CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anushilan Samiti - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b1c69de8-4674-4a87-9fc0-caf783e1688b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anushilan_Samiti","wgTitle":"Anushilan Samiti","wgCurRevisionId":1252597433,"wgRevisionId":1252597433,"wgArticleId":4131168,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Indian English from July 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Articles containing Bengali-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016","Anushilan Samiti","British India","Decolonization","Politics of India","Political movements in India","Political history of India","Indian independence movement","Revolutionary movement for Indian independence","1906 establishments in India","Hindu–German Conspiracy","Organizations established in 1906","Resistance to the British Empire"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anushilan_Samiti","wgRelevantArticleId":4131168,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3345546","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1954"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1303"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1042"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anushilan Samiti - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anushilan_Samiti rootpage-Anushilan_Samiti skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anushilan+Samiti" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anushilan+Samiti" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anushilan+Samiti" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anushilan+Samiti" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nationalism and violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Final phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cadre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indian philosophies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>European influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okakura_and_Nivedita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okakura_and_Nivedita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Okakura and Nivedita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okakura_and_Nivedita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Major influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_reaction_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_reaction_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Police reaction and reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_reaction_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_Law_Amendment_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_Law_Amendment_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Criminal Law Amendment 1908</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_Law_Amendment_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_India_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_India_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Defence of India Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_India_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowlatt_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowlatt_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rowlatt act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowlatt_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bengal Criminal Law Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Revolutionary nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Indian independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Social influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Communism in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anushilan Samiti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অনুশীলন সমিতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুশীলন সমিতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="અનુશીલન સમિતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અનુશીલન સમિતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अनुशीलन समिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुशीलन समिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അനുശീലൻ സമിതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുശീലൻ സമിതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="अनुशीलन समिती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनुशीलन समिती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अनुशीलन समिति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अनुशीलन समिति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਨੁਸ਼ੀਲਨ ਸਮਿਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨੁਸ਼ੀਲਨ ਸਮਿਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Анушилан самити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анушилан самити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="अनुशीलनसमितिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अनुशीलनसमितिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="அனுசீலன் சமித்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனுசீலன் சமித்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="అనుశీలన్ సమితి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అనుశీలన్ సమితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="实践协会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="实践协会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3345546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anushilan_Samiti" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anushilan_Samiti" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anushilan_Samiti" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&oldid=1252597433" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anushilan_Samiti&id=1252597433&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnushilan_Samiti"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnushilan_Samiti"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anushilan_Samiti&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3345546" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fitness club and anti-British underground revolutionary organization</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Anushilan Samiti</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/200px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Anushilan Samiti</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">24 March 1902<span class="noprint">; 122 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1902-03-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1930s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Secret Revolutionary Society</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Indian Independence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:white"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anushilan Samiti</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/80px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/120px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/160px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Influence</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Militant nationalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">1905 Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshadacharan_Samadhyayi" title="Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi">M. C. Samadhyayi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Anushilan Samiti</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anushilan_Samiti" title="History of the Anushilan Samiti">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Mallik" title="Subodh Chandra Mallik">Raja Subodh Mallik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramathanath_Mitra" title="Pramathanath Mitra">Pramathanath Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Sarala Devi Chaudhurani">Sarala Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">C.R. Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Tagore" title="Surendranath Tagore">Surendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Jatindra Nath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barindra_Kumar_Ghosh" title="Barindra Kumar Ghosh">Barin Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manabendra Nath Roy">Naren Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatin Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Category:Anushilan Samiti"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Notable events</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_v._Aurobindo_Ghosh_and_others" title="Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and others">Alipore Bomb Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Indo-German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Category:Anushilan Samiti"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Related topics</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fraser_(civil_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fraser (civil servant)">Sir Andrew Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Criminal_Intelligence" title="Department of Criminal Intelligence">Department of Criminal Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stuart" title="Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stevenson-Moore" title="Charles Stevenson-Moore">Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Sir Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V.D. Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Madam Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Anarchism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Socialism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Template:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Template talk:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Anushilan Samiti</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">অনুশীলন সমিতি</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Practice Association') was an Indian fitness club, which was actually used as an underground society for anti-British revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first quarter of the 20th century it supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule in India">British rule in India</a>. The organisation arose <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anushilan_Samiti" title="History of the Anushilan Samiti">from a conglomeration</a> of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></span></span> (centred in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> group (centred in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>). </p><p>From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary organisations in India</a> and abroad. It was led by the nationalists <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghosh">Aurobindo Ghosh</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Barindra_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Barindra Ghosh">Barindra Ghosh</a>, influenced by philosophies like <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Italian Nationalism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kakuzo_Okakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuzo Okakura">Kakuzo Okakura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a> used to be the Jugantor group's principal bomb maker until <a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Quanungo</a> returned from Paris having learned bomb making and explosive chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993116-117_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993116-117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">early attempts</a> to assassinate <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> officials. These were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi-Lahore_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy">1912 attempt</a> on the life of the Viceroy of India, led by <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basanta_Kumar_Biswas" title="Basanta Kumar Biswas">Basanta Kumar Biswas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">Seditious conspiracy</a> during World War I, led by <a href="/wiki/Jatindranath_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatindranath Mukherjee">Jatindranath Mukherjee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Gandhian non-violent movement</a>. A section of the group, notably those associated with <a href="/wiki/Sachindranath_Sanyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachindranath Sanyal">Sachindranath Sanyal</a>, remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Republican_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Republican Association">Hindustan Republican Association</a> in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a>, were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time. </p><p>The Samiti's violent and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when it was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a>, and other actions against the colonial administration of British India. </p><p>Shortly after its inception, the organisation became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operation which led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch" title="Special Branch">Special branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Police">Calcutta Police</a>. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against the <i>Samiti</i> at various times included <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Nathan">Sir Robert Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harold_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Stevenson-Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore">Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tegart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Tegart">Sir Charles Tegart</a>. The threat posed by the activities of the <i>Samiti</i> in Bengal during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, along with the threat of a <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar mutiny">Ghadarite uprising in Punjab</a>, led to the passage of <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a>. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt committee">Rowlatt committee</a> recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>) to thwart any possible revival of the <i>Samiti</i> in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. After the war, the activities of the party led to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment" title="Bengal Criminal Law Amendment">Bengal Criminal Law Amendment</a> in the early 1920s, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. However, the <i>Anushilan Samiti</i> gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, while others identified more closely with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. The <i>Jugantar</i> branch formally dissolved in 1938. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of the Indian middle class during the 19th century led to a growing sense of Indian identity<sup id="cite_ref-Mitra63_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra63-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that fed a rising tide of nationalism in India in the last decades of the 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/A.O._Hume" class="mw-redirect" title="A.O. Hume">A.O. Hume</a> provided a major platform for the demands of political liberalisation, increased autonomy and social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationalist movement became particularly strong, radical and violent in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and, later, in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. Notable, if smaller, movements also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Madras">Madras</a> and other areas in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement in Maharashtra, especially Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and Poona, preceded most revolutionary movements in the country. This movement was supported ideologically by <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, who may also have offered covert active support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Indian Association was founded in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (formerly Calcutta) in 1876 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a>. The Association became the mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. It sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolkata – formerly Calcutta was at the time the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the students who attended the political meetings began to organise "secret societies" that cultivated a culture of physical strength and nationalist feelings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anushilan_Samiti" title="History of the Anushilan Samiti">History of the Anushilan Samiti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1902, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India: one founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister <a href="/wiki/Pramatha_Mitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramatha Mitra">Pramatha Mitra</a>, another led by <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Devi" title="Sarala Devi">Sarala Devi</a>, and the third founded by <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghose">Aurobindo Ghose</a>. Ghose and his brother <a href="/wiki/Barin_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Barin Ghosh">Barin</a> were among the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen244_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen244-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar Patrika</a>(Yugantar)</i>, had a widespread influence on Bengal youth and helped Anushilan Samiti to gain popularity in Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/1905_partition_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 partition of Bengal">1905 partition of Bengal</a> stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a> community, helping the Samiti to acquire the support of educated, politically conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. The Samiti's program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and lathis (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> branch was led by <a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a>, and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 500 branches were opened in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">eastern Bengal and Assam</a>, linked by "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. This branch soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti emerged in <a href="/wiki/Jessore_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessore (city)">Jessore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Faridpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajnagar_Upazila" title="Rajnagar Upazila">Rajnagar</a>, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj, with an estimated membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan changed its aims from those of the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a> to that of political terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisation's political views were expressed in the journal <i>Jugantar</i>, founded in March 1906 by <a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a>, Barindra, <a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhupendranath Dutt">Bhupendranath Dutt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debabrata_Basu" title="Debabrata Basu">Debabrata Basu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanyalp30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyalp30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became an organ for the radical views of Aurobindo and other Anushilan leaders, and led to the Calcutta Samiti group being dubbed the "Jugantar party".