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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_first_Anglo-Sikh_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_first_Anglo-Sikh_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aftermath of the first Anglo-Sikh war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_first_Anglo-Sikh_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sikh rebellions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sikh_rebellions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sikh rebellions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sikh_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multan_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multan_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Multan rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multan_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kinyeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kinyeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Battle of Kinyeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kinyeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Suddusain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Suddusain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Battle of Suddusain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Suddusain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Multan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Multan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Siege of Multan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Multan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lahore_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lahore_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lahore rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lahore_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Rungur_Muzl_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Rungur_Muzl_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Battle of Rungur Muzl Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Rungur_Muzl_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seige_of_Shahpur_Kandi_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seige_of_Shahpur_Kandi_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Seige of Shahpur Kandi Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seige_of_Shahpur_Kandi_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Ramnagar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Ramnagar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Battle of Ramnagar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Ramnagar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sadulpur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sadulpur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Battle of Sadulpur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sadulpur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chillianwala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chillianwala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Battle of Chillianwala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chillianwala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Dullah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Dullah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Battle of Dullah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Dullah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gujrat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gujrat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Battle of Gujrat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gujrat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_honour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_honour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle honour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_honour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Anglo-Sikh war</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب السيخ الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب السيخ الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора англо-сикхска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора англо-сикхска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Sikh" title="Segona Guerra Sikh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Sikh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Sikh-Krieg" title="Zweiter Sikh-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Sikh-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_anglo-sikhe" title="Seconde guerre anglo-sikhe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre anglo-sikhe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD-%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 영국-시크 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 영국-시크 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय आंग्ल-सिख युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय आंग्ल-सिख युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_anglo-sikh" title="Seconda guerra anglo-sikh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra anglo-sikh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="המלחמה האנגלו-סיקית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה האנגלו-סיקית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಸಿಖ್‌‌ ಸಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ವಿತೀಯ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಸಿಖ್‌‌ ಸಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეორე ანგლო-სიკხური ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე ანგლო-სიკხური ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="രണ്ടാം ആംഗ്ലോ-സിഖ് യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രണ്ടാം ആംഗ്ലോ-സിഖ് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Sikhoorlog" title="Tweede Sikhoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Sikhoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第二次シク戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次シク戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_anglo-sikh-krigen" title="Den andre anglo-sikh-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre anglo-sikh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਦੂਜੀ ਐਂਗਲੋ-ਸਿੱਖ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੂਜੀ ਐਂਗਲੋ-ਸਿੱਖ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوجی اینگلو سکھ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوجی اینگلو سکھ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_Brytyjczyk%C3%B3w_z_Sikhami" title="II wojna Brytyjczyków z Sikhami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna Brytyjczyków z Sikhami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая англо-сикхская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая англо-сикхская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ٻئي اينگلو سک جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻئي اينگلو سک جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_sikhisota" title="Toinen sikhisota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen sikhisota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_sikhkriget" title="Andra sikhkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra sikhkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E2%80%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் ஆங்கிலேய–சீக்கியர் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் ஆங்கிலேய–சீக்கியர் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="రెండవ ఆంగ్లో-సిక్ఖు యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రెండవ ఆంగ్లో-సిక్ఖు యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга англо-сикхська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга англо-сикхська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دوسری اینگلو سکھ جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری اینگلو سکھ جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次英国锡克战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次英国锡克战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1848–49 conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output 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Anglo-Sikh war</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_(1915),_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg/300px-Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg/450px-Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg/600px-Sketch_Map_to_Illustrate_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War_from_%27A_Short_History_of_the_Sikhs%27_%281915%29%2C_by_Charles_Herbert_Payne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><br />Sketch map to illustrate the second Anglo-Sikh war, from 'A Short History of the Sikhs' (1915), by Charles Herbert Payne</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 April 1848 – 29 March 1849<br />(11 months, 1 week and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Gough" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hugh Gough">Sir Hugh Gough</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benjamin_Edwardes" title="Herbert Benjamin Edwardes">Herbert Benjamin Edwardes</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Gilbert,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Walter Gilbert, 1st Baronet">Sir Walter Gilbert</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Maharani Jind Kaur</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/25px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/38px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg/50px-Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848-1849)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Multan (1848-1849)">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Sikh_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Sikh_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Sikh wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Sikh_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Sikh wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Sikh_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Sikh wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Sikh_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Anglo-Sikh wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>second Anglo-Sikh war</b> was a military conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> which took place from 1848 to 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and what subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>, by the East India Company. </p><p>On 19 April 1848, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Alexander_Vans_Agnew" title="Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew">Patrick Vans Agnew</a> of the civil service and Lieutenant William Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been sent to take charge of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj Chopra</a>, were murdered there; within a short time, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> troops joined in open rebellion. <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> agreed with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Sir Hugh Gough</a>, the commander-in-chief, that the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies, nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately. He also foresaw the spread of the rebellion, and the necessity that must arise, not merely for the capture of Multan, but also for the entire subjugation of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. He therefore resolutely delayed to strike, organized a strong army for operations in November, and himself proceeded to the Punjab. Despite the brilliant successes gained by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benjamin_Edwardes" title="Herbert Benjamin Edwardes">Herbert Edwardes</a> against Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a> in November and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a> on 13 January 1849, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government. At length, on 22 January, Multan was taken by General Whish, who was thus set at liberty to join Gough's army. On 21 February, Gough won a complete victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a>. The Sikh army was pursued to <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, where it laid down its arms, and their Afghan allies retreated from the Punjab. </p><p>After the victory at Gujrat, Lord Dalhousie annexed the Punjab for the East India Company in 1849. For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the British parliament and was advanced in the peerage to <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a>, the usual honor for governors general of India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_map_(topographic)_with_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/220px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/330px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/440px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of The Punjab, "Land of 5 Waters"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh Confederacy <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misls</a> of the Punjab were consolidated into an Empire and expanded by Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> during the early years of the nineteenth century. During the same period, the British East India Company's territories had been expanded until they were adjacent to the Punjab. Ranjit Singh maintained an uneasy alliance with the East India Company, while increasing the military strength of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> to deter British aggression against his state and to expand Sikh territory to the north and north west, capturing territory from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. </p><p>When Ranjit Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder. There was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar (court)</a>, and increasing tension between the Army, which also saw itself as the embodiment of the state and religion, and the Durbar. The