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id="toc-Backup_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backup_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Backup crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backup_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_seat_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crew seat assignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuttle_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuttle_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Shuttle processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuttle_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Payload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Payload subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middeck_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeck_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Middeck payloads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middeck_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mission summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacewalks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacewalks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spacewalks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacewalks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wake-up_calls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wake-up_calls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wake-up calls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wake-up_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-61-B</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61B" title="STS-61B – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="STS-61B" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DB%B6%DB%B1-%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اس‌تی‌اس-۶۱-بی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌تی‌اس-۶۱-بی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS%E2%80%9361%E2%80%93B" title="STS–61–B – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="STS–61–B" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61B" title="STS-61B – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="STS-61B" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="STS-61-B" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/STS-61-B" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/STS-61-B" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&oldid=1241227152" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1985 American crewed spaceflight</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">STS-61-B</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg/260px-Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg/390px-Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg/520px-Structures_in_Space_-_GPN-2000-001080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3965" data-file-height="4095" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Construction of the ACCESS structure.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a>-23</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Satellites deployment<br /><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-109A">1985-109A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473478#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">16273<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473478?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance travelled</th><td class="infobox-data">3,970,181 km (2,466,956 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits completed</th><td class="infobox-data">109</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">118,664 kg (261,609 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">93,316 kg (205,727 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">21,791 kg (48,041 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_C._Spring" title="Sherwood C. Spring">Sherwood C. Spring</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Walker" title="Charles D. Walker">Charles D. Walker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Neri_Vela" title="Rodolfo Neri Vela">Rodolfo Neri Vela</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">EVAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">EVA</a> duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>12 hours, 13 minutes</li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1st EVA: 5 hours, 32 minutes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2nd EVA: 6 hours, 41 minutes</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 27, 1985, 00:29:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">November 27, 1985, 00:29:00</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (7:29<span class="nowrap"> </span>am<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 3, 1985, 21:33:49<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">December 3, 1985, 21:33:49</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC (1:33:49<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Standard Time">PST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a>, Runway<span class="nowrap"> </span>22</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">361 km (224 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">370 km (230 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28.45°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91.90 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures (ACCESS)</li><li>Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES)</li><li>Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS)</li><li>Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA (EASE)</li><li>Getaway Special (GAS) canister</li><li>Morelos Payload Specialist Experiments (MPSE)</li><li>Orbiter Experiments (OEX)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-61-b-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sts-61-b-patch.png/180px-Sts-61-b-patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sts-61-b-patch.png/270px-Sts-61-b-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sts-61-b-patch.png/360px-Sts-61-b-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span><br />STS-61-B mission patch<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-B_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/STS-61-B_crew.jpg/220px-STS-61-B_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/STS-61-B_crew.jpg/330px-STS-61-B_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/STS-61-B_crew.jpg/440px-STS-61-B_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8184" data-file-height="6468" /></a></span><br />Back row: <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Walker" title="Charles D. Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Cleave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_C._Spring" title="Sherwood C. Spring">Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Neri_Vela" title="Rodolfo Neri Vela">Neri Vela</a><br />Front row: <a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">O'Connor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Shaw</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> (22)</div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a> (24) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>STS-61-B</b> was the 23rd <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission, and its second using Space Shuttle <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>. The shuttle was launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, on November 26, 1985. During STS-61-B, the shuttle crew deployed three <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>, and tested techniques of constructing <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">structures in orbit</a>. <i>Atlantis</i> landed at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, at 16:33:49 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a> on December 3, 1985, after 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, and 49 seconds in orbit. </p><p>STS-61-B marked the quickest turnaround of a Shuttle orbiter from launch to launch in history – just 54 days elapsed between <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> launch on <a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a> and launch on STS-61-B. As of August 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this is still the record for turn around between two flights of the same orbital space vehicle. The mission was also notable for carrying the first <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Neri_Vela" title="Rodolfo Neri Vela">Rodolfo Neri Vela</a>. This was also <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> second and final mission before the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> in 1986. The Challenger disaster would ground the shuttle fleet for two and a half years and <i>Atlantis</i> would not fly again until <a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a>, which launched three years later on December 2, 1988. