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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teachers and students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachers_and_students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachers and students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachers_and_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Dakini_Niguma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dakini_Niguma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The Dakini Niguma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dakini_Niguma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_vision_of_Niguma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_vision_of_Niguma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>The first vision of Niguma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_vision_of_Niguma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_vision_of_Niguma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_vision_of_Niguma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>The second vision of Niguma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_vision_of_Niguma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_third_vision_of_Niguma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_third_vision_of_Niguma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.3</span> <span>The third vision of Niguma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_third_vision_of_Niguma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machig_Labdrön" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machig_Labdrön"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Machig Labdrön</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machig_Labdrön-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lineage founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incarnation_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incarnation_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Incarnation lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incarnation_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_prayers,_spiritual_practices,_and_empowerments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_prayers,_spiritual_practices,_and_empowerments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surviving prayers, spiritual practices, and empowerments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surviving_prayers,_spiritual_practices,_and_empowerments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surviving prayers, spiritual practices, and empowerments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surviving_prayers,_spiritual_practices,_and_empowerments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sādhanā_and_prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sādhanā_and_prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sādhanā and prayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sādhanā_and_prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empowerments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empowerments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Empowerments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empowerments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thang_Tong_Gyalpo_in_Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thang_Tong_Gyalpo_in_Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Thang Tong Gyalpo in Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thang_Tong_Gyalpo_in_Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thang Tong Gyalpo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Тангтонг Гялпо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тангтонг Гялпо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐང་སྟོང་རྒྱལ་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐང་སྟོང་རྒྱལ་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC" title="ཐང་སྟོང་རྒྱལ་པོ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཐང་སྟོང་རྒྱལ་པོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thang Tong Gyalpo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gyalpo" title="Thangtong Gyalpo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thangtong Gyalpo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gyalpo" title="Thangtong Gyalpo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thangtong Gyalpo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gjalpo" title="Thangtong Gjalpo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thangtong Gjalpo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Тангтонг Гьялпо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тангтонг Гьялпо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%27%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Тангтонг Г'ялпо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тангтонг Г'ялпо" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thangtong Gyalpo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐང་སྟོང་རྒྱལ་པོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>thang stong rgyal po</i>) (1385 CE–1464 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1361 CE–1485 CE<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known as <b>Chakzampa</b>, the "Iron Bridge Maker" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lcags zam pa</i>), <b>Tsöndrü Zangpo</b> "Excellent Persistence" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>brtson 'grus bzang po</i>), and the <b>King of the Empty Plain</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also known by a variation of this name, <b>Madman of the Empty Valley</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a great <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> adept, a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> master,<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>, physician, blacksmith, architect, and a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>. He is considered a mind emanation of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a>. He founded the Iron Chain lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa Kagyu</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, and he recognized the first <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma" title="Chökyi Drönma">Chökyi Drönma</a> (1422–1455), the female incarnation lineage of <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thangtong Gyalpo is said to have built 58 iron chain <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> around <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, several of which are still in use today. He also designed and built several large <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> of unusual design including the great <a href="/wiki/Kumbum" title="Kumbum">Kumbum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chung_Riwoche" title="Chung Riwoche">Chung Riwoche</a>, Tibet; established <a href="/wiki/Gonchen_Monastery" title="Gonchen Monastery">Gonchen Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derge" title="Derge">Derge</a>; and is considered to be the father of a style of Tibetan opera called <a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated with the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa Kagyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, and with the tradition of "mad yogis" known as <a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%B6npa" title="Nyönpa">nyönpa</a>, Thang Tong Gyalpo is also known as a sorcerer character in the popular Tibetan story of <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Gesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he is believed to be the most widely traveled person in Tibetan history.