren_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nichiren_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nichiren Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nichiren_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_Land_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_Land_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pure Land Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_Land_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhimandala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhimandala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bodhimandala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhimandala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand_mandalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand_mandalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sand mandalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand_mandalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_psychological_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_psychological_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Western psychological interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_psychological_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مندالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مندالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մանտալաներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մանտալաներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="মণ্ডল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="মণ্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="དཀྱིལ་འཁོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཀྱིལ་འཁོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalo" title="Mandalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ماندالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماندالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%A4%EB%9D%BC" title="만다라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만다라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Մանդալա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանդալա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="मंडल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מנדלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנדלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2" title="ಮಂಡಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಡಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მანდალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანდალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala" title="Maṇḍala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maṇḍala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="曼荼羅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(symbol)" title="Mandala (symbol) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandala (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5" title="มณฑล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mandala" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мандала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мандала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88%D9%84" title="منڈل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منڈل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1n-%C4%91%C3%A0-la" title="Mạn-đà-la – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạn-đà-la" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼荼羅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191431#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mandala" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spiritual and ritual symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mandala (disambiguation)">Mandala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mancala" title="Mancala">Mancala</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/300px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/450px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/600px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8384" data-file-height="9970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> painting of Manjuvajra mandala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taizokai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/300px-Taizokai.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/450px-Taizokai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Taizokai.jpg/600px-Taizokai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3445" /></a><figcaption>The Womb Realm mandala. The center square represents the young stage of <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>. He is surrounded by eight <a href="/wiki/Buddharupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddharupa">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> (clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a>, Saṅkusumitarāja, <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mandala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">मण्डल</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṇḍala</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'circle', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈmɐɳɖɐlɐ]</a></span>) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for establishing a <a href="/wiki/Ganachakra#Sacred_space" title="Ganachakra">sacred space</a> and as an aid to <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a> induction. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> it is used as a map representing deities, or especially in the case of Shinto, paradises, <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> or actual shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/330px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/440px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Mandala of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Hinduism, a basic mandala, also called a <i><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a></i>, takes the form of a square with four gates containing a circle with a <a href="/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)" title="Bindu (symbol)">center point</a>. Each gate is in the general shape of a T.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandalas often have <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">radial</a> <a href="/wiki/Formal_balance" title="Formal balance">balance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SaylorIntroPDF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaylorIntroPDF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a></i> is similar to a mandala, usually smaller and using a more limited colour palette. It may be a two- or three-dimensional geometric composition used in <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhanas</a></i>, puja or meditative rituals, and may incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> into its design. It is considered to represent the abode of the deity. Each <i>yantra</i> is unique and calls the deity into the presence of the practitioner through the elaborate symbolic geometric designs. According to one scholar, "Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths and as instructional charts of the spiritual aspect of human experience"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many situate <i>yantras</i> as central focus points for Hindu tantric practice. <i>Yantras</i> are not representations, but are lived, experiential, <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondual</a> realities. As Khanna describes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Despite its cosmic meanings a <i>yantra</i> is a reality lived. Because of the relationship that exists in the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantras</a> between the outer world (the macrocosm) and man's inner world (the microcosm), every symbol in a <i>yantra</i> is ambivalently resonant in inner–outer synthesis, and is associated with the subtle body and aspects of human consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The term 'mandala' appears in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as the name of the sections of the work, and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic rituals">Vedic rituals</a> use mandalas such as the <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> mandala to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_17th_century_Tibetan_%27Five_Deity_Mandala%27,_in_the_center_is_Rakta_Yamari_(the_Red_Enemy_of_Death)_embracing_his_consort_Vajra_Vetali,_in_the_corners_are_the_Red,_Green_White_and_Yellow_Yamari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_17th_century_Tibetan_%27Five_Deity_Mandala%27%2C_in_the_center_is_Rakta_Yamari_%28the_Red_Enemy_of_Death%29_embracing_his_consort_Vajra_Vetali%2C_in_the_corners_are_the_Red%2C_Green_White_and_Yellow_Yamari.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_17th_century_Tibetan_%27Five_Deity_Mandala%27%2C_in_the_center_is_Rakta_Yamari_%28the_Red_Enemy_of_Death%29_embracing_his_consort_Vajra_Vetali%2C_in_the_corners_are_the_Red%2C_Green_White_and_Yellow_Yamari.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_17th_century_Tibetan_%27Five_Deity_Mandala%27%2C_in_the_center_is_Rakta_Yamari_%28the_Red_Enemy_of_Death%29_embracing_his_consort_Vajra_Vetali%2C_in_the_corners_are_the_Red%2C_Green_White_and_Yellow_Yamari.