East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Sikh Army to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-eos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hard-fought <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_war" title="First Anglo-Sikh war">first Anglo-Sikh war</a> ended in defeat for the Sikh army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_first_Anglo-Sikh_war">Aftermath of the first Anglo-Sikh war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the first Anglo-Sikh war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the war, the Sikh Empire was forced to cede some valuable territory (the <a href="/wiki/Jullundur_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jullundur Doab">Jullundur Doab</a>) to the East India Company, and <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, was allowed to acquire entire <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> from the Sikh Empire by a large cash payment to the East India Company. Some of the Sikh Army were forced to make an expedition to oust the Governor of Kashmir in favour of Gulab Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire,_by_John_McCosh,_Lahore,_ca.1848_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Maharaha Duleep Singh during his reign as a child monarch of the Sikh Empire, by John McCosh, Lahore, ca.1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The boy Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a> of the Sikh Empire was allowed to retain his throne, but a British Resident, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Henry Lawrence</a>, controlled the policy of the Durbar. Duleep Singh's mother, Maharani <a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a>, continually tried to regain some of her former influence as Regent and was eventually exiled by Lawrence. While some Sikh generals and courtiers welcomed her dismissal, others resented Lawrence's action.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Sikh Sardars were forced to considerably reduce their territorial and judicial control leaving only four Sardars in charge of the judiciary, with Sardar <a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a> controlling the area between the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, Sardar Kahan Singh Mann controlling <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Sardar Ram Singh Jallawala controlling the Chaj <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>, and Sardar <a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a> controlling the <a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a> including lands south east of the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> up to the hills and down to <a href="/wiki/Kasur" title="Kasur">Kasur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the Sikh Army had to be kept in being, since many predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> areas of the Sikh Empire threatened to ally with <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Mohammed Khan">Dost Mohammed Khan</a> in Afghanistan or to lapse into disorder, and only force of arms could keep them in subjugation. The British were unwilling to incur the financial and manpower costs of using large numbers of British or <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a> units for this task. To the contrary, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Viscount Hardinge</a> sought to make economies after the war by reducing the size of the Bengal Army by 50,000 men. The <a href="/wiki/Sardars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardars">Sardars</a> (generals) of the Sikh Army naturally resented carrying out the orders of comparatively <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence%27s_%22Young_Men%22" title="Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"">junior British administrators</a>. </p><p>Early in 1848, Sir Henry Lawrence, who was ill, departed on leave to England. Although it was assumed that his younger brother <a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">John Lawrence</a> would be appointed in his place, <a href="/wiki/James_Andrew_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a>, who had replaced Lord Hardinge as Governor-General, appointed Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Currie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet">Frederick Currie</a> instead. Currie was a legalist, based in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, who was unfamiliar with military matters and with the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Lawrences were comparatively informal and familiar with the junior officers who were Residents and Agents in the various districts of the Punjab, Currie was stiffer in manner and was inclined to treat his subordinates' reports with caution. In particular, he refused to act on reports from <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="James Abbott (Indian Army officer)">James Abbott</a>, the Political Agent in <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a>, who was convinced that Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwalla was actively plotting a rebellion with other <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sirdars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh_rebellions">Sikh rebellions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sikh rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multan_rebellion">Multan rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multan rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Multan was part of the Sikh kingdom, having been captured by Ranjit Singh in 1818. In 1848, it was governed by a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mulraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Mulraj">Dewan Mulraj</a>. After the end of the First Anglo-Sikh war, Mulraj had behaved independently. When he was required by the British-controlled Durbar in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> to pay an increased tax assessment and revenues which were in arrears, Mulraj attempted to give up power to his son, so as to maintain his family's position as rulers. Currie instead appointed Sardar Kahan Singh Mann to succeed to the governorship and appointed a British Political Agent, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Alexander_Vans_Agnew" title="Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew">Patrick Vans Agnew</a>, to accompany him. </p><p>On 18 April 1848, Kahan Singh and Vans Agnew arrived at Multan with another officer, Lieutenant William Anderson, and a small escort. Mulraj handed over the keys of the fortress, but as Vans Agnew's party attempted to take possession, they were attacked by a party of Mulraj's irregular troops, and a mob from the city. Both officers were wounded, and were rescued by Kahan Singh. They were taken to a mosque outside the city. Their escorts defected to Mulraj, and the two officers were murdered by the mob