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thangtong Gyalpo was born at Ölpa Lhartse in upper <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ngamring_County" title="Ngamring County">Ngamring County</a>) in 1385 CE (wood ox year, sixth cycle).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thangtong Gyalpo is best known for his founding of <a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">lhamo</a> or Tibetan opera as well as the numerous iron suspension bridges he built to ease travel and pilgrimage though the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. He established a song and dance troupe of seven sisters to raise the money needed to build these bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Derge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tibet._2005_p._26_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibet._2005_p._26-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thangtong Gyalpo also founded Gonchen Monastery, a large Sakya <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a> and printing centre in the town of <a href="/wiki/Derge" title="Derge">Derge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thangtong Gyalpo opened the route through the land of the <a href="/wiki/Kongpo" title="Kongpo">Kongpo</a> aborigines (the <a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba people</a>), where he obtained iron for his bridges and rights of passage for Tibetan pilgrims to visit the holy places in <a href="/wiki/Tsari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsari">Tsari</a> to the southeast of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakpo (page does not exist)">Dakpo</a> near the Indian border.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also considered to be the patron saint of theatre and became known as "the madman of the empty land" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lang ston smyon pa</i>). Plays traditionally have an altar erected in the middle of the stage surrounded by trees, where the "god of drama", Thangtong Gyalpo, is worshiped as an elderly man with a white beard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is said to have made 108 iron-chain suspension bridges (though another account says 58 suspension bridges and 118 ferry-crossings),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012803_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012803-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most celebrated being the one over the Yarlung Tsanpo near modern <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCx%C3%BC" title="Qüxü">Chüshül</a>. He is often shown in murals with long white hair and holding some chain links from his bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Derge_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tibet._2005_p._26_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibet._2005_p._26-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg/262px-Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg/393px-Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg/524px-Old_Chain-Bridge_at_Chaksam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chushul_Chakzam" title="Chushul Chakzam">Chushul Chakzam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of his iron chain suspension bridges, <a href="/wiki/Chushul_Chakzam" title="Chushul Chakzam">Chushul Chakzam</a>, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) from Lhasa on the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Yarlung Tsangpo River</a> still existed in 1948, though it was in need of repairs and no longer used, the crossing being made by ferry. The old bridge was destroyed when a new one was opened about a hundred metres west of it. The old bridge was described as being of ancient design: "two thick chains are tied to heavy wooden beams underneath the pillars, from the top of which are suspended 12-foot (4 m) ropes hung from the chains and support wooden boards a yard (1 m) long and a foot (30 cm) broad, allowing passage for one man. The bridge is a hundred paces long." </p><p>At the south end of the Tsangpo bridge was Thangtong Gyalpo's main <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompa</a> founded in 1444, Chaksam Chuwo Ri (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྕགས་ཟམ་ཆུ་བོ་རི</span>) and he lived in the Chaksam Labrang, the main building of the complex which included the assembly hall. The gompa had a hundred monks supported by the toll on the bridge. There was also a large stupa known as "Tangtong's Kumbum" at the southern end of the bridge which contained his relics, and a chapel at the top contained an image of him. The gompa was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. Dowman reports that "all evidence of its existence has now vanished".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerner2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerner2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachers_and_students">Teachers and students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachers and students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachers">Teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thang Tong Gyalpo is said to have studied with over 500 teachers in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the impetus for his intensive travel throughout the region was to meet and study with various <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a>, teachers, lineage holders, and <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yoginis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Dakini_Niguma">The Dakini Niguma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Dakini Niguma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Thang Tong Gyalpo's most important teachers was the great <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a> <a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who visited him in visions three times over a period of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Thang Tong Gyalpo had other notable teachers as well who also offered him direct teachings of Niguma's spiritual practices. He<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>. . . received the transmission of her [Niguma's] instructions from the master <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jangsem_Jinpa_Sangpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jangsem