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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Virus infection</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">72 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Virus infection</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Virus_infection">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24101187" data-work_id="24101187" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24101187/In_Vivo_Inhibition_of_Anti_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Core_Antigen_HBcAg_Immunoglobulin_G_Production_by_HBcAg_Specific_CD4_Th1_Type_T_Cell_Clones_in_a_hu_PBL_NOD_SCID_Mouse_Model">In Vivo Inhibition of Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen (HBcAg) Immunoglobulin G Production by HBcAg-Specific CD4+ Th1-Type T-Cell Clones in a hu-PBL-NOD/SCID Mouse Model</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">؉ T-cell responses are believed to play an important role in the control of human HBV infection. In the present study, HBcAg-specific, HLA-DR13*-restricted CD4 ؉ Th1-type T-cell clones were generated which secreted both gamma interferon... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24101187" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">؉ T-cell responses are believed to play an important role in the control of human HBV infection. In the present study, HBcAg-specific, HLA-DR13*-restricted CD4 ؉ Th1-type T-cell clones were generated which secreted both gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha after in vitro antigen stimulation. These HBcAg-specific CD4 ؉ Th1-type T cells were able to lyse HBc peptide-loaded Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid target cells in vitro. To examine whether these HLA-DR13*-restricted human CD4 ؉ Th1 T cells also display the same cytotoxic effects in vivo, we transferred peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) derived from HBV-infected donors or an HBV-naïve donor sharing the DR13*, together with the HBcAg-specific CD4 ؉ Th1-type T</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24101187" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc95155ebfafe5d55a67dccad788147f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44465449,"asset_id":24101187,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44465449/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33770610" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleDesombere">Isabelle Desombere</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33770610" type="text/json">{"id":33770610,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Desombere","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IsabelleDesombere","display_name":"Isabelle Desombere","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleDesombere?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24101187 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24101187"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24101187, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24101187", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24101187 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24101187; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24101187"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24101187 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24101187"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24101187; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24101187]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24101187").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24101187").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24101187"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology">Virology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8089" type="text/json">{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B">Hepatitis B</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="63331" type="text/json">{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24101187]'), work: {"id":24101187,"title":"In Vivo Inhibition of Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen (HBcAg) Immunoglobulin G Production by HBcAg-Specific CD4+ Th1-Type T-Cell Clones in a hu-PBL-NOD/SCID Mouse Model","created_at":"2016-04-06T00:48:21.571-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24101187/In_Vivo_Inhibition_of_Anti_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Core_Antigen_HBcAg_Immunoglobulin_G_Production_by_HBcAg_Specific_CD4_Th1_Type_T_Cell_Clones_in_a_hu_PBL_NOD_SCID_Mouse_Model?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_24101187","summary":"؉ T-cell responses are believed to play an important role in the control of human HBV infection. In the present study, HBcAg-specific, HLA-DR13*-restricted CD4 ؉ Th1-type T-cell clones were generated which secreted both gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha after in vitro antigen stimulation. These HBcAg-specific CD4 ؉ Th1-type T cells were able to lyse HBc peptide-loaded Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid target cells in vitro. To examine whether these HLA-DR13*-restricted human CD4 ؉ Th1 T cells also display the same cytotoxic effects in vivo, we transferred peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) derived from HBV-infected donors or an HBV-naïve donor sharing the DR13*, together with the HBcAg-specific CD4 ؉ Th1-type T","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44465449,"asset_id":24101187,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33770610,"first_name":"Isabelle","last_name":"Desombere","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IsabelleDesombere","display_name":"Isabelle Desombere","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleDesombere?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=816379"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype?f_ri=816379"},{"id":315624,"name":"Epstein-Barr virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epstein-Barr_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":323415,"name":"Mouse Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouse_Model?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":855510,"name":"Liver Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Disease?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1180667,"name":"Optimality Condition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Condition?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1255525,"name":"Chronic Liver Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Liver_Disease?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1716403,"name":"immunoglobulin G","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/immunoglobulin_G?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16406254" data-work_id="16406254" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16406254/Neutralizing_antibody_response_during_acute_and_chronic_hepatitis_C_virus_infection">Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Little is known about the role of Abs in determining the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By using infectious retroviral pseudotypes bearing HCV glycoproteins, we measured neutralizing Ab (nAb) responses during acute and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16406254" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Little is known about the role of Abs in determining the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By using infectious retroviral pseudotypes bearing HCV glycoproteins, we measured neutralizing Ab (nAb) responses during acute and chronic HCV infection. In seven acutely infected health care workers, only two developed a nAb response that failed to associate with viral clearance. In contrast, the majority of chronically infected patients had nAbs. To determine the kinetics of strain-specific and crossreactive nAb emergence, we studied patient H, the source of the prototype genotype 1a H77 HCV strain. An early weak nAb response, specific for the autologous virus, was detected at seroconversion. However, neutralization of heterologous viruses was detected only between 33 and 111 weeks of infection. We also examined the development of nAbs in 10 chimpanzees infected with H77 clonal virus. No nAb responses were detected in three animals that cleared virus, whereas strain-specific nAbs were detected in six of the seven chronically infected animals after Ϸ50 weeks of infection. The delayed appearance of high titer crossreactive nAbs in chronically infected patients suggests that selective mechanism(s) may operate to prevent the appearance of these Abs during acute infection. The long-term persistence of these nAbs in chronically infected patients may regulate viral replication.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16406254" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3508b68aafbd441befd69dd1cfcec566" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42496703,"asset_id":16406254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42496703/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35545173" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOldach">David Oldach</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35545173" type="text/json">{"id":35545173,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Oldach","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidOldach","display_name":"David Oldach","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOldach?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16406254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16406254"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16406254, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16406254", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16406254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16406254; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16406254"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16406254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16406254"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16406254; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16406254]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16406254").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16406254").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16406254"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_C">Hepatitis C</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27385" type="text/json">{"id":27385,"name":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_C?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="126972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P-glycoprotein">P-glycoprotein</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="126972" type="text/json">{"id":126972,"name":"P-glycoprotein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P-glycoprotein?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16406254]'), work: {"id":16406254,"title":"Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection","created_at":"2015-10-02T09:07:01.996-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16406254/Neutralizing_antibody_response_during_acute_and_chronic_hepatitis_C_virus_infection?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_16406254","summary":"Little is known about the role of Abs in determining the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By using infectious retroviral pseudotypes bearing HCV glycoproteins, we measured neutralizing Ab (nAb) responses during acute and chronic HCV infection. In seven acutely infected health care workers, only two developed a nAb response that failed to associate with viral clearance. In contrast, the majority of chronically infected patients had nAbs. To determine the kinetics of strain-specific and crossreactive nAb emergence, we studied patient H, the source of the prototype genotype 1a H77 HCV strain. An early weak nAb response, specific for the autologous virus, was detected at seroconversion. However, neutralization of heterologous viruses was detected only between 33 and 111 weeks of infection. We also examined the development of nAbs in 10 chimpanzees infected with H77 clonal virus. No nAb responses were detected in three animals that cleared virus, whereas strain-specific nAbs were detected in six of the seven chronically infected animals after Ϸ50 weeks of infection. The delayed appearance of high titer crossreactive nAbs in chronically infected patients suggests that selective mechanism(s) may operate to prevent the appearance of these Abs during acute infection. The long-term persistence of these nAbs in chronically infected patients may regulate viral replication.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42496703,"asset_id":16406254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35545173,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Oldach","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidOldach","display_name":"David Oldach","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOldach?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":27385,"name":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_C?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":126972,"name":"P-glycoprotein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P-glycoprotein?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":140320,"name":"Hepatitis C Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_C_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":179933,"name":"Health Care Workers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Workers?f_ri=816379"},{"id":311472,"name":"Pan troglodytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pan_troglodytes?f_ri=816379"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1198617,"name":"chronic hepatitis C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/chronic_hepatitis_C?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1703190,"name":"Neutralizing antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neutralizing_antibodies?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34047476" data-work_id="34047476" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34047476/Rapid_diagnosis_of_H5N1_avian_influenza_virus_infection_by_newly_developed_influenza_H5_hemagglutinin_gene_specific_loop_mediated_isothermal_amplification_method">Rapid diagnosis of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection by newly developed influenza H5 hemagglutinin gene-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification method</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a unique gene amplification method that can be completed within 35 min at 62.5 • C. In the present study, RT-LAMP was used to develop a rapid and sensitive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34047476" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a unique gene amplification method that can be completed within 35 min at 62.5 • C. In the present study, RT-LAMP was used to develop a rapid and sensitive laboratory diagnostic system for the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The sensitivity of the system was 0.1-0.01 plaque-forming units per reaction for HPAI-H5N1 viruses belonging to the genetically and antigenically distinct clade 1, represented by A/Vietnam/JP1203/2004, and clade 2, represented by A/Indonesia/JP283/2006. This RT-LAMP sensitivity is 10-fold higher than the sensitivity of standard one-step RT-PCR. By using viral RNAs extracted from avian influenza viruses of H1-H15 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and human pathogenic respiratory viruses, it was confirmed that the RT-LAMP system amplifies specifically RNA of the H5 subtype virus. The system detected H5-HA genes in throat swabs collected from humans as well as from wild birds. These results suggest that the present RT-LAMP system is a useful diagnostic tool for surveillance of recent outbreaks of the HPAI-H5N1 virus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34047476" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2680fe70a33dbaca56c6589daff5103" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53986416,"asset_id":34047476,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53986416/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35846984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nguyentien61">nguyen tien</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35846984" type="text/json">{"id":35846984,"first_name":"nguyen","last_name":"tien","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"nguyentien61","display_name":"nguyen tien","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/nguyentien61?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34047476 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34047476"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34047476, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34047476", }); 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In the present study, RT-LAMP was used to develop a rapid and sensitive laboratory diagnostic system for the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The sensitivity of the system was 0.1-0.01 plaque-forming units per reaction for HPAI-H5N1 viruses belonging to the genetically and antigenically distinct clade 1, represented by A/Vietnam/JP1203/2004, and clade 2, represented by A/Indonesia/JP283/2006. This RT-LAMP sensitivity is 10-fold higher than the sensitivity of standard one-step RT-PCR. By using viral RNAs extracted from avian influenza viruses of H1-H15 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and human pathogenic respiratory viruses, it was confirmed that the RT-LAMP system amplifies specifically RNA of the H5 subtype virus. The system detected H5-HA genes in throat swabs collected from humans as well as from wild birds. These results suggest that the present RT-LAMP system is a useful diagnostic tool for surveillance of recent outbreaks of the HPAI-H5N1 virus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53986416,"asset_id":34047476,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35846984,"first_name":"nguyen","last_name":"tien","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"nguyentien61","display_name":"nguyen tien","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/nguyentien61?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical 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(HBeAg).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5378997" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eab9cf884d49d198d669ee469c44d2df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49317868,"asset_id":5378997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49317868/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="631" type="text/json">{"id":631,"name":"Pediatrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pediatrics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50636" 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20335093" data-work_id="20335093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20335093/Mouse_Hepatitis_Virus_3C_Like_Protease_Cleaves_a_22_Kilodalton_Protein_from_the_Open_Reading_Frame_1a_Polyprotein_in_Virus_Infected_Cells_and_In_Vitro">Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3C-Like Protease Cleaves a 22-Kilodalton Protein from the Open Reading Frame 1a Polyprotein in Virus-Infected Cells and In Vitro</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is predicted to cleave at least 11 sites in the 803-kDa gene 1 polyprotein, resulting in maturation of proteinase, polymerase, and helicase proteins. However, most of these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20335093" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is predicted to cleave at least 11 sites in the 803-kDa gene 1 polyprotein, resulting in maturation of proteinase, polymerase, and helicase proteins. However, most of these cleavage sites have not been experimentally confirmed and the proteins have not been identified in vitro or in virus-infected cells. We used specific antibodies to identify and characterize a 22-kDa protein (p1a-22) expressed from gene 1 in MHV A59-infected DBT cells. Processing of p1a-22 from the polyprotein began immediately after translation, but some processing continued for several hours. Amino-terminal sequencing of p1a-22 purified from MHV-infected cells showed that it was cleaved at a putative 3CLpro cleavage site, Gln_Ser 4014 (where the underscore indicates the site of cleavage), that is located between the 3CLpro domain and the end of open reading frame (ORF) 1a. Subclones of this region of gene 1 were used to express polypeptides in vitro that contained one or more 3CLpro cleavage sites, and cleavage of these substrates by recombinant 3CLpro in vitro confirmed that amino-terminal cleavage of p1a-22 occurred at Gln_Ser 4014 . We demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal cleavage of the p1a-22 protein occurred at Gln_Asn 4208 , a sequence that had not been predicted as a site for cleavage by MHV 3CLpro. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant MHV 3CLpro in identifying and confirming cleavage sites within the gene 1 polyprotein. Based on our results, we predict that at least seven mature proteins are processed from the ORF 1a polyprotein by 3CLpro and suggest that additional noncanonical cleavage sites may be used by 3CLpro during processing of the gene 1 polyprotein.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20335093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="515d84b9ea8e11b6c8050e7a91d3ab72" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41293985,"asset_id":20335093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41293985/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41631905" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmySims1">Amy Sims</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41631905" type="text/json">{"id":41631905,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Sims","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySims1","display_name":"Amy Sims","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySims1?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20335093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20335093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20335093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20335093", }); 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However, most of these cleavage sites have not been experimentally confirmed and the proteins have not been identified in vitro or in virus-infected cells. We used specific antibodies to identify and characterize a 22-kDa protein (p1a-22) expressed from gene 1 in MHV A59-infected DBT cells. Processing of p1a-22 from the polyprotein began immediately after translation, but some processing continued for several hours. Amino-terminal sequencing of p1a-22 purified from MHV-infected cells showed that it was cleaved at a putative 3CLpro cleavage site, Gln_Ser 4014 (where the underscore indicates the site of cleavage), that is located between the 3CLpro domain and the end of open reading frame (ORF) 1a. Subclones of this region of gene 1 were used to express polypeptides in vitro that contained one or more 3CLpro cleavage sites, and cleavage of these substrates by recombinant 3CLpro in vitro confirmed that amino-terminal cleavage of p1a-22 occurred at Gln_Ser 4014 . We demonstrated that the carboxy-terminal cleavage of the p1a-22 protein occurred at Gln_Asn 4208 , a sequence that had not been predicted as a site for cleavage by MHV 3CLpro. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant MHV 3CLpro in identifying and confirming cleavage sites within the gene 1 polyprotein. Based on our results, we predict that at least seven mature proteins are processed from the ORF 1a polyprotein by 3CLpro and suggest that additional noncanonical cleavage sites may be used by 3CLpro during processing of the gene 1 polyprotein.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41293985,"asset_id":20335093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41631905,"first_name":"Amy","last_name":"Sims","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmySims1","display_name":"Amy Sims","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmySims1?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=816379"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=816379"},{"id":584613,"name":"Cysteine endopeptidases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cysteine_endopeptidases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":844925,"name":"Open Reading Frame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Reading_Frame?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7059609" data-work_id="7059609" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7059609/HUMAN_POLYOMA_VIRUS_IN_KIDNEY_TRANSPLANTS_SV40_T_ANTIGEN_DEMONSTRATION_IN_THE_URINE">HUMAN POLYOMA VIRUS IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS. SV40 T-ANTIGEN DEMONSTRATION IN THE URINE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7059609" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of decoy cells in the urine or to kidney histology. Routine urine samples from pediatric kidney transplant patients were collected either early after transplantation or later, cytocentrifuged, and immunostained with SV40-T-antibody. The number of SV40-T-antigen-positive epithelial cells was counted in the cytopreparations and compared to the findings in routine urine cytology and transplant histology. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-ab demonstrated clearly that the infected epithelial cells and the rate of infection could be estimated by semiquantitative counting. There was strong correlation between the findings in the urine and in the biopsies, but in the urine preparations the number of infected cells was much higher than in the biopsies. The high number of SV40-positive cells in the urine also correlated to the severity of clinical infection and to the state of transplant. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-antibody seems to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of polyoma virus reactivation disease in transplant patients, especially in children with renal transplants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7059609" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="49845046d270da2b28d3544a264c6d30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48614848,"asset_id":7059609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48614848/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12077815" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies">Jussi Merenmies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12077815" type="text/json">{"id":12077815,"first_name":"Jussi","last_name":"Merenmies","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"JussiMerenmies","display_name":"Jussi Merenmies","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12077815/3467890/10382736/s65_jussi.merenmies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7059609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7059609"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7059609, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7059609", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7059609]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7059609").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7059609").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7059609"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9003" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation">Kidney transplantation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9003" type="text/json">{"id":9003,"name":"Kidney transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy">Biopsy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37826" type="text/json">{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51530" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation">Transplantation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51530" type="text/json">{"id":51530,"name":"Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7059609]'), work: {"id":7059609,"title":"HUMAN POLYOMA VIRUS IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS. SV40 T-ANTIGEN DEMONSTRATION IN THE URINE","created_at":"2014-05-15T16:52:46.773-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7059609/HUMAN_POLYOMA_VIRUS_IN_KIDNEY_TRANSPLANTS_SV40_T_ANTIGEN_DEMONSTRATION_IN_THE_URINE?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_7059609","summary":"We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of decoy cells in the urine or to kidney histology. Routine urine samples from pediatric kidney transplant patients were collected either early after transplantation or later, cytocentrifuged, and immunostained with SV40-T-antibody. The number of SV40-T-antigen-positive epithelial cells was counted in the cytopreparations and compared to the findings in routine urine cytology and transplant histology. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-ab demonstrated clearly that the infected epithelial cells and the rate of infection could be estimated by semiquantitative counting. There was strong correlation between the findings in the urine and in the biopsies, but in the urine preparations the number of infected cells was much higher than in the biopsies. The high number of SV40-positive cells in the urine also correlated to the severity of clinical infection and to the state of transplant. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-antibody seems to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of polyoma virus reactivation disease in transplant patients, especially in children with renal transplants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48614848,"asset_id":7059609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12077815,"first_name":"Jussi","last_name":"Merenmies","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"JussiMerenmies","display_name":"Jussi Merenmies","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12077815/3467890/10382736/s65_jussi.merenmies.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9003,"name":"Kidney transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":51530,"name":"Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":58379,"name":"Renal transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renal_transplantation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":71294,"name":"Kidney","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney?f_ri=816379"},{"id":379033,"name":"Kidney Transplant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_Transplant?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2463621,"name":"Postoperative Complications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postoperative_Complications?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13603367" data-work_id="13603367" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13603367/Identification_of_a_nuclear_transport_inhibitory_signal_NTIS_in_the_basic_domain_of_HIV_1_Vif_protein">Identification of a nuclear transport inhibitory signal (NTIS) in the basic domain of HIV-1 Vif protein</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The HIV-1 auxiliary protein Vif contains a basic domain within its sequence. This basic region, 90 RKKR 93 , is similar to the prototypic nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, Vif is not a nuclear protein and does not function in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13603367" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The HIV-1 auxiliary protein Vif contains a basic domain within its sequence. This basic region, 90 RKKR 93 , is similar to the prototypic nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, Vif is not a nuclear protein and does not function in the nucleus. Here we have studied the karyophilic properties of this basic region. We have synthesized peptides corresponding to this positively charged NLS-like region and observed that these peptides inhibited nuclear transport via the importin pathway in vitro with IC 50 values in the micromolar range. Inhibition was observed only with peptides derived from the positively charged region, but not from other regions of the Vif protein, showing sequence speci®city. On the other hand, the Vif inhibitory peptide Vif88-98 did not confer karyophilic properties when conjugated to BSA. The inactive Vif conjugate and the active SV40-NLS-BSA conjugate both contained a similar number of peptides conjugated to each BSA molecule, as was determined by amino acid analysis of the peptide-BSA conjugates. Thus, the lack of nuclear import of the Vif peptide-BSA conjugate cannot be attributed to insuf®cient number of conjugated peptide molecules per BSA molecule. Our results suggest that the HIV-1 Vif protein carries an NLS-like sequence that inhibits, but does not mediate, nuclear import via the importin pathway. We have termed such signals as nuclear transport inhibitory signals (NTIS). The possible role of NTIS in controlling nuclear uptake, and speci®cally during virus infection, is discussed herein. Our results raise the possibility that NLS-like sequences of certain low molecular weight viral proteins may serve as regulators of nucleocytoplasmic traf®cking and not neccessarily as mediators of nuclear import.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13603367" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e62d075a93c95089482627e680cbf856" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45164144,"asset_id":13603367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45164144/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32778215" href="https://huji.academia.edu/ChaimGilon">Chaim Gilon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32778215" type="text/json">{"id":32778215,"first_name":"Chaim","last_name":"Gilon","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"ChaimGilon","display_name":"Chaim Gilon","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/ChaimGilon?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32778215/27913509/26177051/s65_chaim.gilon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13603367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13603367"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13603367, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13603367", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13603367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13603367; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13603367"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13603367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13603367"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13603367; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13603367]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13603367").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13603367").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13603367"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7700" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy">Fluorescence Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7700" type="text/json">{"id":7700,"name":"Fluorescence Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50157" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular">Molecular</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50157" type="text/json">{"id":50157,"name":"Molecular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13603367]'), work: {"id":13603367,"title":"Identification of a nuclear transport inhibitory signal (NTIS) in the basic domain of HIV-1 Vif protein","created_at":"2015-07-03T21:08:13.699-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13603367/Identification_of_a_nuclear_transport_inhibitory_signal_NTIS_in_the_basic_domain_of_HIV_1_Vif_protein?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_13603367","summary":"The HIV-1 auxiliary protein Vif contains a basic domain within its sequence. This basic region, 90 RKKR 93 , is similar to the prototypic nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, Vif is not a nuclear protein and does not function in the nucleus. Here we have studied the karyophilic properties of this basic region. We have synthesized peptides corresponding to this positively charged NLS-like region and observed that these peptides inhibited nuclear transport via the importin pathway in vitro with IC 50 values in the micromolar range. Inhibition was observed only with peptides derived from the positively charged region, but not from other regions of the Vif protein, showing sequence speci®city. On the other hand, the Vif inhibitory peptide Vif88-98 did not confer karyophilic properties when conjugated to BSA. The inactive Vif conjugate and the active SV40-NLS-BSA conjugate both contained a similar number of peptides conjugated to each BSA molecule, as was determined by amino acid analysis of the peptide-BSA conjugates. Thus, the lack of nuclear import of the Vif peptide-BSA conjugate cannot be attributed to insuf®cient number of conjugated peptide molecules per BSA molecule. Our results suggest that the HIV-1 Vif protein carries an NLS-like sequence that inhibits, but does not mediate, nuclear import via the importin pathway. We have termed such signals as nuclear transport inhibitory signals (NTIS). The possible role of NTIS in controlling nuclear uptake, and speci®cally during virus infection, is discussed herein. Our results raise the possibility that NLS-like sequences of certain low molecular weight viral proteins may serve as regulators of nucleocytoplasmic traf®cking and not neccessarily as mediators of nuclear import.