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="2011" /></a><figcaption>Painted 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> 'Five Deity Mandala', in the centre is <a href="/wiki/Yamari" title="Yamari">Rakta Yamari</a> (the Red Enemy of Death) embracing his consort <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajra_Vetali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajra Vetali (page does not exist)">Vajra Vetali</a>, in the corners are the Red, Green, White and Yellow <a href="/wiki/Yamari" title="Yamari">Yamaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Buddha_mandala.jpg/220px-Buddha_mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Buddha_mandala.jpg/330px-Buddha_mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Buddha_mandala.jpg/440px-Buddha_mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sandpainting showing Buddha mandala, which is made as part of the death rituals among Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newars</a> of Nepal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vajrayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, mandalas have been developed also into <a href="/wiki/Sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">sandpainting</a>. They are also a key part of <a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantra</a> meditation practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visualisation_of_Vajrayana_teachings">Visualisation of Vajrayana teachings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Visualisation of Vajrayana teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The man mandala can be shown to represent in visual form the core essence of the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> teachings. The mandala represents the nature of the Pure Land, Enlightened mind. </p><p>An example of this type of mandala is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37614"><i>Vajrabhairava mandala</i></a> a silk tapestry woven with gilded paper depicting lavish elements like crowns and jewelry, which gives a three-dimensional effect to the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mount_Meru">Mount Meru</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mount Meru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mandala can also represent the entire universe, which is traditionally depicted with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a> in the center, surrounded by the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39738"><i>Cosmological Mandala with Mount Meru</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> that serves as a diagram of the Tibetan cosmology, which was given to China from Nepal and Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wisdom_and_impermanence">Wisdom and impermanence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wisdom and impermanence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mandala, the outer circle of fire usually symbolises wisdom. The ring of eight <a href="/wiki/Charnel_ground" title="Charnel ground">charnel grounds</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represents the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> exhortation to be always mindful of death, and the impermanence with which <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i> is suffused: "such locations were utilized in order to confront and to realize the transient nature of life".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described elsewhere: "within a flaming rainbow nimbus and encircled by a black ring of <a href="/wiki/Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorje">dorjes</a>, the major outer ring depicts the eight great charnel grounds, to emphasize the dangerous nature of human life".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside these rings lie the walls of the mandala palace itself, specifically a place populated by deities and <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (general)">Buddhas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Five_Buddhas">Five Buddhas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Five Buddhas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Tathāgatas</a></div> <p>One well-known type of mandala is the mandala of the "Five Buddhas", archetypal Buddha forms embodying various aspects of enlightenment. Such Buddhas are depicted depending on the school of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and even the specific purpose of the mandala. A common mandala of this type is that of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Buddhas">Five Wisdom Buddhas</a> (a.k.a. Five <i><a href="/wiki/Jinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinas">Jinas</a></i>), the Buddhas <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksobhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksobhya">Aksobhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi</a>. When paired with another mandala depicting the <a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Kings">Five Wisdom Kings</a>, this forms the <a href="/wiki/Mandala_of_the_Two_Realms" title="Mandala of the Two Realms">Mandala of the Two Realms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition,_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles,_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>Tantric mandala of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mandalas are commonly used by tantric Buddhists as an aid to meditation. </p><p>The mandala is "a support for the meditating person",<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something to be repeatedly contemplated to the point of saturation, such that the image of the mandala becomes fully internalised in even the minutest detail and can then be summoned and contemplated at will as a clear and vivid visualized image. With every mandala comes what Tucci calls "its associated liturgy ... contained in texts known as <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantras</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instructing practitioners on how the mandala should be drawn, built and visualised, and indicating the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> to be recited during its ritual use. </p><p>By visualizing "pure lands", one learns to understand experience <i>itself</i> as pure, and as the abode of enlightenment. The protection that we need, in this view, is from our own minds, as much as from external sources of confusion. In many tantric mandalas, this aspect of separation and protection from the outer samsaric world is depicted by "the four outer circles: the purifying fire of wisdom, the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> circle, the circle with the eight tombs, the lotus circle".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ring of <i>vajras</i> forms a connected fence-like arrangement running around the perimeter of the outer mandala circle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a meditation on impermanence (a central teaching of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>), after days or weeks of creating the intricate pattern of a <a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a>, the sand is brushed together into a pile and spilled into a body of running water to spread the blessings of the mandala. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Per_Kvaerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Kvaerne">Kværne</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his extended discussion of <a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">sahaja</a>, discusses the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a> interiority and exteriority in relation to mandala thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...external ritual and internal sadhana form an indistinguishable whole, and this unity finds its most pregnant expression in the form of the mandala, the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_enclosure" title="Sacred enclosure">sacred enclosure</a> consisting of concentric squares and circles drawn on the ground and representing that adamant plane of being on which the aspirant to Buddha hood wishes to establish himself. The unfolding of the tantric ritual depends on the mandala; and where a material mandala is not employed, the adept proceeds to construct one mentally in the course of his meditation."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangoli,_Ganesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg/219px-Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg/328px-Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg/438px-Rangoli%2C_Ganesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Mandala Hindu <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> art form</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offerings">Offerings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg/220px-Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg/330px-Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg/440px-Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chenrezig" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenrezig">Chenrezig</a> <a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a> created at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama's</a> visit in May 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>A "mandala offering"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> is a symbolic offering of the entire universe. Every intricate detail of these mandalas is fixed in the tradition and has specific symbolic meanings, often on more than one level. </p><p>Whereas the above mandala represents the pure surroundings of a Buddha, this mandala represents the universe. This type of mandala is used for the mandala-offerings, during which one symbolically offers the universe to the Buddhas or to one's teacher. Within Vajrayana practice, 100,000 of these mandala offerings (to create merit) can be part of the preliminary practices before a student even begins actual tantric practices.