Jinpa Sangpo (page does not exist)">Jangsem Jinpa Sangpo</a>, passed down through the lineage of the "Seven Jewels" and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagchungpa_Tsangma_Shangt%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagchungpa Tsangma Shangtön (page does not exist)">Jagchungpa Tsangma Shangtön</a> (1234−1309).73 He may also have studied the same instructions under the guidance of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorj%C3%A9_Sh%C3%B6nu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorjé Shönu (page does not exist)">Dorjé Shönu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCchen_Namkhai_Naljor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Müchen Namkhai Naljor (page does not exist)">Müchen Namkhai Naljor</a>, both disciples of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyaltsen_Palsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyaltsen Palsang (page does not exist)">Gyaltsen Palsang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_first_vision_of_Niguma">The first vision of Niguma</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The first vision of Niguma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After receiving teachings from Jangsem Jinpa Sangpo, Thang Tong Gyalpo went into retreat and was visited in vision by Niguma.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niguma gave him "direct transmission" of the <a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Six Yogas of Niguma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During a profound visionary experience, the <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a> Niguma herself bestowed upon him the four initiations, specific instructions concerning the esoteric significance of her Vajra Lines, and an extraordinary technique for transference of consciousness through meditation on the white and red forms of Khecarī. Tangtong's mastery of these practices is said to have given him the ability to instantly emanate many forms, to know what other people were thinking, and to perform the transference of consciousness from afar for the benefit of another person.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_second_vision_of_Niguma">The second vision of Niguma</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The second vision of Niguma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The second visionary visit of <a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a> to Thang Tong Gyalpo was a few years later.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>. . . Tangtong Gyalpo was traveling from his birthplace to Lhasa soon after he had returned to Tibet from <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Uddiyana</a>. In a grove of juniper trees at a place called Sinpo Dzong (Demon Fort), he was approached again by the <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a> Niguma, this time in the form of a fifteen-year-old shepherd girl. On this occasion she gave him special instructions concerning the sequence of visualizations during meditation, and bestowed the blessing of the illusory body.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_third_vision_of_Niguma">The third vision of Niguma</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The third vision of Niguma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thang Tong's spiritual instructions from Niguma only were recorded many years later, in 1458. This was the same year of his third vision of Niguma. </p> <dl><dd>. . . he finally received, in a third vision, permission to write down what Niguma had previously given him. This event occurred at <a href="/wiki/Riwoche_Monastery" title="Riwoche Monastery">Riwoché</a>, and the instructions were recorded by Tangtong's disciple <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lodr%C3%B6_Gyaltsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lodrö Gyaltsen (page does not exist)">Lodrö Gyaltsen</a>, through whom the major lineage was subsequently transmitted. These instructions, known as the Collection of the Essentials (<i>Snying po kun ’dus</i>), and a group of related teachings, have been passed down as the Tangtong Tradition (<i>Thang lugs</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa Kagyu</a> lineage, and are among the few texts actually signed by the great adept.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Machig_Labdrön"><span id="Machig_Labdr.C3.B6n"></span>Machig Labdrön</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Machig Labdrön"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thang Tong Gyalpo was also a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students">Students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma" title="Chökyi Drönma">Chökyi Drönma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">the Samding Dorje Phagmo</a>, (1422–1455) was one of Thang Tong Gyalpo's students and his main consort.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have recognized her as the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a> and to have associated her with this deity's prophecies, and later to have identified her reincarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage_founding">Lineage founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lineage founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thang Tong Gyalpo began a spiritual lineage called the Thangluk (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Thang lugs</i>) or Chakzam "Iron Chain" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lcags zam</i>) lineage, inside of the Shangpa Kagyu school. What are known as the Collection of the Essentials (<i>Snying po kun ’dus</i>), along with a collection of related teachings, came to Thang Tong Gyalpo in visions from the great wisdom <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a> <a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thang Tong Gyalpo combined the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa</a> and Jangter "Northern Treasures" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>byang gter</i>) teachings<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incarnation_lineage">Incarnation lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Incarnation lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an incarnation line for Chakzampa Thang Tong Gyalpo, in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, that continues on into contemporary times. The current incarnation was born on the 16th of November, in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_prayers,_spiritual_practices,_and_empowerments"><span id="Surviving_prayers.2C_spiritual_practices.2C_and_empowerments"></span>Surviving prayers, spiritual practices, and empowerments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Surviving prayers, spiritual practices, and empowerments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The teachings that are alive today are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Shangpa_Kagyu" title="Shangpa Kagyu">Shangpa Kagyu</a> lineage,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Northern Treasures" tradition, and within the cycles of <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sādhanā_and_prayers"><span id="S.C4.81dhan.C4.81_and_prayers"></span>Sādhanā and prayers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sādhanā and prayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thang Tong Gyalpo is known for writing an <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">sādhanā</a> entitled <i>For the Benefit of All Beings as Vast as the Skies</i>, which is practiced in dharma centers today.