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45164144,"asset_id":13603367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32778215,"first_name":"Chaim","last_name":"Gilon","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"ChaimGilon","display_name":"Chaim Gilon","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/ChaimGilon?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32778215/27913509/26177051/s65_chaim.gilon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":7700,"name":"Fluorescence Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence_Microscopy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":50157,"name":"Molecular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=816379"},{"id":317801,"name":"Cell nucleus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_nucleus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":585573,"name":"Amino Acid Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Profile?f_ri=816379"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":881608,"name":"Bovine Serum Albumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bovine_Serum_Albumin?f_ri=816379"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1272906,"name":"Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Linked_Immunosorbent_Assay?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1496706,"name":"Low molecular weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_molecular_weight?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1557916,"name":"Nuclear Import","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Import?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1665750,"name":"Nuclear localization signal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_localization_signal?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2349258,"name":"Serum albumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serum_albumin?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35522344 coauthored" data-work_id="35522344" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35522344/Design_of_oseltamivir_analogs_inhibiting_neuraminidase_of_avian_influenza_virus_H5N1">Design of oseltamivir analogs inhibiting neuraminidase of avian influenza virus H5N1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Neuraminidase is an important target for design of antiviral agents in the prophylaxis and treatment of avian influenza virus infections. We have shown the applicability of computer-assisted combinatorial techniques in the design,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35522344" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Neuraminidase is an important target for design of antiviral agents in the prophylaxis and treatment of avian influenza virus infections. We have shown the applicability of computer-assisted combinatorial techniques in the design, focusing and in silico screening of a virtual library of analogs of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) with the goal to find potent inhibitors of influenza A neuraminidase N1 that fill the cavity found adjacent to the active site. Crystal structure of oseltamivir-N1 complex was used in the structure-based focusing and virtual screening of the designed library. A target-specific Piecewise Linear Potential type 1 scoring function fitted for a training set of 14 carbocyclic inhibitors and validated for three other inhibitors was used to select virtual hits with predicted inhibitory activities in the subnanomolar range. The results of this computational study are useful as a rational guide for synthetic and medicinal chemists who are developing new drugs against the avian influenza virus H5N1.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35522344" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e97b2ea3906096c17c6b351316d40c09" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55387545,"asset_id":35522344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55387545/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73249480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VladimirFrecer">Vladimir Frecer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73249480" type="text/json">{"id":73249480,"first_name":"Vladimir","last_name":"Frecer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VladimirFrecer","display_name":"Vladimir Frecer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VladimirFrecer?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35522344">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35522344"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SMiertus">S. Miertus</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35522344'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35522344').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35522344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35522344"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35522344, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35522344", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35522344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35522344; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35522344"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35522344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35522344"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35522344; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35522344]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35522344").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35522344").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35522344"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors">Enzyme Inhibitors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12981" type="text/json">{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43363" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Screening">Screening</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43363" type="text/json">{"id":43363,"name":"Screening","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Screening?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35522344]'), work: {"id":35522344,"title":"Design of oseltamivir analogs inhibiting neuraminidase of avian influenza virus H5N1","created_at":"2017-12-27T15:24:57.386-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35522344/Design_of_oseltamivir_analogs_inhibiting_neuraminidase_of_avian_influenza_virus_H5N1?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_35522344","summary":"Neuraminidase is an important target for design of antiviral agents in the prophylaxis and treatment of avian influenza virus infections. We have shown the applicability of computer-assisted combinatorial techniques in the design, focusing and in silico screening of a virtual library of analogs of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) with the goal to find potent inhibitors of influenza A neuraminidase N1 that fill the cavity found adjacent to the active site. Crystal structure of oseltamivir-N1 complex was used in the structure-based focusing and virtual screening of the designed library. A target-specific Piecewise Linear Potential type 1 scoring function fitted for a training set of 14 carbocyclic inhibitors and validated for three other inhibitors was used to select virtual hits with predicted inhibitory activities in the subnanomolar range. The results of this computational study are useful as a rational guide for synthetic and medicinal chemists who are developing new drugs against the avian influenza virus H5N1.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55387545,"asset_id":35522344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73249480,"first_name":"Vladimir","last_name":"Frecer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VladimirFrecer","display_name":"Vladimir Frecer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VladimirFrecer?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":36761347,"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Miertus","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SMiertus","display_name":"S. Miertus","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SMiertus?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":43363,"name":"Screening","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Screening?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":50630,"name":"Crystal structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_structure?f_ri=816379"},{"id":57518,"name":"Conception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conception?f_ri=816379"},{"id":70037,"name":"Virtual screening","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_screening?f_ri=816379"},{"id":76677,"name":"influenza A","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/influenza_A?f_ri=816379"},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":83205,"name":"Avian Influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avian_Influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":100696,"name":"Combinatorial Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combinatorial_Chemistry?f_ri=816379"},{"id":119547,"name":"Oseltamivir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oseltamivir?f_ri=816379"},{"id":120789,"name":"Drug Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Design?f_ri=816379"},{"id":132593,"name":"Piecewise Linear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Piecewise_Linear?f_ri=816379"},{"id":172024,"name":"Analog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog?f_ri=816379"},{"id":212097,"name":"Library Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Library_Design?f_ri=816379"},{"id":234622,"name":"Neuraminidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuraminidase?f_ri=816379"},{"id":354019,"name":"Active site","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_site?f_ri=816379"},{"id":709730,"name":"Analog Computation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Computation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":713662,"name":"Virtual Library","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Library?f_ri=816379"},{"id":792401,"name":"Antiviral","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":865697,"name":"In Silico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Silico?f_ri=816379"},{"id":967839,"name":"Structure activity Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_activity_Relationship?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1359009,"name":"Score Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Score_Function?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1431633,"name":"Chemical Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Structure?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2570247,"name":"antiviral agent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/antiviral_agent?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20222941 coauthored" data-work_id="20222941" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20222941/Potential_of_a_granulovirus_isolate_to_control_Phthorimaea_operculella_Lepidoptera_Gelechiidae_">Potential of a granulovirus isolate to control Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this study a Brazilian granulovirus strain, PhopGV, isolated from the potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella, was investigated regarding its potential for biological control and in vivo production. The relationship between... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20222941" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this study a Brazilian granulovirus strain, PhopGV, isolated from the potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella, was investigated regarding its potential for biological control and in vivo production. The relationship between mortality of P. operculella larvae and virus concentration was determined at different temperatures on potato tubers and susceptibility of P. operculella to PhopGV was also determined on potato leaves. Virulence of Pho-pGV to P. operculella was not affected by temperatures from 18 to 30°C. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of larvae fed on potato foliage treated with PhopGV was not higher than that verified with larvae fed on treated tubers. Optimal conditions for production of virus-infected larvae were obtained by using the virus suspensions of 41 9 10 5 , 6.3 9 10 5 and 62 9 10 5 OBs ml -1 at 18, 24 and 30°C, which resulted in 32.0, 31.4 and 34.8% of infected larvae collected, respectively. The maximum percentage of infected larvae recovered from tubers was not affected by temperature. However, time for production of virusinfected larvae was longer at 18°C and shorter at 30°C. Persistence of PhopGV was determined on stored tubers and we observed that the virus remained effective for at least two months, causing up to 84.2% mortality of P. operculella at 1 9 10 7 OBs ml -1 . The pathogen was also highly virulent to tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, inflicting high percentage of mortality, delaying larval growth and inhibiting pupation. This Brazilian PhopGV strain has potential to control PTM larvae on potato tubers at a broad range of temperature and can be produced in vivo using virus-treated tubers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20222941" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="415e32195e5cd5ca4f446c519313b86e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41221638,"asset_id":20222941,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41221638/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41418784" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ClariceGarciaBorgesDem%C3%A9trio">Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41418784" type="text/json">{"id":41418784,"first_name":"Clarice Garcia Borges","last_name":"Demétrio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClariceGarciaBorgesDemétrio","display_name":"Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClariceGarciaBorgesDem%C3%A9trio?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-20222941">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-20222941"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ItaloDelalibera">Italo Delalibera</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-20222941'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-20222941').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20222941 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20222941"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20222941; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20222941]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20222941").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20222941").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20222941"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23515" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Control">Biological Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23515" type="text/json">{"id":23515,"name":"Biological Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41418" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato">Potato</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41418" type="text/json">{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130447" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol">Biocontrol</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="130447" type="text/json">{"id":130447,"name":"Biocontrol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20222941]'), work: {"id":20222941,"title":"Potential of a granulovirus isolate to control Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)","created_at":"2016-01-13T08:30:09.930-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20222941/Potential_of_a_granulovirus_isolate_to_control_Phthorimaea_operculella_Lepidoptera_Gelechiidae_?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_20222941","summary":"In this study a Brazilian granulovirus strain, PhopGV, isolated from the potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella, was investigated regarding its potential for biological control and in vivo production. The relationship between mortality of P. operculella larvae and virus concentration was determined at different temperatures on potato tubers and susceptibility of P. operculella to PhopGV was also determined on potato leaves. Virulence of Pho-pGV to P. operculella was not affected by temperatures from 18 to 30°C. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of larvae fed on potato foliage treated with PhopGV was not higher than that verified with larvae fed on treated tubers. Optimal conditions for production of virus-infected larvae were obtained by using the virus suspensions of 41 9 10 5 , 6.3 9 10 5 and 62 9 10 5 OBs ml -1 at 18, 24 and 30°C, which resulted in 32.0, 31.4 and 34.8% of infected larvae collected, respectively. The maximum percentage of infected larvae recovered from tubers was not affected by temperature. However, time for production of virusinfected larvae was longer at 18°C and shorter at 30°C. Persistence of PhopGV was determined on stored tubers and we observed that the virus remained effective for at least two months, causing up to 84.2% mortality of P. operculella at 1 9 10 7 OBs ml -1 . The pathogen was also highly virulent to tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, inflicting high percentage of mortality, delaying larval growth and inhibiting pupation. This Brazilian PhopGV strain has potential to control PTM larvae on potato tubers at a broad range of temperature and can be produced in vivo using virus-treated tubers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41221638,"asset_id":20222941,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41418784,"first_name":"Clarice Garcia Borges","last_name":"Demétrio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClariceGarciaBorgesDemétrio","display_name":"Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClariceGarciaBorgesDem%C3%A9trio?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":42054136,"first_name":"Italo","last_name":"Delalibera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ItaloDelalibera","display_name":"Italo Delalibera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ItaloDelalibera?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42054136/173440948/163454287/s65_italo.delalibera.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":23515,"name":"Biological Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":130447,"name":"Biocontrol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":188240,"name":"Tomato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tomato?f_ri=816379"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1180667,"name":"Optimality Condition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Condition?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1312355,"name":"Potato Tuber Moth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato_Tuber_Moth?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31148251" data-work_id="31148251" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31148251/Per_os_challenge_of_Litopenaeus_vannamei_postlarvae_and_Farfantepenaeus_duorarum_juveniles_with_six_geographic_isolates_of_white_spot_syndrome_virus">Per os challenge of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles with six geographic isolates of white spot syndrome virus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">. White spot syndrome virus WSSV is one of the most important pathogens of penaeid shrimp. It is widely distributed in most Asian countries where penaeid shrimp are cultured, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and SE USA. The virulence of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31148251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">. White spot syndrome virus WSSV is one of the most important pathogens of penaeid shrimp. It is widely distributed in most Asian countries where penaeid shrimp are cultured, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and SE USA. The virulence of six geographic isolates of WSSV was compared using Litopenaeus Õannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles. The six geographic isolates of WSSV originated from China, India, Thailand, Texas, South Carolina, as well as from crayfish maintained at the USA National Zoo. For challenge studies, virus infected tissues were given per os to L. Õannamei postlarvae and Fa. duorarum juveniles. Resultant WSSV infections were confirmed by histological examination. The cumulative mortality of L. Õannamei postlarvae reached 100% after challenge with each of the six geographic isolates of WSSV. However, the Texas isolate caused mortalities more rapidly than did the other shrimp isolates; the crayfish WSSV isolate was the slowest. In marked contrast, cumulative mortalities of juvenile Fa. duorarum reached only 35-60%, and varied among the geographic isolates of WSSV. Interestingly, in Fa. duorarum, the Texas WSSV isolate was also the most virulent, while the crayfish WSSV was the least virulent. The findings suggest that slight differences in virulence exist among geographic isolates of WSSV, and that susceptibility may vary with species and lifestages of the host. q 0044-8486r99r$ -see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31148251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a551cb1cc118b2af859add2e8bef2bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51582992,"asset_id":31148251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51582992/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59529794" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RitaRedman">Rita Redman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59529794" type="text/json">{"id":59529794,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Redman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RitaRedman","display_name":"Rita Redman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RitaRedman?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31148251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31148251"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31148251, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31148251", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31148251]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31148251").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31148251").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31148251"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23848" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23848" type="text/json">{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52873" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virulence">Virulence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52873" type="text/json">{"id":52873,"name":"Virulence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virulence?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Carolina">South Carolina</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91575" type="text/json">{"id":91575,"name":"South Carolina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Carolina?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31148251]'), work: {"id":31148251,"title":"Per os challenge of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles with six geographic isolates of white spot syndrome virus","created_at":"2017-02-01T06:58:37.392-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31148251/Per_os_challenge_of_Litopenaeus_vannamei_postlarvae_and_Farfantepenaeus_duorarum_juveniles_with_six_geographic_isolates_of_white_spot_syndrome_virus?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_31148251","summary":". White spot syndrome virus WSSV is one of the most important pathogens of penaeid shrimp. It is widely distributed in most Asian countries where penaeid shrimp are cultured, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and SE USA. The virulence of six geographic isolates of WSSV was compared using Litopenaeus Õannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles. The six geographic isolates of WSSV originated from China, India, Thailand, Texas, South Carolina, as well as from crayfish maintained at the USA National Zoo. For challenge studies, virus infected tissues were given per os to L. Õannamei postlarvae and Fa. duorarum juveniles. Resultant WSSV infections were confirmed by histological examination. The cumulative mortality of L. Õannamei postlarvae reached 100% after challenge with each of the six geographic isolates of WSSV. However, the Texas isolate caused mortalities more rapidly than did the other shrimp isolates; the crayfish WSSV isolate was the slowest. In marked contrast, cumulative mortalities of juvenile Fa. duorarum reached only 35-60%, and varied among the geographic isolates of WSSV. Interestingly, in Fa. duorarum, the Texas WSSV isolate was also the most virulent, while the crayfish WSSV was the least virulent. The findings suggest that slight differences in virulence exist among geographic isolates of WSSV, and that susceptibility may vary with species and lifestages of the host. q 0044-8486r99r$ -see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51582992,"asset_id":31148251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59529794,"first_name":"Rita","last_name":"Redman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RitaRedman","display_name":"Rita Redman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RitaRedman?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":52873,"name":"Virulence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virulence?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":91575,"name":"South Carolina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Carolina?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":139977,"name":"Litopenaeus Vannamei","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litopenaeus_Vannamei?f_ri=816379"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":241558,"name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gulf_of_Mexico?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1181139,"name":"White Spot Syndrome Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/White_Spot_Syndrome_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1993786,"name":"Cumulant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cumulant?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22084079" data-work_id="22084079" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22084079/Effect_of_Gamma_Irradiation_on_Human_Cortical_Bone_Transplants_Contaminated_with_Enveloped_and_Non_enveloped_Viruses">Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Human Cortical Bone Transplants Contaminated with Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. As an additional safety tool we... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22084079" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. As an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. Model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor for the infectivity titres of at least 4 log 10 at a temperature of −30±5°C. The following viruses were used: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and poliovirus (PV-1), and the following model viruses: pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a model for human herpesviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) for HCV, and bovine parvovirus (BPV) for parvovirus B19. A first approach was to determine the D 10 values (kGy) for the different viruses (virus inactivation kinetics: BPV 7·3; PV-1 7·1; HIV-2 7·1; HAV 5·3; PRV 5·3; BVDV <3·0 kGy). Based on these results, inactivation of these viruses was studied in experimentally contaminated human bone transplants (femoral diaphyses). For BPV, the most resistant one of the viruses studied, a dose of approximately 34 kGy was necessary to achieve a reduction of infectivity titres of 4 log 10 . We therefore recommend a dose of 34 kGy for the sterilisation of frozen bone transplants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22084079" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e575b4000f73cab351768807df5a0a4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42757828,"asset_id":22084079,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42757828/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43381498" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MoujahedKao">Moujahed Kao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43381498" type="text/json">{"id":43381498,"first_name":"Moujahed","last_name":"Kao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MoujahedKao","display_name":"Moujahed Kao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MoujahedKao?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22084079 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22084079"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22084079, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22084079", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22084079]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22084079").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22084079").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22084079"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22998" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma_Rays">Gamma Rays</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22998" type="text/json">{"id":22998,"name":"Gamma Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma_Rays?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22084079]'), work: {"id":22084079,"title":"Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Human Cortical Bone Transplants Contaminated with Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses","created_at":"2016-02-17T01:02:13.549-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22084079/Effect_of_Gamma_Irradiation_on_Human_Cortical_Bone_Transplants_Contaminated_with_Enveloped_and_Non_enveloped_Viruses?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_22084079","summary":"In the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. As an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. Model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor for the infectivity titres of at least 4 log 10 at a temperature of −30±5°C. The following viruses were used: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and poliovirus (PV-1), and the following model viruses: pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a model for human herpesviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) for HCV, and bovine parvovirus (BPV) for parvovirus B19. A first approach was to determine the D 10 values (kGy) for the different viruses (virus inactivation kinetics: BPV 7·3; PV-1 7·1; HIV-2 7·1; HAV 5·3; PRV 5·3; BVDV \u003c3·0 kGy). Based on these results, inactivation of these viruses was studied in experimentally contaminated human bone transplants (femoral diaphyses). For BPV, the most resistant one of the viruses studied, a dose of approximately 34 kGy was necessary to achieve a reduction of infectivity titres of 4 log 10 . We therefore recommend a dose of 34 kGy for the sterilisation of frozen bone transplants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42757828,"asset_id":22084079,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43381498,"first_name":"Moujahed","last_name":"Kao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MoujahedKao","display_name":"Moujahed Kao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MoujahedKao?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":22998,"name":"Gamma Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma_Rays?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=816379"},{"id":61111,"name":"Bone graft","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_graft?f_ri=816379"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=816379"},{"id":177876,"name":"Sterilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sterilization?f_ri=816379"},{"id":230590,"name":"Hepatitis a Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_a_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=816379"},{"id":317779,"name":"Pseudorabies virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pseudorabies_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":354937,"name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Marrow_Transplantation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":600686,"name":"Cortical Bone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortical_Bone?f_ri=816379"},{"id":650891,"name":"Biologicals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biologicals?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":967473,"name":"Parvovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parvovirus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1221610,"name":"Gamma Irradiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma_Irradiation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1256683,"name":"Bone and Bones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_and_Bones?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1888098,"name":"Poliovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poliovirus?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21740819" data-work_id="21740819" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21740819/Agent_Based_Modeling_of_the_Spread_of_Influenza_Like_Illness_in_an_Emergency_Department_A_Simulation_Study">Agent-Based Modeling of the Spread of Influenza-Like Illness in an Emergency Department: A Simulation Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The objective of this paper was to develop an agentbased modeling framework in order to simulate the spread of influenza virus infection on a layout based on a representative hospital emergency department in Winnipeg, Canada. In doing so,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21740819" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The objective of this paper was to develop an agentbased modeling framework in order to simulate the spread of influenza virus infection on a layout based on a representative hospital emergency department in Winnipeg, Canada. In doing so, the study complements mathematical modeling techniques for disease spread, as well as modeling applications focused on the spread of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections in hospitals. Twenty different emergency department scenarios were simulated, with further simulation of four infection control strategies. The agentbased modeling approach represents systems modeling, in which the emergency department was modeled as a collection of agents (patients and healthcare workers) and their individual characteristics, behaviors, and interactions. The framework was coded in C++ using Qt4 libraries running under the Linux operating system. A simple ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyze the data, in which the percentage of patients that became infected in one day within the simulation was the dependent variable. The results suggest that within the given instance context, patient-oriented infection control policies (alternate treatment streams, masking symptomatic patients) tend to have a larger effect than policies that target healthcare workers. The agent-based modeling framework is a flexible tool that can be made to reflect any given environment; it is also a decision support tool for practitioners and policymakers to assess the relative impact of infection control strategies. The framework illuminates scenarios worthy of further investigation, as well as counterintuitive findings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21740819" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="178a15b963506e75b22f34f0049a3869" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42504476,"asset_id":21740819,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42504476/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42944510" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaFriesen">Marcia Friesen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42944510" type="text/json">{"id":42944510,"first_name":"Marcia","last_name":"Friesen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarciaFriesen","display_name":"Marcia Friesen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaFriesen?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21740819 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21740819"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21740819, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21740819", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21740819]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21740819").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21740819").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21740819"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13734" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communicable_Diseases">Communicable Diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13734" type="text/json">{"id":13734,"name":"Communicable Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communicable_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Processing">Parallel Processing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17167" type="text/json">{"id":17167,"name":"Parallel Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Processing?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotic_Resistance">Antibiotic Resistance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35620" type="text/json">{"id":35620,"name":"Antibiotic Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotic_Resistance?