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mandala is generally structured according to the model of the universe as taught in a Buddhist classic text the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakosha">Abhidharma-kośa</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> at the centre, surrounded by the continents, oceans and mountains, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theravada Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various Mandalas are described in many <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Pali Buddhist texts</a>. Some of the examples of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist Mandalas are: </p> <ul><li><b>Mandala of Eight Disciples</b> of Buddha describing the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> at center and Eight great disciple in eight major directions.</li> <li><b>Mandala of Buddhas</b> is the mandala consisting of nine major Buddhas of the past and the present <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> occupying the ten directions.</li> <li><b>Mandala of Eight Devis</b> includes the eight Devis occupying and protecting the eight corners of the Universe.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sig%C4%81lov%C4%81da_Sutta" title="Sigālovāda Sutta">Sigālovāda Sutta</a>, Buddha describes the relationships of a common <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">lay persons</a> in Mandala style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shingon_Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shingon Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One Japanese branch of Mahayana Buddhism – <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> Buddhism – makes frequent use of mandalas in its rituals as well, though the actual mandalas differ. When Shingon's founder, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>, returned from his training in China, he brought back two mandalas that became central to Shingon ritual: the <a href="/wiki/Womb_Realm" title="Womb Realm">Mandala of the Womb Realm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Mandala of the Diamond Realm</a>. </p><p>These two mandalas are engaged in the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhiseka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiseka">abhiseka</a></i> initiation rituals for new Shingon students, more commonly known as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kechien Kanjō</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">結縁灌頂</span></span>). A common feature of this ritual is to blindfold the new initiate and to have them throw a flower upon either mandala. Where the flower lands assists in the determination of which <a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">tutelary deity</a> the initiate should follow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nichiren_Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nichiren Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg/220px-NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg/330px-NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg/440px-NICHIREN_SH%C5%8CNIN_ICHIDAI_ZUE_1858_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>Nichiren bowing before MOJI-MANDALA which he wrote.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mandala in <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> is a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moji-mandala</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文字曼陀羅</span></span>), which is a paper <a href="/wiki/Hanging_scroll" title="Hanging scroll">hanging scroll</a> or wooden tablet whose inscription consists of <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Chinese characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">medieval-Sanskrit script</a> representing elements of the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>, protective Buddhist deities, and certain Buddhist concepts. Called the <i><a href="/wiki/Gohonzon" title="Gohonzon">Gohonzon</a></i>, it was originally inscribed by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>, the founder of this branch of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>, during the late 13th Century. The <i>Gohonzon</i> is the primary object of veneration in some Nichiren schools and the only one in others, which consider it to be the supreme object of worship as the embodiment of the supreme <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and Nichiren's inner enlightenment. The seven characters <a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō</a>, considered to be the name of the supreme Dharma, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> that believers chant, are written down the center of all Nichiren-sect <i>Gohonzons</i>, whose appearance may otherwise vary depending on the particular school and other factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_Land_Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pure Land Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pure_Land_Mandala_(Kyushu_National_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Pure_Land_Mandala_%28Kyushu_National_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>Pure Land <a href="/wiki/Taima_mandala" title="Taima mandala">Taima Mandala</a>, Kamakura period, 14th century, Japan (Kyushu National Museum)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mandalas have sometimes been used in <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> to graphically represent <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Lands</a>, based on descriptions found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Larger_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Sutra">Larger Sutra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Contemplation_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplation Sutra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i>. The most famous mandala in Japan is the <a href="/wiki/Taima_mandala" title="Taima mandala">Taima mandala</a>, dated to about 763 CE. The Taima mandala is based on the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i>, but other similar mandalas have been made subsequently. Unlike mandalas used in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, it is not used as an object of meditation or for esoteric ritual. Instead, it provides a visual representation of the Pure Land texts, and is used as a teaching aid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in <a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodo Shinshu">Jodo Shinshu</a> Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a> and his descendant, <a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a>, sought a way to create easily accessible objects of reverence for the lower-classes of Japanese society. Shinran designed a mandala using a hanging scroll, and the words of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">nembutsu</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">念仏</span></span>) written vertically. This style of mandala is still used by some <a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodo Shinshu">Jodo Shinshu</a> Buddhists in home altars, or <i><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">butsudan</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhimandala">Bodhimandala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bodhimandala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala" title="Bodhimaṇḍala">Bodhimaṇḍala</a></div> <p>Bodhimaṇḍala is a term in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> that means "circle of <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">awakening</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sand_mandalas">Sand mandalas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sand mandalas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MandalaSable2008-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MandalaSable2008-05.JPG/220px-MandalaSable2008-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MandalaSable2008-05.JPG/330px-MandalaSable2008-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MandalaSable2008-05.JPG/440px-MandalaSable2008-05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Sand Mandala in the making</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandalas</a> are colorful mandalas made from sand that are ritualistically destroyed. They originated in India in the 8th–12th century but are now practiced in Tibetan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each mandala is dedicated to specific deities. In Buddhism Deities represent states of the mind to be obtained on the path to enlightenment, the mandala itself is representative of the deity's palace which also represents the mind of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each mandala is a pictorial representation of a <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a>. for the process of making Sand mandalas they are created by monks who have trained for three–five years in a monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sand mandalas are made to be destroyed to symbolize impermanence, the Buddhist belief that death is not the end, and that one's essence will always return to the elements. It is also related to the belief that one should not become attached to anything.