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 and in 2014, spiritual retreats were held at Rangjung Yeshe Gomde in Europe focused on this sadhana.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other texts written by Thang Tong Gyalpo, and translated into English, can be found at Lotsawa House.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include a prayer for dispelling famine, a refuge practice to Thang Tong Gyalpo, and a prayer for pacifying the fear of disease. Contemporary social media has included postings containing prayers to Thang Tong Gyalpo to relieve suffering from earthquakes natural disasters as well.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empowerments">Empowerments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Empowerments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/Empowerment_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empowerment (Vajrayana)">Vajrayana empowerment</a> of Thang Tong Gyalpo's long life practice, called <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">thangyal tsédrup</i></span> (or <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bka' gter dag snang zung du 'brel ba'i tshe sgrub shin tu nye brgyud kyi sgrub thabs</i></span>), at Lerab Ling in southern France in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thang_Tong_Gyalpo_in_Bhutan">Thang Tong Gyalpo in Bhutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thang Tong Gyalpo in Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG/180px-Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG/270px-Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG/360px-Dungtsi_Lhakhang_Stupa-Paro-Bhutan-2007_11_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jangtsa_Dumtseg_Lhakhang" title="Jangtsa Dumtseg Lhakhang">Jangtsa Dumtseg Lhakhang</a>, built by Thangtong Gyalpo in Paro</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Special:EditPage/Thang Tong Gyalpo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1433, Drubthob Thangtong Gyalpo and his disciples traveled to <a href="/wiki/Pagri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagri">Pagri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Chumbi Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and from there to <a href="/wiki/Paro_Taktsang" title="Paro Taktsang">Paro Taktsang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. According to his biography, while performing rituals of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABla_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kīla (Buddhism)">Vajrakilaya</a> there, he had a vision of the assembly of the Eight Classes of <a href="/wiki/Heruka" title="Heruka">Heruka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sgrub pa bka' brgyad</i>) meditational deities with Vajrakumara as the central figure. </p><p>It is said that a nine-headed <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāga</a> spirit, who was the guardian of the sacred place of Paro Taktsang, declared "your religious inheritance was concealed here by Ogyen Rinpoche, please make your discovery and reveal it". Thereupon Drubchen Thangtong Gyalpo extracted a sacred scroll ten body lengths long from the cliff of Taktsang. </p><p>The line of mountains where Taktsang is located is shaped like a black snake with its head in the middle of the Paro valley. On the nose of this snake the Drubthob constructed <a href="/wiki/Jangtsa_Dumtseg_Lhakhang" title="Jangtsa Dumtseg Lhakhang">Jangtsa Dumtseg Lhakhang</a>, a stupa-shaped temple and pronounced that all diseases caused by evil spirits residing under the ground were suppressed and that the valley would be free from leprosy. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG/250px-Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG/375px-Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG/500px-Tachog_Lhakhang_2007-11-11_CJF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Tachog Lhakhang established by Thangtong Gyalpo</figcaption></figure> <p>Arriving at a place called Phurdo, he saw a five-coloured rainbow upon which were seated Buddha Amitabha, Avalokitesvara and Padmasambhava and declared that the place was as sacred as Potala mountain. At Tamchogang, at the foot of the Phurdo mountains, he established Tamchog Lhakhang temple and made sacred representations of the Buddha's body, speech and mind. This temple, which located opposite the road from Paro about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) before Chudzom, is still maintained by the descendants of Drubtob Thang Tong Gyalpo. </p><p>From there he travelled to Drawang Tengchin where a rich man named Olag presented him three hundred and forty coins and turquoises and requested him to extract water. He did so and the water was sufficient to feed not only the people and cattle but also irrigate the fields. He then arrived at Gophog and told Lama Gyaltshen that he needed large quantities of iron to help him build links for compassionate purposes. Lama Gyaltshen answered that he would make available one hundred pieces of iron if the Drubthob could show him a proof of his attainment. The Drubthob told him to bring a boulder that was near the bridge which he split it into two just by pointing his finger. Within the stone they saw a live scorpion, the size of a thumb with innumerable of new-born scorpions. The Drubthob prayed in Samadhi and the insects instantly disappeared in the form of a rainbow and he proclaimed that he had sent them to Sukhavati. </p><p>At Wundul Shari, he climbed a steep mountain cliff, impossible to climb by the ordinary humans and stayed there for a month. He said that the cliff contained caves like Tashigomang and the place resembled Shambala in the north. However, he said, as the ordinary people could not go there, he had made a door. When the people looked up they found an opening that did not exist earlier on the face of the cliff. Then he travelled to Wundul, Gyaldung and Langsamar, and upper and lower Ha region. He converted the offerings that he received into iron and renovated the iron bridge there. Then he went back to Dromo Dorje Gur in Tibet. </p><p>From there, he travelled again to Thimphu and Thed valleys where he built an iron bridge at Bardrong. His journey then took him to Rued and Kunzangling where Lama Thuchen presented him with two hundred and fifty pieces of iron. It is said that he also built the Chiwotokha Lhakhang [in Shar district] during this visit. He took