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21740819]'), work: {"id":21740819,"title":"Agent-Based Modeling of the Spread of Influenza-Like Illness in an Emergency Department: A Simulation Study","created_at":"2016-02-09T13:47:43.196-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21740819/Agent_Based_Modeling_of_the_Spread_of_Influenza_Like_Illness_in_an_Emergency_Department_A_Simulation_Study?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_21740819","summary":"The objective of this paper was to develop an agentbased modeling framework in order to simulate the spread of influenza virus infection on a layout based on a representative hospital emergency department in Winnipeg, Canada. In doing so, the study complements mathematical modeling techniques for disease spread, as well as modeling applications focused on the spread of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections in hospitals. Twenty different emergency department scenarios were simulated, with further simulation of four infection control strategies. The agentbased modeling approach represents systems modeling, in which the emergency department was modeled as a collection of agents (patients and healthcare workers) and their individual characteristics, behaviors, and interactions. The framework was coded in C++ using Qt4 libraries running under the Linux operating system. A simple ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyze the data, in which the percentage of patients that became infected in one day within the simulation was the dependent variable. The results suggest that within the given instance context, patient-oriented infection control policies (alternate treatment streams, masking symptomatic patients) tend to have a larger effect than policies that target healthcare workers. The agent-based modeling framework is a flexible tool that can be made to reflect any given environment; it is also a decision support tool for practitioners and policymakers to assess the relative impact of infection control strategies. The framework illuminates scenarios worthy of further investigation, as well as counterintuitive findings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42504476,"asset_id":21740819,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42944510,"first_name":"Marcia","last_name":"Friesen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarciaFriesen","display_name":"Marcia Friesen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarciaFriesen?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":13734,"name":"Communicable Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communicable_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":17167,"name":"Parallel Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Processing?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":35620,"name":"Antibiotic Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotic_Resistance?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":45874,"name":"Decision support system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_support_system?f_ri=816379"},{"id":54114,"name":"Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canada?f_ri=816379"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":69637,"name":"Infection Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infection_Control?f_ri=816379"},{"id":85294,"name":"Computer Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Model?f_ri=816379"},{"id":149081,"name":"Decision Support","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Support?f_ri=816379"},{"id":192604,"name":"Decision support tool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_support_tool?f_ri=816379"},{"id":224811,"name":"Object Oriented Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Object_Oriented_Model?f_ri=816379"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=816379"},{"id":509785,"name":"Simulation Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simulation_Study?f_ri=816379"},{"id":523853,"name":"System modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_modeling?f_ri=816379"},{"id":741144,"name":"Agent Based Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agent_Based_Model?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1206482,"name":"Cross-infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1435137,"name":"Emergency Department","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emergency_Department?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9787975" data-work_id="9787975" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9787975/Spatial_and_temporal_expression_patterns_of_diverse_Pin_II_proteinase_inhibitor_genes_in_Capsicum_annuum_Linn">Spatial and temporal expression patterns of diverse Pin-II proteinase inhibitor genes in Capsicum annuum Linn</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9787975" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-user="23578704" href="https://unipune.academia.edu/vaijayantitamhane">vaijayanti tamhane</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23578704" type="text/json">{"id":23578704,"first_name":"vaijayanti","last_name":"tamhane","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"vaijayantitamhane","display_name":"vaijayanti tamhane","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/vaijayantitamhane?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9787975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9787975"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9787975, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9787975", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9787975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9787975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9787975").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9787975").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9787975"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54433" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54433" type="text/json">{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66973" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases">Plant diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="66973" type="text/json">{"id":66973,"name":"Plant diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9787975]'), work: {"id":9787975,"title":"Spatial and temporal expression patterns of diverse Pin-II proteinase inhibitor genes in Capsicum annuum Linn","created_at":"2014-12-15T20:25:26.641-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9787975/Spatial_and_temporal_expression_patterns_of_diverse_Pin_II_proteinase_inhibitor_genes_in_Capsicum_annuum_Linn?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_9787975","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47646592,"asset_id":9787975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23578704,"first_name":"vaijayanti","last_name":"tamhane","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"vaijayantitamhane","display_name":"vaijayanti tamhane","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/vaijayantitamhane?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":66973,"name":"Plant diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":115599,"name":"Primer design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primer_design?f_ri=816379"},{"id":178098,"name":"Reverse Transcriptase-Pcr","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reverse_Transcriptase-Pcr?f_ri=816379"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene?f_ri=816379"},{"id":201900,"name":"Bp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bp?f_ri=816379"},{"id":219007,"name":"Pi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pi?f_ri=816379"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes?f_ri=816379"},{"id":242015,"name":"PLANT DEFENSE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLANT_DEFENSE?f_ri=816379"},{"id":264176,"name":"Plant viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_viruses?f_ri=816379"},{"id":354821,"name":"Myzus persicae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myzus_persicae?f_ri=816379"},{"id":588666,"name":"Capsicum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsicum?f_ri=816379"},{"id":707213,"name":"Genetic Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Analysis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":727778,"name":"Capsicum annuum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsicum_annuum?f_ri=816379"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1128991,"name":"Expression analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expression_analysis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1181939,"name":"PLANT PROTEINS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLANT_PROTEINS?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1232430,"name":"Genetic Markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Markers?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1835952,"name":"Aphid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aphid?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7059608" data-work_id="7059608" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7059608/Human_Polyoma_Virus_in_Kidney_Transplants_SV40_T_Antigen_Demonstration_in_the_Urine">Human Polyoma Virus in Kidney Transplants: SV40 T-Antigen Demonstration in the Urine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7059608" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of decoy cells in the urine or to kidney histology. Routine urine samples from pediatric kidney transplant patients were collected either early after transplantation or later, cytocentrifuged, and immunostained with SV40-T-antibody. The number of SV40-T-antigen-positive epithelial cells was counted in the cytopreparations and compared to the findings in routine urine cytology and transplant histology. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-ab demonstrated clearly that the infected epithelial cells and the rate of infection could be estimated by semiquantitative counting. There was strong correlation between the findings in the urine and in the biopsies, but in the urine preparations the number of infected cells was much higher than in the biopsies. The high number of SV40-positive cells in the urine also correlated to the severity of clinical infection and to the state of transplant. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-antibody seems to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of polyoma virus reactivation disease in transplant patients, especially in children with renal transplants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7059608" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f3d55c0f8e0a772e1db8055279e9a40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48614827,"asset_id":7059608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48614827/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12077815" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies">Jussi Merenmies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12077815" type="text/json">{"id":12077815,"first_name":"Jussi","last_name":"Merenmies","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"JussiMerenmies","display_name":"Jussi Merenmies","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12077815/3467890/10382736/s65_jussi.merenmies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7059608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7059608"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7059608, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7059608", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7059608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7059608; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7059608"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7059608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7059608"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7059608; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7059608]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7059608").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7059608").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7059608"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9003" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation">Kidney transplantation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9003" type="text/json">{"id":9003,"name":"Kidney transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy">Biopsy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37826" type="text/json">{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51530" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation">Transplantation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51530" type="text/json">{"id":51530,"name":"Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7059608]'), work: {"id":7059608,"title":"Human Polyoma Virus in Kidney Transplants: SV40 T-Antigen Demonstration in the Urine","created_at":"2014-05-15T16:52:46.468-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7059608/Human_Polyoma_Virus_in_Kidney_Transplants_SV40_T_Antigen_Demonstration_in_the_Urine?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_7059608","summary":"We wanted to develop an immunostaining method of urine cytopreparations to detect polyoma virus infection by using fresh urine samples and staining with the monoclonal SV40 antibody and to compare the findings to the demonstration of decoy cells in the urine or to kidney histology. Routine urine samples from pediatric kidney transplant patients were collected either early after transplantation or later, cytocentrifuged, and immunostained with SV40-T-antibody. The number of SV40-T-antigen-positive epithelial cells was counted in the cytopreparations and compared to the findings in routine urine cytology and transplant histology. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-ab demonstrated clearly that the infected epithelial cells and the rate of infection could be estimated by semiquantitative counting. There was strong correlation between the findings in the urine and in the biopsies, but in the urine preparations the number of infected cells was much higher than in the biopsies. The high number of SV40-positive cells in the urine also correlated to the severity of clinical infection and to the state of transplant. Immunostaining of urine cytology with SV40-T-antibody seems to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of polyoma virus reactivation disease in transplant patients, especially in children with renal transplants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48614827,"asset_id":7059608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12077815,"first_name":"Jussi","last_name":"Merenmies","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"JussiMerenmies","display_name":"Jussi Merenmies","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/JussiMerenmies?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12077815/3467890/10382736/s65_jussi.merenmies.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9003,"name":"Kidney transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":51530,"name":"Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transplantation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":58379,"name":"Renal transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renal_transplantation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":71294,"name":"Kidney","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney?f_ri=816379"},{"id":379033,"name":"Kidney Transplant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_Transplant?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2463621,"name":"Postoperative Complications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postoperative_Complications?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9687598" data-work_id="9687598" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9687598/In_vitro_production_of_Prunus_necrotic_ringspot_virus_free_begonias_through_chemo_and_thermotherapy">In vitro production of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus-free begonias through chemo- and thermotherapy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)-free Begonia spp. plants were raised from petioles of virus-infected plants using in vitro techniques. The petioles were grown on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l BAP (pH 5.8).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9687598" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)-free Begonia spp. plants were raised from petioles of virus-infected plants using in vitro techniques. The petioles were grown on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l BAP (pH 5.8). For rooting, half-strength MS medium without any plant growth regulators was used. On rooting medium, shoots were subjected to chemotherapy (virazole, 2-thiouracil or 6-azauracil) and thermotherapy (38 • C for 16 h light period and 22 • C for 8 h dark period) separately or in combination. Regenerated plants (treated with chemo-and thermotherapy) were indexed for PNRSV by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. An amplified product of 785 bp was obtained by RT-PCR in PNRSV-infected plants. Virazole at a concentration of 20 mg/l was found to be more effective (30 and 20% of PNRSV-free plants as indexed by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively) in comparison to the other chemicals. Thermotherapy for 25 days gave 35 and 25% PNRSV-free plants as indexed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. A combination of both treatments gave a good number of PNRSV-free plants (67.5 and 57.5% as indexed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively). At higher concentrations all three chemicals were found to be toxic. Thermotherapy for more than 25 days caused browning of leaves and shoots died.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9687598" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c0955272aab9e0a241d37ac88a7d310" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47677112,"asset_id":9687598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47677112/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23192737" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RajaRam43">Raja Ram</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23192737" type="text/json">{"id":23192737,"first_name":"Raja","last_name":"Ram","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RajaRam43","display_name":"Raja Ram","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RajaRam43?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23192737/6294860/7126118/s65_raja.ram.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9687598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9687598"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9687598, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9687598", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9687598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9687598; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9687598"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9687598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9687598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9687598; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9687598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9687598").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9687598").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9687598"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1042" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticulture">Horticulture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1042" type="text/json">{"id":1042,"name":"Horticulture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticulture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus">Virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="82145" type="text/json">{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="207708" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production">In Vitro Embryo Production</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="207708" type="text/json">{"id":207708,"name":"In Vitro Embryo Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="673146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator">Plant Growth Regulator</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="673146" type="text/json">{"id":673146,"name":"Plant Growth Regulator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9687598]'), work: {"id":9687598,"title":"In vitro production of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus-free begonias through chemo- and thermotherapy","created_at":"2014-12-09T01:55:40.514-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9687598/In_vitro_production_of_Prunus_necrotic_ringspot_virus_free_begonias_through_chemo_and_thermotherapy?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_9687598","summary":"Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)-free Begonia spp. plants were raised from petioles of virus-infected plants using in vitro techniques. The petioles were grown on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l BAP (pH 5.8). For rooting, half-strength MS medium without any plant growth regulators was used. On rooting medium, shoots were subjected to chemotherapy (virazole, 2-thiouracil or 6-azauracil) and thermotherapy (38 • C for 16 h light period and 22 • C for 8 h dark period) separately or in combination. Regenerated plants (treated with chemo-and thermotherapy) were indexed for PNRSV by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. An amplified product of 785 bp was obtained by RT-PCR in PNRSV-infected plants. Virazole at a concentration of 20 mg/l was found to be more effective (30 and 20% of PNRSV-free plants as indexed by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively) in comparison to the other chemicals. Thermotherapy for 25 days gave 35 and 25% PNRSV-free plants as indexed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. A combination of both treatments gave a good number of PNRSV-free plants (67.5 and 57.5% as indexed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively). At higher concentrations all three chemicals were found to be toxic. Thermotherapy for more than 25 days caused browning of leaves and shoots died.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47677112,"asset_id":9687598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23192737,"first_name":"Raja","last_name":"Ram","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RajaRam43","display_name":"Raja Ram","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RajaRam43?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23192737/6294860/7126118/s65_raja.ram.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1042,"name":"Horticulture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticulture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":207708,"name":"In Vitro Embryo Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":673146,"name":"Plant Growth Regulator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14371126" data-work_id="14371126" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14371126/Effect_of_glycerol_on_intracellular_virus_survival_implications_for_the_clinical_use_of_glycerol_preserved_cadaver_skin">Effect of glycerol on intracellular virus survival: implications for the clinical use of glycerol-preserved cadaver skin</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Glycerol has long been used for the preservation of skin allografts. The antimicrobial activity of glycerol has not been fully documented. This paper reports the results of an investigafion of a model studying the effect of glycerol on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14371126" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Glycerol has long been used for the preservation of skin allografts. The antimicrobial activity of glycerol has not been fully documented. This paper reports the results of an investigafion of a model studying the effect of glycerol on the inactivation of intracellular viruses. Two viruses -herpes simplex fype I (HSV-1) and polioviruswere cultured within human dermal fibroblasts. These intracellular viruses were incubated with 50 per cenf, 85 per cent and 98 per cent glycerol at 4°C and .UC for 4 weeks. Each week, the cultures in glycerol and controls infibroblast maintenance medium were assayed for virus infectivity by examining the ability of harvested viruses lo infect further jibroblasts. At 4"C, 85 per cent glycerol could not fully inactivate infrucellulur HSV-Iorpoliovirus even after 4 weeks; 98 per centglycerol inactivated inlracellular HSV-I (after 3 weeks} but could not fully inactivate intracellular poliovirus after 4 weeks. Af 2O"C, 85 per cent glycerol inactivated intracellular HSV-1 (within 1 week] but could not fully inactivate infracellular poliovirus after 4 weeks; 98 per cent glycerol inacfivafed intracellular HSV-1 (within 1 week) and inactivated intracellular poliovirus (after z weeks). It is suggested that, on the basis of this study, glycerol can reduce inlracellular virus infectivity but that its effects are very dependent on concentration, lime and temperature such that we would recommend that allograff skin be exposed to 98 per cent glycerol for a minimum of al least 4 weeks al a minimum temperature of 20°C before clinical use.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14371126" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d227f103282cf8a1aa0018ea0674405f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44274761,"asset_id":14371126,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44274761/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33313728" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MacneilSheila">Sheila Macneil</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33313728" type="text/json">{"id":33313728,"first_name":"Sheila","last_name":"Macneil","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MacneilSheila","display_name":"Sheila Macneil","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MacneilSheila?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14371126 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14371126"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14371126, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14371126", }); 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The antimicrobial activity of glycerol has not been fully documented. This paper reports the results of an investigafion of a model studying the effect of glycerol on the inactivation of intracellular viruses. Two viruses -herpes simplex fype I (HSV-1) and polioviruswere cultured within human dermal fibroblasts. These intracellular viruses were incubated with 50 per cenf, 85 per cent and 98 per cent glycerol at 4°C and .UC for 4 weeks. Each week, the cultures in glycerol and controls infibroblast maintenance medium were assayed for virus infectivity by examining the ability of harvested viruses lo infect further jibroblasts. At 4\"C, 85 per cent glycerol could not fully inactivate infrucellulur HSV-Iorpoliovirus even after 4 weeks; 98 per centglycerol inactivated inlracellular HSV-I (after 3 weeks} but could not fully inactivate intracellular poliovirus after 4 weeks. Af 2O\"C, 85 per cent glycerol inactivated intracellular HSV-1 (within 1 week] but could not fully inactivate infracellular poliovirus after 4 weeks; 98 per cent glycerol inacfivafed intracellular HSV-1 (within 1 week) and inactivated intracellular poliovirus (after z weeks). It is suggested that, on the basis of this study, glycerol can reduce inlracellular virus infectivity but that its effects are very dependent on concentration, lime and temperature such that we would recommend that allograff skin be exposed to 98 per cent glycerol for a minimum of al least 4 weeks al a minimum temperature of 20°C before clinical use.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44274761,"asset_id":14371126,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33313728,"first_name":"Sheila","last_name":"Macneil","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MacneilSheila","display_name":"Sheila Macneil","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MacneilSheila?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32276,"name":"Soft Tissue Preservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Tissue_Preservation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":111007,"name":"Antimicrobial activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimicrobial_activity?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":162553,"name":"Skin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":247948,"name":"Cadaver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cadaver?f_ri=816379"},{"id":283379,"name":"Glycerol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycerol?f_ri=816379"},{"id":367190,"name":"Burns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burns?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":954995,"name":"Human Fibroblasts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Fibroblasts?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1888098,"name":"Poliovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poliovirus?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16477481" data-work_id="16477481" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16477481/Determination_of_Risk_of_Infection_with_Blood_borne_Pathogens_Following_a_Needlestick_Injury_in_Hospital_Workers">Determination of Risk of Infection with Blood-borne Pathogens Following a Needlestick Injury in Hospital Workers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objectives: Our paper measures the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients at the University Hospital of Frankfurt/Main, and correlates the prevalence with risk... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16477481" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objectives: Our paper measures the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients at the University Hospital of Frankfurt/Main, and correlates the prevalence with risk factors for exposure to and infection of healthcare workers (HCWs). Individual risk assessments were calculated for exposed HCWs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16477481" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="909c03573702a8a564742461fce43962" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42480072,"asset_id":16477481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42480072/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35681903" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabineWicker">Sabine Wicker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35681903" type="text/json">{"id":35681903,"first_name":"Sabine","last_name":"Wicker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SabineWicker","display_name":"Sabine Wicker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SabineWicker?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16477481 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16477481"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16477481, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16477481", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16477481]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16477481").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16477481").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16477481"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16664" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment">Risk assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16664" type="text/json">{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50576" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany">Germany</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50576" type="text/json">{"id":50576,"name":"Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B">Hepatitis B</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="63331" type="text/json">{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65390" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine">Internal Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65390" type="text/json">{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16477481]'), work: {"id":16477481,"title":"Determination of Risk of Infection with Blood-borne Pathogens Following a Needlestick Injury in Hospital Workers","created_at":"2015-10-05T06:39:00.330-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16477481/Determination_of_Risk_of_Infection_with_Blood_borne_Pathogens_Following_a_Needlestick_Injury_in_Hospital_Workers?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_16477481","summary":"Objectives: Our paper measures the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients at the University Hospital of Frankfurt/Main, and correlates the prevalence with risk factors for exposure to and infection of healthcare workers (HCWs). Individual risk assessments were calculated for exposed HCWs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42480072,"asset_id":16477481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35681903,"first_name":"Sabine","last_name":"Wicker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SabineWicker","display_name":"Sabine Wicker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SabineWicker?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":50576,"name":"Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":65390,"name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Medicine?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":140320,"name":"Hepatitis C Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_C_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=816379"},{"id":313857,"name":"Risk Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factor?f_ri=816379"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=816379"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=816379"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=816379"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":828299,"name":"Sting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sting?f_ri=816379"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1621295,"name":"Post-Exposure Prophylaxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Exposure_Prophylaxis?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17853050" data-work_id="17853050" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17853050/Intention_to_comply_with_post_exposure_management_among_nurses_exposed_to_blood_and_body_fluids_in_Taiwan_application_of_the_theory_of_planned_behaviour">Intention to comply with post-exposure management among nurses exposed to blood and body fluids in Taiwan: application of the theory of planned behaviour</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bloodborne virus infections Needlestick and sharps injury Post-exposure management Structural equation modelling Theory of planned behaviour s u m m a r y Nurses are at significant risk from occupationally acquired bloodborne virus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17853050" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bloodborne virus infections Needlestick and sharps injury Post-exposure management Structural equation modelling Theory of planned behaviour s u m m a r y Nurses are at significant risk from occupationally acquired bloodborne virus infections following a needlestick and sharps injury. This study aimed to apply the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict nurses' intention to comply with occupational post-exposure management. A cross-sectional survey was applied to select registered nurses who worked in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-designated hospitals. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire based on the TPB was distributed to 1630 nurses and 1134 (69.5%) questionnaires were returned. From these, a total of 802 nurses (71%) reported blood and body fluid exposure incidents during 2003e2005 and this group was used for analysis. Only 44.6% of the 121 exposed nurses who were prescribed post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by infectious disease doctors returned to the clinic for interim monitoring, and only 56.6% of exposed nurses confirmed their final serology status. Structural equation modelling was used to test the TPB indicating perceived behavioural control (the perception of the difficulty or ease of PEP management, b ¼ 0.58), subjective norm (the perception of social pressure to adhere to PEP, b ¼ 0.15), and attitudes (b ¼ 0.12) were significant direct effects on nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. The hypothesised model test indicated that the model fitted with the expected relationships and directions of theoretical constructs [c 2 (14, N ¼ 802) ¼ 23.14, P ¼ 0.057, GFI ¼ 0.987, RMSEA ¼ 0.039]. The TPB model constructs accounted for 54% of the variance in nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. The TPB is an appropriate model for predicting nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. Healthcare facilities should have policies to decrease the inconvenience of follow-up to encourage nurses to comply with post-exposure management.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17853050" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9141f38cebcb43158f3762e359892a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39745065,"asset_id":17853050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39745065/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37768984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaiyingKo">Nai-ying Ko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37768984" type="text/json">{"id":37768984,"first_name":"Nai-ying","last_name":"Ko","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaiyingKo","display_name":"Nai-ying Ko","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaiyingKo?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17853050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17853050"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17853050, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17853050", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17853050]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17853050").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17853050").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17853050"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2957" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Planned_Behaviour">Theory of Planned Behaviour</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2957" type="text/json">{"id":2957,"name":"Theory of Planned Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Planned_Behaviour?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11628" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospital_Infection">Hospital Infection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11628" type="text/json">{"id":11628,"name":"Hospital Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospital_Infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82626" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Equation_Modelling">Structural Equation Modelling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82626" type="text/json">{"id":82626,"name":"Structural Equation Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Equation_Modelling?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17853050]'), work: {"id":17853050,"title":"Intention to comply with post-exposure management among nurses exposed to blood and body fluids in Taiwan: application of the theory of planned behaviour","created_at":"2015-11-06T03:47:00.019-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17853050/Intention_to_comply_with_post_exposure_management_among_nurses_exposed_to_blood_and_body_fluids_in_Taiwan_application_of_the_theory_of_planned_behaviour?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_17853050","summary":"Bloodborne virus infections Needlestick and sharps injury Post-exposure management Structural equation modelling Theory of planned behaviour s u m m a r y Nurses are at significant risk from occupationally acquired bloodborne virus infections following a needlestick and sharps injury. This study aimed to apply the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict nurses' intention to comply with occupational post-exposure management. A cross-sectional survey was applied to select registered nurses who worked in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-designated hospitals. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire based on the TPB was distributed to 1630 nurses and 1134 (69.5%) questionnaires were returned. From these, a total of 802 nurses (71%) reported blood and body fluid exposure incidents during 2003e2005 and this group was used for analysis. Only 44.6% of the 121 exposed nurses who were prescribed post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by infectious disease doctors returned to the clinic for interim monitoring, and only 56.6% of exposed nurses confirmed their final serology status. Structural equation modelling was used to test the TPB indicating perceived behavioural control (the perception of the difficulty or ease of PEP management, b ¼ 0.58), subjective norm (the perception of social pressure to adhere to PEP, b ¼ 0.15), and attitudes (b ¼ 0.12) were significant direct effects on nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. The hypothesised model test indicated that the model fitted with the expected relationships and directions of theoretical constructs [c 2 (14, N ¼ 802) ¼ 23.14, P ¼ 0.057, GFI ¼ 0.987, RMSEA ¼ 0.039]. The TPB model constructs accounted for 54% of the variance in nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. The TPB is an appropriate model for predicting nurses' intention to comply with post-exposure management. Healthcare facilities should have policies to decrease the inconvenience of follow-up to encourage nurses to comply with post-exposure management.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39745065,"asset_id":17853050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37768984,"first_name":"Nai-ying","last_name":"Ko","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaiyingKo","display_name":"Nai-ying Ko","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaiyingKo?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2957,"name":"Theory of Planned Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Planned_Behaviour?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":11628,"name":"Hospital Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospital_Infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":82626,"name":"Structural Equation Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Equation_Modelling?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":94451,"name":"Taiwan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taiwan?f_ri=816379"},{"id":100732,"name":"Blood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood?f_ri=816379"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=816379"},{"id":153039,"name":"Nurses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nurses?f_ri=816379"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":327850,"name":"Questionnaires","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Questionnaires?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":962276,"name":"Occupational Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Diseases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1146508,"name":"Body Fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Fluids?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1621295,"name":"Post-Exposure Prophylaxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Exposure_Prophylaxis?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29205188" data-work_id="29205188" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29205188/Towards_an_evidence_based_guideline_for_counselling_of_chronic_hepatitis_B_virus_infected_patients">Towards an evidence-based guideline for counselling of chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29205188" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ae0306737753a0473466c36a90bcec6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49656239,"asset_id":29205188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49656239/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55131476" href="https://healthfoodinnovationmanagement.academia.edu/MireilleWolfers">Mireille Wolfers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55131476" type="text/json">{"id":55131476,"first_name":"Mireille","last_name":"Wolfers","domain_name":"healthfoodinnovationmanagement","page_name":"MireilleWolfers","display_name":"Mireille Wolfers","profile_url":"https://healthfoodinnovationmanagement.academia.edu/MireilleWolfers?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55131476/24835934/23676077/s65_mireille.wolfers.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29205188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29205188"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29205188, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29205188", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29205188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29205188; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29205188"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29205188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29205188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29205188; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29205188]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29205188").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29205188").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li 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class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="816379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection">Virus infection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="816379" type="text/json">{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29205188]'), work: {"id":29205188,"title":"Towards an evidence-based guideline for counselling of chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients","created_at":"2016-10-16T23:42:22.429-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29205188/Towards_an_evidence_based_guideline_for_counselling_of_chronic_hepatitis_B_virus_infected_patients?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_29205188","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49656239,"asset_id":29205188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55131476,"first_name":"Mireille","last_name":"Wolfers","domain_name":"healthfoodinnovationmanagement","page_name":"MireilleWolfers","display_name":"Mireille Wolfers","profile_url":"https://healthfoodinnovationmanagement.academia.edu/MireilleWolfers?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55131476/24835934/23676077/s65_mireille.wolfers.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3645,"name":"Evidence Based Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence_Based_Medicine?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":1198599,"name":"chronic hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/chronic_hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22864433" data-work_id="22864433" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22864433/Immunopathogenesis_of_poxvirus_infections_forecasting_the_impending_storm">Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is a member of the poxvirus family and one of the most virulent human pathogens known. Although smallpox was eradicated almost 30 years ago, it is not understood why the mortality rates... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22864433" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is a member of the poxvirus family and one of the most virulent human pathogens known. Although smallpox was eradicated almost 30 years ago, it is not understood why the mortality rates associated with the disease were high, why some patients recovered, and what constitutes an effective host response against infection. As variola virus infects only humans, our current understanding of poxvirus infections comes largely from historical clinical data from smallpox patients and from animal studies using closely related viruses such as ectromelia, myxoma and monkeypox. The outcome of an infection is determined by a complex interaction between the type of immune response mounted by the host and by evasion mechanisms that the virus has evolved to subvert it. Disease pathogenesis is also a function of both host and viral factors. Poxviruses are not only cytopathic, causing host tissue damage, but also encode an array of immunomodulatory molecules that affect the severity of disease. The ability of the host to control virus replication is therefore critical in limiting tissue damage. However, in addition to targeting virus, the immune response can inadvertently damage the host to such a degree that it causes illness and even death. There is growing evidence that many of the symptoms associated with serious poxvirus infections are a result of a 'cytokine storm' or sepsis and that this may be the underlying cause of pathology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22864433" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ff24907cdd08691593f96a7e232f22e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43404376,"asset_id":22864433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43404376/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44522000" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneStanford">Marianne Stanford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44522000" type="text/json">{"id":44522000,"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Stanford","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarianneStanford","display_name":"Marianne Stanford","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneStanford?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22864433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22864433"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22864433, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22864433", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22864433]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22864433").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22864433").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22864433"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3233" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies">Animal Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3233" type="text/json">{"id":3233,"name":"Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22864433]'), work: {"id":22864433,"title":"Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm","created_at":"2016-03-05T15:52:41.793-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22864433/Immunopathogenesis_of_poxvirus_infections_forecasting_the_impending_storm?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_22864433","summary":"Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is a member of the poxvirus family and one of the most virulent human pathogens known. Although smallpox was eradicated almost 30 years ago, it is not understood why the mortality rates associated with the disease were high, why some patients recovered, and what constitutes an effective host response against infection. As variola virus infects only humans, our current understanding of poxvirus infections comes largely from historical clinical data from smallpox patients and from animal studies using closely related viruses such as ectromelia, myxoma and monkeypox. The outcome of an infection is determined by a complex interaction between the type of immune response mounted by the host and by evasion mechanisms that the virus has evolved to subvert it. Disease pathogenesis is also a function of both host and viral factors. Poxviruses are not only cytopathic, causing host tissue damage, but also encode an array of immunomodulatory molecules that affect the severity of disease. The ability of the host to control virus replication is therefore critical in limiting tissue damage. However, in addition to targeting virus, the immune response can inadvertently damage the host to such a degree that it causes illness and even death. There is growing evidence that many of the symptoms associated with serious poxvirus infections are a result of a 'cytokine storm' or sepsis and that this may be the underlying cause of pathology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43404376,"asset_id":22864433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44522000,"first_name":"Marianne","last_name":"Stanford","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarianneStanford","display_name":"Marianne Stanford","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneStanford?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":3233,"name":"Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=816379"},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":62896,"name":"Allergy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allergy?f_ri=816379"},{"id":107533,"name":"Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell?f_ri=816379"},{"id":125076,"name":"Sepsis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sepsis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":254914,"name":"Immunology \u0026 Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology_and_Cell_Biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":279576,"name":"Immune Evasion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_Evasion?f_ri=816379"},{"id":396873,"name":"And","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/And?f_ri=816379"},{"id":410532,"name":"Clinical Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Data?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1680434,"name":"Mortality rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mortality_rate?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2113390,"name":"Poxviridae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poxviridae?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18653650" data-work_id="18653650" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18653650/A_review_of_virus_infections_of_cetaceans_and_the_potential_impact_of_morbilliviruses_poxviruses_and_papillomaviruses_on_host_population_dynamics">A review of virus infections of cetaceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Viruses belonging to 9 farmlies have been detected in cetaceans. We critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. Cetacean morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18653650" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Viruses belonging to 9 farmlies have been detected in cetaceans. We critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. Cetacean morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several popu-lation~. It may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzoot~c infection or recurrent epizootics. The latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexually mature individuals. Members of the family Poxviridae infect several species of odontocetes, resulting in ring and tattoo skin lesions. Although poxviruses apparently do not induce a high mortality, circumstancial evidence suggests they may be lethal in young animals lacking protective immunity, and thus may negatively affect net recruitment. Papillomaviruses (family Papovaviridae) cause genital warts in at least 3 species of cetaceans. In 10% of male Burmeister's pal-poises Phocoena spinipinnis from Peru, lesions were sufficiently severe to at least hamper, i f not impede, copulation. Members of the families Herpesviddae, Orthomyxoviridae and Rhabdov~ridae were demonstrated in cetaceans suffering serious illnesses, but with the exception of a 'porpoise herpesvirus' their causative role is still tentative. Herpes-like viruses and caliciviruses (Caliciviridae) give rise to cutaneous diseases in Monodontidae and Delphinidae. Antibodies to several serotypes of caliciviruses were found in odontocetes and mysticetes. An unrecognized Hepadnaviridae was detected by serology in a captive Pacific whitesided dolphin Lagenorhynchus ohliquidens with chronic persistent hepatitis. Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae) were isolated from the intestinal tracts of mysticeti and a beluga Delphinapterus leucas but were not associated with any pathologies. We discuss the potential impact of Paramysovjndae, Poxvlridae and Papovaviridae on the dynamics of several odontocete populatlons</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18653650" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="316c0ac899db5af4383ec490d958171b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40183516,"asset_id":18653650,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40183516/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38728089" href="https://ugh.academia.edu/KoenVanWaerebeek">Koen Van Waerebeek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38728089" type="text/json">{"id":38728089,"first_name":"Koen","last_name":"Van Waerebeek","domain_name":"ugh","page_name":"KoenVanWaerebeek","display_name":"Koen Van Waerebeek","profile_url":"https://ugh.academia.edu/KoenVanWaerebeek?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18653650 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18653650"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18653650, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18653650", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18653650]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18653650").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18653650").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18653650"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="816379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection">Virus infection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="816379" type="text/json">{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_dynamic">Population dynamic</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237825" type="text/json">{"id":1237825,"name":"Population dynamic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_dynamic?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18653650]'), work: {"id":18653650,"title":"A review of virus infections of cetaceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics","created_at":"2015-11-19T14:43:39.769-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18653650/A_review_of_virus_infections_of_cetaceans_and_the_potential_impact_of_morbilliviruses_poxviruses_and_papillomaviruses_on_host_population_dynamics?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_18653650","summary":"Viruses belonging to 9 farmlies have been detected in cetaceans. We critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. Cetacean morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several popu-lation~. It may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzoot~c infection or recurrent epizootics. The latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexually mature individuals. Members of the family Poxviridae infect several species of odontocetes, resulting in ring and tattoo skin lesions. Although poxviruses apparently do not induce a high mortality, circumstancial evidence suggests they may be lethal in young animals lacking protective immunity, and thus may negatively affect net recruitment. Papillomaviruses (family Papovaviridae) cause genital warts in at least 3 species of cetaceans. In 10% of male Burmeister's pal-poises Phocoena spinipinnis from Peru, lesions were sufficiently severe to at least hamper, i f not impede, copulation. Members of the families Herpesviddae, Orthomyxoviridae and Rhabdov~ridae were demonstrated in cetaceans suffering serious illnesses, but with the exception of a 'porpoise herpesvirus' their causative role is still tentative. Herpes-like viruses and caliciviruses (Caliciviridae) give rise to cutaneous diseases in Monodontidae and Delphinidae. Antibodies to several serotypes of caliciviruses were found in odontocetes and mysticetes. An unrecognized Hepadnaviridae was detected by serology in a captive Pacific whitesided dolphin Lagenorhynchus ohliquidens with chronic persistent hepatitis. Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae) were isolated from the intestinal tracts of mysticeti and a beluga Delphinapterus leucas but were not associated with any pathologies. We discuss the potential impact of Paramysovjndae, Poxvlridae and Papovaviridae on the dynamics of several odontocete populatlons","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40183516,"asset_id":18653650,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38728089,"first_name":"Koen","last_name":"Van Waerebeek","domain_name":"ugh","page_name":"KoenVanWaerebeek","display_name":"Koen Van Waerebeek","profile_url":"https://ugh.academia.edu/KoenVanWaerebeek?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":1237825,"name":"Population dynamic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_dynamic?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78869029" data-work_id="78869029" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78869029/Building_Anti_Virus_Email_and_File_Storing_Service_Based_on_Grid_Computing">Building Anti-Virus Email and File Storing Service Based on Grid Computing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract - Grid Computing is a new trend being developed in Information Technology. It helps us take full advantage of processing and storing capacity and other underused resources to provide an environment of high processing capacity and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78869029" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract - Grid Computing is a new trend being developed in Information Technology. It helps us take full advantage of processing and storing capacity and other underused resources to provide an environment of high processing capacity and plentiful storing ability and using it to ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78869029" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="194809003" href="https://independent.academia.edu/tuanhiepdao">tuan hiep dao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="194809003" type="text/json">{"id":194809003,"first_name":"tuan hiep","last_name":"dao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"tuanhiepdao","display_name":"tuan hiep dao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/tuanhiepdao?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/194809003/57259203/45475149/s65_tuan_hiep.dao.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78869029 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78869029"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78869029, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78869029", }); 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It helps us take full advantage of processing and storing capacity and other underused resources to provide an environment of high processing capacity and plentiful storing ability and using it to ...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":194809003,"first_name":"tuan hiep","last_name":"dao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"tuanhiepdao","display_name":"tuan hiep dao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/tuanhiepdao?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/194809003/57259203/45475149/s65_tuan_hiep.dao.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":441,"name":"Grid Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grid_Computing?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":3703,"name":"Network Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Security?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":49876,"name":"Computer Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1486929,"name":"Anti Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Virus?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31401863" data-work_id="31401863" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31401863/Recent_developments_in_fish_vaccinology">Recent developments in fish vaccinology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During the last ten to twenty years vaccination has become established as an important method for prevention of infectious diseases in farmed fish, mainly salmonid species. So far most commercial vaccines have been inactivated vaccines... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31401863" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During the last ten to twenty years vaccination has become established as an important method for prevention of infectious diseases in farmed fish, mainly salmonid species. So far most commercial vaccines have been inactivated vaccines administered by injection or immersion. Bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria like Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., and Yersinia sp. have been effectively controlled by vaccination. As regards furunculosis the success is attributed to the use of injectable vaccines with adjuvants. Vaccines against virus infections, like infectious pancreatic necrosis, have also been applied in commercial fish farming. Vaccines against several other bacterial and viral infections have been studied and found to be technically feasible. Pasteurellosis, streptococcosis (lactococcosis) and infections with iridovirus are candidate diseases for control by immunoprophylaxis in the near future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31401863" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a40de9a02c8fb002b67b422d9c2c0a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51771556,"asset_id":31401863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51771556/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60024616" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RGudding">Roar Gudding</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60024616" type="text/json">{"id":60024616,"first_name":"Roar","last_name":"Gudding","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RGudding","display_name":"Roar Gudding","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RGudding?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31401863 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31401863"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31401863, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31401863", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31401863]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31401863").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31401863").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31401863"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4365" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccines">Vaccines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4365" type="text/json">{"id":4365,"name":"Vaccines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccines?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13919" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases">Fish Diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13919" type="text/json">{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23848" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23848" type="text/json">{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31401863]'), work: {"id":31401863,"title":"Recent developments in fish vaccinology","created_at":"2017-02-13T00:44:29.759-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31401863/Recent_developments_in_fish_vaccinology?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_31401863","summary":"During the last ten to twenty years vaccination has become established as an important method for prevention of infectious diseases in farmed fish, mainly salmonid species. So far most commercial vaccines have been inactivated vaccines administered by injection or immersion. Bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria like Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., and Yersinia sp. have been effectively controlled by vaccination. As regards furunculosis the success is attributed to the use of injectable vaccines with adjuvants. Vaccines against virus infections, like infectious pancreatic necrosis, have also been applied in commercial fish farming. Vaccines against several other bacterial and viral infections have been studied and found to be technically feasible. Pasteurellosis, streptococcosis (lactococcosis) and infections with iridovirus are candidate diseases for control by immunoprophylaxis in the near future.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51771556,"asset_id":31401863,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60024616,"first_name":"Roar","last_name":"Gudding","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RGudding","display_name":"Roar Gudding","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RGudding?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":4365,"name":"Vaccines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccines?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":65881,"name":"FISH","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FISH?f_ri=816379"},{"id":81309,"name":"Infectious Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Disease?f_ri=816379"},{"id":164918,"name":"Salmon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salmon?f_ri=816379"},{"id":179934,"name":"Vaccination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccination?f_ri=816379"},{"id":184779,"name":"Fish Farming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Farming?f_ri=816379"},{"id":335965,"name":"Gram-negative bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gram-negative_bacteria?f_ri=816379"},{"id":420887,"name":"Viral Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":698785,"name":"Side Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Side_Effect?f_ri=816379"},{"id":782120,"name":"Veterinary Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Immunology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1174994,"name":"Bacterial Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_Infection?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32497408" data-work_id="32497408" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32497408/Viral_zoonoses_in_Europe">Viral zoonoses in Europe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32497408" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bioweapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32497408" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="439a7b8806fcf58139e04cb201a505f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52683458,"asset_id":32497408,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52683458/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34895898" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnttiVaheri">Antti Vaheri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34895898" type="text/json">{"id":34895898,"first_name":"Antti","last_name":"Vaheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnttiVaheri","display_name":"Antti Vaheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnttiVaheri?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32497408 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32497408"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32497408, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32497408", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32497408 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32497408; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32497408"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32497408 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32497408"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32497408; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32497408]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32497408").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32497408").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32497408"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17889" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carnivora">Carnivora</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17889" type="text/json">{"id":17889,"name":"Carnivora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carnivora?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19080" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoonoses">Zoonoses</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19080" type="text/json">{"id":19080,"name":"Zoonoses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoonoses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32497408]'), work: {"id":32497408,"title":"Viral zoonoses in Europe","created_at":"2017-04-18T23:23:12.142-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32497408/Viral_zoonoses_in_Europe?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_32497408","summary":"A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bioweapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52683458,"asset_id":32497408,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34895898,"first_name":"Antti","last_name":"Vaheri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnttiVaheri","display_name":"Antti Vaheri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnttiVaheri?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":17889,"name":"Carnivora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carnivora?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":19080,"name":"Zoonoses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoonoses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":28157,"name":"Environmental Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Change?f_ri=816379"},{"id":75826,"name":"Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe?f_ri=816379"},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":103254,"name":"Vertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertebrates?f_ri=816379"},{"id":226774,"name":"VECTOR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/VECTOR?