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Early leaders were <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatindranath_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatindranath Mukherjee">Jatindranath Mukherjee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen244_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen244-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurobindo published similar messages of violent nationalism in journals such as <i>Sandhya</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navashakti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navashakti (page does not exist)">Navashakti</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bande Mataram">Bande Mataram</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_violence">Nationalism and violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nationalism and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi conspiracy case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">Alipore bomb case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a></div> <p>The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti broke with the Jugantar group in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> due to disagreements with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a mass base for revolution. The Dhaka group instead sought immediate action and results through political terrorism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The two branches of the Samiti engaged in <a href="/wiki/Dacoity" title="Dacoity">dacoity</a> to raise money, and performed a number of political assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1907, the Bengal branch derailed a train carrying Bengal Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Henderson_Leith_Fraser" title="Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser">Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser</a> in a plot led by the Ghosh brothers. In the same month, the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated former Dhaka district magistrate D. C. Allen. The following year, the Samiti engineered eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and explosions and eight dacoities in West Bengal. Their targets included British police officials and civil servants, Indian police officers, informants, public prosecutors of political crimes, and wealthy families.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell108-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Barin Ghosh's direction, the Samiti's members also attempted to assassinate French colonial officials in <a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">Chandernagore</a> who were seen as complicit with the Raj. </p><p>Anushilan Samiti established early links with foreign movements and Indian nationalists abroad. In 1907 <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Kanungo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hem Chandra Kanungo">Hem Chandra Kanungo</a> (Hem Chandra Das) went to Paris by selling his land property to learn bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, young recruits <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a> were sent on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> to assassinate chief presidency magistrate D. H. Kingsford.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They bombed a carriage they mistook for Kingsford's,<sup id="cite_ref-Roy5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing two Englishwomen. Bose was arrested while attempting to flee and Chaki committed suicide. Police investigation of the killers connected them with Barin's country house in <a href="/wiki/Manicktala" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicktala">Manicktala</a> (a suburb of Calcutta) and led to a number of arrests, including Aurobindo and Barin.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing trial, held under tight security, led to a death sentence for Barin (later commuted to life imprisonment). The case against Aurobindo Ghosh collapsed after Naren Gosain, who had turned crown witness, was shot in <a href="/wiki/Alipore_jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore jail">Alipore jail</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendranath_Basu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satyendranath Basu (page does not exist)">Satyendranath Basu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a>, who were also being tried.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aurobindo retired from active politics after being acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy105_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy105-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nandalal Bannerjee (the officer who arrested Khudiram) was shot and killed in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909. </p><p>After Aurobindo's retirement, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more prominent leader in <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a> and emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a>. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, establishing hideouts in the <a href="/wiki/Sunderbans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderbans">Sunderbans</a> for members who had gone underground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The group slowly reorganised, aided by <a href="/wiki/Amarendra_Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarendra Chatterjee">Amarendra Chatterjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">Naren Bhattacharya</a> and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members, including <a href="/wiki/Taraknath_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraknath Das">Taraknath Das</a>, left India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over the next two years, the organisation operated under the cover of two apparently-separate groups: Sramajeebi Samabaya (the Labourer's Cooperative) and S.D. Harry and Sons.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time Jatin attempted to establish contacts with the <a href="/wiki/10th_Jat_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Jat Regiment">10th Jat Regiment</a>, garrisoned at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William (India)">Fort William</a> in Calcutta, and Narendra Nath committed a number of robberies to raise money.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shamsul Alam, a Bengal police officer preparing a conspiracy case against the group, was assassinated by Jatin associate Biren Dutta Gupta. His assassination led to the arrests which precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan members shot dead Sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, two Bengali police officers investigating unrest linked to the group, in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>. This was followed by the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Crime_Investigation_Department_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Investigation Department (India)">CID</a> head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, Jugantar bombed a car in Calcutta, mistaking an Englishman for police officer Godfrey Denham. <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a> (described as "the most dangerous revolutionary in India")<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extended the group's reach into <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">north India</a>, where he found work in the Indian Forest Institute in <a href="/wiki/Dehra_Dun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehra Dun">Dehra Dun</a>. Bose forged links with radical nationalists in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>, including those later connected to <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell167_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell167-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1912 transfer of the imperial capital to New Delhi, Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hardinge">Charles Hardinge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdah</a> was bombed; his <a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">mahout</a> was killed, and Hardinge was seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246–247_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246–247-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_assassination_attempt_on_Lord_Charles_Hardinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/An_assassination_attempt_on_Lord_Charles_Hardinge.jpg/220px-An_assassination_attempt_on_Lord_Charles_Hardinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/An_assassination_attempt_on_Lord_Charles_Hardinge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Assassination attempt on viceroy Hardinge by Biswas</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company arms heist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaghaJatin13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of young, seated, injured man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BaghaJatin13.jpg/170px-BaghaJatin13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BaghaJatin13.jpg/255px-BaghaJatin13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BaghaJatin13.jpg/340px-BaghaJatin13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>, wounded after his final battle on the banks of Burha Balang off <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As war between Germany and Britain began to seem likely, Indian nationalists at home and abroad decided to use the war for the nationalist cause. Through Kishen Singh, the Bengal Samiti cell was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a> when Dayal visited India in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dayal was associated with India House, then headed by V. D. Savarkar. By 1910, Dayal was working closely with Rash Behari Bose.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai320_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai320-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the decline of India House, Dayal moved to San Francisco after working briefly with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a>. Nationalism among Indian immigrants (particularly students and the working class) was gaining ground in the United States. Taraknath Das, who left Bengal for the United States in 1907, was among the Indian students who engaged in political work. In California, Dayal became a leading organiser of Indian nationalism amongst predominantly-Punjabi immigrant workers and was a key member of the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Naren_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naren Bhattacharya">Naren Bhattacharya</a>, Jatin met the crown prince of Germany during the latter's 1912 visit to Calcutta and obtained an assurance that arms and ammunition would be supplied to them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jatin learned about Bose's work from <a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a> on a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Brindavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindavan">Brindavan</a>. Returning to Bengal, he began reorganising the group. Bose went into hiding in <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> after the 1912 attempt on Hardinge but he met Jatin towards the end of 1913, outlining prospects for a pan-Indian revolution. In 1914 Bose, the Maharashtrian <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Ganesh Pingle</a> and Sikh militants planned simultaneous troop uprisings for February 1915. In Bengal, Anushilan and Jugantar launched what has been described by historians as "a reign of terror in both the cities and the countryside ... [which] ... came close to achieving their key goal of paralysing the administration". An atmosphere of fear severely affected morale in both the police and courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell201_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell201-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1914, Jugantar seized a large amount of arms and ammunition from the <a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company</a>, a Calcutta arms dealer, and used them in robberies in Calcutta for the next two years. In 1915, only six revolutionaries were successfully tried. </p><p>Both the February 1915 plot and a December 1915 plot were thwarted by British intelligence. Jatin and a number of fellow revolutionaries were killed in a firefight with police at <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>, in present-day Orissa, which brought Jugantar to a temporary end. The <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a> led to widespread arrests, internments, deportations and executions of members of the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests helped Bengal police crush the <a href="/wiki/Dacca_Anushilan_Samiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca Anushilan Samiti">Dacca Anushilan Samiti</a> in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulation III and the Defence of India Act were enforced throughout Bengal in August 1916. By June 1917, 705 people were under house arrest under the Act and 99 were imprisoned under Regulation III.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bengal, revolutionary violence fell to 10 incidents in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates118_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates118-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to official lists, 186 revolutionaries were killed or convicted by 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014p107-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the Defence of India Act was extended by the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>, the passage of which was a prime target of the protests of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">M. K. Gandhi</a>'s non-cooperation movement. Many revolutionaries released after the war escaped to Burma to avoid repeated incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war"><span class="anchor" id="Post_World_War_I"></span>After the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></div> <p>The first non-cooperation movement, the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt Satyagraha">Rowlatt Satyagrahas</a> led by Gandhi, was active from 1919 to 1922. It received widespread support from prominent members of the Indian independence movement. In Bengal, Jugantar agreed to a request by <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a> (a respected leader of the Indian National Congress) to refrain from violence. Although Anushilan Samiti did not adhere to the agreement, it sponsored no major actions between 1920 and 1922. During the next few years, Jugantar and the Samiti became active again. The resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti during the 1920s led to the passage of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance in 1924. The act restored extraordinary powers of detention to the police; by 1927 more than 200 suspects were imprisoned under the act, including <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, curtailing the resurgence of nationalist violence in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hees2010p171-172_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hees2010p171-172-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Branches of Jugantar formed in Chittagong and Dhaka, in present-day Bangladesh. The Chittagong branch, led by <a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a>, robbed the Chittagong office of the Assam-Bengal Railway in December 1923. In January 1924 a young Bengali, Gopi Mohan Saha, shot dead a European he mistook for Calcutta police commissioner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a>. The assassin was praised by the Bengali press and, to Gandhi's chagrin, proclaimed a martyr by the Bengal branch of the Congress. Around this time, Jugantar became closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Corporation">Calcutta Corporation</a>, headed by Das and Subhas Chandra Bose, and terrorists (and ex-terrorists) became significant factors in local Bengali government. </p><p>In 1923 another group linked to Anushilan Samiti, the Hindustan Republican Association, was founded in Benares by <a href="/wiki/Sachindranath_Sanyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachindranath Sanyal">Sachindranath Sanyal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee</a>, helping to radicalise north India. It soon had branches from Calcutta to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. A series of successful dacoities in Uttar Pradesh were followed by a train robbery in Kakori, and subsequent investigations and two trials broke the organization. Several years later, it was reborn as the <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a> (HSRA). </p><p>In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> came out in favour of independence from Britain. Bengal had quietened over a four-year period, and the government released most of those interned under the Act of 1925 despite an unsuccessful attempt to forge an alliance between Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti. Some younger radicals struck out in new directions, and many (young and old) took part in Congress activities such as the 1928 anti-<a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> protests. Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> died of injuries received when police broke up a Lahore protest march in October, and <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> and other members of the HSRA avenged his death in December; Singh also later bombed the legislative assembly. He and other HSRA members were arrested, and three went on a hunger strike in jail; Bengali bomb-maker <a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a> persisted in his strike until his death in September 1929. The Calcutta Corporation passed a condolence resolution after his death, as did Congress when Bhagat Singh was executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_phase"><span class="anchor" id="Last_phase"></span>Final phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a serious-looking man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/200px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/300px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg/400px-Surya_Sen_before_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a>, Jugantar leader and mastermind of the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong raid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Congress-led movement picked up its pace during the early 1930s, some former revolutionaries identified with the Gandhian political movement and became influential Congressmen (notably <a href="/wiki/Surendra_Mohan_Ghose" title="Surendra Mohan Ghose">Surendra Mohan Ghose</a>). Many Bengali Congressmen also maintained links with the Samiti. Simultaneously with the nonviolent protests of the Gandhi-led <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a>, in April 1930, a group led by <a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a> raided the Chittagong Armoury. In 1930 eleven British officials were killed, notably during the Writer's Building raid of December 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a>. Three successive district magistrates in <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> were assassinated, and dozens of other actions were carried out during the first half of the decade. By 1931 a record 92 violent incidents were recorded, including the murders of the British magistrates of <a href="/wiki/Tippera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippera">Tippera</a> and Midnapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chowdhry2000p138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, soon afterwards, in 1934, the revolutionary movement in Bengal ended. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg/75px-Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg/113px-Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg/150px-Benoy_Krishna_Basu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badal_gupta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Badal_gupta.jpg/79px-Badal_gupta.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Badal_gupta.jpg/119px-Badal_gupta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Badal_gupta.jpg/158px-Badal_gupta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg/125px-Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg/188px-Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dinesh_Gupta_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="172" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a> were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/B.B.D._Bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B.D. Bagh">Dalhousie square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A large portion of the Samiti movement was attracted to left-wing politics during the 1930s, and those who did not join left-wing parties identified with Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a>. During the mass detentions of the 1930s surrounding the civil-disobedience movement, many members joined Congress. Jugantar was formally dissolved in 1938; many former members continued to act together under Surendra Mohan Ghose, who was a liaison between other Congress politicians and Aurobindo Ghose in Pondicherry. During the late 1930s, Marxist-leaning members of the Samiti in the CSP announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (RSP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. The Samiti was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktala conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries described by Frost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the Samiti were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports. </p><p>According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti at one point had 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, and 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents show a primary division between the two active leaders, Barin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file. Higher leaders such as Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Past members of the Samiti asserted that the groups were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However, historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Peter Heehs</a> concluded that the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India, and that relationships among the different revolutionary groups were more often competitive than co-operative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An internal document of circa 1908 written by <a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a> describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadre">Cadre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cadre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parul_Mukherjee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parul_Mukherjee.png/220px-Parul_Mukherjee.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parul_Mukherjee.png/330px-Parul_Mukherjee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parul_Mukherjee.png/440px-Parul_Mukherjee.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parul_Mukherjee" title="Parul Mukherjee">Parul Mukherjee</a>, arrested in 1935, had roles in recruiting women to Anushilan Samiti</figcaption></figure> <p>Samiti membership was predominantly made up of Hindus, at least initially, which was ascribed to the religious oath of initiation being unacceptable to Muslims. Each member was assigned to one or more of three roles: collection of funds, implementation of planned actions and propaganda. In practice, however, the fundamental division was between <i>military</i> work and <i>civil</i> work. Dals (teams) consisting of five or ten members led by a <i>dalpati</i> (team leader) were grouped together in local Samiti led by <i>adhyakshas</i> (executive officers) and other officers. These reported to district officers appointed by and responsible to the central Dhaka organization, commanded by Pulin Das and those who deputised for him during his periods of imprisonment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Samitis were divided into four functional groups: violence, organisation, keepers of arms, and householders. Communications were carried by special couriers and written in secret code. These practices and others were inspired by literary sources and were partly a concession to the desire of young men to act out romantic drama. Less is known about the Jugantar network, which took the place of the Manicktala society after the <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">Alipore bomb case</a>. It faced divisions similar to the Samiti. Historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Leonard Gordon</a> notes that at least in the period between 1910 and 1915, the dals in the Jugantar network were separate units, led by a dada (lit: elder brother). The dada was also <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, teaching those under his command practical skills, revolutionary ideology, and strategy. Gordon suggests that the dada system developed out of pre-existing social structures in rural Bengal. Dadas both co-operated and competed with each other for men, money, and material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many members of the Samiti came from upper castes. By 1918, nearly 90% of the revolutionaries killed or convicted were <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vaidya" title="Vaidya">Vaidyas</a>; rests are from agricultural or pastoral castes like <a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Mahishya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sadgop" title="Sadgop">Yadav</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014p107-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Samiti spread its influence to other parts of the country, particularly north India, it began to draw in people of other religions and of varying religious commitments. For example, many who joined the Hindustan Republican Socialist Association were <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a> and many were militant <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chowdhry2000p138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1930s, members with a more secular outlook were beginning to participate. Some components of the Samiti also included prominent participation from women, including <a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a> who led a Jugantar attack during the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Armoury_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Armoury raid">Chittagong Armoury raid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Dutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpana Dutta">Kalpana Dutta</a> who manufactured bombs at Chittagong.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_philosophies">Indian philosophies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Samiti was influenced by the writings of the Bengali nationalist author <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>. The name of the organisation, Anushilan, is derived from Bankim's works espousing hard work and spartan life. Bankim's cultural and martial nationalism, exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with his reinterpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavat Gita">Bhagavat Gita</a>, were strong influences on the strain of nationalism that inspired the early societies that later became Anushilan Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisson1988p83_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson1988p83-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A search of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti library in 1908 showed that Bankim's Bhagavat Gita was the most widely read book in the library.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisson1988p84_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson1988p84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophies and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> were later added to this philosophy. The "Rules of Membership" in the Dacca library strongly recommended reading his books.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisson1988p84_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson1988p84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books emphasised "Strong muscles and nerves of steel", which some historians consider to be strongly influenced by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta Philosophy">Shakta Philosophy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This interest in physical improvement and proto-national spirit among young Bengalis was driven by an effort to break away from the stereotype of effeminacy that the British had imposed on the Bengalis. Physical fitness was symbolic of the recovery of masculinity, and part of a larger moral and spiritual training to cultivate control over the body, and develop national pride and a sense of social responsibility and service.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandyopadhyaya260_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandyopadhyaya260-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heehs3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Heehs, writing in 2010, notes the Samiti had three pillars in their ideologies: "cultural independence", "political independence", and "economic independence".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In terms of economic independence, the Samiti diverged from the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi">Swadeshi</a> movement, which they decried as a "trader's movement".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_influences">European influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></div><p> When the Samiti first came into prominence following the Muzaffarpur killings, its ideology was felt to be influenced by European <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> resisted the notion that its action might be the manifestation of political grievance by concluding that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Murderous methods hitherto unknown in India ... have been imported from the West, ... which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160paras1-2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160paras1-2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However others disagreed. <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a> was of the opinion that the political violence exemplified by the Samiti was a manifestation of Indian antagonism to the government,<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160paras1-2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160paras1-2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there were also influences of European nationalism and philosophies of liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1860s and 1870s, large numbers of akhras (gymnasiums) arose in Bengal that were consciously designed along the lines of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HeehsMAS534_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeehsMAS534-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were influenced by the works of Italian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy movement</a>. Aurobindo himself studied the revolutionary nationalism of Ireland, France and America.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Hem Chandra Das">Hem Chandra Das</a>, during his stay in Paris, is also noted to have interacted with European radical nationalists in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returning to India an atheist with Marxist leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014p107-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okakura_and_Nivedita">Okakura and Nivedita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Okakura and Nivedita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakuzo_Okakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuzo Okakura">Kakuzo Okakura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></div> <p>Foreign influences on the Samiti included the Japanese artist <a href="/wiki/Kakuzo_Okakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuzo Okakura">Kakuzo Okakura</a> and Margaret Noble, an Irish woman known as <a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a>. Okakura was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a>. He visited <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> in Calcutta in 1902, and inspired <a href="/wiki/Pramathanath_Mitra" title="Pramathanath Mitra">Pramathanath Mitra</a> in the early days of the Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the extent of his involvement or influence is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs1993p260_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs1993p260-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nivedita was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She had contacts with Aurobindo, with Satish Bose and with Jugantar sub-editor Bhupendranath Bose. Nivedita is believed to have influenced members of the Samiti by talking about their duties to the motherland and providing literature on revolutionary nationalism. She was a correspondent of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, a noted anarchist.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_influences">Major influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a></div> <p>A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1920s and 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A majority broke away from the Anushilan Samiti and joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> group in <a href="/wiki/Cellular_Jail" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a>, and they later the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (CPI). Some of the Anushilan Marxists were hesitant to join the Communist Party, few joined the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">RSP</a> however, since they distrusted the political lines formulated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also did not embrace <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, although they shared some Trotskyist critiques of the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_reaction_and_reforms">Police reaction and reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Police reaction and reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harold_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></div> <p>Shortly after its inception, the Samiti became the focus of extensive police and intelligence operation. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against them at various times included <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Nathan">Sir Robert Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harold_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Stevenson-Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore">Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tegart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Tegart">Sir Charles Tegart</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigations_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Investigations Department">CIDs</a> of Bengal and the provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam were founded in response to the revolutionary movement led by the Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1908, political crime duties took the services of one deputy Superintendent of Police, 52 Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors, and nearly 720 constables. Foreseeing a rise in the strength of the revolutionary movement, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harold_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>) implemented plans for secret service to fight the menace posed by the Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Political Crime branch of the C.I.D. (known as the "Special Department") was developed in September 1909, staffed by 23 officers and 45 men. The government of India allocated Rs 2,227,000 for the Bengal Police alone in the reforms of 1909–1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1908 a Special Officer for Political Crime was appointed from the Bengal Police, with the Special Branch of Police working under him. This post was first occupied by C.W.C. Plowden and later by F.C. Daly.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godfrey Denham, then Assistant Superintendent of Police, served under the Special Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denham was credited with uncovering the Manicktala safe house of the Samiti, raiding it in May 1908, which ultimately led to the Manicktala conspiracy case. This case led to further expansion of the Special Branch in Bengal. The CID in Eastern Bengal and Assam (EBA) were founded in 1906 and expanded from 1909 onwards. However, the EBA police's access to informers and secret agents remained difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell105to107_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell105to107-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In EBA, a civil servant, H.L. Salkeld, uncovered the eastern branch of Anushilan Samiti, producing a four-volume report and placing 68 suspects under surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell108-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Samiti evaded detailed intrusion by adopting the model of Russian revolutionaries. Until 1909, the police were unclear whether they were dealing with a single organisation or with a conglomeration of independent groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell108-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_V_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George V to India">visit of King George V to India</a> in 1911 catalyzed improvements in police equipment and staffing in Bengal and EBA. In 1912, the political branch of the Bengal CID was renamed the Intelligence Branch, staffed with 50 officers and 127 men. The branch had separate sections dealing with explosives, assassinations, and robberies.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was headed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a>, who built up a network of agents and informers to infiltrate the Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tegart would meet his agents under cover of darkness, at times disguising himself as a <a href="/wiki/Pathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathan">pathan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">kabuliwallah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisting Denham and Petrie, Tegart led the investigation in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Dalhi-Lahore_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhi-Lahore Conspiracy">Dalhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a> and identified <a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">Chandernagore</a> as the main hub for the Samiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tegart remained in the Bengal police until at least the 1930s, earning notoriety amongst the Samiti for his work, and was subjected to a number of assassination attempts. In 1924, Ernest Day, an Englishman, was shot dead by <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Saha" title="Gopinath Saha">Gopinath Saha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chowringhee_Road" title="Chowringhee Road">Chowringhee Road</a> in Calcutta, due to being mistaken for Tegart. In 1930, a bomb was thrown into Tegart's car at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Square">Dalhousie Square</a> but Tegart managed to shoot the revolutionary and escaped unhurt. His efficient curbing of the revolutionary movement earned praise from <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulwer-Lytton,_2nd_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton">Lord Lytton</a> and he was awarded the King's medal. In 1937 Tegart was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, then in the throes of <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">the Arab Revolt</a>, to advise the Inspector General on security.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishSpies_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishSpies-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_Law_Amendment_1908">Criminal Law Amendment 1908</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criminal Law Amendment 1908"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its fight against the Raj, the Samiti<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s members who turned <a href="/wiki/Approver" class="mw-redirect" title="Approver">approvers</a> (i.e. gave evidence against their colleagues) and the Bengal Police staff who were investigating the Samiti were consistently targeted. A number of assassinations were carried out of approvers who had agreed to act as crown witnesses. In 1909 Naren Gossain, crown witness for the prosecution in <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">Alipore bomb case</a>, was shot dead within <a href="/wiki/Alipore_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Jail">Alipore Jail</a> by <a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Boseu</a> and Kanai Lal Dutt. Ashutosh Biswas, an advocate of Calcutta High Court in charge of prosecution of Gossain murder case, was shot dead within Calcutta High Court in 1909. In 1910, Shamsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Bengal Police responsible for investigating the Alipore bomb case, was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court. The failures of a number of prosecutions of violence linked to the Samiti under the Criminal Procedures Act of 1898 led to a special act that provided for crimes of nationalist violence to be tried by a special tribunal composed of three high-court judges. In December 1908 the Criminal Law amendments were passed under the terms of Regulation III of 1818, with the goal of suppressing associations formed for seditious conspiracies.<sup id="cite_ref-Riddick93_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddick93-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was first applied to deport nine Bengali revolutionaries to <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandalay prison">Mandalay prison</a> in 1908.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite these measures however, the high standards of evidence demanded by the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>, insufficient investigations by police, and at times outright fabrication of evidence, led to persistent failures to tame nationalist violence.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police forces felt unable to deal with the operations of secretive nationalist organisations, leading to demands for special powers. The Indian press opposed these demands strenuously, arguing against any extension of the already wide powers enjoyed by the police forces in India, which they claimed were already being used to oppress the Indian people.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_India_Act">Defence of India Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Defence of India Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></div> <p>The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, along with the threat of a <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar mutiny">Ghadarite uprising in Punjab</a>, led to the passage of <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a>. The act received universal support from Indian non-officiating members in the Governor General's council and from moderate leaders within the Indian political movement. The British war effort had received popular support within India and the act received support on the understanding that the measures enacted were necessary in the war situation. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal branch of the Samiti. Its application led to 46 executions, as well as 64 life sentences given to revolutionaries in Bengal and Punjab in the Lahore Conspiracy Trial and Benares Conspiracy Trial, and in tribunals in Bengal,<sup id="cite_ref-Bates118_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates118-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively crushing the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests had helped Bengal Police crush the <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></span></span> in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of preventive detention was used extensively in Bengal, and revolutionary violence in Bengal plummeted to 10 incidents in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates118_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates118-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war there were over 800 detainees under the act in Bengal under the act. However, indiscriminate application of the act made it increasingly unpopular with the Indian public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowlatt_act">Rowlatt act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rowlatt act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1915 act was designed to expire in 1919, and the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a> was appointed to recommend measures to continue to suppress the revolutionary movement. The committee recommended an extension of the provisions of the Defence of India Act for a further three years with the removal of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> provisions. However this was met with universal opposition by the Indian members of the Viceroy's council, as well as the population in general, and Gandhi called the proposed act "The Black Bills". <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah">Mohammed Ali Jinnah</a> left the Viceroy's council in protest, after having warned the council of the danger of enacting such an unpopular bill. Nevertheless, the recommendations were enacted in the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt Bills">Rowlatt Bills</a>. Gandhi then led a protest, the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt Satyagraha">Rowlatt Satyagraha</a>, one of the first civil disobedience movements that would become the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. The protests included <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartals</a> in Delhi, public protests in Punjab, and other protest movements across India. In Punjab, the protests culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwalla_Bagh_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre">Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre</a> in April 1919. After nearly three years of agitation, the government finally repealed the Rowlatt act and its component sister acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment">Bengal Criminal Law Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bengal Criminal Law Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment" title="Bengal Criminal Law Amendment">Bengal Criminal Law Amendment</a></div> <p>A resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti after 1922 led to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Criminal_Law_Amendment" title="Bengal Criminal Law Amendment">Bengal Criminal Law Amendment</a> in 1924, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. The act re-introduced extraordinary powers of detention to the police, and by 1927 more than 200 suspects had been imprisoned, including <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>. The implementation of the act successfully curtailed a resurgence in nationalist violence in Bengal, at a time when the Hindustan Republican Association was rising in the United Provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hees2010p171-172_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hees2010p171-172-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1920s, the Anushilan Samiti gradually dissolved into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress, then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938. In independent India, the party in West Bengal evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a>, while the Eastern Branch later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Sramik_Krishak_Samajbadi_Dal" title="Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal">Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal</a> (Workers and Peasants Socialist Party) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_nationalism">Revolutionary nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Revolutionary nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nationalist publication <i><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar</a></i>, which served as the organ of the Samiti, inspired fanatical loyalty among its readers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal2014p93_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal2014p93-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message was aimed at elite politically conscious readers and was essentially a critique of British rule in India and justification of political violence.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several young men who joined the Samiti credited <i>Jugantar</i> with influencing their decisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The editor of the paper, <a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a>, was arrested and sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal2014p91-92_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal2014p91-92-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samiti responded by attempting to assassinate Douglas Kingsford, who presided over the trial,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <i>Jugantar</i> responded with defiant editorials.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal2014p91-92_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal2014p91-92-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jugantar</i> was repeatedly prosecuted, leaving it in financial ruins by 1908. However, the prosecutions brought the paper more publicity and helped disseminate the Samiti<i>'</i>s ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Historian Shukla Sanyal has commented that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win at least tacit support amongst a significant populace at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal2014p93_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal2014p93-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshav Baliram Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a>, the founder of the Hindu nationalist organisation <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), was an alumnus of the Anushilan Samiti. He was sent to Calcutta by <a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a> in 1910 to study medicine, and to learn techniques of violent nationalism from secret revolutionary organizations in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he lived with independence activist <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Sundar_Chakravarty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Sundar Chakravarty">Shyam Sundar Chakravarty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had contacts with revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_independence_movement">Indian independence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indian independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Popplewell, writing in 1995, noted that the Raj perceived the Samiti in its early days as a serious threat to its rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Popplewell109_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popplewell109-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian Sumit Sarkar noted that the Samiti never mustered enough support to offer an urban rebellion or a guerrilla campaign. Both Peter Heehs and Sumit Sarkar have noted that the Samiti called for complete independence over 20 years before the Congress adopted this as its aim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of landmark events early in the Indian independence movement, including the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">revolutionary conspiracies of World War I</a>, involved the Samiti, as noted in the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt report">Rowlatt report</a>. Later the ascendant left-wing of the Congress, particularly <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, was suspected of having links with the Samiti.