the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulraj later claimed that he had not instigated these attacks, but he was committed to rebellion because of them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented Vans Agnew's head to Kahan Singh and told him to take it back to Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news of the killings spread over the Punjab, and unrest and disquiet increased. Large numbers of Sikh soldiers deserted the regiments loyal to the Durbar to join those prepared to rebel under the leadership of Mulraj and disaffected Sirdars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Kinyeri">Battle of Kinyeri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Kinyeri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edwardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Edwardes">Herbert Edwardes</a>, the British Political Agent in <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a>, had been near Multan in April but was unable to save Vans Agnew. He hastily levied some <a href="/wiki/Pakhtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtun">Pakhtun</a> irregular troops. </p><p>On 18 June 1848, 8,000 Bhawalpuris under Futteh Mohammed Khan, aided by 3,000 Sikh irregulars under Lieutenant Edwardes, fought 8,000 Sikhs under Rung Ram. The Bhawalpuris were repulsed in an attack on the Sikh positions, but the arrival of Lieutenant Edwardes' guns turned the scale towards the favour of the Bhawalpuris, and at a second attempt the entrenchments were stormed and captured, with a loss to the victors of 300 men. The Sikhs lost 500 killed in the action, and many more during their flight to Multan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Suddusain">Battle of Suddusain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Suddusain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fought 1 July 1848, when a force of Bhawalpuris and British 18,000 strong, under Lieutenant Edwardes, encountered 12,000 Sikhs under Malraj. The Sikhs attacked, but were beaten off, largely owing to the superiority of the British artillery, and defeated with heavy loss. The Bhawalpuris then proceeded to chase the remaining scattered Sikhs all the way to <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Multan">Siege of Multan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siege of Multan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multan, defended by the Sikhs, under Mulraj, was besieged by Lieutenant Edwardes with about 1,200 men in July 1848. </p><p>On learning of the events at Multan, Currie wrote to Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Hugh Gough</a>, the Commander in Chief of the Bengal Army, recommending that a major British force should at once move upon Multan. However Gough, supported by Dalhousie, the Governor General, declined to order major units of the East India Company to the Punjab until the end of the hot weather and monsoon seasons, which would not be until November.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Currie ordered only a small force from the Bengal Army under General Whish, and several contingents of locally recruited irregulars and detachments of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> to join the siege. These forces joined Edwardes at Multan between 18 and 28 August. To the alarm of several Political Agents, the force from the Sikh Army included a large contingent commanded by Sardar <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a>, Chattar Singh's son. </p><p>Some Political Agents were already taking action to forestall outbreaks of rebellion. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="John Nicholson (East India Company officer)">John Nicholson</a>, leading irregular cavalry based at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, seized the vital fort of <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> from its Sikh garrison while they were still unprepared, or undecided on rebellion. Nicholson's force then linked up with James Abbott's local Hazara levies to capture the <a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a> which separated Hazara from the other parts of the Punjab. When Chattar Singh openly rebelled in August, his force was unable to leave Hazara without fighting a battle. Although Chattar Singh twice succeeded in capturing the passes through the hills, he nevertheless failed to take advantage of this (possibly because of dissension among his senior officers and continual harassment by pro-British irregulars), and retreated into Hazara. </p><p>On 14 September, Sher Singh's army openly rebelled at Multan. He did not join Mulraj however. He and Mulraj conferred at a carefully chosen neutral site, at which it was agreed that Mulraj would give some money from his treasury to Sher Singh's army, which would march north into the Central Punjab and ultimately rejoin Chattar Singh. Meanwhile, Whish was forced to raise the siege on 22 September. </p><p>As the cold weather began in November, substantial contingents from the East India Company's armies at last took the field. A contingent from the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay Army</a> (administered separately from the Bengal Army) had been ordered to reinforce Whish and besiege Multan. This force was delayed by a petty squabble over seniority and could arrive only when its first commander (who was senior to Whish and refused to serve under him) was replaced by a more junior officer. Whish's army was supplied and reinforced by sea and river transport up the rivers Indus and Chenab. Whish renewed the siege of Multan on 27 December, with 17,000 men and 64 guns. After a heavy bombardment the city was stormed on 2 January 1849. On 22 January, Mulraj surrendered the citadel. He was imprisoned for the remainder of his life. The ending of the siege allowed Whish, with large numbers of heavy guns, to reinforce the army under Sir Hugh Gough. </p><p>The British loss during the siege was 210 killed and 910 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lahore_rebellion">Lahore rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lahore rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Rungur_Muzl_Fort">Battle of Rungur Muzl Fort</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Rungur Muzl Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rungur Muzl fort was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a> and was the first sign of revolt from the Lahore Durbar. The Sikhs from the army saw the British troops coming in and attacked them with full force. The Sikhs won the battle but soon they surrendered as there was a very small force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (January 2021)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seige_of_Shahpur_Kandi_Fort">Seige of Shahpur Kandi Fort</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seige of Shahpur Kandi Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of 14 August 1848, Wazir Ram Singh Pathania with his small Rajput army attacked the fort of Shahpur Kandi which was situated on the bank of river Ravi and held it, but after the seige of fort from 3rd to 18th September 1848 by a strong force of <a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">John Lawrence</a> from Hoshiarpur, he alongside with 400 of his band took shelter at Rasual (Gujrat) Camp of The Sikh Commander <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a> and Basakha singh.