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33095518" data-work_id="33095518" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33095518/Economically_Important_Non_oncogenic_Immunosuppressive_Viral_Diseases_of_Chicken_Current_Status">Economically Important Non-oncogenic Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases of Chicken—Current Status</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Immunosuppressive viral diseases threaten the poultry industry by causing heavy mortality and economic loss of production, often as a result of the chickens' increased susceptibility to secondary infections and sub-optimal response to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33095518" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Immunosuppressive viral diseases threaten the poultry industry by causing heavy mortality and economic loss of production, often as a result of the chickens' increased susceptibility to secondary infections and sub-optimal response to vaccinations. This paper aimed to present an up-to-date review of three specific economically important non-oncogenic immunosuppressive viral diseases of chickens, viz. chicken infectious anaemia (CIA), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), with emphasis on their immunosuppressive effects. CIA and IBD causes immunosuppression in chickens and the socio-economic significance of these diseases is considerable worldwide. CIA occurs following transovarian transmission of chicken anaemia virus and has potential for inducing immunosuppression alone or in combination with other infectious agents, and is characterized by generalized lymphoid atrophy, increased mortality and severe anemia. The virus replicates in erythroid and lymphoid progenitor cells, causing inapparent, sub-clinical infections that lead to depletion of these cells with consequent immunosuppressive effects. The IBD virus replicates extensively in IgM + cells of the bursa and chickens may die during the acute phase of the disease, although IBD virus-induced mortality is highly variable and depends, among other factors, upon the virulence of the virus strain. The sub-clinical form is more common than clinical IBD because of regular vaccination on breeding farms. Infection at an early age significantly compromises the humoral and local immune responses of chickens because of the direct effect of B cells or their precursors. HPS is a recently emerged immunosuppressive disease of 3-6-weeked broilers, characterized by sudden onset, high mortality, typical hydropericardium and enlarged mottled and friable livers, with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes. The agent, fowl adenovirus-4, causes immunosuppression by damaging lymphoid tissues; the presence of IBD and CIA viruses may predispose for HPS or HPS may predispose for other viral infections. Synergism with CIA or other virus infections or prior immunosuppression is necessary to produce IBH-HPS in chickens and the susceptibility of chickens infected with fowl adenovirus varies throughout the course of CIA infection. The mechanism of immunosuppression has been studied in detail for certain chicken viruses at molecular levels, which will provides new opportunities to control these diseases by vaccination.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33095518" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9a41f4ffc8f4046506369936f72f699" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53193998,"asset_id":33095518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53193998/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64449559" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BalamuruganVinayagamurthy">Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64449559" type="text/json">{"id":64449559,"first_name":"Balamurugan","last_name":"Vinayagamurthy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BalamuruganVinayagamurthy","display_name":"Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BalamuruganVinayagamurthy?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33095518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33095518"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33095518, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33095518", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33095518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33095518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33095518"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33095518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33095518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33095518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33095518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33095518").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33095518").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33095518"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="284067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inclusion_Bodies">Inclusion Bodies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="284067" type="text/json">{"id":284067,"name":"Inclusion Bodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inclusion_Bodies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="366620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POULTRY_DISEASES">POULTRY DISEASES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="366620" type="text/json">{"id":366620,"name":"POULTRY DISEASES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POULTRY_DISEASES?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="402759" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens">Chickens</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="402759" type="text/json">{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33095518]'), work: {"id":33095518,"title":"Economically Important Non-oncogenic Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases of Chicken—Current Status","created_at":"2017-05-19T04:47:52.634-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33095518/Economically_Important_Non_oncogenic_Immunosuppressive_Viral_Diseases_of_Chicken_Current_Status?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_33095518","summary":"Immunosuppressive viral diseases threaten the poultry industry by causing heavy mortality and economic loss of production, often as a result of the chickens' increased susceptibility to secondary infections and sub-optimal response to vaccinations. This paper aimed to present an up-to-date review of three specific economically important non-oncogenic immunosuppressive viral diseases of chickens, viz. chicken infectious anaemia (CIA), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), with emphasis on their immunosuppressive effects. CIA and IBD causes immunosuppression in chickens and the socio-economic significance of these diseases is considerable worldwide. CIA occurs following transovarian transmission of chicken anaemia virus and has potential for inducing immunosuppression alone or in combination with other infectious agents, and is characterized by generalized lymphoid atrophy, increased mortality and severe anemia. The virus replicates in erythroid and lymphoid progenitor cells, causing inapparent, sub-clinical infections that lead to depletion of these cells with consequent immunosuppressive effects. The IBD virus replicates extensively in IgM + cells of the bursa and chickens may die during the acute phase of the disease, although IBD virus-induced mortality is highly variable and depends, among other factors, upon the virulence of the virus strain. The sub-clinical form is more common than clinical IBD because of regular vaccination on breeding farms. Infection at an early age significantly compromises the humoral and local immune responses of chickens because of the direct effect of B cells or their precursors. HPS is a recently emerged immunosuppressive disease of 3-6-weeked broilers, characterized by sudden onset, high mortality, typical hydropericardium and enlarged mottled and friable livers, with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes. The agent, fowl adenovirus-4, causes immunosuppression by damaging lymphoid tissues; the presence of IBD and CIA viruses may predispose for HPS or HPS may predispose for other viral infections. Synergism with CIA or other virus infections or prior immunosuppression is necessary to produce IBH-HPS in chickens and the susceptibility of chickens infected with fowl adenovirus varies throughout the course of CIA infection. The mechanism of immunosuppression has been studied in detail for certain chicken viruses at molecular levels, which will provides new opportunities to control these diseases by vaccination.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53193998,"asset_id":33095518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64449559,"first_name":"Balamurugan","last_name":"Vinayagamurthy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BalamuruganVinayagamurthy","display_name":"Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BalamuruganVinayagamurthy?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":284067,"name":"Inclusion Bodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inclusion_Bodies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":366620,"name":"POULTRY DISEASES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POULTRY_DISEASES?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":420887,"name":"Viral Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":605367,"name":"Economic Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Loss?f_ri=816379"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61770881" data-work_id="61770881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61770881/Key_to_estrogens_anticancer_capacity">Key to estrogen's anticancer capacity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">No abstract</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61770881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffadf7abdb9166bada8267219a76118b" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":98342339,"first_name":"Zsuzsanna","last_name":"Suba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZSuba","display_name":"Zsuzsanna Suba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZSuba?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61770881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61770881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61770881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61770881", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61770881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61770881; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61770881"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61770881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61770881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61770881; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61770881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61770881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61770881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61770881"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25630" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology_and_Metabolism">Endocrinology & Metabolism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25630" type="text/json">{"id":25630,"name":"Endocrinology \u0026 Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology_and_Metabolism?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54381" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology_and_genetics">Molecular Biology and genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54381" type="text/json">{"id":54381,"name":"Molecular Biology and genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology_and_genetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78754" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Therapy">Cancer Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="78754" type="text/json">{"id":78754,"name":"Cancer Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Therapy?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="816379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection">Virus infection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="816379" type="text/json">{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61770881]'), work: {"id":61770881,"title":"Key to estrogen's anticancer capacity","created_at":"2021-11-16T04:08:09.769-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61770881/Key_to_estrogens_anticancer_capacity?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_61770881","summary":"No abstract","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74722260,"asset_id":61770881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98342339,"first_name":"Zsuzsanna","last_name":"Suba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZSuba","display_name":"Zsuzsanna Suba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZSuba?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25630,"name":"Endocrinology \u0026 Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology_and_Metabolism?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":54381,"name":"Molecular Biology and 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href="https://www.academia.edu/32360059/Inhibition_of_indoleamine_2_3_dioxygenase_IDO_enhances_elimination_of_virus_infected_macrophages_in_an_animal_model_of_HIV_1_encephalitis">Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32360059" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fd6fb73d19863ffcc4c659531ebbcf39" rel="nofollow" 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data-work_id="17355996" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17355996/Survival_of_Acanthamoeba_Cysts_after_Desiccation_for_More_than_20_Years">Survival of Acanthamoeba Cysts after Desiccation for More than 20 Years</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17355996" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We describe here the ability of Acanthamoeba cysts to survive desiccation for more than 20 years.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17355996" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0621607c3f9c014ecb883c0119583ef4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39464315,"asset_id":17355996,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39464315/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37081804" href="https://cdc.academia.edu/GovindaVisvesvara">Govinda Visvesvara</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37081804" type="text/json">{"id":37081804,"first_name":"Govinda","last_name":"Visvesvara","domain_name":"cdc","page_name":"GovindaVisvesvara","display_name":"Govinda Visvesvara","profile_url":"https://cdc.academia.edu/GovindaVisvesvara?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17355996">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17355996"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://osu.academia.edu/GregoryBooton">Gregory Booton</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17355996'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17355996').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17355996 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17355996"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17355996; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17355996]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17355996").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17355996").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17355996"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brackish_Water">Brackish Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8061" type="text/json">{"id":8061,"name":"Brackish Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brackish_Water?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37782" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Culture">Cell Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37782" type="text/json">{"id":37782,"name":"Cell Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Culture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43666" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Microbiology">Clinical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43666" type="text/json">{"id":43666,"name":"Clinical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17355996]'), work: {"id":17355996,"title":"Survival of Acanthamoeba Cysts after Desiccation for More than 20 Years","created_at":"2015-10-27T10:56:31.140-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17355996/Survival_of_Acanthamoeba_Cysts_after_Desiccation_for_More_than_20_Years?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_17355996","summary":"Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We describe here the ability of Acanthamoeba cysts to survive desiccation for more than 20 years.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39464315,"asset_id":17355996,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37081804,"first_name":"Govinda","last_name":"Visvesvara","domain_name":"cdc","page_name":"GovindaVisvesvara","display_name":"Govinda Visvesvara","profile_url":"https://cdc.academia.edu/GovindaVisvesvara?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":65534560,"first_name":"Gregory","last_name":"Booton","domain_name":"osu","page_name":"GregoryBooton","display_name":"Gregory Booton","profile_url":"https://osu.academia.edu/GregoryBooton?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8061,"name":"Brackish Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brackish_Water?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":37782,"name":"Cell Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Culture?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":43666,"name":"Clinical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses?f_ri=816379"},{"id":99708,"name":"Clinical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical?f_ri=816379"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=816379"},{"id":165000,"name":"Desiccation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desiccation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":182962,"name":"Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle?f_ri=816379"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=816379"},{"id":439435,"name":"Fresh water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fresh_water?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":909335,"name":"Acanthamoeba","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acanthamoeba?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1157148,"name":"Cell Survival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Survival?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2159846,"name":"Acanthamoeba keratitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acanthamoeba_keratitis?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29858533" data-work_id="29858533" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29858533/Evaluation_of_laboratory_tests_for_SAT_serotypes_of_foot_and_mouth_disease_virus_with_specimens_collected_from_convalescent_cattle_in_Zimbabwe">Evaluation of laboratory tests for SAT serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus with specimens collected from convalescent cattle in Zimbabwe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During a field study in Zimbabwe, clinical specimens were collected from 403 cattle in six herds, in which the history of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and infection appeared to be known with some certainty. Five herds had... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29858533" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During a field study in Zimbabwe, clinical specimens were collected from 403 cattle in six herds, in which the history of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and infection appeared to be known with some certainty. Five herds had reported outbreaks of disease one to five months previously but clinical FMD had not been observed in the sixth herd. A trivalent vaccine (South African Territories [SAT] types 1, 2 and 3) had been used in some of the herds at various times either before and/or after the recent outbreaks of FMD. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of serological tests for the detection of SAT-type FMD virus infection, particularly ELISAs for antibodies to non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus and solid phase competition ELISAs (SPCEs) for serotypes SAT1 and SAT2. Secondary aims were to examine NSP seroconversion rates in cattle that had been exposed to infection and to compare virus detection rates by virus isolation and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (rtRT-PCR) tests on both oesophagopharyngeal fluids and nasopharyngeal brush swabbings. In addition, the hooves of sampled animals were examined for growth arrest lines as clinical evidence of FMD convalescence. Laboratory tests provided evidence of FMD virus infection in all six herds; SAT2 viruses were isolated from oesophagopharyngeal fluids collected from two herds in northern Zimbabwe, and SAT1 viruses were isolated from three herds in southern Zimbabwe. Optimised rtRT-PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation at detecting FMD virus persistence and when the results of the two methods were combined for oesophagopharyngeal fluids, between 12 and 35 per cent of the cattle sampled in the convalescent herds were deemed to be carriers. In contrast, nasopharyngeal swabs yielded only two virus-positive specimens. The overall seroprevalence in the five affected herds varied with the different NSPs from 56 per cent to 75 per cent, compared with 81 per cent and 91 per cent by homologous SPCE and virus neutralisation tests respectively. However, if serological test results were considered only for the cattle in which persistent infection with FMD virus had been demonstrated, 70 to 90 per cent scored seropositive in the different NSPs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29858533" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8605fc6a682f6bffa13ef561b50d324e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50330024,"asset_id":29858533,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50330024/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56693475" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid13">Scott Reid</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56693475" type="text/json">{"id":56693475,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Reid","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ScottReid13","display_name":"Scott Reid","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid13?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29858533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29858533"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29858533, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29858533", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29858533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29858533; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29858533"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29858533 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29858533"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29858533; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29858533]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29858533").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29858533").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29858533"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57907" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Outbreaks">Disease Outbreaks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57907" type="text/json">{"id":57907,"name":"Disease Outbreaks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Outbreaks?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57973" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57973" type="text/json">{"id":57973,"name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zimbabwe?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153427" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Detection">Virus Detection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="153427" type="text/json">{"id":153427,"name":"Virus Detection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Detection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="219482" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foot_and_Mouth_Disease">Foot and Mouth Disease</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="219482" type="text/json">{"id":219482,"name":"Foot and Mouth Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foot_and_Mouth_Disease?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29858533]'), work: {"id":29858533,"title":"Evaluation of laboratory tests for SAT serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus with specimens collected from convalescent cattle in Zimbabwe","created_at":"2016-11-15T10:41:29.386-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29858533/Evaluation_of_laboratory_tests_for_SAT_serotypes_of_foot_and_mouth_disease_virus_with_specimens_collected_from_convalescent_cattle_in_Zimbabwe?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_29858533","summary":"During a field study in Zimbabwe, clinical specimens were collected from 403 cattle in six herds, in which the history of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and infection appeared to be known with some certainty. Five herds had reported outbreaks of disease one to five months previously but clinical FMD had not been observed in the sixth herd. A trivalent vaccine (South African Territories [SAT] types 1, 2 and 3) had been used in some of the herds at various times either before and/or after the recent outbreaks of FMD. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of serological tests for the detection of SAT-type FMD virus infection, particularly ELISAs for antibodies to non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus and solid phase competition ELISAs (SPCEs) for serotypes SAT1 and SAT2. Secondary aims were to examine NSP seroconversion rates in cattle that had been exposed to infection and to compare virus detection rates by virus isolation and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (rtRT-PCR) tests on both oesophagopharyngeal fluids and nasopharyngeal brush swabbings. In addition, the hooves of sampled animals were examined for growth arrest lines as clinical evidence of FMD convalescence. Laboratory tests provided evidence of FMD virus infection in all six herds; SAT2 viruses were isolated from oesophagopharyngeal fluids collected from two herds in northern Zimbabwe, and SAT1 viruses were isolated from three herds in southern Zimbabwe. Optimised rtRT-PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation at detecting FMD virus persistence and when the results of the two methods were combined for oesophagopharyngeal fluids, between 12 and 35 per cent of the cattle sampled in the convalescent herds were deemed to be carriers. In contrast, nasopharyngeal swabs yielded only two virus-positive specimens. The overall seroprevalence in the five affected herds varied with the different NSPs from 56 per cent to 75 per cent, compared with 81 per cent and 91 per cent by homologous SPCE and virus neutralisation tests respectively. However, if serological test results were considered only for the cattle in which persistent infection with FMD virus had been demonstrated, 70 to 90 per cent scored seropositive in the different NSPs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50330024,"asset_id":29858533,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":56693475,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Reid","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ScottReid13","display_name":"Scott Reid","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ScottReid13?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":57907,"name":"Disease Outbreaks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Outbreaks?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57973,"name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zimbabwe?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":153427,"name":"Virus Detection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Detection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":219482,"name":"Foot and Mouth Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foot_and_Mouth_Disease?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":229390,"name":"Real Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Real_Time?f_ri=816379"},{"id":239810,"name":"Field Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Study?f_ri=816379"},{"id":251111,"name":"South African","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African?f_ri=816379"},{"id":260829,"name":"Cattle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cattle?f_ri=816379"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=816379"},{"id":973494,"name":"Reverse Transcriptase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reverse_Transcriptase?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1195987,"name":"Laboratory Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laboratory_Tests?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1272906,"name":"Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Linked_Immunosorbent_Assay?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2007837,"name":"Virus isolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_isolation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2032368,"name":"Serotyping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotyping?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2037494,"name":"Virus neutralisation test","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_neutralisation_test?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18862926" data-work_id="18862926" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18862926/Immune_responses_in_Atlantic_salmon_Salmo_salar_following_protective_vaccination_against_Infectious_salmon_anemia_ISA_and_subsequent_ISA_virus_infection">Immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following protective vaccination against Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) and subsequent ISA virus infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation. In addition to salmon and trout, commercial vaccines are available for channel catfish, European... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18862926" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation. In addition to salmon and trout, commercial vaccines are available for channel catfish, European seabass and seabream, Japanese amberjack and yellowtail, tilapia and Atlantic cod. In general, empirically developed vaccines based on inactivated bacterial pathogens have proven to be very efficacious in fish. Fewer commercially available viral vaccines and no parasite vaccines exist. Substantial efficacy data are available for new fish vaccines and advanced technology has been implemented. However, before such vaccines can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles have to be overcome regarding the production of cheap but effective antigens and adjuvants, while bearing in mind environmental and associated regulatory concerns (e.g., those that limit the use of live vaccines). Pharmaceutical companies have performed a considerable amount of research on fish vaccines, however, limited information is available in scientific publications. In addition, salmonids dominate both the literature and commercial focus, despite their relatively small contribution to the total volume of farmed fish in the world. This review provides an overview of the fish vaccines that are currently commercially available and some viewpoints on how the field is likely to evolve in the near future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18862926" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8035046e398c49ff014cb041b1f32ef8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40296881,"asset_id":18862926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40296881/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38967139" href="https://umb.academia.edu/EspenRimstad">Espen Rimstad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38967139" type="text/json">{"id":38967139,"first_name":"Espen","last_name":"Rimstad","domain_name":"umb","page_name":"EspenRimstad","display_name":"Espen Rimstad","profile_url":"https://umb.academia.edu/EspenRimstad?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18862926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18862926"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18862926, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18862926", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18862926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18862926; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18862926"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18862926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18862926"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18862926; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18862926]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18862926").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18862926").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18862926"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13919" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases">Fish Diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13919" type="text/json">{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69637" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infection_Control">Infection Control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="69637" type="text/json">{"id":69637,"name":"Infection Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infection_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18862926]'), work: {"id":18862926,"title":"Immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following protective vaccination against Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) and subsequent ISA virus infection","created_at":"2015-11-23T06:49:11.951-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18862926/Immune_responses_in_Atlantic_salmon_Salmo_salar_following_protective_vaccination_against_Infectious_salmon_anemia_ISA_and_subsequent_ISA_virus_infection?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_18862926","summary":"Vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation. In addition to salmon and trout, commercial vaccines are available for channel catfish, European seabass and seabream, Japanese amberjack and yellowtail, tilapia and Atlantic cod. In general, empirically developed vaccines based on inactivated bacterial pathogens have proven to be very efficacious in fish. Fewer commercially available viral vaccines and no parasite vaccines exist. Substantial efficacy data are available for new fish vaccines and advanced technology has been implemented. However, before such vaccines can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles have to be overcome regarding the production of cheap but effective antigens and adjuvants, while bearing in mind environmental and associated regulatory concerns (e.g., those that limit the use of live vaccines). Pharmaceutical companies have performed a considerable amount of research on fish vaccines, however, limited information is available in scientific publications. In addition, salmonids dominate both the literature and commercial focus, despite their relatively small contribution to the total volume of farmed fish in the world. This review provides an overview of the fish vaccines that are currently commercially available and some viewpoints on how the field is likely to evolve in the near future.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40296881,"asset_id":18862926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38967139,"first_name":"Espen","last_name":"Rimstad","domain_name":"umb","page_name":"EspenRimstad","display_name":"Espen Rimstad","profile_url":"https://umb.academia.edu/EspenRimstad?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":13919,"name":"Fish Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_Diseases?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":69637,"name":"Infection Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infection_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379"},{"id":150847,"name":"Vaccine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccine?f_ri=816379"},{"id":164869,"name":"Atlantic Salmon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atlantic_Salmon?f_ri=816379"},{"id":179934,"name":"Vaccination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccination?f_ri=816379"},{"id":441045,"name":"Salmo salar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salmo_salar?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1272906,"name":"Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Linked_Immunosorbent_Assay?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1487646,"name":"Infectious salmon anemia virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1703190,"name":"Neutralizing antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neutralizing_antibodies?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1742022,"name":"Orthomyxoviridae Infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthomyxoviridae_Infections?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9399304" data-work_id="9399304" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9399304/Molecular_characterisation_of_Banana_mild_mosaic_virus_a_new_filamentous_virus_in_Musa_spp">Molecular characterisation of Banana mild mosaic virus, a new filamentous virus in Musa spp</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized"> Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) is a previously undescribed filamentous virus infecting Musa spp. The complete genome has been sequenced from PCR clones and consists of 7352 nucleotides, encoding five open reading frames (ORFs) of 205,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9399304" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden"> Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) is a previously undescribed filamentous virus infecting Musa spp. The complete genome has been sequenced from PCR clones and consists of 7352 nucleotides, encoding five open reading frames (ORFs) of 205, 25.5, 12.4, 8.0 and 26.8 kDa, respectively. BanMMV was most closely related to fovea- and carlaviruses, based on phylogenetic analysis using a portion of the viral replicase. Analysis of other parts of the genome revealed similarities with fovea-, carla- and potexviruses, but the virus was not clearly aligned to any previously recognised genus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9399304" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33bcbfaa8118c3fa7600e2c25d0b033a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42339722,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42339722/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21830470" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CherieGambley">Cherie Gambley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21830470" type="text/json">{"id":21830470,"first_name":"Cherie","last_name":"Gambley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CherieGambley","display_name":"Cherie Gambley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CherieGambley?