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create these mandalas, the monks first create a sketch,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then take colorful sand traditionally made from powdered stones and gems into copper funnels called Cornetts<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gently tap sand out of them to create the sand mandala. Each color represents attributes of deities. While making the mandalas the monks will pray and meditate, each grain of sand represents a blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monks will travel to demonstrate this art form to people, often in museums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_psychological_interpretations">Western psychological interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western psychological interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Jung"></span> The re-introduction of mandalas into modern Western thought is largely credited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>. In his exploration of the unconscious through art, Jung observed the common appearance of a circle motif across religions and cultures. He hypothesized that the circle drawings reflected the mind's inner state at the moment of creation and were a kind of symbolic archetype in the collective unconscious. Familiarity with the philosophical writings of India prompted Jung to adopt the word "mandala" to describe these drawings created by himself and his patients. In his autobiography, Jung wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I sketched every morning in a notebook a small circular drawing, [...] which seemed to correspond to my inner situation at the time. [...] Only gradually did I discover what the mandala really is: [...] the Self, the wholeness of the personality, which if all goes well is harmonious.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carl Jung, <i><a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a></i>, pp. 195–196. p.232 Vintage books revised edition (Doubleday)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I began drawing the mandalas, however, I saw that everything, all the paths I had been following, all the steps I had taken, were leading back to a single point—namely, to the mid-point. It became increasingly plain to me that the mandala is the center. It is the exponent of all paths. It is the path to the center, to individuation....I saw that here the goal had been revealed. One could not go beyond the center. The center is the goal, and everything is directed toward that center. Through this dream I understood that the self is the principle and archetype of orientation and meaning. Therein lies its healing function. For me, this insight signified an approach to the center and therefore to the goal. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carl Jung, <i><a href="/wiki/Memories,_Dreams,_Reflections" title="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">Memories, Dreams, Reflections</a></i>,pp. 233-235 Vintage Books revised edition (Doubleday)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Jung claimed that the urge to make mandalas emerges during moments of intense personal growth. He further hypothesized their appearance indicated a "profound re-balancing process" is underway in the psyche; the result of the process would be a more complex and better integrated personality. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The mandala serves a conservative purpose – namely, to restore a previously existing order. But it also serves the creative purpose of giving expression and form to something that does not yet exist, something new and unique. [...] The process is that of the ascending spiral, which grows upward while simultaneously returning again and again to the same point.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a>, In <i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_His_Symbols" title="Man and His Symbols">Man and His Symbols</a></i> (C. G. Jung, Ed.), p. 225,</cite></div></blockquote> <p>American art therapist Joan Kellogg later created the MARI card test, a <a href="/wiki/Projective_test" title="Projective test">free response measure</a>, based on Jung's work.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transpersonal psychologist <a href="/wiki/David_Fontana" title="David Fontana">David Fontana</a> proposed that the symbolic nature of a mandala may help one "to access progressively deeper levels of the unconscious, ultimately assisting the meditator to experience a mystical sense of oneness with the ultimate unity from which the cosmos in all its manifold forms arises."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a> often applied mandala as the blueprint or plan to design Buddhist structures, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">temple complex</a> and stupas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A notable example of mandala in architecture is the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in Central Java, Indonesia. It is built as a large <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> surrounded by smaller ones arranged on terraces formed as a <a href="/wiki/Stepped_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepped pyramid">stepped pyramid</a>, and when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">tantric Buddhist</a> mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other temples from the same period that also have mandala plans include <a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Sewu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaosan" title="Plaosan">Plaosan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>. Similar mandala designs are also observable in Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the Boudhanath stupa resembles a mandala"><img alt="Aerial view of the Boudhanath stupa resembles a mandala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif/lossy-page1-240px-AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif/lossy-page1-360px-AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif/lossy-page1-480px-AERIAL_BOUDHA_VIEW.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Boudhanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudhanath">Boudhanath stupa</a> resembles a mandala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_Mandala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala"><img alt="Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Borobudur_Mandala.svg/264px-Borobudur_Mandala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Borobudur_Mandala.svg/396px-Borobudur_Mandala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Borobudur_Mandala.svg/528px-Borobudur_Mandala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="7th century buddhist monastery in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara"><img alt="7th century buddhist monastery in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg/450px-2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg/675px-2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg/900px-2.%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">7th century buddhist monastery in Bangladesh. <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circular diagrams are often used in <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a>, especially for the graphical representation of phylogenetic relationships. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Evolutionary trees</a> often encompass numerous species that are conveniently shown on a circular tree, with images of the species shown on the periphery of a tree. Such diagrams have been called phylogenetic mandalas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandala as an art form first appeared in Buddhist art that were produced in India during the first century B.C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> designs in Indian households. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_archaeology">In archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most intense archaeological discoveries in recent years that could redefine the history of eastern thought and tradition of mandala is the discovery of five giant mandalas in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, India, made with Google Earth imagery. Located in the paddy field in the west of <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a>, the capital of Manipur, the Maklang geoglyph is perhaps the world's largest mandala built entirely of mud. The site wasn't discovered until 2013 as its whole structure could only be visible via Google Earth satellite imagery. The whole paddy field, locally known as <a href="/wiki/Bihu_Loukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihu Loukon">Bihu Loukon</a>, is now protected and announced as historical monument and site by the government of Manipur in the same year. The site is situated 12 km aerial distance from <a href="/wiki/Kangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangla">Kangla</a> with the GPS coordinates of 24° 48' N and 93° 49' E. It covers a total area of around 224,161.45 square meters. This square mandala has four similar protruding rectangular ‘gates’ in the cardinal directions guarded each by similar but smaller rectangular ‘gates’ on the left and right. Within the square there is an eight petalled flower or rayed-star, recently called as Maklang ‘Star fort’ by the locals, in the centre covering a total area of around 50,836.66 square meters. The discovery of other five giant mandalas in the valley of Manipur is also made with Google Earth. The five giant mandalas, viz., Sekmai mandala, Heikakmapal mandala, Phurju twin mandalas and Sangolmang mandala are located on the western bank of the Iril River.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another two fairly large mandala shaped geoglyph at Nongren and Keinou are also reported from Manipur valley, India, in 2019. They are named as Nongren mandala and Keinou mandala.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala (political model)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rajamandala</a></i> (or <i>Raja-mandala</i>; circle of states) was formulated by the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a> in his work on politics, the <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> (written between 4th century BCE and 2nd century BCE). It describes circles of friendly and enemy states surrounding the king's state.