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw Jr.</a><br />Second spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 2<br />Flight Engineer </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 3 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_C._Spring" title="Sherwood C. Spring">Sherwood C. Spring</a><br />Only spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Walker" title="Charles D. Walker">Charles D. Walker</a><br />Third and last spaceflight<br /><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 2 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Neri_Vela" title="Rodolfo Neri Vela">Rodolfo Neri Vela</a><br />Only spaceflight<br /><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Communications_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Communications and Transportation">SCT</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_crew">Backup crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Backup crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Robert J. Wood<br /><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Payload Specialist 2 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Peralta_y_Fabi" title="Ricardo Peralta y Fabi">Ricardo Peralta y Fabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Communications_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Communications and Transportation">SCT</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_seat_assignments">Crew seat assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crew seat assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Seat<sup id="cite_ref-spacefacts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Launch </th> <th>Landing </th> <td rowspan="8"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/150px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/225px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/300px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td colspan="2">Shaw </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td colspan="2">O'Connor </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>Ross </td> <td>Spring </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td colspan="2">Cleave </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Spring </td> <td>Ross </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td colspan="2">Walker </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td colspan="2">Neri Vela </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shuttle_processing">Shuttle processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shuttle processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After landing at the Edwards Air Force Base at the end of STS-51-J on October 7, 1985, <i>Atlantis</i> returned to the Kennedy Space Center on October 12, 1985. The shuttle was moved directly into an <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a> (OPF), where post-flight de-servicing and pre-flight processing took place simultaneously. </p><p>After only 26 days in the OPF, a record fast processing in the history of the Space Shuttle program, the shuttle was rolled to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) on November 7, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Atlantis</i> was mated with the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External Tank</a> (ET) and <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a> (SRB) stack and was rolled out to launch <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a> on November 12, 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Payload">Payload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-61-B_SATCOM_Ku-2_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>Deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Satcom_(satellite)" title="Satcom (satellite)">Satcom-K2</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <p>Three satellites were deployed during this mission: <a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)" title="Optus (satellite)">Aussat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morelos_Satellite_System" title="Morelos Satellite System">Morelos-2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satcom_(satellite)" title="Satcom (satellite)">Satcom-K2</a>. Aussat-2 and Morelos-2 were the second satellites in their series (the first satellites in the series were deployed during <a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a>). Both of these were <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Space_and_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Space and Communications">Hughes Space and Communications</a> <a href="/wiki/HS-376" title="HS-376">HS-376</a> satellites and were equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> (PAM-D) booster to reach <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO). Satcom-K2 was a version of the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA 4000 series</a> satellites, which were owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/SES_Americom" title="SES Americom">RCA American Communications</a> (RCA). This satellite was deployed using a <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">PAM-D2</a> booster (which was a larger version of the PAM-D). This was the first flight of the PAM-D2 booster on a Space Shuttle. </p><p>All three satellites were successfully deployed, one at a time, and their booster stages fired automatically to lift them to geostationary transfer orbits. Their respective owners assumed charge, and later fired the onboard <a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">kick motors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apogee</a>, to circularize the orbits and align them with the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middeck_payloads">Middeck payloads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middeck payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES)</li> <li>Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS)</li> <li>Morelos Payload Specialist Experiments (MPSE) and Orbiter Experiments (OEX)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_items">Other items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Racing_flags" title="Racing flags">checkered racing flag</a> was carried on board <i>Atlantis</i> during STS-61-B; the flag is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Museum" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum">Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum</a>. This was also the second test flight of the Orbiter Experiments (OEX) advanced autopilot. It ran for approximately 65 hours and demonstrated the ability to fly the orbiter on nose jets only, aft jets only, to automatically stationkeep on another satellite and to fly an orbit with zero aerodynamic drag. The OEX autopilot was also more fuel efficient than the baseline system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_summary">Mission summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS61B_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/STS61B_Launch.jpg/220px-STS61B_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/STS61B_Launch.jpg/330px-STS61B_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/STS61B_Launch.jpg/440px-STS61B_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Night launch of <i>Atlantis</i> at the beginning of the STS-61-B mission</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ease_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ease_assembly.jpg/220px-Ease_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ease_assembly.jpg/330px-Ease_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ease_assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the EASE structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center at 19:29:00 p.m. EST on November 26, 1985. The launch marked the second night launch of the Space Shuttle program, and the ninth and final flight of 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key element of the mission's objectives was <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Assembly_of_Structures_in_EVA_and_Assembly_Concept_for_Construction_of_Erectable_Space_Structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA and Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures">EASE/ACCESS</a>, an experiment in assembling large structures in space. EASE/ACCESS was a joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> (LRC) and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC). ACCESS was a "high-rise" tower composed of many small struts and nodes. EASE was a geometric structure shaped like an inverted <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a>, that was composed of a few large beams and nodes. Together, these experiments demonstrated the feasibility of assembling large preformed structures in space. Astronauts Ross and Spring performed two <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">spacewalks</a> on the mission, which marked the 50th, and 51st <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVAs) for the United States, and the 12th and the 13th for the Shuttle program. An <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> camera mounted in the cargo bay filmed the activities of the astronauts engaged in the EASE/ACCESS work, as well as other scenes of interest. </p><p>"This is probably not the preferred way of building a space station", Ross said later of EASE.