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/68fe9648834b271b8699ab63ecef05a2?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9399304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9399304"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9399304, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9399304", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9399304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9399304; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9399304"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9399304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9399304"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9399304; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9399304]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9399304").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9399304").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9399304"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13363" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13363" type="text/json">{"id":13363,"name":"Zingiberales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zingiberales?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54433" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54433" type="text/json">{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus">Virus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82145" type="text/json">{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9399304]'), work: {"id":9399304,"title":"Molecular characterisation of Banana mild mosaic virus, a new filamentous virus in Musa spp","created_at":"2014-11-19T13:46:04.578-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9399304/Molecular_characterisation_of_Banana_mild_mosaic_virus_a_new_filamentous_virus_in_Musa_spp?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_9399304","summary":" Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) is a previously undescribed filamentous virus infecting Musa spp. The complete genome has been sequenced from PCR clones and consists of 7352 nucleotides, encoding five open reading frames (ORFs) of 205, 25.5, 12.4, 8.0 and 26.8 kDa, respectively. BanMMV was most closely related to fovea- and carlaviruses, based on phylogenetic analysis using a portion of the viral replicase. Analysis of other parts of the genome revealed similarities with fovea-, carla- and potexviruses, but the virus was not clearly aligned to any previously recognised genus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42339722,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":42339718,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":42339719,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":42339721,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":42339720,"asset_id":9399304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21830470,"first_name":"Cherie","last_name":"Gambley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CherieGambley","display_name":"Cherie Gambley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CherieGambley?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/68fe9648834b271b8699ab63ecef05a2?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13363,"name":"Zingiberales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zingiberales?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":158782,"name":"Phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetic_analysis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":159446,"name":"Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expression?f_ri=816379"},{"id":176486,"name":"Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome?f_ri=816379"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning?f_ri=816379"},{"id":317141,"name":"Genome Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Organization?f_ri=816379"},{"id":499359,"name":"Clone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clone?f_ri=816379"},{"id":802034,"name":"Block","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Block?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":844925,"name":"Open Reading Frame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Reading_Frame?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2471830,"name":"Musa spp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Musa_spp?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19600817 coauthored" data-work_id="19600817" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19600817/Rapid_identification_of_vector_borne_flaviviruses_by_mass_spectrometry">Rapid identification of vector-borne flaviviruses by mass spectrometry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Flaviviruses are a highly diverse group of RNA viruses classified within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Most flaviviruses are arthropod-borne, requiring a mosquito or tick vector. Several flaviviruses are highly pathogenic to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19600817" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Flaviviruses are a highly diverse group of RNA viruses classified within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Most flaviviruses are arthropod-borne, requiring a mosquito or tick vector. Several flaviviruses are highly pathogenic to humans; however, their high genetic diversity and immunological relatedness makes them extremely challenging to diagnose. In this study, we developed and evaluated a broad-range Flavivirus assay designed to detect both tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses by using RT-PCR/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RT-PCR/ESI-MS) on the Ibis T5000 platform. The assay was evaluated with a panel of 13 different flaviviruses. All samples were correctly identified to the species level. To determine the limit of detection for the mosquito-borne primer sets, serial dilutions of RNA from West Nile virus (WNV) were assayed and could be detected down to an equivalent viral titer of 0.2 plaque-forming units/mL. Analysis of flaviviruses in their natural biological background included testing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that were laboratory-infected with dengue-1 virus. The assay accurately identified the virus within infected mosquitoes, and we determined the average viral genome per mosquito to be 2.0 x 10(6). Using human blood, serum, and urine spiked with WNV and mouse blood and brain tissues from Karshi virus-infected mice, we showed that these clinical matrices did not inhibit the detection of these viruses. Finally, we used the assay to test field-collected Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from sites in New York and Connecticut. We found 16/322 (5% infection rate) ticks positive for deer tick virus, a subtype of Powassan virus. In summary, we developed a single high-throughput Flavivirus assay that could detect multiple tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses and thus provides a new analytical tool for their medical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19600817" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="99ea876a9375a0455ba28c2cfc48bf66" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42073519,"asset_id":19600817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42073519/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39992943" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CynthiaRossi">Cynthia Rossi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39992943" type="text/json">{"id":39992943,"first_name":"Cynthia","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CynthiaRossi","display_name":"Cynthia Rossi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CynthiaRossi?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19600817">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19600817"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RangarajanSampath">Rangarajan Sampath</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19600817'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19600817').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19600817 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19600817"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19600817; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19600817]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19600817").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19600817").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19600817"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus">Dengue Virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39979" type="text/json">{"id":39979,"name":"Dengue Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43028" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity">Genetic Diversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43028" type="text/json">{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43257" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aedes_aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43257" type="text/json">{"id":43257,"name":"Aedes aegypti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aedes_aegypti?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19600817]'), work: {"id":19600817,"title":"Rapid identification of vector-borne flaviviruses by mass spectrometry","created_at":"2015-12-10T12:30:20.608-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19600817/Rapid_identification_of_vector_borne_flaviviruses_by_mass_spectrometry?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_19600817","summary":"Flaviviruses are a highly diverse group of RNA viruses classified within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Most flaviviruses are arthropod-borne, requiring a mosquito or tick vector. Several flaviviruses are highly pathogenic to humans; however, their high genetic diversity and immunological relatedness makes them extremely challenging to diagnose. In this study, we developed and evaluated a broad-range Flavivirus assay designed to detect both tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses by using RT-PCR/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RT-PCR/ESI-MS) on the Ibis T5000 platform. The assay was evaluated with a panel of 13 different flaviviruses. All samples were correctly identified to the species level. To determine the limit of detection for the mosquito-borne primer sets, serial dilutions of RNA from West Nile virus (WNV) were assayed and could be detected down to an equivalent viral titer of 0.2 plaque-forming units/mL. Analysis of flaviviruses in their natural biological background included testing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that were laboratory-infected with dengue-1 virus. The assay accurately identified the virus within infected mosquitoes, and we determined the average viral genome per mosquito to be 2.0 x 10(6). Using human blood, serum, and urine spiked with WNV and mouse blood and brain tissues from Karshi virus-infected mice, we showed that these clinical matrices did not inhibit the detection of these viruses. Finally, we used the assay to test field-collected Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from sites in New York and Connecticut. We found 16/322 (5% infection rate) ticks positive for deer tick virus, a subtype of Powassan virus. In summary, we developed a single high-throughput Flavivirus assay that could detect multiple tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses and thus provides a new analytical tool for their medical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42073519,"asset_id":19600817,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39992943,"first_name":"Cynthia","last_name":"Rossi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CynthiaRossi","display_name":"Cynthia Rossi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CynthiaRossi?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":40489505,"first_name":"Rangarajan","last_name":"Sampath","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RangarajanSampath","display_name":"Rangarajan Sampath","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RangarajanSampath?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40489505/11047524/12328220/s65_rangarajan.sampath.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":39979,"name":"Dengue Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":43257,"name":"Aedes aegypti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aedes_aegypti?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":43754,"name":"Ticks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ticks?f_ri=816379"},{"id":63067,"name":"Molecular and cellular biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_and_cellular_biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":67484,"name":"Sequence alignment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sequence_alignment?f_ri=816379"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=816379"},{"id":267766,"name":"Medical Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Diagnosis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":276424,"name":"West nile virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_nile_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":326380,"name":"Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Chromatography_Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=816379"},{"id":459378,"name":"Very high throughput","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Very_high_throughput?f_ri=816379"},{"id":473846,"name":"Culicidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culicidae?f_ri=816379"},{"id":521860,"name":"Flavivirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flavivirus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":677653,"name":"Epidemiological Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiological_Surveillance?f_ri=816379"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":897281,"name":"Ixodes scapularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ixodes_scapularis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31561324" data-work_id="31561324" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31561324/Higher_production_of_rabies_virus_in_serum_free_medium_cell_cultures_on_microcarriers">Higher production of rabies virus in serum-free medium cell cultures on microcarriers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rabies virus suspensions were obtained from VERO cells cultivated on solid microcarriers in a bioreactor after infection with the Pasteur rabies virus strain (PV). Virus production-serum free medium (VP-SFM) or Leibovitz 15 (L15) medium... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31561324" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rabies virus suspensions were obtained from VERO cells cultivated on solid microcarriers in a bioreactor after infection with the Pasteur rabies virus strain (PV). Virus production-serum free medium (VP-SFM) or Leibovitz 15 (L15) medium supplemented or not with fetal calf serum (FCS) were used to cultivate the VERO cells, before and after virus infection. The cell growth was shown to reach higher densities (1.6 × 10 6 cells mol − l ), when VP-SFM supplemented with 1% of FCS was used during the cell growth phase of culture, and then replaced by VP-SFM alone for the virus multiplication phase. In the cultures performed from the beginning with VP-SFM, lower densities accompanied by an altered cell morphology and detachment from the microcarriers were always observed. In rabies virus infected cultures, kinetic studies showed that higher virus yields (10 4.7 FFD 50 per 0.05 ml) were always obtained in cultures performed initially on VP-SFM supplemented with 1% FCS and after infection on VP-SFM alone. In agreement with that, rabies virus production, as measured by the average of virus titers in harvests obtained at different times after infection were shown to be 5.5 times higher in the cell cultures using initially VP-SFM + 1%FCS and, following infection, VP-SFM alone. Besides the advantages of using media with a well-controlled composition, these data indicate the usefulness of serum free media also in terms of virus productivity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31561324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4469309ba5b09ae629d9599555546de1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51898251,"asset_id":31561324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51898251/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60480617" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SoraiaJorge">Soraia Jorge</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60480617" type="text/json">{"id":60480617,"first_name":"Soraia","last_name":"Jorge","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SoraiaJorge","display_name":"Soraia Jorge","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SoraiaJorge?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31561324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31561324"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31561324, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31561324", }); 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Virus production-serum free medium (VP-SFM) or Leibovitz 15 (L15) medium supplemented or not with fetal calf serum (FCS) were used to cultivate the VERO cells, before and after virus infection. The cell growth was shown to reach higher densities (1.6 × 10 6 cells mol − l ), when VP-SFM supplemented with 1% of FCS was used during the cell growth phase of culture, and then replaced by VP-SFM alone for the virus multiplication phase. In the cultures performed from the beginning with VP-SFM, lower densities accompanied by an altered cell morphology and detachment from the microcarriers were always observed. In rabies virus infected cultures, kinetic studies showed that higher virus yields (10 4.7 FFD 50 per 0.05 ml) were always obtained in cultures performed initially on VP-SFM supplemented with 1% FCS and after infection on VP-SFM alone. In agreement with that, rabies virus production, as measured by the average of virus titers in harvests obtained at different times after infection were shown to be 5.5 times higher in the cell cultures using initially VP-SFM + 1%FCS and, following infection, VP-SFM alone. Besides the advantages of using media with a well-controlled composition, these data indicate the usefulness of serum free media also in terms of virus productivity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51898251,"asset_id":31561324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60480617,"first_name":"Soraia","last_name":"Jorge","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SoraiaJorge","display_name":"Soraia Jorge","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SoraiaJorge?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":37782,"name":"Cell Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Culture?f_ri=816379"},{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=816379"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":58565,"name":"Cell morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_morphology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":501201,"name":"Bioreactors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioreactors?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":881608,"name":"Bovine Serum Albumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bovine_Serum_Albumin?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1010136,"name":"Rabies Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabies_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1292080,"name":"Vero cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vero_cells?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1297282,"name":"Microcarriers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microcarriers?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1954130,"name":"Cell Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Growth?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2460797,"name":"Multiplicity of Infection (MOI)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiplicity_of_Infection_MOI_?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14637331" data-work_id="14637331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14637331/Generalized_granuloma_annulare_associated_with_Plummers_disease">Generalized granuloma annulare associated with Plummer's disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14637331" data-share-source="work_strip" 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33590494" href="https://mersin.academia.edu/UmitTursen">Umit Tursen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33590494" type="text/json">{"id":33590494,"first_name":"Umit","last_name":"Tursen","domain_name":"mersin","page_name":"UmitTursen","display_name":"Umit Tursen","profile_url":"https://mersin.academia.edu/UmitTursen?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14637331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14637331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14637331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14637331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14637331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered 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window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14637331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14637331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14637331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14637331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118339" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction">Polymerase Chain Reaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118339" type="text/json">{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137516" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies">Follow-up studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137516" type="text/json">{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="162159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis">Differential Diagnosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="162159" type="text/json">{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14637331]'), work: {"id":14637331,"title":"Generalized granuloma annulare associated with Plummer's disease","created_at":"2015-08-04T00:05:20.268-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14637331/Generalized_granuloma_annulare_associated_with_Plummers_disease?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_14637331","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44013756,"asset_id":14637331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33590494,"first_name":"Umit","last_name":"Tursen","domain_name":"mersin","page_name":"UmitTursen","display_name":"Umit Tursen","profile_url":"https://mersin.academia.edu/UmitTursen?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":137516,"name":"Follow-up studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Follow-up_studies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":162159,"name":"Differential Diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Diagnosis?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":963748,"name":"Adenoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenoma?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1198599,"name":"chronic hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/chronic_hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2028055,"name":"Interferon Alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_Alpha?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2177223,"name":"Skin Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin_Neoplasms?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26449888 coauthored" data-work_id="26449888" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26449888/Preliminary_Report_of_Encephalitis_Surveillance_Study_in_Rajshahi_Medical_College_Hospital">Preliminary Report of Encephalitis Surveillance Study in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">June 2003. At Rajshahi Medical College Hospital in one year 105 out of 391 suspected encephalitis patients were enrolled. The specimens were collected from these patients and were tested for a variety of pathogens at twelve laboratories... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26449888" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">June 2003. At Rajshahi Medical College Hospital in one year 105 out of 391 suspected encephalitis patients were enrolled. The specimens were collected from these patients and were tested for a variety of pathogens at twelve laboratories at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta and Ft. Collins, USA. Among the first 105 patients enrolled, the median age of the patient was 18 years; 55% were male. Twenty-four percent (n-25) died in hospital or before completing the follow-up. Thirteen out of 105 (12.38%) patients had Japanese encephalitis; three of the encephalitis patients had a positive test result of having recent infection with dengue virus and one had encephalitis due to alpha virus, another patient had encephalitis due to echovirus. Three (2.8%) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 4 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. No Nipah virus infection was identified among the first 105 serum samples tested. These data suggest that Japanese encephalitis virus is an emerging cause of encephalitis in northern part of Bangladesh.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26449888" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15c8034a1094f3376f41601a9edc77a7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46744982,"asset_id":26449888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46744982/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50400615" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EkramEkram1">A R M Saifuddin Ekram</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50400615" type="text/json">{"id":50400615,"first_name":"A R M Saifuddin","last_name":"Ekram","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EkramEkram1","display_name":"A R M Saifuddin Ekram","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EkramEkram1?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50400615/13270500/14537359/s65_ekram.ekram.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-26449888">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-26449888"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MoniraHussain">Monira Hussain</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-26449888'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-26449888').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26449888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26449888"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26449888, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26449888", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26449888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26449888; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26449888"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26449888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26449888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26449888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26449888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26449888").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26449888").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26449888"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28920" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Streptococcus_pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28920" type="text/json">{"id":28920,"name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Streptococcus_pneumoniae?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus">Dengue Virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39979" type="text/json">{"id":39979,"name":"Dengue Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118339" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction">Polymerase Chain Reaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118339" type="text/json">{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control">Disease Control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="173357" type="text/json">{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26449888]'), work: {"id":26449888,"title":"Preliminary Report of Encephalitis Surveillance Study in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital","created_at":"2016-06-23T17:21:13.469-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26449888/Preliminary_Report_of_Encephalitis_Surveillance_Study_in_Rajshahi_Medical_College_Hospital?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_26449888","summary":"June 2003. At Rajshahi Medical College Hospital in one year 105 out of 391 suspected encephalitis patients were enrolled. The specimens were collected from these patients and were tested for a variety of pathogens at twelve laboratories at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta and Ft. Collins, USA. Among the first 105 patients enrolled, the median age of the patient was 18 years; 55% were male. Twenty-four percent (n-25) died in hospital or before completing the follow-up. Thirteen out of 105 (12.38%) patients had Japanese encephalitis; three of the encephalitis patients had a positive test result of having recent infection with dengue virus and one had encephalitis due to alpha virus, another patient had encephalitis due to echovirus. Three (2.8%) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 4 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. No Nipah virus infection was identified among the first 105 serum samples tested. These data suggest that Japanese encephalitis virus is an emerging cause of encephalitis in northern part of Bangladesh.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46744982,"asset_id":26449888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50400615,"first_name":"A R M Saifuddin","last_name":"Ekram","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EkramEkram1","display_name":"A R M Saifuddin Ekram","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EkramEkram1?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50400615/13270500/14537359/s65_ekram.ekram.jpg"},{"id":50435535,"first_name":"Monira","last_name":"Hussain","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MoniraHussain","display_name":"Monira Hussain","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MoniraHussain?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28920,"name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Streptococcus_pneumoniae?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":39979,"name":"Dengue Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dengue_Virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":210074,"name":"Japanese encephalitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_encephalitis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1193376,"name":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Encephalitis_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1660983,"name":"Taj","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taj?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34622676" data-work_id="34622676" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34622676/The_fight_between_the_teleost_fish_immune_response_and_aquatic_viruses">The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Teleost fish represent a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between invertebrates that depend only on innate immunity and mammals that heavily depend on adaptive immunity. The major mechanisms of the teleost fish innate immune... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34622676" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Teleost fish represent a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between invertebrates that depend only on innate immunity and mammals that heavily depend on adaptive immunity. The major mechanisms of the teleost fish innate immune response are suggested to be similar to mammals, although fine details of the process require further studies. Within the innate immune response the type I interferon (IFN) system is an essential innate antiviral component that protects fish from some virus infections. The current progress of cloning and functional characterization of fish antiviral genes is promising in further elucidation of the fish antiviral response. The adaptive immune system of fish utilizes cellular components more or less similar to mammals. Teleost fish produce IgM as a primary antibody response and lack isotype switching to mount virus-specific antibodies during the infection process. Despite this, the development of successful fish rhabdoviral vaccines suggest that vaccination may prove to be an effective way of promoting fish adaptive immune responses to viruses. This paper reviews the bony fish antiviral response with specific discussion on the evolutionary mechanisms that allow aquatic viruses to co-exist with their host. Detailed aspects of the teleost type I IFN system are also addressed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34622676" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c76529f9c70ecf8e721d583495e3cc3e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54487117,"asset_id":34622676,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54487117/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="68493235" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SamuelWorkenhe">Samuel Workenhe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="68493235" type="text/json">{"id":68493235,"first_name":"Samuel","last_name":"Workenhe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SamuelWorkenhe","display_name":"Samuel Workenhe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SamuelWorkenhe?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34622676 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34622676"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34622676, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34622676", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34622676]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34622676").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34622676").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34622676"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24706" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innate_immunity">Innate immunity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24706" type="text/json">{"id":24706,"name":"Innate immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innate_immunity?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38831" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction">Signal Transduction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38831" type="text/json">{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34622676]'), work: {"id":34622676,"title":"The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses","created_at":"2017-09-20T11:54:21.451-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34622676/The_fight_between_the_teleost_fish_immune_response_and_aquatic_viruses?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_34622676","summary":"Teleost fish represent a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between invertebrates that depend only on innate immunity and mammals that heavily depend on adaptive immunity. The major mechanisms of the teleost fish innate immune response are suggested to be similar to mammals, although fine details of the process require further studies. Within the innate immune response the type I interferon (IFN) system is an essential innate antiviral component that protects fish from some virus infections. The current progress of cloning and functional characterization of fish antiviral genes is promising in further elucidation of the fish antiviral response. The adaptive immune system of fish utilizes cellular components more or less similar to mammals. Teleost fish produce IgM as a primary antibody response and lack isotype switching to mount virus-specific antibodies during the infection process. Despite this, the development of successful fish rhabdoviral vaccines suggest that vaccination may prove to be an effective way of promoting fish adaptive immune responses to viruses. This paper reviews the bony fish antiviral response with specific discussion on the evolutionary mechanisms that allow aquatic viruses to co-exist with their host. Detailed aspects of the teleost type I IFN system are also addressed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54487117,"asset_id":34622676,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":68493235,"first_name":"Samuel","last_name":"Workenhe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SamuelWorkenhe","display_name":"Samuel Workenhe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SamuelWorkenhe?