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Heehs argued that the actions of the revolutionary nationalists exemplified by the Samiti forced the government to parley more seriously with the leaders of the legitimate movement, and that Gandhi was always aware of this. "At the Round Table Conference of 1931, the apostle of non-violence declared that he held 'no brief for the terrorists', but added that if the government refused to work with him, it would have the terrorists to deal with. The only way to 'say good-bye to terrorism' was 'to work the Congress for all it is worth'".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_influences">Social influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founders of the Samiti were among the leading luminaries of Bengal at the time, advocating for social change in ways far removed from the violent nationalist works that identified the Samiti in later years. The young men of Bengal were among the most active in the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a>, prompting <a href="/wiki/Robert_Warrand_Carlyle" title="Robert Warrand Carlyle">R.W. Carlyle</a> to prohibit the participation of students in political meetings on the threat of withdrawal of funding and grants.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2008p93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali intellectuals were already calling for indigenous schools and colleges to replace British institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2008p93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seeking to build indigenous institutions. <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Tagore" title="Surendranath Tagore">Surendranath Tagore</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Tagore_family" title="Tagore family">Tagore family of Calcutta</a> financed the establishment of Indian-owned banks and insurance companies. The 1906 Congress session in Calcutta established the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Education" title="National Council of Education">National Council of Education</a> as a nationalist agency to promote Indian institutions with their own independent curriculum designed to provide skills in technical and technological education that its founders felt would be necessary for building indigenous industries. With the financial backing of <a href="/wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Mallik" title="Subodh Chandra Mallik">Subodh Chandra Mallik</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_National_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal National College">Bengal National College</a> was established with Aurobindo as Principal.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2008p93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurobindo participated in the Indian National Congress at the time. He used his platform in the Congress to present the Samiti as a conglomeration of youth clubs, even as the government raised fears that it was a revolutionary nationalist organisation. During his time as Principal, Aurobindo started the nationalist publications <i>Jugantar</i>, <i>Karmayogin</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bande Mataram">Bande Mataram</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs2008p93-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The student's mess at the college was frequented by students of East Bengal who belonged to the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti, and was known to be a hotbed of revolutionary nationalism, which was uncontrolled or even encouraged by the college.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students of the college who later rose to prominence in the Indian revolutionary movement include <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Samiti<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s ideologies further influenced patriotic nationalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_in_India">Communism in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Communism in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_India" title="Category:Communism in India">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/150px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/225px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/300px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripad_Amrit_Dange" title="Shripad Amrit Dange">Shripad Amrit Dange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abani_Mukherji" title="Abani Mukherji">Abani Mukherji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal" title="Yashpal">Yashpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nripen_Chakraborty" title="Nripen Chakraborty">Nripen Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Krishna_Pillai" title="P. Krishna Pillai">P. Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puran_Chand_Joshi" title="Puran Chand Joshi">Puran Chand Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.K._Limaye" title="S.K. Limaye">S.K. Limaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promode_Dasgupta" title="Promode Dasgupta">Promode Dasgupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Subbiah" title="V. Subbiah">V. Subbiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchalapalli_Sundarayya" title="Puchalapalli Sundarayya">Puchalapalli Sundarayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondapalli_Seetharamaiah" title="Kondapalli Seetharamaiah">Kondapalli Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupesh_Gupta" title="Bhupesh Gupta">Bhupesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarath_Deb" title="Dasarath Deb">Dasarath Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishan_Singh_Surjeet" title="Harkishan Singh Surjeet">Harkishan Singh Surjeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Nagi_Reddy" title="T. Nagi Reddy">T. Nagi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Lyallpuri" title="Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri">Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Nayanar" title="E. K. Nayanar">E. K. Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibdas_Ghosh" title="Shibdas Ghosh">Shibdas Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V. S. Achuthanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Mukherjee" title="Geeta Mukherjee">Geeta Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Sen" title="Mohit Sen">Mohit Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biman_Bose" title="Biman Bose">Biman Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharjee" title="Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee">Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Mishra" title="Vinod Mishra">Vinod Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manik_Sarkar" title="Manik Sarkar">Manik Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">D. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobad_Ghandy" title="Kobad Ghandy">Kobad Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikash_Ranjan_Bhattacharya" title="Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya">Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Anuradha Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Salim_(politician)" title="Mohammed Salim (politician)">Mohammed Salim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Colonial period and partition</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_involvement_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" title="Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement">Communism in the independence movement</a></li> <li>Conspiracy cases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Conspiracy_Cases" title="Peshawar Conspiracy Cases">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Bolshevik_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case">Kanpur Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_Conspiracy_Case" title="Meerut Conspiracy Case">Meerut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Foundation of the Communist Party of India">Foundation of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_movement" title="Tanka movement">Tanka movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Rebellion" title="Telangana Rebellion">Telangana Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">1946 Naval Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebhaga_movement" title="Tebhaga movement">Tebhaga movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising" title="Punnapra-Vayalar uprising">Punnapra-Vayalar uprising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Post-independence and Cold War</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India">2nd Congress of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement" title="Goa liberation movement">Goa liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election_in_Kerala" title="1957 Indian general election in Kerala">1957 general election in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly_police_firing" title="Angamaly police firing">Angamaly police firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_split_in_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="1964 split in the Communist Party of India">1964 split in the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left Front <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(Tripura)" title="Left Front (Tripura)">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barga" title="Operation Barga">Operation Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Indravelli_massacre" title="1981 Indravelli massacre">Indravelli massacre</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Contemporary history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_massacre" title="Bara massacre">Bara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmanpur_Bathe_massacre" title="Laxmanpur Bathe massacre">Laxmanpur Bathe massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_involvement_during_Nandigram_protests" title="Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests">Maoism in the Nandigram violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Judum" title="Salwa Judum">Salwa Judum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Naxal_attack_in_Darbha_valley" title="2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley">2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Kerala" title="Land reform in Kerala">in Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">AIFB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Coordination_Centre" title="Trade Union Coordination Centre">TUCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party_of_India" title="Bolshevik Party of India">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students%27_Federation" title="All India Students' Federation">AISF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trade_Union_Congress" title="All India Trade Union Congress">AITUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Youth_Federation" title="All India Youth Federation">AIYF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Khet_Mazdoor_Union" title="Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union">BKMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Indian_Women" title="National Federation of Indian Women">NFIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Democratic_Women%27s_Association" title="All India Democratic Women's Association">AIDWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha_(36_Canning_Lane)" title="All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)">AIKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Trade_Unions" title="Centre of Indian Trade Unions">CITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">DYFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Federation_of_India" title="Students' Federation of India">SFI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">CPI (Maoist)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krantikari_Adivasi_Mahila_Sangathan" title="Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan">KAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Guerrilla_Army_(India)" title="People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)">PLGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Youth_League" title="Radical Youth League">RYL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI(ML)L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Mahasabha" title="All India Kisan Mahasabha">AIKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students_Association" title="All India Students Association">AISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_New_Democracy" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy">CPIML ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India_(United)" title="Marxist Communist Party of India (United)">MCPI(U)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Centre_of_Trade_Unions" title="All India Centre of Trade Unions">AICTU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Forward_Bloc" title="Marxist Forward Bloc">MFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_of_India_(Red_Flag)" title="Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)">MLPI (Red Flag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Alternative_(India)" title="New Socialist Alternative (India)">NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of India">RCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Marxist Party of India">RMPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">RSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">SUCI(C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_India" title="United Communist Party of India">UCPI</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Communist_Party" title="All India Communist Party">AICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">BLPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Communists" title="Centre of Indian Communists">CIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_French_India" title="Communist Party of French India">Communist Party of French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrades_Association" title="Comrades Association">Comrades Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)">CPI (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">HSRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilabi_Communist_Sangathan" title="Inquilabi Communist Sangathan">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Communist_Party_Hind_Union" title="Lal Communist Party Hind Union">Lal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Sena" title="Lal Sena">Lal Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Kisan_Party_of_Hindustan" title="Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan">LKPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Marxist Communist Party of India">MCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">WPP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganashakti" title="Ganashakti">Ganashakti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeftWord_Books" title="LeftWord Books">LeftWord Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nava_Telangana" title="Nava Telangana">Nava Telangana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(newspaper)" title="People's Democracy (newspaper)">People's Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajasakti" title="Prajasakti">Prajasakti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Jang" title="Qaumi Jang">Qaumi Jang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theekkathir" title="Theekkathir">Theekkathir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visalaandhra" title="Visalaandhra">Visalaandhra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">Anarchism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Communism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_movements_in_India" title="Communist movements in India">Communist movements in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilab_Zindabad" title="Inquilab Zindabad">Inquilab Zindabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Salam" title="Lal Salam">Lal Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">List of communist parties in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">Red corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_India" title="Template talk:Communism in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mn_roy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mn_roy2.jpg/150px-Mn_roy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mn_roy2.jpg/225px-Mn_roy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mn_roy2.jpg/300px-Mn_roy2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>, one of the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Indian Communism</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Communist_Party" title="Mexican Communist Party">Mexican Communist Party</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the 1920s and 1930s, many members of the Samiti began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Many of them studied Marxist–Leninist literature while serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a>, and later the Communist Party of India. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>, became an influential member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, helping to found the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilanite Marxists hesitated to join the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they joined the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a> (CSP), but kept a separate identity within the party as the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RSP held a strong influence in parts of Bengal. The party sent two parliamentarians to the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> elections, both previously Samiti members. In 1969, RSP sympathizers in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Shramik_Krishak_Samajbadi_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal">Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal</a> (SKSD). RSP and SKSD have maintained close ties ever since. The RSP is currently a minor partner in the <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a>, which ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 34 uninterrupted years. It also holds influence in South India, notably in parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SUCI" class="mw-redirect" title="SUCI">SUCI</a>, another left-wing party with a presence in Bengal, was founded in 1948 by Anushilan members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolutionaries of the Samiti became household names in Bengal. Many of these educated and youthful men were widely admired and romanticised throughout India.<sup id="cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chowdhry2000p138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ekbar_biday_de_Ma_ghure_ashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi">Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi</a></i> (Bid me farewell, mother), a 1908 <a href="/wiki/Lament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lament (disambiguation)">lament</a> written by Bengali folk poet Pitambar Das that mourns the execution of <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was popular in Bengal decades after Bose's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2014p107-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway station where Bose was arrested is now named Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station in his honour. </p><p>The 1926 nationalist novel <i>Pather Dabi</i> (Right of the way) by Bengali author <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a> tells the story of a secret revolutionary nationalist organisation fighting the Raj. The protagonist of the novel, Sabyasachi, is believed to have been modelled after <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a>, while the revolutionary organisation is thought to have been influenced by the Bengali Samiti. The novel was banned by The Raj as "seditious", but acquired wild popularity. It formed the basis of a 1977 Bengali language film, <i>Sabyasachi</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Uttam_Kumar" title="Uttam Kumar">Uttam Kumar</a> playing the lead role of the protagonist. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Do_and_Die" title="Do and Die">Do and Die</a></i> is a historical account of the Chittagong armoury raid published in 2000 by Indian author Manini Chatterjee. It was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a>, the highest literary award in Bengal. The book formed the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Khelein_Hum_Jee_Jaan_Sey" title="Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey">Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey</a></i> (We Play with Our Lives), a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film with <a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Bachchan" title="Abhishek Bachchan">Abhishek Bachchan</a> playing the role of Surya Sen. </p><p>A marble plaque marks the building in Calcutta where the Samiti was founded. A plaque at the site of Barin Ghose's country house (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ultadanga" title="Ultadanga">Ultadanga</a>) marks the site where Ghosh and his group was arrested in the <a href="/wiki/Alipore_bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore bomb case">Alipore bomb case</a>. Many of the Samiti's members are known in India and abroad, and are commemorated in different forms. A number of Calcutta suburbs are today named after revolutionaries and nationalists of the Samiti. Grey Street, where Aurobindo Ghosh's press office stood, is today named Aurobido Sarani (Aurobindo Avenue). Dalhousie Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/B.B.D_Bag" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B.D Bag">B.B.D Bag</a>, named after Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh who raided the <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's Building">Writer's Building</a> in 1926. Mononga lane, the site of <a href="/wiki/Rodda_%26_Co._heist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodda & Co. heist">Rodda & Co. heist</a>, houses the busts of Anukul Mukherjee, Srish Chandra Mitra, Haridas Dutta, and Bipin Bihary Ganguly who participated in the heist. Chashakhand, a location 15 km east of Balasore where <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a> and his group made their last stand against Tegart's forces, commemorates the battlefield in Jatin's honour. The locality of <a href="/wiki/Baghajatin" title="Baghajatin">Baghajatin</a> in Kolkata is named after Jatin. In Bangladesh, the gallows where Surya Sen was executed are preserved as a historical monument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-five-spots-linked-to-the-freedom-struggle-you-must-know-about-5906868/">"Kolkata: Five spots linked to the freedom struggle you must know about"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 15 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Kolkata%3A+Five+spots+linked+to+the+freedom+struggle+you+must+know+about&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fkolkata%2Fkolkata-five-spots-linked-to-the-freedom-struggle-you-must-know-about-5906868%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993116-117-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993116-117_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1993">Heehs 1993</a>, p. 116-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1993">Heehs 1993</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of Martyrs India's Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)</i>. Vol. 4. Indian Council of Historical Research. 2016. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Martyrs+India%27s+Freedom+Struggle+%281857-1947%29&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Indian+Council+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitra63-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitra63_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitra2006">Mitra 2006</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desai30_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesai2005">Desai 2005</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1992">Heehs 1992</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen244-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen244_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen244_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2010">Sen 2010</a>, p. 244 The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta – Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghose and a society started by Sarala Devi ... the government found it difficult to suppress revolutionary activities in Bengal owing to ... leaders like Jatindranath Mukherjee, Rashbehari Bose and Jadugopal Mukherjee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banglapedia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanta2012" class="citation book cs1">Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath">"Mitra, Pramathanath"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitra%2C+Pramathanath&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mohanta&rft.aufirst=Sambaru+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMitra%2C_Pramathanath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell104-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell104_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heehs6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1992">Heehs 1992</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanyalp30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanyalp30_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanyal2014">Sanyal 2014</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy1997">Roy 1997</a>, pp. 5–6 The first such dacoity was committed by Naren ... Around this time, revolutionaries threw a bomb at the carriage of Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy ... in Muzaffarpur, under the mistaken notion that the 'notorious' Magistrate Kingsford was in the carriage. This led to the arrest of Kshudiram Bose and the discovery of the underground conspiratorial centre at Manicktala in eastern Calcutta ... Nandalal Banerjee, an officer in the Intelligence Branch of the Bengal Police was shot dead by Naren ... This was followed by the arrest of Aurobindo, Barin and others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell108-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell108_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy6_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy6_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy1997">Roy 1997</a>, p. 6 Aurobihdo's retirement from active politics after his acquittal ... Two centres were established, one was the Sramajibi Samabaya ... and the other in the name of S.D. Harry and Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy105-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy105_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2006">Roy 2006</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy1997">Roy 1997</a>, pp. 6–7 Shamsul Alam, an Intelligence officer who was then preparing to arrest all the revolutionaries ... was murdered by Biren Datta Gupta, one of Jatin Mukherjee's associates. This led to the arrests in the Howrah Conspiracy case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell112-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell112_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell167-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell167_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell114-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell114_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246–247-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs1993246–247_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1993">Heehs 1993</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy1997">Roy 1997</a>, pp. 7–8 The group foresaw the possibility of a world war and planned to launch a guerrilla war at that time, expecting assistance from Germany. ... Lala Hardayal, on his return to India in 1908, also became interested in the programme of the Bengal revolutionaries through Kissen Singh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai320-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desai320_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesai2005">Desai 2005</a>, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamanta1995">Samanta 1995</a>, p. 625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell201-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell201_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell210-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell210_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates118-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bates118_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates118_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates118_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2007">Bates 2007</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2014p107-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2014p107_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar2014">Sarkar 2014</a>, p. 107 "Hemchandra Kanungo, to cite the earliest example, came back from Paris as an atheist with some interest in Marxism ... a street-beggar's lament for Kshudiram, for instance, could still be heard in Bengal decades after his execution ... In a 1918 official list of 186 killed or convicted revolutionaries, no less than 165 came from the three upper castes, Brahman, Kayastha, and Vaidya".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton2013">Morton 2013</a>, p. 80 "Following ... the first two decades of the twentieth century, the Indian government's law enforcement officials had claimed that the detention of alleged Bengali terrorists was a success, a claim that served to justify the Rowlatt Report's recommendation of emergency measures in 1918. In response to this, many leaders of the revolutionary movement went underground in the 1920s and fled Bengal to other British territories, particularly Burma."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hees2010p171-172-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hees2010p171-172_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hees2010p171-172_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2010">Heehs 2010</a>, pp. 171–172 "The activity and influence of the Bengal terrorists led to the passage in 1924 of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, extended the next year as an Act. This again gave the police extraordinary powers, and between 1924 and 1927 almost 200 suspects were imprisoned, among them Subhas Bose. Acts of terrorism in Bengal dropped off, but an Anushilan-linked group in the United Provinces [the Hindustan Republican Association] grew to some importance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chowdhry2000p138-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chowdhry2000p138_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChowdhry2000">Chowdhry 2000</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/bollywood-revolutionary-bengal-revisiting-the-chittagong-uprising-1930-34/">"Bollywood & Revolutionary Bengal: Revisiting the Chittagong Uprising (1930–34)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Workshop" class="mw-redirect" title="History Workshop">History Workshop</a></i>. 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=Bollywood+%26+Revolutionary+Bengal%3A+Revisiting+the+Chittagong+Uprising+%281930%E2%80%9334%29&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworkshop.org.uk%2Fbollywood-revolutionary-bengal-revisiting-the-chittagong-uprising-1930-34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Tanika (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418703">"Birth of a Goddess: 'Vande Mataram', "Anandamath", and Hindu Nationhood"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>41</b> (37): 3959–3969. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+Goddess%3A+%27Vande+Mataram%27%2C+%22Anandamath%22%2C+and+Hindu+Nationhood&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=3959-3969&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Tanika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4418703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sisson1988p83-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sisson1988p83_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1988">Ray 1988</a>, p. 83: "To explain the direct reason for the conversions to revolutionary terrorism, one must turn to the intellectual origins of the movement. Perhaps the single most efficient instrument of conversion was the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i> ... An entirely new <i>Gita</i> emerged from the reinterpretation of Bankim."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sisson1988p84-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sisson1988p84_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sisson1988p84_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1988">Ray 1988</a>, p. 84: "A sudden search of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti library in November 1908 by the police ... shows the books that were most read by revolutionaries ... the library issue book proved that the <i>Gita</i> was in great demand ... Among the books recommended in rule 7 of the "Rules of Membership" discovered in the library, the works of Vivekananda were given first place."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bandyopadhyaya260-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bandyopadhyaya260_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyaya2004">Bandyopadhyaya 2004</a>, p. 260 The physical culture movement became a craze ... this was a psychological attempt to break away from the colonial stereotype of effeminacy imposed on the Bengalees. Their symbolic recovery of masculinity ... remained parts of a larger moral and spiritual training to achieve mastery over body, develop a national pride and a sense of social service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heehs3_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1992">Heehs 1992</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2010">Heehs 2010</a>, p. 161 "The ideology of revolutionary publicists such as Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghose ... had three major components: political independence or <i>swaraj</i>; economic independence as promoted by the swadeshi-boycott movement; and the drive for cultural independence by means of national education ... A circular of the Anushilan Samiti states: "This <i>Samiti</i> has no open relationship with any kind of popular and outward <i>Swadeshi</i>, that is (the boycott of) <i>belati</i> [foreign] articles ... To be mixed up in ... such affairs is entirely against the principles of the <i>Samiti</i>" (Ghosh 1984: 94). Members of Barin Ghose's group likewise stigmatized the swadeshi-boycott movement as <i>bania</i> (shopkeeper) politics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs2010p160paras1-2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160paras1-2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160paras1-2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2010">Heehs 2010</a>, p. 160, paras 1–2 "[Morley] wrote to Viceroy Lord Minto, 'that Indian antagonism to Government would run slowly into the usual grooves, including assassination' ... he considered Bengali terrorism to be an almost natural result of political discontent. Minto, on the other hand, considered it entirely imitative. Writing to Morley after the Muzaffarpur attempt, Minto declared that the conspirators aimed 'at the furtherance of murderous methods hitherto unknown in India which have been imported from the West, and which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted' ... the terrorists were playing at being 'anarchists.