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-61B_spacewalks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-61B_spacewalks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts reported that the most difficult part of the spacewalks was torquing their own masses while holding the EASE beams. They found that ACCESS worked well, while EASE required too much free floating. The astronauts judged that performing six-hour spacewalks every other day over a five or six-day period was feasible, and recommended glove changes to reduce hand fatigue. Ross said in the EVA debrief that the crew had tried to have the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> (MMU) manifested for use in the second spacewalk, because "for certain applications it would be very useful. In particular if you were building portions of a space station attached to the orbiter, then moving those portions farther than the manipulator arm could transport them". He added that the MMU could be used to attach cable runs and instruments in places that were out of reach of the shuttle's robotic arm (<a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a>). </p><p>During the mission astronaut Rodolfo Neri Vela accomplished a series of experiments, that were primarily related to <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human physiology</a>. He also photographed <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> as part of the mission's <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observations</a>. However, Commander Brewster Shaw installed a padlock on the hatch control because he was "particularly concerned" that the Mexican could "flip out" during the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Tragedy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tragedy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaw had noted that he didn't think that Neri Vela noticed the padlock, but that the other members of the crew did.<sup id="cite_ref-Tragedy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tragedy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronaut Charles Walker again operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), the third flight of this larger and improved equipment, to produce commercial <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> products in <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a>. An experiment in Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS), was conducted successfully for <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>. The object of this experiment was to grow single <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> that were larger and more pure than any that could be grown on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. One <a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a> (GAS) canister stored in <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s payload bay carried a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> student experiment, which involved the fabrication of mirrors in microgravity with higher performance than ones made on Earth. </p><p>All the experiments on this mission were successfully accomplished, and all equipment operated within established parameters. <i>Atlantis</i> landed safely at Edwards Air Force Base at 16:33:49 EST on December 3, 1985, after a mission lasting 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds. Atlantis landed one orbit earlier than planned due to lighting concerns at the Edwards. Rollout distance on landing was 3,279 m (10,758 ft) lasting 78 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deployment of the Morelos-2 satellite"><img alt="Deployment of the Morelos-2 satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg/118px-STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg/178px-STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg/237px-STS-61-B_Morelos-B_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deployment of the Morelos-2 satellite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS61B-21-008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="STS-61-B crew portrait in-flight on the aft flight deck"><img alt="STS-61-B crew portrait in-flight on the aft flight deck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/STS61B-21-008.jpg/120px-STS61B-21-008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/STS61B-21-008.jpg/180px-STS61B-21-008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/STS61B-21-008.jpg/240px-STS61B-21-008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">STS-61-B crew portrait in-flight on the aft flight deck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantis touches down at the lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base."><img alt="Atlantis touches down at the lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg/120px-Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg/180px-Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg/240px-Atlantis_lands_at_the_end_of_STS-61B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atlantis touches down at the lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacewalks">Spacewalks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spacewalks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two spacewalks were conducted during the STS-61-B mission to demonstrate assembly techniques which might be used in space station assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-STS-61B_spacewalks_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-61B_spacewalks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>EVA </th> <th>Spacewalkers </th> <th>Start (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) </th> <th>End (UTC) </th> <th>Duration </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td>Jerry L. Ross<br />Sherwood C. Spring </td> <td>November 29, 1985, 24:42<sup id="cite_ref-spacefacts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>November 30, 1985, 03:17<sup id="cite_ref-spacefacts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5 hours, 32 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">EVA 1 focused on human performance during assembling of an experimental erectable truss structure. Ross and Spring first assembled the 3.4 m (11 ft) Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures (ACCESS) assembly jig in <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> payload bay. Each cell was assembled in the jig, then pushed up so that the next cell could be assembled. The astronauts assembled the ACCESS truss in 55 minutes, (EVA time line allotted two hours for a single ACCESS assembly) so they assembled it and built it again. The Experimental Assembly of Structures through EVA (EASE) task involved putting together beams weighing 29 kg (64 lb) to make a 3.6 m (12 ft) three-sided pyramid assessed the capabilities of free-floating astronauts. EASE was scheduled to be assembled six times, but Ross and Spring managed eight assemblies. During the first four assemblies the astronauts used foot restraints. In his post flight debriefing, Spring noted that his fingers grew numb during the third EASE assembly and very tired during the fourth. At the end of the EVA Spring assembled and hand-deployed a small target satellite to be used after the EVA as a station-keeping target for <i>Atlantis</i>, which played the role of an automated orbital maneuvering vehicle in rendezvous software tests. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td>Jerry L. Ross<br />Sherwood C. Spring </td> <td>December 1, 1985, ≈20:30<sup id="cite_ref-spacefacts_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>December 2, 1985, ≈03:10<sup id="cite_ref-spacefacts_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6 hours, 41 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">The purpose of EVA 2 was to assess the ability of astronauts to handle large structural elements and the ability of the Shuttle's robotic arm (Canadarm), to support future station assembly. Ross and Spring assembled nine bays of ACCESS, then placed parts for the tenth bay on the Canadarm. Ross stepped into the Manipulator Foot Restraint (MFR) and astronaut Mary C. Cleave positioned him within reach of the top of the ACCESS girder, where he assembled the tenth bay. The parts were not tethered. Ross performed a cable run assembly simulation by attaching a tether along the side of the tower while Cleave positioned him. Then Spring released the bottom of the tower so Ross could try to precisely handle the beam from the RMS. He replaced it in the assembly jig where it started, demonstrating astronaut ability to assemble a truss in one place and install it in another. Spring then replaced Ross on the MFR. He changed a beam on the tower to simulate structural repair, then pointed the truss at the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> to judge his handling ability. The astronauts took down ACCESS, and Spring assembled EASE from the RMS. Before finishing, he joined two beams to simulate handling a thermal control heat pipe. Ross unlatched the EASE pyramid so that Spring could maneuver it. Then he replaced Spring on the MFR to duplicate the EASE activities. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wake-up_calls">Wake-up calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wake-up calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Flight Day </th> <th>Song </th> <th>Artist/Composer </th> <th>Played for </th></tr> <tr> <td>Day 2 </td> <td>"Air Force Hymn" </td> <td> </td> <td>Brewster H. Shaw Jr. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 3 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 4 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps Hymn">Marine Corps Hymn</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryan_O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan O'Connor">Bryan O'Connor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 5 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Victory_March" title="Notre Dame Victory March">Notre Dame Victory March</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td>Jerry L. Ross </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 6 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._(song)" title="Born in the U.S.A. (song)">Born in the U.S.A.</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spacefacts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spacefacts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-61b.htm">"STS-61B"</a>. 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(October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph7.pdf">"Walking to Olympus: An EVA chronology (Monograpahs in Aerospace History Series #7)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA History Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walking+to+Olympus%3A+An+EVA+chronology+%28Monograpahs+in+Aerospace+History+Series+%237%29&rft.pub=NASA+History+Office&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Trevino%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fmonograph7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-61-B" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Astronauts Believe Lengthy EVA Building Sessions are Feasible". <i>Aviation Week & Space Technology</i>. December 16, 1985. pp. 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+%26+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=Astronauts+Believe+Lengthy+EVA+Building+Sessions+are+Feasible&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=1985-12-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-61-B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tragedy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tragedy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tragedy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Ben (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_uZiCp5icUC"><i>Tragedy and triumph in orbit: the eighties and early nineties</i></a>. New York, N.Y.: Springer. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46143-430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46143-430-6"><bdi>978-1-46143-430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy+and+triumph+in+orbit%3A+the+eighties+and+early+nineties&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-46143-430-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_uZiCp5icUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-61-B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/61-b/mission-61-b.html">"STS-61B"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-61B&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2F61-b%2Fmission-61-b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-61-B" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chronology_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFries2007" class="citation news cs1">Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf">"Chronology of Wakeup Calls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Wakeup+Calls&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fwakeup%2520calls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-61-B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle23.htm">STS-61B Video Highlights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213013353/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle23.htm">Archived</a> December 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2217" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Retired</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island, Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template talk:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">U.S. Space Shuttle missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">(crews)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1977 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-61-B</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-69" title="STS-69">STS-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">STS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">STS-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Cancelled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-41-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-G" title="STS-61-G">STS-61-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62-A" title="STS-62-A">STS-62-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-J" title="STS-61-J">STS-61-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">STS-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> indicates failure missions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1984Orbital_launches_in_19851986_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1984Orbital_launches_in_19851986_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">← 1984</a></div><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1985</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">1986 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-8" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-8">USA-8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-9 (page does not exist)">USA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabsat-1A" title="Arabsat-1A">Arabsat-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasilsat_A1" title="Brasilsat A1">Brasilsat A1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosat" title="Geosat">Geosat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 510 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">Anik C1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 3 (page does not exist)">Leasat 3</a>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nusat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nusat (page does not exist)">Nusat</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GStar-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GStar-1 (page does not exist)">GStar-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecom_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecom 1B (page does not exist)">Telecom 1B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-13" title="Soyuz T-13">Soyuz T-13</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos_Satellite_System#Morelos_I" title="Morelos Satellite System">Morelos 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabsat-1B" title="Arabsat-1B">Arabsat-1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telstar_3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telstar 3D (page does not exist)">Telstar 3D</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-101 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-101</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_24" title="Progress 24">Progress 24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 511 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1669" title="Kosmos 