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":24706,"name":"Innate immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innate_immunity?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":63332,"name":"Molecular Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Immunology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":88770,"name":"Adaptive Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptive_Immunity?f_ri=816379"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes?f_ri=816379"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution?f_ri=816379"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=816379"},{"id":377566,"name":"Aquatic organisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_organisms?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2579374,"name":"Antibody Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibody_Response?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2782850,"name":"teleost fish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/teleost_fish?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15940385" data-work_id="15940385" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15940385/A_Treatment_Algorithm_for_the_Management_of_Chronic_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Infection_in_the_United_States_An_Update">A Treatment Algorithm for the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: An Update</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15940385" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis of new developments in the understanding of the disorder, the availability of more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, and the licensure of new therapies. In addition, a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of new treatments has led to the development of strategies for reducing the rate of resistance associated with oral agents and optimizing treatment outcomes. This updated algorithm was based primarily on available evidence by using a systematic review of the literature. Where data were lacking, the panel relied on clinical experience and consensus expert opinion. The primary aim of antiviral therapy is durable suppression of serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels. Assays can now detect serum HBV DNA at levels as low as 10 IU/mL and should be used to establish a baseline level, monitor response to antiviral therapy, and survey for the development of drug resistance. Interferon alfa-2b, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, telbivudine, and tenofovir are approved as initial therapy for chronic hepatitis B and have certain advantages and disadvantages. Although all of these agents can be used in selected patients, the preferred first-line treatment choices are entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and tenofovir. Issues for consideration for therapy include efficacy, safety, rate of resistance, method of administration, and cost.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15940385" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3c2e009aa6fb5dab5c67e02562ea6e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40959749,"asset_id":15940385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40959749/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35099636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan">Steven-huy Han</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35099636" type="text/json">{"id":35099636,"first_name":"Steven-huy","last_name":"Han","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StevenhuyHan","display_name":"Steven-huy Han","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15940385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15940385"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15940385, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15940385", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15940385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15940385; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15940385"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15940385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15940385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15940385; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15940385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15940385").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15940385").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15940385"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17801" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR">HR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17801" type="text/json">{"id":17801,"name":"HR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15940385]'), work: {"id":15940385,"title":"A Treatment Algorithm for the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: An Update","created_at":"2015-09-20T15:55:20.531-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15940385/A_Treatment_Algorithm_for_the_Management_of_Chronic_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Infection_in_the_United_States_An_Update?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_15940385","summary":"Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis of new developments in the understanding of the disorder, the availability of more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, and the licensure of new therapies. In addition, a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of new treatments has led to the development of strategies for reducing the rate of resistance associated with oral agents and optimizing treatment outcomes. This updated algorithm was based primarily on available evidence by using a systematic review of the literature. Where data were lacking, the panel relied on clinical experience and consensus expert opinion. The primary aim of antiviral therapy is durable suppression of serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels. Assays can now detect serum HBV DNA at levels as low as 10 IU/mL and should be used to establish a baseline level, monitor response to antiviral therapy, and survey for the development of drug resistance. Interferon alfa-2b, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, telbivudine, and tenofovir are approved as initial therapy for chronic hepatitis B and have certain advantages and disadvantages. Although all of these agents can be used in selected patients, the preferred first-line treatment choices are entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and tenofovir. Issues for consideration for therapy include efficacy, safety, rate of resistance, method of administration, and cost.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40959749,"asset_id":15940385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35099636,"first_name":"Steven-huy","last_name":"Han","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StevenhuyHan","display_name":"Steven-huy Han","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":17801,"name":"HR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":29808,"name":"Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Diagnostics?f_ri=816379"},{"id":51791,"name":"PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR?f_ri=816379"},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=816379"},{"id":99708,"name":"Clinical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical?f_ri=816379"},{"id":102583,"name":"Drug Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Resistance?f_ri=816379"},{"id":147861,"name":"Expert Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_Opinion?f_ri=816379"},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=816379"},{"id":187758,"name":"Case Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Management?f_ri=816379"},{"id":221411,"name":"Systematic review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_review?f_ri=816379"},{"id":231497,"name":"FDA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FDA?f_ri=816379"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=816379"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=816379"},{"id":572282,"name":"Combination drug therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":855510,"name":"Liver Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Disease?f_ri=816379"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1198599,"name":"chronic hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/chronic_hepatitis_B?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1434630,"name":"Polyethylene Glycols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyethylene_Glycols?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2028055,"name":"Interferon Alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_Alpha?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21967285" data-work_id="21967285" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21967285/A_new_tospovirus_serogroup_IV_species_infecting_capsicum_and_tomato_in_Queensland_Australia">A new tospovirus serogroup IV species infecting capsicum and tomato in Queensland, Australia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A previously undescribed tospovirus infecting tomato, capsicum and chilli in Queensland was characterised. The virus reacted with antibodies to serogroup IV tospoviruses, and the complete nucleotide sequence of its nucleocapsid protein... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21967285" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A previously undescribed tospovirus infecting tomato, capsicum and chilli in Queensland was characterised. The virus reacted with antibodies to serogroup IV tospoviruses, and the complete nucleotide sequence of its nucleocapsid protein gene indicated that it was a new tospovirus species. Sequence identities at the nucleotide and amino acid levels were <85% with recognised members of serogroup IV. The virus infected test plants in five families and, importantly, overcame the Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato and TSWV resistance in Capsicum chinense accessions PI 152225, PI 159236 and AVRDC 00943. The name Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) is proposed for this virus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21967285" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c488d074e4ba1a65097f820ef4352226" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42682756,"asset_id":21967285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42682756/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43219388" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LeeMcMichael">Lee McMichael</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43219388" type="text/json">{"id":43219388,"first_name":"Lee","last_name":"McMichael","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeeMcMichael","display_name":"Lee McMichael","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeeMcMichael?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21967285 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21967285"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21967285, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21967285", }); 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The virus reacted with antibodies to serogroup IV tospoviruses, and the complete nucleotide sequence of its nucleocapsid protein gene indicated that it was a new tospovirus species. Sequence identities at the nucleotide and amino acid levels were \u003c85% with recognised members of serogroup IV. The virus infected test plants in five families and, importantly, overcame the Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato and TSWV resistance in Capsicum chinense accessions PI 152225, PI 159236 and AVRDC 00943. The name Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) is proposed for this virus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42682756,"asset_id":21967285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43219388,"first_name":"Lee","last_name":"McMichael","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeeMcMichael","display_name":"Lee McMichael","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeeMcMichael?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":188240,"name":"Tomato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tomato?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":585573,"name":"Amino Acid Profile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Profile?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1709070,"name":"Tomato spotted wilt virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tomato_spotted_wilt_virus?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14327013 coauthored" data-work_id="14327013" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14327013/Clinical_burden_of_chikungunya_virus_infection">Clinical burden of chikungunya virus infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14327013" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0764e19d50ecaa4a4e6d1e790f7a798a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44316603,"asset_id":14327013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44316603/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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js-additional-users-14327013"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BenjaminQueyriaux">Benjamin Queyriaux</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcGrandadam">Marc Grandadam</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14327013'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14327013').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14327013 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14327013"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14327013, 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Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7470" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life">Quality of life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7470" type="text/json">{"id":7470,"name":"Quality of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_life?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97877" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reunion">Reunion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97877" type="text/json">{"id":97877,"name":"Reunion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reunion?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14327013]'), work: {"id":14327013,"title":"Clinical burden of chikungunya virus infection","created_at":"2015-07-23T03:48:16.010-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14327013/Clinical_burden_of_chikungunya_virus_infection?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_14327013","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44316603,"asset_id":14327013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33278198,"first_name":"Jean-paul","last_name":"Boutin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeanpaulBoutin","display_name":"Jean-paul 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19174032" data-work_id="19174032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19174032/Inhibition_of_H5N1_highly_pathogenic_influenza_virus_by_suppressing_a_specific_sialyltransferase">Inhibition of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza virus by suppressing a specific sialyltransferase</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Avian influenza viruses preferentially use a2,3-linked sialic acid as a receptor for binding and entry into target cells. The sialic acid is the terminal residue of various types of glycan. There are two major types of a2,3-linked sialic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19174032" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Avian influenza viruses preferentially use a2,3-linked sialic acid as a receptor for binding and entry into target cells. The sialic acid is the terminal residue of various types of glycan. There are two major types of a2,3-linked sialic acid differing in the penultimate bond: Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-3GalNAc and Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc. In the human airway, while Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-3GalNAc is present only in alveolar epithelial cells, the Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc is expressed in both the upper and lower airway. Previous data showed preferential binding of hemagglutinin from H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza virus to Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc. We further show here that suppression of this sialic acid by siRNA against a sialyltransferase, ST3GAL4, can inhibit H5N1 avian influenza virus infection and that this gene is abundantly expressed in human pharynx, trachea and bronchus. These data suggest that the ST3GAL4 gene is responsible for biosynthesis of the viral receptor and may play a crucial role in infection of H5N1 avian influenza virus in humans.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19174032" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b3334df78ad4d656178a67393399088a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40472099,"asset_id":19174032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40472099/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39383956" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChompunuchBoonarkart">Chompunuch Boonarkart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39383956" type="text/json">{"id":39383956,"first_name":"Chompunuch","last_name":"Boonarkart","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChompunuchBoonarkart","display_name":"Chompunuch Boonarkart","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChompunuchBoonarkart?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19174032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19174032"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19174032, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19174032", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19174032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19174032; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19174032"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19174032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19174032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19174032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19174032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19174032").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19174032").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19174032"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40279" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Influenza_virus">Influenza virus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40279" type="text/json">{"id":40279,"name":"Influenza virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Influenza_virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51121" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference">RNA interference</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51121" type="text/json">{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs">Dogs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52438" type="text/json">{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19174032]'), work: {"id":19174032,"title":"Inhibition of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza virus by suppressing a specific sialyltransferase","created_at":"2015-11-29T05:40:12.850-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19174032/Inhibition_of_H5N1_highly_pathogenic_influenza_virus_by_suppressing_a_specific_sialyltransferase?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_19174032","summary":"Avian influenza viruses preferentially use a2,3-linked sialic acid as a receptor for binding and entry into target cells. The sialic acid is the terminal residue of various types of glycan. There are two major types of a2,3-linked sialic acid differing in the penultimate bond: Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-3GalNAc and Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc. In the human airway, while Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-3GalNAc is present only in alveolar epithelial cells, the Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc is expressed in both the upper and lower airway. Previous data showed preferential binding of hemagglutinin from H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza virus to Neu5Aca2-3Galb1-4GlcNAc. We further show here that suppression of this sialic acid by siRNA against a sialyltransferase, ST3GAL4, can inhibit H5N1 avian influenza virus infection and that this gene is abundantly expressed in human pharynx, trachea and bronchus. These data suggest that the ST3GAL4 gene is responsible for biosynthesis of the viral receptor and may play a crucial role in infection of H5N1 avian influenza virus in humans.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40472099,"asset_id":19174032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39383956,"first_name":"Chompunuch","last_name":"Boonarkart","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChompunuchBoonarkart","display_name":"Chompunuch Boonarkart","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChompunuchBoonarkart?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":40279,"name":"Influenza virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Influenza_virus?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=816379"},{"id":83205,"name":"Avian Influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avian_Influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=816379"},{"id":263015,"name":"Avian Influenza Viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avian_Influenza_Viruses?f_ri=816379"},{"id":393958,"name":"Respiratory System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiratory_System?f_ri=816379"},{"id":424553,"name":"Trachea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trachea?f_ri=816379"},{"id":759489,"name":"Sialic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sialic_Acid?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2039739,"name":"Down-Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Down-Regulation?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71764057" data-work_id="71764057" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71764057/Eradication_of_Banana_Bunchy_Top_Virus_BBTV_and_Banana_Mosaic_Virus_BMV_from_Infected_Plant_of_Banana_cv_Amritasagar_Through_Meristem_Culture">Eradication of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and Banana Mosaic Virus (BMV) from Infected Plant of Banana cv. Amritasagar Through Meristem Culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An experiment on virus free in vitro banana plantlets production by the meristem cultured from virus infected four month old banana suckers cv. Amritasagar were used as explants. Four levels of BAP (0, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l), 5 levels of NAA... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71764057" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An experiment on virus free in vitro banana plantlets production by the meristem cultured from virus infected four month old banana suckers cv. Amritasagar were used as explants. Four levels of BAP (0, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l), 5 levels of NAA (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/l) were used as treatment for shoot proliferation in experiment-I and Four levels of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l), 4 levels of NAA (0, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) were used for root formation in experiment-II. ELISA test was conducted for the confirmation of virus eradication rate of regenerated plants and survival rate of regenerated plants in experiment-III. A significant variation was found among the treatments. Studies on the different concentrations of BAP + NAA on shoot proliferation and differentiation, reveals that 4 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l NAA produced the greater number of shoots (4.58/ explant), the longest shoot (3.56 cm) and the highest numbers of leaves (3.11/explant). On the contrary, plantlets were cultured on half strength...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71764057" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28f222264c36d1f3ef1b33fb4f033853" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80972729,"asset_id":71764057,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80972729/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64742409" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HumayunShiragi">Humayun Shiragi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64742409" type="text/json">{"id":64742409,"first_name":"Humayun","last_name":"Shiragi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HumayunShiragi","display_name":"Humayun Shiragi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HumayunShiragi?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71764057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71764057"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71764057, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71764057", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71764057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71764057; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71764057"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71764057 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71764057"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71764057; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71764057]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71764057").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71764057").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71764057"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="424295" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Rate">Survival Rate</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="424295" type="text/json">{"id":424295,"name":"Survival Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Rate?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537365" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Regeneration">Plant Regeneration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537365" type="text/json">{"id":537365,"name":"Plant Regeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Regeneration?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="673146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator">Plant Growth Regulator</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="673146" type="text/json">{"id":673146,"name":"Plant Growth Regulator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71764057]'), work: {"id":71764057,"title":"Eradication of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and Banana Mosaic Virus (BMV) from Infected Plant of Banana cv. Amritasagar Through Meristem Culture","created_at":"2022-02-17T07:25:42.549-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71764057/Eradication_of_Banana_Bunchy_Top_Virus_BBTV_and_Banana_Mosaic_Virus_BMV_from_Infected_Plant_of_Banana_cv_Amritasagar_Through_Meristem_Culture?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_71764057","summary":"An experiment on virus free in vitro banana plantlets production by the meristem cultured from virus infected four month old banana suckers cv. Amritasagar were used as explants. Four levels of BAP (0, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l), 5 levels of NAA (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/l) were used as treatment for shoot proliferation in experiment-I and Four levels of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l), 4 levels of NAA (0, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) were used for root formation in experiment-II. ELISA test was conducted for the confirmation of virus eradication rate of regenerated plants and survival rate of regenerated plants in experiment-III. A significant variation was found among the treatments. Studies on the different concentrations of BAP + NAA on shoot proliferation and differentiation, reveals that 4 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l NAA produced the greater number of shoots (4.58/ explant), the longest shoot (3.56 cm) and the highest numbers of leaves (3.11/explant). On the contrary, plantlets were cultured on half strength...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80972729,"asset_id":71764057,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64742409,"first_name":"Humayun","last_name":"Shiragi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HumayunShiragi","display_name":"Humayun Shiragi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HumayunShiragi?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":424295,"name":"Survival Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survival_Rate?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":537365,"name":"Plant Regeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Regeneration?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":673146,"name":"Plant Growth Regulator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulator?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2546278,"name":"Root Length","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Root_Length?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25214266" data-work_id="25214266" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25214266/Antiviral_strategies_in_plants_based_on_RNA_silencing">Antiviral strategies in plants based on RNA silencing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One of the challenges being faced in the twenty-first century is the biological control of plant viral infections. Among the different strategies to combat virus infections, those based on pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are probably... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25214266" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One of the challenges being faced in the twenty-first century is the biological control of plant viral infections. Among the different strategies to combat virus infections, those based on pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are probably the most powerful approaches to confer virus resistance in plants. The application of the PDR concept not only revealed the existence of a previously unknown sequence-specific RNA-degradation mechanism in plants, but has also helped to design antiviral strategies to engineer viral resistant plants in the last 25 years. In this article, we review the different platforms related to RNA silencing that have been developed during this time to obtain plants resistant to viruses and illustrate examples of current applications of RNA silencing to protect crop plants against viral diseases of agronomic relevance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation. Published by Elsevier B.V. j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / b b a g r m</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25214266" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88ec365edeecf54c4ae030fc411e26d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45713326,"asset_id":25214266,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45713326/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48320352" href="https://independent.academia.edu/juangarcia564">juan garcia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48320352" type="text/json">{"id":48320352,"first_name":"juan","last_name":"garcia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"juangarcia564","display_name":"juan garcia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/juangarcia564?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48320352/64386121/52706986/s65_juan.garcia.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25214266 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25214266"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25214266, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25214266", }); 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Among the different strategies to combat virus infections, those based on pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are probably the most powerful approaches to confer virus resistance in plants. The application of the PDR concept not only revealed the existence of a previously unknown sequence-specific RNA-degradation mechanism in plants, but has also helped to design antiviral strategies to engineer viral resistant plants in the last 25 years. In this article, we review the different platforms related to RNA silencing that have been developed during this time to obtain plants resistant to viruses and illustrate examples of current applications of RNA silencing to protect crop plants against viral diseases of agronomic relevance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation. 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Vaccinia virus (VV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus, expresses products that inhibit... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23912206" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Exposure of eukaryotic cells to viruses will activate the host NF-kappaB transcription factor, resulting in proinflammatory and immune protein production. Vaccinia virus (VV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus, expresses products that inhibit this antiviral event. To identify novel mechanisms responsible for this effect, we made use of a VV deletion mutant (MVA) that stimulates NF-kappaBeta activation in infected 293T cells. In this virus-host system, the extents of NF-kappaBeta-regulated gene expression and nuclear translocation were reduced in the presence of either PD 98059 or U0126, two compounds capable of blocking ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. A similar repression was also observed in cells that contained a dominant, nonactive form of ERK2 but not in cells where ERK1 phosphorylation was inhibited via overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant MEK1 protein. Presumably, proteins expressed from a wild-type VV that block ERK2 activity would also inhibit MVA-induced NF-kappaB activat...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23912206" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f302e4acfd35bd6585182b0ff942ec84" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44299639,"asset_id":23912206,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44299639/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46201243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoannaShisler">Joanna Shisler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46201243" type="text/json">{"id":46201243,"first_name":"Joanna","last_name":"Shisler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoannaShisler","display_name":"Joanna Shisler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoannaShisler?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23912206 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23912206"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23912206, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23912206", }); 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Vaccinia virus (VV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus, expresses products that inhibit this antiviral event. To identify novel mechanisms responsible for this effect, we made use of a VV deletion mutant (MVA) that stimulates NF-kappaBeta activation in infected 293T cells. In this virus-host system, the extents of NF-kappaBeta-regulated gene expression and nuclear translocation were reduced in the presence of either PD 98059 or U0126, two compounds capable of blocking ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. A similar repression was also observed in cells that contained a dominant, nonactive form of ERK2 but not in cells where ERK1 phosphorylation was inhibited via overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant MEK1 protein. Presumably, proteins expressed from a wild-type VV that block ERK2 activity would also inhibit MVA-induced NF-kappaB activat...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44299639,"asset_id":23912206,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46201243,"first_name":"Joanna","last_name":"Shisler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoannaShisler","display_name":"Joanna Shisler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoannaShisler?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=816379"},{"id":71294,"name":"Kidney","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney?f_ri=816379"},{"id":123418,"name":"NF-kappa B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NF-kappa_B?f_ri=816379"},{"id":172083,"name":"Phosphorylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphorylation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":213901,"name":"Transcription Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factor?f_ri=816379"},{"id":213910,"name":"Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitogen_Activated_Protein_Kinase?f_ri=816379"},{"id":501806,"name":"Protein Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Expression?f_ri=816379"},{"id":561002,"name":"Vaccinia Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccinia_Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":844925,"name":"Open Reading Frame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Reading_Frame?