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Ramnagar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></div> <p>Sir Hugh Gough led his main force against Sher Singh's army, which defended the line of the River Chenab for several weeks. On 22 November, the Sikhs repelled a British cavalry attack on a bridgehead on the eastern side of the river at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a>. Although they subsequently withdrew from their exposed bridgehead, the Sikhs captured a British gun and inflicted heavy losses. They regarded the battle as a victory and their morale was raised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Sadulpur">Battle of Sadulpur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle of Sadulpur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 December 1848, Gough despatched a cavalry force under Major General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thackwell" title="Joseph Thackwell">Joseph Thackwell</a> to cross the Chenab upstream of Ramnagar and turn the Sikh left, but Thackwell then paused to await infantry reinforcements, allowing the Sikhs to withdraw without interference.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gough claimed this indecisive action as a victory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Chillianwala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></div> <p>At the start of 1849, Amir <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Mohammed Khan">Dost Mohammed Khan</a> of Afghanistan sided with the rebellious Sikhs, who agreed to cede the city of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and its surrounding area which had been conquered by Ranjit Singh early in the nineteenth century. Dost Mohammed Khan's support of the Sikhs was cautious, but when 3,500 Afghan horsemen approached the vital fort of <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> on the Indus River, its garrison of Muslim troops installed earlier by Nicholson defected. This allowed Chattar Singh to move out of Hazara and march west and then south, intending to link up with Sher Singh's army. Dalhousie had earlier ordered Gough to halt operations while waiting for Multan to fall, which would allow Whish to reinforce him. Learning of the fall of Attock, he instead ordered Gough to destroy Sher Singh's army before Chattar Singh could join him. </p><p>Gough unexpectedly encountered Sher Singh's position near the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a> on 13 January 1849. Sher Singh had cunningly concealed his army, and Gough was faced with the choice of withdrawing, or attacking when it was late in the day. Gough unhesitatingly took the latter course. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a> was desperately fought. Gough's troops, attacking into thick scrub without effective artillery support, suffered heavy losses. Some units lost their colours (which was regarded as a disgrace) and part of one British cavalry regiment fled in panic, resulting in the loss of four guns, also reckoned a humiliation. Sher Singh's army was also hard hit, losing twelve of its own guns. </p><p>Three days of heavy rain followed, discouraging both sides from renewing battle. After both armies had faced each other for three days without renewing the action, both withdrew. Sher Singh continued northwards to join Chattar Singh, which made the battle into a strategic British defeat. Gough nevertheless claimed a victory, which Dalhousie scornfully dubbed as "perhaps poetical." </p><p>There was much alarm at the losses Gough had suffered. His tactics were severely criticised. Military experts in Britain described him as a "superannuated general who could not mount his horse without assistance" and he was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Charles James Napier</a>, who would require several weeks to arrive from England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some junior officers reckoned that the true cause of the setback lay lower down the ranks. Promotion in both the British and Bengal armies came slowly, and by the time officers were appointed to command regiments and brigades, they were too old, and worn out by harsh climate and disease. At Chillianwala, several senior officers had proved unable to command their units effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Dullah">Battle of Dullah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Dullah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Chillianwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a> sent a force of 100 cavalries along with 500 infantry of the Sikh Regiment and fought another battle with British on 16th January 1849 at Heights of Dullah, the Sikh chiefs supported Ram Singh Pathania and his Rajput men. In return, the British sent a huge force under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Wheler,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Wheler, 10th Baronet">Brigadier Wheeler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Gujrat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a>, the most decisive battle of the second Anglo-Sikh war</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Whish's force completed their siege works around Multan, their batteries opened fire and made a breach in the defences, which the infantry stormed. Mulraj surrendered on 22 January. The ending of the siege allowed Whish to reinforce Gough. In particular, Whish's division had large numbers of heavy guns, which the Sikhs lacked. </p><p>As Gough's army closed in on the Sikh Army, he sent <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a> to scout the Sikh Army's position.