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In historical, social and political sense, the term "mandala" is also employed to denote traditional <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Southeast Asian political formations</a> (such as federation of kingdoms or vassalized states). It was adopted by 20th century Western historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term 'state' in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian polities not conform to Chinese and European views of a territorially defined state with fixed borders and a bureaucratic apparatus, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empires such as <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> are known as "mandala" in this sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_contemporary_use">In contemporary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Mandali_Mendrilla" title="Mandali Mendrilla">Mandali Mendrilla</a> designed an interactive art installation called Mandala of Desires (Blue Lotus Wish Tree) made in peace silk and eco friendly textile ink, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/China_Art_Museum,_Shanghai" title="China Art Museum, Shanghai">China Art Museum</a> in Shanghai in November 2015. The pattern of the dress was based on the Goloka Yantra mandala, shaped as a lotus with eight petals. Visitors were invited to place a wish on the sculpture dress, which will be taken to India and offered to a genuine living <a href="/wiki/Wish_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wish Tree">Wish Tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cosmological mandala with Mount Meru, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Cosmological mandala with Mount Meru, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg/200px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg/300px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg/400px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2_%E9%A0%88%E5%BD%8C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Cosmological_Mandala_with_Mount_Meru_MET_DP276037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39738">Cosmological mandala with Mount Meru</a>, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vajrabhairava mandala, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Vajrabhairava mandala, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg/160px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg/241px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg/321px-%E5%85%83_%E7%B7%99%E7%B5%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85-Vajrabhairava_Mandala_MET_DT841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37614">Vajrabhairava mandala</a>, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A diagramic drawing of the Sri Yantra, showing the outside square, with four T-shaped gates, and the central circle"><img alt="A diagramic drawing of the Sri Yantra, showing the outside square, with four T-shaped gates, and the central circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif/200px-Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif/300px-Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif/400px-Sri_Yantra_256bw.gif 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A diagramic drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Yantra" title="Sri Yantra">Sri Yantra</a>, showing the outside square, with four T-shaped gates, and the central circle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu Mandala(Traditionally found in Nepal)"><img alt="Vishnu Mandala(Traditionally found in Nepal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/160px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/240px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vishnu_Mandala.jpg/321px-Vishnu_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> Mandala(Traditionally found in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition,_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles,_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted 19th century Tibetan mandala of the Naropa tradition, Vajrayogini stands in the center of two crossed red triangles, Rubin Museum of Art"><img alt="Painted 19th century Tibetan mandala of the Naropa tradition, Vajrayogini stands in the center of two crossed red triangles, Rubin Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/200px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/300px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/400px-Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition%2C_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted 19th century <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> mandala of the <a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> stands in the center of two crossed red triangles, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center,_19th_century,_Rubin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted Bhutanese Medicine Buddha mandala with the goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin Museum of Art"><img alt="Painted Bhutanese Medicine Buddha mandala with the goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg/145px-Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg/217px-Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg/290px-Medicine_Buddha_painted_mandala_with_goddess_Prajnaparamita_in_center%2C_19th_century%2C_Rubin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="2244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Medicine Buddha</a> mandala with <a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfection of Wisdom">the goddess Prajnaparamita</a> in center, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandala of the Six Chakravartins"><img alt="Mandala of the Six Chakravartins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG/166px-Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG/249px-Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG/332px-Mandala_of_the_Six_Chakravartins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandala of the Six <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartins</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vajravarahi mandala"><img alt="Vajravarahi mandala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg/131px-Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg/197px-Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg/263px-Vajravarahi_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vajravarahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajravarahi">Vajravarahi</a> mandala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain cosmological diagrams and text."><img alt="Jain cosmological diagrams and text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg/200px-Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg/300px-Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg/400px-Sankhitta_Sangheyani_Cosmography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> cosmological diagrams and text.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandala painted by a patient of Carl Jung"><img alt="Mandala painted by a patient of Carl Jung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG/200px-Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG/300px-Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Mandala_Golden_Flower_Jung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandala painted by a patient of Carl Jung</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavra_1900_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain picture of Mahavira"><img alt="Jain picture of Mahavira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/200px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/300px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mahavra_1900_art.jpg/400px-Mahavra_1900_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> picture of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalachakra mandala in a special glass pavilion. Buddhist pilgrims bypass the pavilion in a clockwise direction three times. Buryatiya, July 16, 2019"><img alt="Kalachakra mandala in a special glass pavilion. Buddhist pilgrims bypass the pavilion in a clockwise direction three times. Buryatiya, July 16, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg/130px-Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg/195px-Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg/260px-Kalachakra_mandala_in_a_special_glass_pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kalachakra mandala in a special glass pavilion. Buddhist pilgrims bypass the pavilion in a clockwise direction three times. Buryatiya, July 16, 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitighar_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandala in Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal"><img alt="Mandala in Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Maitighar_Mandala.jpg/200px-Maitighar_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Maitighar_Mandala.jpg/300px-Maitighar_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Maitighar_Mandala.jpg/400px-Maitighar_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandala in Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">Architectural drawing</a> – Technical drawing of a building (or building project)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_symbols" title="Astrological symbols">Astrological symbols</a> – Symbols denoting astrological concepts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a> – A symbolic representation of cyclic existence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a> – Subtle