all the offerings including the iron pieces to Paro, turning himself into eighteen persons, he went into different villages such as Dolpoiphu, Tsharlungnang, Dungkhar, Jiwu, Nyagbu and Lholingkha, and instructed eighteen blacksmiths to forge iron links. </p><p>After about three months, he had seven thousand iron links and many iron hammers and bars. At Kewangphug and other places, he built stupas to subdue the spirits of these areas. At Changlungkha Rawakha, Nyal Phagmodrong, Tachogang, Wundul Dronkar, Silung, Bagdrong, Binangkhachey, Daglha, Gyirling and Nyishar, he conducted a lot of religious activities by providing image, scripture, stupa, iron bridges and established meditation centres. </p><p>When he returned to Phari, the patrons and monks of the new monastery in Paro, reached one thousand four hundred loads of iron (fifteen pieces of iron making a load), and seven hundred loads of ink, paper and other goods to Phari. </p><p>The bridge can be still seen today featuring majestically on the hill beside the river of Pa-chu. The suspension bridge was very old enough during the year of 2017 thus it is closed for either renovation or for people's safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thangtong Gyalpo is said to have "passed away bodily, in the way of a sky-farer" in his 125th year at Riwoche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiemberger2014" class="citation book cs1">Diemberger, Hildegard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydkYBQAAQBAJ"><i>When a Woman Becomes a Religious Dynasty: The Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14321-9"><bdi>978-0-231-14321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+a+Woman+Becomes+a+Religious+Dynasty%3A+The+Samding+Dorje+Phagmo+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14321-9&rft.aulast=Diemberger&rft.aufirst=Hildegard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydkYBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DI6AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-734-7"><bdi>978-0-86171-734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyingma+School+of+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+Its+Fundamentals+and+History&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-734-7&rft.au=Dudjom+Jigdral+Yeshe+Dorje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DI6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerke2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerke, Barbara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRVWzSGH7zkC"><i>Long Lives and Untimely Deaths: Life-Span Concepts and Longevity Practices Among Tibetans in the Darjeeling Hills, India</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21703-4"><bdi>978-90-04-21703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Lives+and+Untimely+Deaths%3A+Life-Span+Concepts+and+Longevity+Practices+Among+Tibetans+in+the+Darjeeling+Hills%2C+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21703-4&rft.aulast=Gerke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRVWzSGH7zkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gerner, Manfred <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/311/pdf/Chakzampa">Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo - Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder</a></i>. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4">99936-14-39-4</a> - This book details Thangtong Gyalpo's bridge building activities and discusses his possible influence on European chain suspension bridges. With photographs of a number of his bridges which survive to the present.</li> <li>Gyatso, Janet: "Thang-strong rGyal-po, Father of the Tibetan Drama Tradition: The Bodhisattva as Artist" <i>in</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamyang_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamyang Norbu (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7OfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Zlos Gar: Performing Traditions of Tibet</i></a>. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zlos+Gar%3A+Performing+Traditions+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Library+of+Tibetan+Works+%26+Archives&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Jamyang+Norbu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7OfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stearns, Cyrus. <i>The Life and Teachings of the Tibetan Saint Thang-strong rgyal-po, "King of the Empty Plain"</i> (Univ. Washington, Master's thesis, 1980)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2015" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Cyrus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6"><i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron-Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i></a>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-837-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Empty+Plain%3A+The+Tibetan+Iron-Bridge+Builder+Tangtong+Gyalpo&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-837-4&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqZ9CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali1990" class="citation book cs1">Vitali, Roberto (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmDYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Temples of Central Tibet</i></a>. Serindia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906026-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906026-25-0"><bdi>978-0-906026-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Temples+of+Central+Tibet&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-906026-25-0&rft.aulast=Vitali&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmDYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Stearns (page does not exist)">Stearns, Cyrus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1"><i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i></a>. Shambhala. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-837-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221072000/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Empty+Plain%3A+The+Tibetan+Iron+Bridge+Builder+Tangtong+Gyalpo&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-837-4&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqZ9CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Gerke. <i>Long Lives and Untimely Deaths: Life-span Concepts and Longevity Practices in the Darjeeling Hills, India.</i> (2011). Brill Academic Publishers. P. 230. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004217034" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004217034">978-9004217034</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarah_Harding_2010._p._265_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Harding. Niguma, Lady of Illusion. Snow Lion Publications. 2010. p. 265, n. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Stearns (page does not exist)">Stearns, Cyrus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2"><i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i></a>. Shambhala. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-837-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221071951/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Empty+Plain%3A+The+Tibetan+Iron+Bridge+Builder+Tangtong+Gyalpo&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-837-4&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqZ9CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._18_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Stearns. <i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i>. (2007). Snow Lion Publications. p. 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392754">978-1559392754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Stearns (page does not exist)">Stearns, Cyrus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5"><i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i></a>. Shambhala. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-837-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-837-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221072001/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Empty+Plain%3A+The+Tibetan+Iron+Bridge+Builder+Tangtong+Gyalpo&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-837-4&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqZ9CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012802-4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje 2012</a>, p. 802-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derge_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derge_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.to/2004derge1/indexe.htm">"Derge, the home of Tibetan Sutras"</a>. Tibet.to. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006020943/http://www.tibet.to/2004derge1/indexe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Derge%2C+the+home+of+Tibetan+Sutras&rft.pub=Tibet.to&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.to%2F2004derge1%2Findexe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tibet._2005_p._26-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tibet._2005_p._26_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tibet._2005_p._26_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet</i>. (2005) 6th Edition, p. 26. Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Lonely Planet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8">1-74059-523-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet</i>. (2005) 6th Edition, p. 256. Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Lonely Planet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8">1-74059-523-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibetan Civilization</i>, pp. 79–80. R. A. Stein. (1972) Stanford University Press. Cloth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1">0-8047-0806-1</a>; Paper <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7">0-8047-0901-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibetan Civilization</i>, pp. 276–277. R. A. Stein. (1972) Stanford University Press. Cloth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0806-1">0-8047-0806-1</a>; Paper <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7">0-8047-0901-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012803-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012803_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje2012">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje 2012</a>, p. 803.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide</i>, pp. 136–137. Keith Dowman. (1988) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London & New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0">0-7102-1370-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerner2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerner2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerner, Manfred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/OccasionalPublications/Chakazampa/chakzampa.pdf"><i>Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Verhufen, Gregor. Centre for Bhutan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-14-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-14-39-5"><bdi>978-99936-14-39-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720042133/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/OccasionalPublications/Chakazampa/chakzampa.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span>. <q>(p12) This monastery is located at the holy mountain of Chuwo Ri (Chu bo ri), above the southern bridgehead of his iron chain bridge across the Yarlung Tsangpo river. Chuwo Ri is one of eight original meditation caves of Guru Rinpoche and the eighth century king of the Dharma, Trisong Detsen. (p32) In Tibet, the large monastery of Chakzam Chuwo Ri (lCags zam Chu bo ri) that Thangtong Gyalpo founded in 1444, located at the southern bridgehead of his famous 'Chakzam' across the Yarlung Tsangpo river, above its confluence with the Kyichu river (sKyid chu) became his main seat. Later, the monastery of Chakzam Chuwo Ri became the main monastery of the Chakzampa school as well as the seat of the Chakzampa Tulkus. (p83) Chinese engineers tore down this bridge during the construction of the new concrete bridge in about 1950 (p85) 30 centimetres wide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chakzampa+Thangtong+Gyalpo%3A+Architect%2C+Philosopher+and+Iron+Chain+Bridge+Builder&rft.pub=Centre+for+Bhutan+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99936-14-39-5&rft.aulast=Gerner&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutanstudies.org.bt%2FpublicationFiles%2FOccasionalPublications%2FChakazampa%2Fchakzampa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bhdxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lungta</i></a>. Amnye Machen Institute. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221071936/https://books.google.com/books?id=bhdxAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span>. <q>the monastery of Lcags zam Chu bo ri ... was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lungta&rft.pub=Amnye+Machen+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbhdxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092328/http://tbrc.org/link?RID=P2778">"Redirecting from tbrc.org"</a>. <i>www.tbrc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrc.org/link?RID=P2778">the original</a> on December 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tbrc.org&rft.atitle=Redirecting+from+tbrc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbrc.org%2Flink%3FRID%3DP2778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tbrc.xmeru2.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=50BC5E82BB98AE1782CD0D1360B6F6B8?RID=P47&wylie=n">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Harding. Niguma, Lady of Illusion. Snow Lion Publications. 2010. pp. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_Pp._18-19_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Stearns. <i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i>. (2007). Snow Lion Publications. Pp. 18-19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392754">978-1559392754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Harding. Niguma, Lady of Illusion. Snow Lion Publications. 