1669">Kosmos 1669</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Diagnostics_Package&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Diagnostics Package (page does not exist)">PDP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)#Aussat_(Optus)_A1" title="Optus (satellite)">Aussat A1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ASC-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASC-1 (page does not exist)">ASC-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 4 (page does not exist)">Leasat 4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacenet_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacenet 3 (page does not exist)">Spacenet 3</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-14" title="Soyuz T-14">Soyuz T-14</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_512&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 512 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-11" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-11">USA-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA-12" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-12">USA-12</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-10" title="USA-10">USA-10</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=GLOMR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GLOMR (page does not exist)">GLOMR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-61-B</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos_Satellite_System#Morelos_II" title="Morelos Satellite System">Morelos 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)#Aussat_(Optus)_A2" title="Optus (satellite)">Aussat A2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_K2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom K2 (page does not exist)">Satcom K2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiter_Experiments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiter Experiments (page does not exist)">OEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/EASE/ACCESS" title="EASE/ACCESS">EASE/ACCESS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown<br />month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1616&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1616 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1616</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1617&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1617 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1617</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1618&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1618 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1618</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1619&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1619 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1620&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1620 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1620</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1621&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1621 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1621</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1622&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1622 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.36 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1623&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1623 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1623</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1624&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1624 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.21L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.21L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.21L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1625&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1625 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1625</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1626 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1627&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1627 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1627</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1628 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.13 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1629" title="Kosmos 1629">Kosmos 1629</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1630&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1630 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1630</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1631&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1631 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1631</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1632&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1632 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1633&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1633 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1633</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1634 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1635 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1635</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1636 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1636</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1637&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1637 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1637</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1638&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1638 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1639 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1640&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1640 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1640</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1641 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1642&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1642 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.28L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.28L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.28L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1643 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1643</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1644&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1644 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1644</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_1985_Zenit-2_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 1985 Zenit-2 launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1645&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1645 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1645</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1646 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1647&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1647 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1647</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1648&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1648 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1648</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 10 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1649&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1649 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1649</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1650&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1650 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1651&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1651 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1652&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1652 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1653 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1654&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1654 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1654</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.39 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1655 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1655</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1656&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1656 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1656</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1657&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1657 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1658" title="Kosmos 1658">Kosmos 1658</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1659&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1659 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1659</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1660 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1661" title="Kosmos 1661">Kosmos 