body psychic-energy centers in the esoteric traditions of Indian religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a> – Symbol in Dharmic religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_constant" title="Form constant">Form constant</a> – Recurringly observed geometric pattern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">Ganachakra</a> – Tantric assemblies or feasts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a> – Cosmological hierarchy of all matter and life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a> – artwork depicting the appearance of character of Muhammad<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_line" title="Ley line">Ley line</a> – Straight alignments between historic structures and landmarks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoshu_Square" title="Luoshu Square">Luoshu Square</a> – Ancient Chinese diagram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a> – Protective device in ritual magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandylion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandylion">Mandylion</a> – A painting of Jesus Christ's face<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkha" title="Namkha">Namkha</a> – Tibetan form of yarn or thread cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> - art form originating from the Indian subcontinent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religious art</a> – Art with religious subjects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a> – Intricately decorated rosette or medallion which is used in many contexts, including manuscripts, carpets, ornamental metalwork and architectural decoration such as the underside of domes<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yantra">Shri Yantra</a> – Form of mystical diagram used in the Shri Vidya school of Hinduism<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriramachakra" title="Sriramachakra">Sriramachakra</a> – Device used in astrolgy in Tamil Nadu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of life (Kabbalah)</a> – Diagram used in various mystical traditions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a> – Mystical diagram in Tantric traditions</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mandala">"mandala"</a>. Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226074446/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mandala">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mandala&rft.pub=Merriam%E2%80%93Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmandala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanabe2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tanabe, Willa Jane (2001). "Japanese Mandalas: Representations of Sacred Geography". <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (1/2): 186–188. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233691">30233691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Japanese+Mandalas%3A+Representations+of+Sacred+Geography&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=186-188&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233691%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tanabe&rft.aufirst=Willa+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052538/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Buddhism/mandala.html">"Kheper,<i>The Buddhist Mandala – Sacred Geometry and Art</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kheper.net/topics/Buddhism/mandala.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kheper%2CThe+Buddhist+Mandala+%E2%80%93+Sacred+Geometry+and+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kheper.net%2Ftopics%2FBuddhism%2Fmandala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaylorIntroPDF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SaylorIntroPDF_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.sbctc.edu_(adapted)" class="citation web cs1">www.sbctc.edu (adapted). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-4.pdf">"Module 4: The Artistic Principles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Saylor.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120041943/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Module+4%3A+The+Artistic+Principles&rft.pub=Saylor.org&rft.au=www.sbctc.edu+%28adapted%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F12%2FModule-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Khanna" title="Madhu Khanna">Khanna Madhu</a>, <i>Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity</i>. Thames and Hudson, 1979, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khanna, Madhu, <i>Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity</i>. Thames and Hudson, 1979, pp. 12-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/handbook-study-rigveda-part-ii-seventh-mandala-rig-veda">"Handbook to the Study of the Rigveda: Part II-The Seventh Mandala of the Rig Veda"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015191108/https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/handbook-study-rigveda-part-ii-seventh-mandala-rig-veda">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=Handbook+to+the+Study+of+the+Rigveda%3A+Part+II-The+Seventh+Mandala+of+the+Rig+Veda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Frarebooks%2Fhandbook-study-rigveda-part-ii-seventh-mandala-rig-veda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhist-art.com/">"Mandala in Buddhism | Buddhist Art"</a>. <i>www.buddhist-art.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhist-art.com&rft.atitle=Mandala+in+Buddhism+%7C+Buddhist+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhist-art.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37614">"Vajrabhairava Mandala"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202135526/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37614">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Vajrabhairava+Mandala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F37614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1997" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James C.Y. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/When_Silk_Was_Gold_Central_Asian_and_Chinese_Textiles"><i>When Silk was Gold: Central Asian and Chinese Textiles</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219161111/https://metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/when_silk_was_gold_central_asian_and_chinese_textiles">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Silk+was+Gold%3A+Central+Asian+and+Chinese+Textiles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James+C.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FWhen_Silk_Was_Gold_Central_Asian_and_Chinese_Textiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mipham (2000) pp. 65,80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39738">"Cosmological Mandala with Mount Meru"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205084020/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39738">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Cosmological+Mandala+with+Mount+Meru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F39738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2010" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James C.Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_World_of_Khubilai_Khan_Chinese_Art_in_the_Yuan_Dynasty#"><i>The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty</i></a>. New York: Yale University Press. p. 247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207130947/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_World_of_Khubilai_Khan_Chinese_Art_in_the_Yuan_Dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Khubilai+Khan%3A+Chinese+Art+in+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James+C.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FThe_World_of_Khubilai_Khan_Chinese_Art_in_the_Yuan_Dynasty%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonnellWhiteOellienHalls2003" class="citation web cs1">O'Donnell, Julie; White, Pennie; Oellien, Rilla; Halls, Evelin (13 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030813002533/http://www.bdcu.org.au/scw/thanka.html">"A Monograph on a Vajrayogini Thanka Painting"</a>. Consultant: John D. Hughes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcu.org.au/scw/thanka.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Monograph+on+a+Vajrayogini+Thanka+Painting&rft.date=2003-08-13&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=White%2C+Pennie&rft.au=Oellien%2C+Rilla&rft.au=Halls%2C+Evelin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcu.org.au%2Fscw%2Fthanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamphausen" class="citation web cs1">Camphausen, Rufus C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yoniversum.nl/dakini/charnel_g.html">"Charnel- and Cremation Grounds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124918/http://yoniversum.nl/dakini/charnel_g.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charnel-+and+Cremation+Grounds&rft.aulast=Camphausen&rft.aufirst=Rufus+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yoniversum.nl%2Fdakini%2Fcharnel_g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303134523/http://www.sootze.com/tibet/mandala.htm">"Tibet and the Himalayas"</a>. <i>Sootze Oriental Antiques</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sootze.com/tibet/mandala.htm">the original</a> on 2006-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sootze+Oriental+Antiques&rft.atitle=Tibet+and+the+Himalayas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sootze.com%2Ftibet%2Fmandala.