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs2010p160para3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2010p160para3_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2010">Heehs 2010</a>, p. 160 para 3 "There were ... some foreign influences on Bengali Terrorism ... Aurobindo Ghose's study of the revolutionary movements of Ireland, France, and America. Members of the early 'secret societies' drew some of their inspiration from Mazzini ... The Japanese critic Kakuzo Okakura inspired Pramathanath Mitra and others with revolutionary and pan-Asiatic ideas just when the <i>samiti</i> movement was getting started. The Irishwoman Margaret Noble, known as Sister Nivedita after she became a disciple of Swami Vivekananda, had some contact with Aurobindo Ghose and with younger men like Satish Bose and <i>Jugantar</i> sub-editor Bhupendranath Bose. Nivedita was in correspondence with the non-terroristic anarchist Peter Kropotkin, and she is known to have had revolutionary beliefs. She gave the young men a collection of books that included titles on revolutionary history and spoke to them about their duty to the motherland ... undoubted connection of Hem Chandra Das with European revolutionaries in Paris in 1907."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeehsMAS534-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeehsMAS534_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1994">Heehs 1994</a>, p. 534 "[Around 1881] a number of self-styled 'secret societies' were set up in Calcutta that were consciously modelled on the Carbonari and Mazzini's Young Italy Society ... They were in fact simply undergraduate clubs, long on nebulous ideals but short on action."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamanta1995">Samanta 1995</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs1993p260-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heehs1993p260_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs1993">Heehs 1993</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saha,_Murari_Mohan_2001._p._20-21_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), <i>Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947</i>. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell105-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell105_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell105to107-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell105to107_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishSpies-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishSpies_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sluggerotoole.com/2012/09/10/londonderry-born-imperial-policeman-remembered">"Londonderry born imperial policeman remembered"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Londonderry+born+imperial+policeman+remembered&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsluggerotoole.com%2F2012%2F09%2F10%2Flondonderry-born-imperial-policeman-remembered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riddick93-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riddick93_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiddick2006">Riddick 2006</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorniman1984">Horniman 1984</a>, p. 42 [There are] records of cases during the years from 1908 to 1914 which were abortive ... due to the usual faults of police work in India—the hankering~after approvers and confessions, to be obtained by any means, good or bad; the concoction of a little evidence to make a bad case good- or a good case better; and the suppression of facts which fail to fit the theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorniman1984">Horniman 1984</a>, p. 43 Police authorities took up the attitude that ... they were helpless in the face of a secret organisation ... Demands were put forward for special powers, the lowering of the standard of evidence, and other devices for the easy success of the police ... the whole Indian Press anticipated with the liveliest apprehension the prospect of any extension of those wide powers which already enabled the police to oppress the people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanyal2014">Sanyal 2014</a>, p. 89 "The <i>Jugantar</i> newspaper served as the propaganda vehicle for a loose congregation of revolutionaries led by individuals like Jain Banerjee and Barin Ghose who drew inspiration from ... Aurobindo Ghose."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanyal2014p93-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanyal2014p93_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanyal2014p93_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanyal2014">Sanyal 2014</a>, p. 93 "This attitude cost the paper dearly. It suffered five more prosecutions that, by July 1908, brought about its financial ruin ... The trials brought the paper a great deal of publicity and helped greatly in the dissemination of the revolutionary ideology ... testimony to the fanatical loyalty that the paper inspired in its readers and the deep impression that the <i>Jugantar</i> writings made on them ... revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win if not overt, then at least the tacit, support of Bengalis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanyal2014">Sanyal 2014</a>, pp. 90–91 "[Sanyal translates from <i>Jugantar</i>:] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The <i>Jugantar</i> challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental <i>critique</i> of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The <i>Jugantar</i> ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanyal2014p91-92-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanyal2014p91-92_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanyal2014p91-92_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanyal2014">Sanyal 2014</a>, pp. 91–92 "Bhupendranath Dutt, the editor and proprietor of the <i>Jugantar</i> was arrested in July 1907 and charged under section 124 A ... Bhupendranath was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment ... The Jugantar's stance was typically defiant ... The paper did nothing to tone down the rhetoric in its future editions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. Verma <i>Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas</i> (Part-2) p.466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popplewell109-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popplewell109_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopplewell1995">Popplewell 1995</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2010">Heehs 2010</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heehs2008p93-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heehs2008p93_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeehs2008">Heehs 2008</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamanta1995">Samanta 1995</a>, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), <i>Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947</i>. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 35-37</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh2003" class="citation cs2">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2003), <i>Banglapedia, the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i>, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%2C+the+national+encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh%2C+Dhaka&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyaya2004" class="citation cs2">Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhar (2004), <i>From Plassey to Partition: A History of modern India</i>, Orient Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2"><bdi>978-81-250-2596-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+modern+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2596-2&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2007" class="citation cs2">Bates, Crispin (2007), <i>Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21483-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21483-4"><bdi>978-0-415-21483-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subalterns+and+Raj%3A+South+Asia+since+1600&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21483-4&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1995" class="citation cs2">Chakrabarti, Panchanan (1995), <i>Revolt</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Panchanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhry2000" class="citation cs2">Chowdhry, Prem (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UNph7mAT2YC"><i>Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity</i></a>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5792-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5792-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+India+and+the+Making+of+Empire+Cinema%3A+Image%2C+Ideology+and+Identity&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5792-2&rft.aulast=Chowdhry&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UNph7mAT2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2005" class="citation cs2">Desai, A. R. (2005), <i>Social Background of Indian Nationalism</i>, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171546671" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171546671"><bdi>978-8171546671</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Background+of+Indian+Nationalism&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8171546671&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguli1976" class="citation cs2">Ganguli, Pratul Chandra (1976), <i>Biplabi'r jibandarshan</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biplabi%27r+jibandarshan&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ganguli&rft.aufirst=Pratul+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha" class="citation cs2">Guha, Arun Chandra, <i>Aurobindo and Jugantar</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurobindo+and+Jugantar&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Arun+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Heehs, Peter</a> (1993), <i>The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563350-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563350-4"><bdi>978-0-19-563350-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomb+in+Bengal%3A+The+Rise+of+Revolutionary+Terrorism+in+India%2C+1900%E2%80%931910&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563350-4&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Heehs, Peter</a> (July 1994), "Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902-1908", <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>, <b>28</b> (3): 533–536, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00011859">10.1017/s0026749x00011859</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144649406">144649406</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Foreign+Influences+on+Bengali+Revolutionary+Terrorism+1902-1908&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-536&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144649406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00011859&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Heehs, Peter</a> (1992), <i>History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 (Vol I)</i>, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9845123372" title="Special:BookSources/978-9845123372"><bdi>978-9845123372</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bangladesh+1704-1971+%28Vol+I%29&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9845123372&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Heehs, Peter</a> (2008), <i>The Lives of </i>Sri Aurobindo<i><span></span></i>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14098-0"><bdi>978-0-231-14098-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Sri+Aurobindo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14098-0&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heehs" title="Peter Heehs">Heehs, Peter</a> (2010), "Revolutionary Terrorism in British Bengal", in <a href="/wiki/Elleke_Boehmer" title="Elleke Boehmer">Boehmer, Elleke</a>; Morton, Stephen (eds.), <i>Terror and the Postcolonial</i>, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9154-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-9154-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Terrorism+in+British+Bengal&rft.btitle=Terror+and+the+Postcolonial&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9154-8&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorniman1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._G._Horniman" title="B. G. Horniman">Horniman, B. G.</a> (1984), <i>British Administration & The Amritsar Massacre</i>, Delhi: Mittal Publications, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12553945">12553945</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Administration+%26+The+Amritsar+Massacre&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12553945&rft.aulast=Horniman&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (1996), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindunationalist00chri"><i>The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India</i></a></span>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10334-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10334-4"><bdi>0-231-10334-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+in+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-231-10334-4&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindunationalist00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2005" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, Purnima (2005), <i>Sri Aurobindo</i>, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8128801945" title="Special:BookSources/978-8128801945"><bdi>978-8128801945</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Aurobindo&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8128801945&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2013" class="citation cs2">Morton, Stephen (2013), <i>States of Emergency: Colonialism, Literature and Law</i>, Liverpool University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-849-8"><bdi>978-1-84631-849-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+of+Emergency%3A+Colonialism%2C+Literature+and+Law&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-849-8&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1982" class="citation cs2">Mukherjee, Jadugopal (1982), <i>Biplabi jibaner smriti</i> (2nd ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biplabi+jibaner+smriti&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Jadugopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra2006" class="citation cs2">Mitra, Subrata K. (2006), <i>The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory</i>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34861-4"><bdi>978-0-415-34861-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puzzle+of+India%27s+Governance%3A+Culture%2C+Context+and+Comparative+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34861-4&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Subrata+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopplewell1995" class="citation cs2">Popplewell, Richard James (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1"><i>Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924</i></a>, London: Frank Cass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4580-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-4580-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+Imperial+Defence%3A+British+Intelligence+and+the+Defence+of+the+Indian+Empire%2C+1904-1924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4580-3&rft.aulast=Popplewell&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH44J2uDSE2cC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhan2002" class="citation cs2">Radhan, O.P. (2002), <i>Encyclopaedia of Political Parties</i>, New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174888655" title="Special:BookSources/9788174888655"><bdi>9788174888655</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Parties&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788174888655&rft.aulast=Radhan&rft.aufirst=O.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Kanta_Ray" title="Rajat Kanta Ray">Ray, Rajat Kanta</a> (1988), "Moderates, Extremists, and Revolutionaries: Bengal, 1900-1908", in Sisson, Richard; Wolpert, Stanley (eds.), <i>Congress and Indian Nationalism</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06041-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moderates%2C+Extremists%2C+and+Revolutionaries%3A+Bengal%2C+1900-1908&rft.btitle=Congress+and+Indian+Nationalism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06041-8&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Rajat+Kanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddick2006" class="citation cs2">Riddick, John F. (2006), <i>The History of British India: A Chronology</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32280-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+India%3A+A+Chronology&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32280-8&rft.aulast=Riddick&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1997" class="citation cs2">Roy, Samaren (1997), <i>M. N. Roy: A Political Biography</i>, Orient Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-0299-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-0299-5"><bdi>81-250-0299-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.+N.