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9281385" data-work_id="9281385" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" 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style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9281385; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9281385"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9281385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9281385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9281385; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9281385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9281385").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9281385").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9281385"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">26</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9281385]'), work: {"id":9281385,"title":"Influenza A H5N1 Clade 2.3.4 Virus with a Different Antiviral 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Hà","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TrangH%C3%A04?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21365374/7978308/8936683/s65_trang.h_.jpg_oh_d731104a9db5df7829fde710d84bacfa_oe_5581d0a1___gda___1434512548_8e564888e0fee1e4819ced12b845104b"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":16655,"name":"Vietnam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vietnam?f_ri=816379"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=816379"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=816379"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=816379"},{"id":29082,"name":"Sequence Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sequence_Analysis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny?f_ri=816379"},{"id":57907,"name":"Disease Outbreaks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Outbreaks?f_ri=816379"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=816379"},{"id":76677,"name":"influenza A","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/influenza_A?f_ri=816379"},{"id":83205,"name":"Avian Influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avian_Influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=816379"},{"id":119546,"name":"Amantadine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amantadine?f_ri=816379"},{"id":119547,"name":"Oseltamivir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oseltamivir?f_ri=816379"},{"id":158782,"name":"Phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogenetic_analysis?f_ri=816379"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=816379"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies?f_ri=816379"},{"id":732028,"name":"Genome sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2029070,"name":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2489700,"name":"Child preschool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_preschool?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10473972" data-work_id="10473972" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10473972/Carcinoma_condilomatoso_warty_vulvo_vaginal_diagn%C3%B3stico_cito_histol%C3%B3gico_Presentaci%C3%B3n_de_un_caso">Carcinoma condilomatoso (warty) vulvo-vaginal: diagnóstico cito-histológico. Presentación de un caso</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El carcinoma condilomatoso (Warty) es una escasa variante del carcinoma escamoso el cual está asociado con papiloma virus humano particularmente del tipo 16. Ocurre principalmente en pacientes jóvenes. Su apariencia puede recordar el... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10473972" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El carcinoma condilomatoso (Warty) es una escasa variante del carcinoma escamoso el cual está asociado con papiloma virus humano particularmente del tipo 16. Ocurre principalmente en pacientes jóvenes. Su apariencia puede recordar el carcinoma verrucoso por su presentación como grandes lesiones exofíticas con apariencia polipoide (1).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10473972" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d04d568466698ff716e881b2995ce26" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47365454,"asset_id":10473972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47365454/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25701932" href="https://independent.academia.edu/martamesa">marta mesa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25701932" type="text/json">{"id":25701932,"first_name":"marta","last_name":"mesa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"martamesa","display_name":"marta mesa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/martamesa?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10473972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10473972"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10473972, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10473972", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10473972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10473972").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10473972").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10473972"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50351" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_PAPILLOMAVIRUS">HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50351" type="text/json">{"id":50351,"name":"HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_PAPILLOMAVIRUS?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="816379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection">Virus infection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="816379" type="text/json">{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="853777" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Del_Papiloma_Humano">Virus Del Papiloma Humano</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="853777" type="text/json">{"id":853777,"name":"Virus Del Papiloma Humano","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Del_Papiloma_Humano?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1529398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palabras_Clave_BIM">Palabras Clave: BIM</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1529398" type="text/json">{"id":1529398,"name":"Palabras Clave: BIM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palabras_Clave_BIM?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10473972]'), work: {"id":10473972,"title":"Carcinoma condilomatoso (warty) vulvo-vaginal: diagnóstico cito-histológico. Presentación de un caso","created_at":"2015-02-03T01:28:00.146-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10473972/Carcinoma_condilomatoso_warty_vulvo_vaginal_diagn%C3%B3stico_cito_histol%C3%B3gico_Presentaci%C3%B3n_de_un_caso?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_10473972","summary":"El carcinoma condilomatoso (Warty) es una escasa variante del carcinoma escamoso el cual está asociado con papiloma virus humano particularmente del tipo 16. Ocurre principalmente en pacientes jóvenes. Su apariencia puede recordar el carcinoma verrucoso por su presentación como grandes lesiones exofíticas con apariencia polipoide (1).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47365454,"asset_id":10473972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25701932,"first_name":"marta","last_name":"mesa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"martamesa","display_name":"marta mesa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/martamesa?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":50351,"name":"HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HUMAN_PAPILLOMAVIRUS?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":853777,"name":"Virus Del Papiloma Humano","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_Del_Papiloma_Humano?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":1529398,"name":"Palabras Clave: BIM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palabras_Clave_BIM?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26396981" data-work_id="26396981" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26396981/Genetic_variability_The_key_problem_in_the_prevention_and_therapy_of_RNA_based_virus_infections">Genetic variability: The key problem in the prevention and therapy of RNA-based virus infections</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite extraordinary progress that has recently been made in biomedical sciences, viral infectious diseases still remain one of the most serious world health problems. Among the different types of viruses, those using RNA as their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26396981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite extraordinary progress that has recently been made in biomedical sciences, viral infectious diseases still remain one of the most serious world health problems. Among the different types of viruses, those using RNA as their genetic material (RNA viruses and retroviruses) are especially dangerous. At present there is no medicine allowing an effective treatment of RNA-based virus infections. Many RNA viruses and retroviruses need only a few weeks to escape immune response or to produce drug-resistant mutants. This seems to be the obvious consequence of the unusual genetic variability of RNA-based viruses. An individual virus does not form a homogenous population but rather a set of similar but not identical variants. In consequence, RNA-based viruses can easily adapt to environmental changes, also those resulting from immune system response or therapy. The modifications identified within viral genes can be divided into two groups: point mutations and complex genome rearrangements. The former arises mainly during error-prone replication, whereas RNA recombination and generic reassortment are responsible for the latter. This article shortly describes major strategies used to control virus infections. Then, it presents the various mechanisms generating the genetic diversity of RNA-based viruses, which are most probably the main cause of clinical problems.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26396981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b78ca483d757aed88626cc20589e3259" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46697871,"asset_id":26396981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46697871/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50334643" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaKurzynskaKokorniak">Anna Kurzyńska-Kokorniak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50334643" type="text/json">{"id":50334643,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Kurzyńska-Kokorniak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnaKurzynskaKokorniak","display_name":"Anna Kurzyńska-Kokorniak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaKurzynskaKokorniak?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26396981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26396981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26396981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26396981", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26396981]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26396981").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26396981").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26396981"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11929" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication">DNA replication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11929" type="text/json">{"id":11929,"name":"DNA replication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_viruses">RNA viruses</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29372" type="text/json">{"id":29372,"name":"RNA viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_viruses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74780" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation">Mutation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="74780" type="text/json">{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="166422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_vaccines">DNA vaccines</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="166422" type="text/json">{"id":166422,"name":"DNA vaccines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_vaccines?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26396981]'), work: {"id":26396981,"title":"Genetic variability: The key problem in the prevention and therapy of RNA-based virus infections","created_at":"2016-06-22T00:23:52.817-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26396981/Genetic_variability_The_key_problem_in_the_prevention_and_therapy_of_RNA_based_virus_infections?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_26396981","summary":"Despite extraordinary progress that has recently been made in biomedical sciences, viral infectious diseases still remain one of the most serious world health problems. Among the different types of viruses, those using RNA as their genetic material (RNA viruses and retroviruses) are especially dangerous. At present there is no medicine allowing an effective treatment of RNA-based virus infections. Many RNA viruses and retroviruses need only a few weeks to escape immune response or to produce drug-resistant mutants. This seems to be the obvious consequence of the unusual genetic variability of RNA-based viruses. An individual virus does not form a homogenous population but rather a set of similar but not identical variants. In consequence, RNA-based viruses can easily adapt to environmental changes, also those resulting from immune system response or therapy. The modifications identified within viral genes can be divided into two groups: point mutations and complex genome rearrangements. The former arises mainly during error-prone replication, whereas RNA recombination and generic reassortment are responsible for the latter. This article shortly describes major strategies used to control virus infections. Then, it presents the various mechanisms generating the genetic diversity of RNA-based viruses, which are most probably the main cause of clinical problems.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46697871,"asset_id":26396981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50334643,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Kurzyńska-Kokorniak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnaKurzynskaKokorniak","display_name":"Anna Kurzyńska-Kokorniak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaKurzynskaKokorniak?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11929,"name":"DNA replication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":29372,"name":"RNA viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_viruses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":166422,"name":"DNA vaccines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_vaccines?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":446162,"name":"Medicinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicinal?f_ri=816379"},{"id":569028,"name":"Genetic Recombination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Recombination?f_ri=816379"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=816379"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1002732,"name":"Genetic Variability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Variability?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23020580" data-work_id="23020580" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23020580/License_to_kill_Formulation_requirements_for_optimal_priming_of_CD8_CTL_responses_with_particulate_vaccine_delivery_systems">License to kill: Formulation requirements for optimal priming of CD8+ CTL responses with particulate vaccine delivery systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Induction of CD8 + T-cell responses is critical for the immunological control of a variety of diseases upon vaccination. Modern subunit vaccines are based on highly purified recombinant proteins. The high purity represents a major... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23020580" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Induction of CD8 + T-cell responses is critical for the immunological control of a variety of diseases upon vaccination. Modern subunit vaccines are based on highly purified recombinant proteins. The high purity represents a major advancement in terms of vaccine safety compared to previous vaccination strategies with live attenuated or whole killed pathogens, but typically renders vaccine antigens poorly immunogenic and insufficient in mobilizing protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. However, a weakness of many adjuvants is the lack of induction of CD8 + T-cell responses against protein antigens, which are required for protection against challenging and difficult infectious diseases such as AIDS and for therapeutic cancer vaccination. Within the last decade, adjuvant systems that can induce CD8 + T-cell responses have been developed and the first clinical trials demonstrating the clinical relevance of such formulations have been performed. This paper reviews the current status of lipid-and polymer-based particulate antigen delivery systems capable of stimulating CD8 + T-cell immunity with special focus on mechanisms of priming and pharmaceutical requirements for optimal activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that can kill virus-infected or abnormal (cancer) cells.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23020580" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a350e28dc25c2654dc2aa3a601361ea8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43532657,"asset_id":23020580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43532657/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44747468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonHansen3">Jon Hansen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44747468" type="text/json">{"id":44747468,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonHansen3","display_name":"Jon Hansen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonHansen3?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23020580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23020580"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23020580, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23020580", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23020580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23020580; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23020580"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23020580 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23020580"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23020580; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23020580]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23020580").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23020580").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23020580"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial">Clinical Trial</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4531" type="text/json">{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81309" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Disease">Infectious Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81309" type="text/json">{"id":81309,"name":"Infectious Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Disease?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="421276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delivery_System">Delivery System</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="421276" type="text/json">{"id":421276,"name":"Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delivery_System?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23020580]'), work: {"id":23020580,"title":"License to kill: Formulation requirements for optimal priming of CD8+ CTL responses with particulate vaccine delivery systems","created_at":"2016-03-08T23:32:48.958-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23020580/License_to_kill_Formulation_requirements_for_optimal_priming_of_CD8_CTL_responses_with_particulate_vaccine_delivery_systems?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_23020580","summary":"Induction of CD8 + T-cell responses is critical for the immunological control of a variety of diseases upon vaccination. Modern subunit vaccines are based on highly purified recombinant proteins. The high purity represents a major advancement in terms of vaccine safety compared to previous vaccination strategies with live attenuated or whole killed pathogens, but typically renders vaccine antigens poorly immunogenic and insufficient in mobilizing protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. However, a weakness of many adjuvants is the lack of induction of CD8 + T-cell responses against protein antigens, which are required for protection against challenging and difficult infectious diseases such as AIDS and for therapeutic cancer vaccination. Within the last decade, adjuvant systems that can induce CD8 + T-cell responses have been developed and the first clinical trials demonstrating the clinical relevance of such formulations have been performed. This paper reviews the current status of lipid-and polymer-based particulate antigen delivery systems capable of stimulating CD8 + T-cell immunity with special focus on mechanisms of priming and pharmaceutical requirements for optimal activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that can kill virus-infected or abnormal (cancer) cells.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43532657,"asset_id":23020580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44747468,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Hansen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonHansen3","display_name":"Jon Hansen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonHansen3?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":81309,"name":"Infectious Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Disease?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":421276,"name":"Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delivery_System?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":959510,"name":"Recombinant Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Protein?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1274458,"name":"Antigens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antigens?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21584662 coauthored" data-work_id="21584662" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21584662/Detection_of_multiple_viruses_in_queens_of_the_honey_bee_Apis_mellifera_L">Detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee Apis mellifera L</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Individual honey bee Apis mellifera L. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21584662" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Individual honey bee Apis mellifera L. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus, and sacbrood virus. All viruses, except ABPV, were detected in the samples. Among queens examined for virus infections, 93% had multiple virus infections. The detection of viruses in queens raises the possibility of a vertical transmission pathway wherein infected queens can pass virus through their eggs to their oVspring. Published by Elsevier Inc.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21584662" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2c9ff27c8d7c845301b976e1e082ae75" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42134019,"asset_id":21584662,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42134019/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42713501" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffPettis">Jeff Pettis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42713501" type="text/json">{"id":42713501,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Pettis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffPettis","display_name":"Jeff Pettis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffPettis?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-21584662">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-21584662"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkFeldlaufer">Mark Feldlaufer</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-21584662'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-21584662').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21584662 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21584662"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21584662, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21584662", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21584662 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21584662; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21584662"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21584662 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21584662"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21584662; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21584662]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21584662").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21584662").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21584662"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect_Viruses">Insect Viruses</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50484" type="text/json">{"id":50484,"name":"Insect Viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect_Viruses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bees">Bees</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="59690" type="text/json">{"id":59690,"name":"Bees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bees?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64753" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera">Apis mellifera</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64753" type="text/json">{"id":64753,"name":"Apis mellifera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21584662]'), work: {"id":21584662,"title":"Detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee Apis mellifera L","created_at":"2016-02-05T02:58:26.264-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21584662/Detection_of_multiple_viruses_in_queens_of_the_honey_bee_Apis_mellifera_L?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_21584662","summary":"Individual honey bee Apis mellifera L. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus, and sacbrood virus. All viruses, except ABPV, were detected in the samples. Among queens examined for virus infections, 93% had multiple virus infections. The detection of viruses in queens raises the possibility of a vertical transmission pathway wherein infected queens can pass virus through their eggs to their oVspring. Published by Elsevier Inc.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42134019,"asset_id":21584662,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42713501,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Pettis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffPettis","display_name":"Jeff Pettis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffPettis?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":43455911,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Feldlaufer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarkFeldlaufer","display_name":"Mark Feldlaufer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarkFeldlaufer?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":50484,"name":"Insect Viruses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect_Viruses?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":59690,"name":"Bees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bees?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":64753,"name":"Apis mellifera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":126064,"name":"Honey bee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honey_bee?f_ri=816379"},{"id":146990,"name":"Invertebrate Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Invertebrate_Pathology?f_ri=816379"},{"id":750001,"name":"Multiple Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":965375,"name":"Vertical Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertical_Transmission?f_ri=816379"},{"id":1007684,"name":"Virus diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_diseases?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4813028" data-work_id="4813028" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4813028/Vaccination_against_highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza_H5N1_virus_in_zoos_using_an_adjuvanted_inactivated_H5N2_vaccine">Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated H5N2 vaccine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4813028" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. Vaccination with a commercial H5N2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and within taxonomic orders. After booster vaccination the overall homologous geometric mean titre (GMT) to the vaccine strain, measured in 334 birds, was 190 (95% CI: 152-236), and 80.5% of vaccinated birds developed a titre of ≥40. Titres to the HPAI H5N1 virus followed a similar trend, but were lower (GMT: 61 (95% CI: 49-76); 61% ≥ 40). The breadth of the immune response was further demonstrated by measuring antibody titres against prototype strains of four antigenic clades of currently circulating H5N1 viruses. These data indicate that vaccination should be regarded as a beneficial component of the preventive measures (including increased bio-security and monitoring) that can be undertaken in zoos to prevent an outbreak of and decrease environmental contamination by HPAI H5N1 virus, while alleviating confinement measures.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4813028" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c161ade2c46e67f2f5c6772ca6970e9d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49620842,"asset_id":4813028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49620842/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6221436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WalterBeyer">Walter Beyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6221436" type="text/json">{"id":6221436,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Beyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WalterBeyer","display_name":"Walter Beyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WalterBeyer?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6221436/12325536/13722192/s65_walter.beyer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4813028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4813028"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4813028, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4813028", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4813028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4813028; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4813028"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4813028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4813028"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4813028; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4813028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4813028").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4813028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4813028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51789" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies">Antibodies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51789" type="text/json">{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Commission">European Commission</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="59923" type="text/json">{"id":59923,"name":"European Commission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Commission?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4813028]'), work: {"id":4813028,"title":"Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated H5N2 vaccine","created_at":"2013-10-18T09:35:58.708-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4813028/Vaccination_against_highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza_H5N1_virus_in_zoos_using_an_adjuvanted_inactivated_H5N2_vaccine?f_ri=816379","dom_id":"work_4813028","summary":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. Vaccination with a commercial H5N2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and within taxonomic orders. After booster vaccination the overall homologous geometric mean titre (GMT) to the vaccine strain, measured in 334 birds, was 190 (95% CI: 152-236), and 80.5% of vaccinated birds developed a titre of ≥40. Titres to the HPAI H5N1 virus followed a similar trend, but were lower (GMT: 61 (95% CI: 49-76); 61% ≥ 40). The breadth of the immune response was further demonstrated by measuring antibody titres against prototype strains of four antigenic clades of currently circulating H5N1 viruses. These data indicate that vaccination should be regarded as a beneficial component of the preventive measures (including increased bio-security and monitoring) that can be undertaken in zoos to prevent an outbreak of and decrease environmental contamination by HPAI H5N1 virus, while alleviating confinement measures.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49620842,"asset_id":4813028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6221436,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Beyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WalterBeyer","display_name":"Walter Beyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WalterBeyer?f_ri=816379","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6221436/12325536/13722192/s65_walter.beyer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":51789,"name":"Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibodies?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":59923,"name":"European Commission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Commission?f_ri=816379","nofollow":false},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=816379"},{"id":83205,"name":"Avian Influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avian_Influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":96324,"name":"Birds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birds?f_ri=816379"},{"id":150847,"name":"Vaccine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccine?f_ri=816379"},{"id":158589,"name":"Strain Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strain_Measurement?f_ri=816379"},{"id":179934,"name":"Vaccination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccination?f_ri=816379"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight?f_ri=816379"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=816379"},{"id":957793,"name":"Pathogenicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathogenicity?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2029070,"name":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza?f_ri=816379"},{"id":2037489,"name":"Preventive measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preventive_measures?f_ri=816379"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28857556" data-work_id="28857556" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28857556/Software_platform_virtualization_in_chemistry_research_and_university_teaching">Software platform virtualization in chemistry research and university teaching</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Modern chemistry laboratories operate with a wide range of software applications under different operating systems, such as Windows, LINUX or Mac OS X. Instead of installing software on different computers it is possible to install those... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28857556" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Modern chemistry laboratories operate with a wide range of software applications under different operating systems, such as Windows, LINUX or Mac OS X. Instead of installing software on different computers it is possible to install those applications on a single computer using Virtual Machine software. Software platform virtualization allows a single guest operating system to execute multiple other operating systems on the same computer. We apply and discuss the use of virtual machines in chemistry research and teaching laboratories.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28857556" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a48923c66071bf2ff293e813a2203f3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49279361,"asset_id":28857556,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49279361/download_file?st=MTczNjEyODY1Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54322962" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasKind">Tobias Kind</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54322962" type="text/json">{"id":54322962,"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Kind","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TobiasKind","display_name":"Tobias Kind","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasKind?f_ri=816379","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28857556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28857556"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28857556, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28857556", }); 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