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm">"Mandala"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223225316/http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jyh.dk%2Findengl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianart.com/mandalas/tibet.html">"The Mandala in Tibet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813055056/http://www.asianart.com/mandalas/tibet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mandala+in+Tibet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianart.com%2Fmandalas%2Ftibet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm#Circles">"Mandala"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223225316/http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm#Circles">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jyh.dk%2Findengl.htm%23Circles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per Kvaerne 1975: p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvaerne1975" class="citation book cs1">Kvaerne, Per (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ypsz9qEzZjwC&q=g.yu+sgra+snying+po&pg=PA137"><i>On the Concept of Sahaja in Indian Buddhist Tantric Literature. (NB: article first published in </i>Temenos<i> XI (1975): pp.88-135). Cited in: Williams, Jane (2005).</i> Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 6.<i> Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33226-5, ISBN 978-0-415-33226-2</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415332323" title="Special:BookSources/9780415332323"><bdi>9780415332323</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925000835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ypsz9qEzZjwC&q=g.yu+sgra+snying+po&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Concept+of+Sahaja+in+Indian+Buddhist+Tantric+Literature.+%28NB%3A+article+first+published+in+Temenos+XI+%281975%29%3A+pp.88-135%29.+Cited+in%3A+Williams%2C+Jane+%282005%29.+Buddhism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Religious+Studies%2C+Volume+6.+Routledge.+ISBN+0-415-33226-5%2C+ISBN+978-0-415-33226-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780415332323&rft.aulast=Kvaerne&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpsz9qEzZjwC%26q%3Dg.yu%2Bsgra%2Bsnying%2Bpo%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/tantra/buddhist-tantra/what-is-a-mandala">"What Is a Mandala?"</a>. <i>studybuddhism.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917215631/http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/tantra/buddhist-tantra/what-is-a-mandala">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybuddhism.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Mandala%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Ftibetan-buddhism%2Ftantra%2Fbuddhist-tantra%2Fwhat-is-a-mandala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thubtenchodron.org/PrayersAndPractices/preliminary_practice.htm">"Preliminary practice (ngöndro) overview"</a>. September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704083425/http://www.thubtenchodron.org/PrayersAndPractices/preliminary_practice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+practice+%28ng%C3%B6ndro%29+overview&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thubtenchodron.org%2FPrayersAndPractices%2Fpreliminary_practice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurman, Robert. <i>The Holy Teaching of Vimalakīrti: A Mahāyāna Scripture.</i> 1992. p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1992" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Barry (1992). <i>Wheel of time Sand Mandala</i>. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheel+of+time+Sand+Mandala&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sand Painting: Sacred Art of Tibet." , directed by Sheri Brenner, produced by Sheri Brenner, Berkeley Media, 2002. Alexander Street, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/sand-painting-sacred-art-of-tibet">https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/sand-painting-sacred-art-of-tibet</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube_WBrYUlOYK0U_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBrYUlOYK0U">"Sand mandala: Tibetan Buddhist ritual"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. Wellcome Collection. 28 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715033557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBrYUlOYK0U">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Sand+mandala%3A+Tibetan+Buddhist+ritual&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWBrYUlOYK0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubinmuseum.org/blog/monks-create-sand-mandala-live-at-rubin-museum">"TIBETAN MONKS CREATE SAND MANDALA LIVE"</a>. <i>The Rubin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715090126/https://rubinmuseum.org/blog/monks-create-sand-mandala-live-at-rubin-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rubin&rft.atitle=TIBETAN+MONKS+CREATE+SAND+MANDALA+LIVE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubinmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Fmonks-create-sand-mandala-live-at-rubin-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellogg,_Joan.1984" class="citation book cs1">Kellogg, Joan. (1984). <i>Mandala : path of beauty</i>. Lightfoot, VA: MARI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9631949-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9631949-1-7"><bdi>0-9631949-1-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30430100">30430100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandala+%3A+path+of+beauty&rft.place=Lightfoot%2C+VA&rft.pub=MARI&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30430100&rft.isbn=0-9631949-1-7&rft.au=Kellogg%2C+Joan.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana,_David.2006" class="citation book cs1">Fontana, David. (2006). <i>Meditating with Mandalas : 52 New Mandalas to Help You Grow in Peace and Awareness</i>. Duncan Baird. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-483117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-483117-3"><bdi>978-1-84-483117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditating+with+Mandalas+%3A+52+New+Mandalas+to+Help+You+Grow+in+Peace+and+Awareness&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84-483117-3&rft.au=Fontana%2C+David.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayman-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wayman_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Wayman1981" class="citation conference cs1">A. Wayman (1981). "Reflections on the Theory of Barabudur as a Mandala". <i>Barabudur History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument</i>. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Theory+of+Barabudur+as+a+Mandala&rft.btitle=Barabudur+History+and+Significance+of+a+Buddhist+Monument&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Asian+Humanities+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.au=A.+Wayman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hasegawa, Masami (2017). "Phylogeny mandalas for illustrating the Tree of Life". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>117</b>: 168–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MolPE.117..168H">2017MolPE.117..168H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2016.11.001">10.1016/j.ympev.2016.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27816710">27816710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+mandalas+for+illustrating+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=168-178&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27816710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2016.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017MolPE.117..168H&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Masami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/exploring-mandala">"Exploring the Mandala"</a>. <i>Asia Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214072436/https://asiasociety.org/exploring-mandala">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Society&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Mandala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Fexploring-mandala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangam, Somorjit (2018). <i>World's Largest Mandalas from Manipur and Carl Jung's Archetype of the Self</i>, p. 25-33. NeScholar, ed. Dr. R.K.Nimai Singh ,Imphal. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2350-0336">2350-0336</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wangam, Somorjit (2019). <i>Emerging The Lost Civilization of The Manipur Valley</i>, p. 30-39. NeScholar, ed. Dr. R.K.Nimai Singh ,Imphal. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2350-0336">2350-0336</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Prof. Mahendra Prasad (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80q_hd7ASdEC">Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135521/https://books.google.com/books?id=80q_hd7ASdEC">Archived</a> 2016-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Pearson Education India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8131758516" title="Special:BookSources/8131758516">8131758516</a>. pp. 11-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellios2003" class="citation web cs1">Dellios, Rosita (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095708/http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cewces_papers&sei-redir=1">"Mandala: from sacred origins to sovereign affairs in traditional Southeast Asia"</a>. Bond University Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cewces_papers&sei-redir=1">the original</a> on 2015-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandala%3A+from+sacred+origins+to+sovereign+affairs+in+traditional+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Bond+University+Australia&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.aulast=Dellios&rft.aufirst=Rosita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepublications.bond.