+Roy%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-250-0299-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Samaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2006" class="citation cs2">Roy, Shantimoy (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105">"India Freedom Struggle and Muslims"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Ali_Engineer" title="Asghar Ali Engineer">Engineer, Asghar Ali</a> (ed.), <i>They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities</i>, Sources of History, vol. III, Hope India Publications, p. 105, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178710914" title="Special:BookSources/9788178710914"><bdi>9788178710914</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+Freedom+Struggle+and+Muslims&rft.btitle=They+Too+Fought+for+India%27s+Freedom%3A+The+Role+of+Minorities&rft.series=Sources+of+History&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Hope+India+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788178710914&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Shantimoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XQCYl6T1vIC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamanta1995" class="citation cs2">Samanta, A. K. (1995), <i>Terrorism in Bengal, Vol. II</i>, Government of West Bengal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Bengal%2C+Vol.+II&rft.pub=Government+of+West+Bengal&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Samanta&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2014" class="citation cs2">Sanyal, Shukla (2014), <i>Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal</i>, Delhi: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06546-8"><bdi>978-1-107-06546-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Pamphlets%2C+Propaganda+and+Political+Culture+in+Colonial+Bengal&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06546-8&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Shukla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar" title="Sumit Sarkar">Sarkar, Sumit</a> (2014) [First published 1983], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>Modern India 1886-1947</i></a>, Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-4085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-4085-9"><bdi>978-93-325-4085-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India+1886-1947&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-325-4085-9&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJeKBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2010" class="citation cs2">Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010), <i>An Advanced History of Modern India</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230-32885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230-32885-3"><bdi>978-0230-32885-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230-32885-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav1992" class="citation cs2">Yadav, B.D (1992), <i>M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary</i>, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9"><bdi>81-7041-470-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.P.T.+Acharya%2C+Reminiscences+of+an+Indian+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7041-470-9&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=B.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnushilan+Samiti" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu–German_Conspiracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template talk:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu–German_Conspiracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">militant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb Case">Alipore Bomb Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/80px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/120px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/160px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghadar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Hardayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Khankhoje</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_gunj" title="Ghadar di gunj">Ghadar di gunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurdit_Singh" title="Baba Gurdit Singh">Baba Gurdit Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghadar_Party" title="Category:Ghadar Party"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Champak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Pillai" title="A. R. Pillai">A. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachin Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarendranath_Chatterjee" title="Amarendranath Chatterjee">Amarendranath Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">von Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodiek" title="George Rodiek">George Rodiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Hentig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Niedermayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conspiracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maverick" title="SS Maverick">SS <i>Maverick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">February plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" title="British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">Counter-intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Hopkinson">W. C. Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5(g)" title="MI5(g)">MI5(g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_(spy)" title="Kirpal Singh (spy)">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oren_(spy)" title="Oren (spy)">Oren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Kraft" title="Vincent Kraft">Vincent Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wiseman,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet">William Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gaunt" title="Guy Gaunt">Guy Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">East Persia Cordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingress_into_India_Ordinance,_1914" title="Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914">Ingress into India Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyama_Mitsuru" title="Tōyama Mitsuru">Tōyama Mitsuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Indian Revolutionary Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> (Yugantar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naujawan_Bharat_Sabha" title="Naujawan Bharat Sabha">Naujawan Bharat Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">Workers and Peasants Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinash_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya">Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Chakrabarty" title="Ambika Chakrabarty">Ambika Chakrabarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Laxman_Kanhere" title="Anant Laxman Kanhere">Anant Laxman Kanhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Singh" title="Ananta Singh">Ananta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantahari_Mitra" title="Anantahari Mitra">Anantahari Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Krishna_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atul Krishna Ghosh">Atul Krishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikuntha_Shukla" title="Baikuntha Shukla">Baikuntha Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwari_Lal_(revolutionary)" title="Banwari Lal (revolutionary)">Banwari Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_Kumar_Biswas" title="Basanta Kumar Biswas">Basanta Kumar Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh Gyanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Vohra" title="Bhagwati Charan Vohra">Bhagwati Charan Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Balmukund" title="Bhai Balmukund">Bhai Balmukund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Das" title="Bina Das">Bina Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Chowdhury" title="Binod Bihari Chowdhury">Binod Bihari Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Chempakaraman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittapriya_Ray_Chaudhuri" title="Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri">Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deba_Gupta" title="Deba Gupta">Deba Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgawati_Devi" title="Durgawati Devi">Durgawati Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Ganesh Damodar Savarkar">Ganesh Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Ghosh" title="Ganesh Ghosh">Ganesh Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Prasad_Katiyar" title="Gaya Prasad Katiyar">Gaya Prasad Katiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Kaur" title="Gulab Kaur">Gulab Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Dutta" title="Haridas Dutta">Haridas Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harigopal_Bal" title="Harigopal Bal">Harigopal Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kishan_Talwar" title="Hari Kishan Talwar">Hari Kishan Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnam_Singh_Saini" title="Harnam Singh Saini">Harnam Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiban_Ghoshal" title="Jiban Ghoshal">Jiban Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Das_Gupta" title="Jnanendra Das Gupta">Jnanendra Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Datta" title="Kalpana Datta">Kalpana Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Das" title="Kalyani Das">Kalyani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaji_Gopal_Karve" title="Krishnaji Gopal Karve">Krishnaji Gopal Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh Sarabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kishori_Lal" title="Pandit Kishori Lal">Kishori Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Pratap_Singh_Barhath" title="Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath">Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushal_Konwar" title="Kushal Konwar">Kushal Konwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokenath_Bal" title="Lokenath Bal">Lokenath Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Singh_(revolutionary)" title="Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)">Mahavir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta" title="Manmath Nath Gupta">Manmath Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoranjan_Bhattacharya_(revolutionary)" title="Manoranjan Bhattacharya (revolutionary)">Manoranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangini_Hazra" title="Matangini Hazra">Matangini Hazra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Moitra" title="Mohit Moitra">Mohit Moitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Kishore_Namadas" title="Mohan Kishore Namadas">Mohan Kishore Namadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Roy" title="Motilal Roy">Motilal Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundi_Lal" title="Mukundi Lal">Mukundi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsha_Singh_Dukhi" title="Munsha Singh Dukhi">Munsha Singh Dukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jibon_Ghosh" title="Nirmal Jibon Ghosh">Nirmal Jibon Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Pandit Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchanan_Chakraborty" title="Panchanan Chakraborty">Panchanan Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Mahadev_Bapat" title="Pandurang Mahadev Bapat">Pandurang Mahadev Bapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Ranjan_Choudhury" title="Pramod Ranjan Choudhury">Pramod Ranjan Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyot_Kumar_Bhattacharya" title="Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya">Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Krishna_Khanna" title="Prem Krishna Khanna">Prem Krishna Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Kurian" title="P. V. Kurian">P. V. Kurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Sen" title="Rajat Sen">Rajat Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Lahiri" title="Rajendra Lahiri">Rajendra Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Biswas" title="Ramakrishna Biswas">Ramakrishna Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Rakha" title="Ram Rakha">Ram Rakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Singh" title="Roshan Singh">Roshan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Bakshi" title="Sachindra Bakshi">Sachindra Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Mitra" title="Santosh Kumar Mitra">Santosh Kumar Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Bosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sardar" title="Satish Sardar">Satish Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Verma" title="Shiv Verma">Shiv Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru" title="Shivaram Rajguru">Shivaram Rajguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Shrish Chandra Ghosh">Shrish Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh Bhakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal_Pathak" title="Sohanlal Pathak">Sohanlal Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srish_Pal" title="Srish Pal">Srish Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Roy" title="Subodh Roy">Subodh Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Choudhury" title="Suniti Choudhury">Suniti Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Dastidar" title="Tarakeswar Dastidar">Tarakeswar Dastidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Sengupta" title="Tarakeswar Sengupta">Tarakeswar Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Kesari_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath">Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Zorawar_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath">Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Aiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Bhai_Kotwal" title="Veer Bhai Kotwal">Veer Bhai Kotwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Ganesh Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Vaishampayan" title="Vishwanath Vaishampayan">Vishwanath Vaishampayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar Patrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb case">Alipore Bomb case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Armoury_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Armoury Raid">Chittagong Armoury Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Conspiracy_Commission" title="Delhi Conspiracy Commission">Delhi Conspiracy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company arms heist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&oldid=1252597433">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&oldid=1252597433</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Category:Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">British India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Decolonization" title="Category:Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_India" title="Category:Politics of India">Politics of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_India" title="Category:Political movements in India">Political movements in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_India" title="Category:Political history of India">Political history of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1906 establishments in India">1906 establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1906" title="Category:Organizations established in 1906">Organizations established in 1906</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Resistance_to_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Resistance to the British Empire">Resistance to the British Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from July 2016">Use Indian English from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bengali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bengali-language text">Articles containing Bengali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 02:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2r5r","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.738","walltime":"2.036","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9650,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":293548,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15234,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":200139,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1624.987 1 -total"," 17.21% 279.701 21 Template:Citation_needed"," 15.55% 252.652 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.15% 246.153 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 14.60% 237.317 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.19% 230.515 21 Template:Fix"," 10.18% 165.399 30 Template:Citation"," 8.63% 140.228 5 Template:Lang"," 8.04% 130.599 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.60% 107.176 3 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.997","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21906503,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandyopadhyaya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguli1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorniman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohanta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopplewell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamanta1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanyal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav1992\"] = 1,\n [\"Last_phase\"] = 1,\n [\"Post_World_War_I\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Anushilan Samiti\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 30,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Communism in India\"] = 1,\n [\"Ghadar Conspiracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 51,\n [\"Indian Revolutionary Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian independence movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Revolution sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"West Bengal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-964gt","timestamp":"20241123180154","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anushilan Samiti","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anushilan_Samiti","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3345546","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3345546","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-19T20:52:17Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T02:09:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg","headline":"fitness club and anti-British underground revolutionary organization"}</script> </body> </html>