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sher Singh attempted a last outflanking move, sending cavalry to cross the Chenab, and re-cross in Gough's rear. They were thwarted by heavy rains which made the river difficult to cross, and by British irregular cavalry led by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burnett_Lumsden" title="Harry Burnett Lumsden">Harry Burnett Lumsden</a>. On 21 February, Gough attacked the Sikh Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a>. Here, he began the battle with a three-hour bombardment from almost 100 guns, which drove the Sikhs from their hasty entrenchments. He then sent his cavalry, led by Sir Joseph Thackwell, and horse artillery after them in a pursuit which lasted for four hours. The Sikhs began gradually retreating into rougher territory filled with Muslim villagers who mainly supported the British against the Sikhs. The Sikh loss was estimated at between 3,000 and 5,000 men and 53 guns; the British casualties were 96 killed and 700 wounded. </p><p>On 12 March, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Gilbert">Sir Walter Gilbert</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>. Some 20,000 men (mainly irregular cavalry) laid down their arms. The Afghan contingent hastily withdrew through <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, which the British reoccupied. <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> later signed a treaty acknowledging British possession of these cities. The British had also gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> which became the westernmost boundary of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. British rule was largely welcomed by the local Muslim population which had detested the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>. This was also due to the fact that the British reallowed the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Muslim call of prayer</a> to go on which had been banned by the Sikhs and the British also reconstructed many <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> which had been desecrated and left under decay by Sikh rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_photography">War photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: War photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War,_by_John_McCosh,_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg/220px-Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg/330px-Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg/440px-Apothecary_of_the_2nd_Bombay_European_Regiment_during_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a> of the 2nd Bombay European Regiment during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by John McCosh, 1849.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_McCosh" title="John McCosh">John McCosh</a>, a surgeon in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, is considered by some historians to be the first <a href="/wiki/War_photography" title="War photography">war photographer</a> known by name.<sup id="cite_ref-marien-2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marien-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-papadopoulos-2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papadopoulos-2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He produced a series of photographs documenting the Second Anglo-Sikh War. These consisted of portraits of fellow officers, key figures from the campaigns,<sup id="cite_ref-marien-2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marien-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administrators and their wives and daughters, including Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew,<sup id="cite_ref-hannavy-2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannavy-2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 911">: 911 </span></sup> Generals Gough and Napier, and Dewan Mulraj of Multan.<sup id="cite_ref-uni-st-andrews_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni-st-andrews-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taylor-2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also photographed local people and architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-taylor-2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> artillery emplacements and the destructive aftermath.<sup id="cite_ref-hannavy-2007_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannavy-2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War,_by_John_McCosh,_circa_April_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg/220px-Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg/330px-Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg/440px-Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_circa_April_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of captured Sikh guns parked in <a href="/wiki/Ambala_Cantonment" title="Ambala Cantonment">Ambala cantonment</a> in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by <a href="/wiki/John_McCosh" title="John McCosh">John McCosh</a>, circa April 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>Lord Dalhousie proclaimed Britain's annexation of the Punjab on April 2nd, 1849. His foreign secretary, Henry Meirs Elliot, arrived at Lahore to obtain the signatures of the members of the Council of Regency and <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> where Singh affixed his signatures to the document which confirmed the annexation. The Sikh defeat had several causes. Their administration of the population of the Punjab had been poor, which meant that their large armies found it difficult to find enough food while the East India Company had brought overwhelming force against them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Sikh wars gave the two sides a mutual respect for each other's fighting prowess (although the war itself had been unchivalrously fought; the Sikhs took no prisoners at Chillianwala, and the British had taken no prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Gujrat</a>). There was an increased recruitment of people from various communities of the Punjab in the Punjab Irregular Force under British command. These recruits fought for the East India Company during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, against the mutineers and other opponents (mostly high-caste Hindus from Eastern provinces, and forces or loyalists of Shia, Maratha and Mughal rulers). These Punjabi recruits had especially little sympathy with the Hindu mutineers of the Bengal Army, ironically contributed to by the latter's role in helping the British in the Anglo-Sikh wars. A long history of enmity of the Sikhs with Mughal rule did not help the mutineers' cause either, given their choice of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> as a symbolic leader.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_honour">Battle honour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle honour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle honour "<i><a href="/wiki/Punjaub" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjaub">Punjaub</a></i>" was distributed with a free hand to all regiments employed in the operations of the Anglo-Sikh Wars during 1848–49 vide Gazette of the Governor General 277 of 1849, and the list of regiments honoured was issued vide. GoGG 803 of 1853. The Bombay Army was awarded separately and the spelling was changed from 'Punjaub' to 'Punjab' vide <i><a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazette of India">Gazette of India</a></i> No. 1079 of 1910. Forty of the honoured units of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a> were consumed by the Mutiny. India has now raised a memorial at <a href="/wiki/Ferozepore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferozepore">Ferozepore</a> to pay homage to men of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> who laid down their lives in the Anglo-Sikh Wars and the battle honour is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Repugnant_battle_honours_of_the_Indian_Army" title="Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army">repugnant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eos_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHasrat" class="citation web cs1">Hasrat, B. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Anglo-Sikh War I (1845–46)"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</i>. Punjabi University Patiala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Anglo-Sikh+War+I+%281845%E2%80%9346%29&rft.aulast=Hasrat&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hernon 2002, p. 575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hernon 2002, p. 576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs (1839–1974), Vol. II, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 2000, pp. 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 2000, pp. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hernon 2002, p. 578</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 2000, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malleson, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_sikh">"Heritage History"</a>. <i>heritage-history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage-history.com&rft.atitle=Heritage+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage-history.com%2Findex.php%3Fc%3Dresources%26s%3Dwar-dir%26f%3Dwars_sikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/surnames/pathania">"Pathania Genealogy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathania+Genealogy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fsurnames%2Fpathania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himachalarchives.blogspot.com/2022/06/wazir-ram-singh-pathania-and-memory-of.html">"Wazir Ram Singh Pathania, and the memory of Shahpurkandi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>According to official documents, Wazir Ram Singh confessed during his trial that in 1848, Maharani Jindan Kaur despatched messages to different princely states of the hills, to which Nurpur, Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, and Paramanand (equivalent to Hoshiarpur in Punjab) replied. In his own confession, he describes how he was asked to work with Bhai Maharaj Singh. Ram Singh met Bhai Maharaj Singh in Jhang and was given large quantities of money with instructions to wait and prepare for the battle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wazir+Ram+Singh+Pathania%2C+and+the+memory+of+Shahpurkandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimachalarchives.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F06%2Fwazir-ram-singh-pathania-and-memory-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButalia1998" class="citation book cs1">Butalia, Romesh C. (1998). <i>The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857</i>. Allied Publishers. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170238720" title="Special:BookSources/9788170238720"><bdi>9788170238720</bdi></a>. <q>The battle of Sadulpur: After their defeat at Ramnagar, the British decided to move a large force higher up across the river and then attack Ramnagar by a flanking advance along the river. Along with two troops of horse artillery, two light field batteries, part of the cavalry brigade and about three infantry brigades, Brigadier Thackwell closed further up on 1 and 2 December, and on 3 December reached near the village of Sadulpur where he halted to receive more reinforcements. The Sikhs were holding the position with their artillery and infantry in the centre and the cavalry on the wings. As soon as the Sikh artillery opened up, the British withdrew. The Sikhs then advanced with their cavalry under cover of their artillery but the advance was checked by the British horse artillery and cavalry. Thereafter the battle was mainly between opposing guns, and lasted about two hours. The British had 24 killed and 57 wounded. The Sikhs slowly withdrew at night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Artillery+in+India%3A+From+the+Battle+of+Plassey+%281757%29+to+the+Revolt+of+1857&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788170238720&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Romesh+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButani1986" class="citation book cs1">Butani, D. H. (1986). <i>The Third Sikh War?: Towards Or Away from Khalistan?</i>. Promilla. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185002026" title="Special:BookSources/9788185002026"><bdi>9788185002026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Sikh+War%3F%3A+Towards+Or+Away+from+Khalistan%3F&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Promilla&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9788185002026&rft.aulast=Butani&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1973" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1973). <i>Essays in Indian History, in Honour of Cuthbert Collin Davies</i>. Asia Publishing House. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780210223420" title="Special:BookSources/9780210223420"><bdi>9780210223420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Indian+History%2C+in+Honour+of+Cuthbert+Collin+Davies&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780210223420&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James 1997, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 2000, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenHodson1859" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, William; Hodson, Raikes (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Ravee&pg=PA84"><i>Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India: Being Extracts from the Letters ...</i></a> pp. 84–85<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Years+of+a+Soldier%27s+Life+in+India%3A+Being+Extracts+from+the+Letters+...&rft.pages=84-85&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hodson%2C+Raikes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXgOAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DRavee%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/battle-of-goojerat/">"Battle of Goojerat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Goojerat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbattles.com%2Fsecond-sikh-war%2Fbattle-of-goojerat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marien-2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marien-2006_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marien-2006_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Warner_Marien2006" class="citation book cs1">Mary Warner Marien (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolmLbz8igC"><i>Photography: A Cultural History</i></a>. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856694933" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856694933"><bdi>978-1856694933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1856694933&rft.au=Mary+Warner+Marien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsolmLbz8igC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papadopoulos-2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-papadopoulos-2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKari_Andén-Papadopoulos2011" class="citation book cs1">Kari Andén-Papadopoulos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jp3CLLxyngUC"><i>Amateur Images and Global News</i></a>. Intellect Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841506005" title="Special:BookSources/9781841506005"><bdi>9781841506005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateur+Images+and+Global+News&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781841506005&rft.au=Kari+And%C3%A9n-Papadopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djp3CLLxyngUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannavy-2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hannavy-2007_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hannavy-2007_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hannavy2007" class="citation book cs1">John Hannavy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ8DHBay4_EC"><i>Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 1467–1471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135873264" title="Special:BookSources/9781135873264"><bdi>9781135873264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nineteenth-century+Photography&rft.pages=1467-1471&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781135873264&rft.au=John+Hannavy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ8DHBay4_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uni-st-andrews-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uni-st-andrews_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/imu/imu.php?request=browse&irn=993">"John McCosh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+McCosh&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fimu%2Fimu.php%3Frequest%3Dbrowse%26irn%3D993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor-2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor-2007_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor-2007_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_TaylorLarry_John_Schaaf2007" class="citation book cs1">Roger Taylor; Larry John Schaaf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnfBcmW-OkYC"><i>Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. pp. 121–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300124057" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300124057"><bdi>978-0300124057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impressed+by+Light%3A+British+Photographs+from+Paper+Negatives%2C+1840%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=121-124&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300124057&rft.au=Roger+Taylor&rft.au=Larry+John+Schaaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnfBcmW-OkYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh 1993, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2000). <i>Soldier Sahibs</i>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0"><bdi>0-349-11456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier+Sahibs&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-349-11456-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernon2002" class="citation book cs1">Hernon, Ian (2002). <i>Britain's Forgotten Wars</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3162-0"><bdi>0-7509-3162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Forgotten+Wars&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7509-3162-0&rft.aulast=Hernon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1997" class="citation book cs1">James, Lawrence (1997). <i>Raj, Making and unmaking of British India</i>. Abacus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raj%2C+Making+and+unmaking+of+British+India&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1914" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, George Bruce (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9996"><i>Decisive Battles of India</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Battles+of+India&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=George+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.9996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1993" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarbans (1993). <i>Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757–1971</i>. New Delhi: Vision Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7094-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7094-115-6"><bdi>81-7094-115-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Honours+of+the+Indian+Army+1757%E2%80%931971&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-7094-115-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarbans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Byron_Farwell" title="Byron Farwell">Farwell, Byron</a> (1973). <i>Queen Victoria's Little Wars</i>. Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840222166" title="Special:BookSources/1840222166"><bdi>1840222166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%27s+Little+Wars&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=1840222166&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Greenwood" title="Adrian Greenwood">Greenwood, Adrian</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html"><i>Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde</i></a>, UK: History Press, p. 496, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750956857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750956857"><bdi>978-0750956857</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%27s+Scottish+Lion%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Campbell%2C+Lord+Clyde&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0750956857&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fvictoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence-Archer1878" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence-Archer, J. H. (James Henry) (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentariesonpu00lawr"><i>Commentaries on the Punjab Campaign, 1848–49. Including some additions to the history of the Second Sikh War, from original sources</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Allen Ltd">W. H. Allen Ltd</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Punjab+Campaign%2C+1848%E2%80%9349.+Including+some+additions+to+the+history+of+the+Second+Sikh+War%2C+from+original+sources&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+Ltd&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Lawrence-Archer&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+%28James+Henry%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentariesonpu00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Anglo-Sikh+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Sikh_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Indo–British conflicts </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a 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