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1007%26context%3Dcewces_papers%26sei-redir%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://formsofdevotion.org/china-art-museum-in-shanghai/">"China Art Museum in Shanghai - Forms of Devotion"</a>. 14 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028201126/http://formsofdevotion.org/china-art-museum-in-shanghai/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Art+Museum+in+Shanghai+-+Forms+of+Devotion&rft.date=2015-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fformsofdevotion.org%2Fchina-art-museum-in-shanghai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wall.hr/fashion/izlozena-haljina-mandali-mendrile-hit-je-izlozbe-u-najvecem-kineskom-muzeju/">"Haljinu "Mandala of Desires" dnevno posjećuje čak 30 000 ljudi!"</a>. 3 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120101/http://wall.hr/fashion/izlozena-haljina-mandali-mendrile-hit-je-izlozbe-u-najvecem-kineskom-muzeju/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haljinu+%22Mandala+of+Desires%22+dnevno+posje%C4%87uje+%C4%8Dak+30+000+ljudi%21&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwall.hr%2Ffashion%2Fizlozena-haljina-mandali-mendrile-hit-je-izlozbe-u-najvecem-kineskom-muzeju%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brauen, M. (1997). <i>The Mandala, Sacred circle in Tibetan Buddhism</i> Serindia Press, London.</li> <li>Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). <i>The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism</i>. Curzon Press: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-82540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-82540-4">0-312-82540-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_V._Cammann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuyler V. Cammann">Cammann, S.</a> (1950). <i>Suggested Origin of the Tibetan Mandala Paintings</i> The Art Quarterly, Vol. 8, Detroit.</li> <li>Cowen, Painton (2005). <i>The Rose Window</i>, London and New York, (offers the most complete overview of the evolution and meaning of the form, accompanied by hundreds of colour illustrations.)</li> <li>Crossman, Sylvie and Barou, Jean-Pierre (1995). <i>Tibetan Mandala, Art & Practice</i> The Wheel of Time, Konecky and Konecky.</li> <li>Fontana, David (2005). "Meditating with Mandalas", Duncan Baird Publishers, London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gold (page does not exist)">Gold, Peter</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navajotibetansac00gold"><i>Navajo & Tibetan sacred wisdom: the circle of the spirit</i></a></span>. Inner Traditions/Bear. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-411-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-411-X"><bdi>0-89281-411-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajo+%26+Tibetan+sacred+wisdom%3A+the+circle+of+the+spirit&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions%2FBear&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89281-411-X&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavajotibetansac00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span> Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International.</li> <li>Mipham, Sakyong Jamgön (2002) <i>2000 Seminary Transcripts Book 1</i> Vajradhatu Publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55055-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55055-002-0">1-55055-002-0</a></li> <li>Somorjit, Wangam (2018). "World's Largest Mandalas from Manipur and Carl Jung's Archetype of the Self", neScholar, vol.04, Issue 01, ed.Dr. R.K. Nimai Singh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2350-0336">2350-0336</a></li> <li>Tucci, Giuseppe (1973). <i>The Theory and Practice of the Mandala</i> trans. Alan Houghton Brodrick, New York, Samuel Weisner.</li> <li>Vitali, Roberto (1990). <i>Early Temples of Central Tibet</i> London, Serindia Publications.</li> <li>Wayman, Alex (1973). <i>"Symbolism of the Mandala Palace"</i> in <i>The Buddhist Tantras</i> Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grotenhuis, Elizabeth Ten (1999). Japanese mandalas: representations of sacred geography, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kossak, S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557"><i>Sacred visions: early paintings from central Tibet</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+visions%3A+early+paintings+from+central+Tibet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kossak&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F101557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandala" class="Z3988"></span> (see index)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mandalas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mandalas">Mandalas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalachakranet.org/mandala_introduction.html">Introduction to Mandalas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://losangsamten.com/mandalas.html">Mandalas in the Tradition of the Dalai Lamas' Namgyal Monastery by Losang Samten</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#990000;color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template talk:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamdre" title="Lamdre">Lamdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vajrayana">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Buddhism" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Preparatory practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Roots">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Buddhism" title="Sādhanā">Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Dharmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Transfer of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigdzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigdzin">Rigdzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Buddhism)" title="Vidyadhara (Buddhism)">Vidyadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nyingma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sakya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_K%C3%B6nchok_Gyalpo" title="Khön Könchok Gyalpo">Khön Könchok Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kagyu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gelug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">Arija Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatral_Sangye_Dorje" title="Chatral Sangye Dorje">Chatral Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetsang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetsang Rinpoche">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima_Rinpoche" title="Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kunley" title="Drukpa Kunley">Drukpa Kunley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa Sonam Sengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Tsultrim_Gyamtso_Rinpoche" title="Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche">Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Jampa_Thaye" title="Lama Jampa Thaye">Lama Jampa Thaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Tobgyal" title="Orgyen Tobgyal">Orgyen Tobgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Phabongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa_Dorje_Gyalpo" title="Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo">Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Vajra_Sakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratna Vajra Sakya">Ratna Vajra Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechung_Dorje_Drakpa" title="Rechung Dorje Drakpa">Rechung Dorje Drakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenga_Rinpoche" title="Tenga Rinpoche">Tenga Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Palmo" title="Tenzin Palmo">Tenzin Palmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangny%C3%B6n_Heruka" title="Tsangnyön Heruka">Tsangnyön Heruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsele_Natsok_Rangdr%C3%B6l" title="Tsele Natsok Rangdröl">Tsele Natsok Rangdröl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zong_Rinpoche" title="Zong Rinpoche">Zong Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Gyubum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6da" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöda">Chöda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serkyem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serkyem (page does not exist)">Serkyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">Yidam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathok_Monastery" title="Kathok Monastery">Kathok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdroling_Monastery" title="Namdroling Monastery">Namdroling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala#Establishment_of_Tibetan_exile_community" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva#Religion" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_1" title="Mandala 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_2" title="Mandala 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_3" title="Mandala 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_4" title="Mandala 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_5" title="Mandala 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_6" title="Mandala 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_7" title="Mandala 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_8" title="Mandala 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_9" title="Mandala 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Deities</a></th><td 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