2010. p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_Stearns_2007_p._19_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Stearns. <i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i>. (2007). Snow Lion Publications. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392754">978-1559392754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Stearns. <i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i>. (2007). Snow Lion Publications. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392754">978-1559392754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildegard Diemberger. <i>When a Woman Becomes a Religious Dynasty: The Sanding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet." (2007). Columbia University Press. Pp. 46-47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231143202" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231143202">978-0231143202</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Northern_Treasures">"Jangter - Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904045451/http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Northern_Treasures">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jangter+-+Rangjung+Yeshe+Wiki+-+Dharma+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frywiki.tsadra.org%2Findex.php%2FNorthern_Treasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/admin/pubFiles/Chakzampa.pdf">Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo - Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625153254/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/admin/pubFiles/Chakzampa.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Manfred Gerner. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4">99936-14-39-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Gerner. <i>Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder</i>. (2007). Thimphu: The Center for Bhutan Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerner" class="citation web cs1">Gerner, Manfred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417201653/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/311/1/Chakzampa.pdf">"Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/311/1/Chakzampa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chakzampa+Thangtong+Gyalpo&rft.aulast=Gerner&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2F311%2F1%2FChakzampa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528222824/http://www.shangpa.net/spip.php?article20">"Thangtong Gyalpo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shangpa.net/spip.php?article20">the original</a> on 2016-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thangtong+Gyalpo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shangpa.net%2Fspip.php%3Farticle20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span> accessed 11 May 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktdpublications.com/thangtong-gyalpo/">"Thangtong Gyalpo – KTD Publications"</a>. <i>www.ktdpublications.com</i>. 7 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920142505/http://www.ktdpublications.com/thangtong-gyalpo/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ktdpublications.com&rft.atitle=Thangtong+Gyalpo+%E2%80%93+KTD+Publications&rft.date=2014-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktdpublications.com%2Fthangtong-gyalpo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604003707/http://www.gomde.at/eng/program_detail.php?id=144">"Avalokiteshvara Practice Weekend"</a>. <i>www.gomde.at</i> (in English and Austrian German). Rangjung Yeshe Gomde. October 4–6, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomde.at/eng/program_detail.php?id=144">the original</a> on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gomde.at&rft.atitle=Avalokiteshvara+Practice+Weekend&rft.date=2013-10-04%2F2013-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomde.at%2Feng%2Fprogram_detail.php%3Fid%3D144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604012112/http://www.gomde.at/eng/program_detail.php?id=232">"Avalokiteshvara- Compassion in theory and practice!"</a>. <i>www.gomde.at</i> (in English and Austrian German). Rangjung Yeshe Gomde. December 28–31, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomde.at/eng/program_detail.php?id=232">the original</a> on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gomde.at&rft.atitle=Avalokiteshvara-+Compassion+in+theory+and+practice%21&rft.date=2014-12-28%2F2014-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomde.at%2Feng%2Fprogram_detail.php%3Fid%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/thangtong-gyalpo/">"Thangtong Gyalpo Series"</a>. <i>Lotsawa House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412110455/http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/thangtong-gyalpo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=Thangtong+Gyalpo+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fthangtong-gyalpo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1723936874507377.1073741840.1693760104191721&type=3">https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1723936874507377.1073741840.1693760104191721&type=3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221071959/https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1723936874507377.1073741840.1693760104191721&type=3">Archived</a> 2024-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 11 May 2016 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (March 2022)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Thangyal_Tsédrup">"Thangyal Tsédrup"</a>. <i>www.rigpawiki.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rigpa_(organization)" title="Rigpa (organization)">Rigpa Shedra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928111300/http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Thangyal_Ts%C3%A9drup">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rigpawiki.org&rft.atitle=Thangyal+Ts%C3%A9drup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DThangyal_Ts%C3%A9drup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThang+Tong+Gyalpo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thang_Tong_Gyalpo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/311/pdf/Chakzampa">Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo</a> <i>Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder</i>. Manfred Gerner. Translated by Gregor Verhufen. (2007). Center for Bhutan Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/99936-14-39-4">99936-14-39-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Thangtong_Gyalpo">Thangtong Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092328/http://tbrc.org/link?RID=P2778">TBRC P2778</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=311">Images of Tangtong Gyalpo</a> - HimalayanArt.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/nyingjei/plate46.html">Image of Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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