1661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1662 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1663&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1663 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1663</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985-053A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985-053A (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1664&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1664 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1664</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1665&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1665 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1666&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1666 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1667" title="Kosmos 1667">Kosmos 1667</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1668 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.37 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1670&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1670 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1670</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1671&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1671 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1671</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 24 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 30 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1672&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1672 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1672&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1672 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1673&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1673 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1673</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1674&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1674 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.26L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.26L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.26L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1675" title="Kosmos 1675">Kosmos 1675</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1676 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.61 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1677 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1677</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_34D-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan 34D-7 (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1678&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1678 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1678</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1679 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1680 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1680</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1681&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1681 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1681</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECS-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECS-3 (page does not exist)">ECS-3</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1682&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1682 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1682</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1683 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1684" title="Kosmos 1684">Kosmos 1684</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1685 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1687" title="Kosmos 1687">Kosmos 1687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1688 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1688</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1689 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.38 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1690&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1690 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1695&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1695 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1695</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1692&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1692 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1692</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1693&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1693 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1694&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1694 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1694</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1691&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1691 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1691</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1696&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1696 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 8 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1697&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1697 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1698" title="Kosmos 1698">Kosmos 1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.73 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.73</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1985_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1985 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-3_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-3 No.2 (page does not exist)">Meteor-3 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1699&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1699 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1699</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1700 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1700</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.56 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1701" title="Kosmos 1701">Kosmos 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1702&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1702 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1702</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.28L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.28L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.28L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1703 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1703</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1704&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1704 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1704</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1705&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1705 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1705</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1706&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1706 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1707 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-13 (page does not exist)">USA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-14 (page does not exist)">USA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1708&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1708 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1709 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1709</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.40 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1710 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1711 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1712 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.14 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1713 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1713</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1714 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1714</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&oldid=1241227152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-61-B&oldid=1241227152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Category:Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Category:Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1985_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1985 in spaceflight">1985 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1985" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1985">Spacecraft launched in 1985</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use American English from January 2014">Use American English from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2022">Use mdy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 August 2024, at 01:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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