CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>STS-8 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1ffdd9ad-911e-4c6c-bdf2-8490ef3f5c51","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"STS-8","wgTitle":"STS-8","wgCurRevisionId":1277313340,"wgRevisionId":1277313340,"wgArticleId":423300,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use American English from January 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from July 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Space Shuttle missions","Edwards Air Force Base","1983 in spaceflight","1983 in the United States","1983 in science","Spacecraft launched in 1983","Spacecraft which reentered in 1983"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"STS-8","wgRelevantArticleId":423300,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q377764","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg/1200px-View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg/960px-View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="STS-8 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-STS-8 rootpage-STS-8 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=STS-8" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=STS-8" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=STS-8" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=STS-8" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_seat_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Crew seat assignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_seat_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_plan_and_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_plan_and_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission plan and payloads</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_plan_and_payloads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission plan and payloads subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_plan_and_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Support crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Launch preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Orbital operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-flight_safety_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-flight_safety_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-flight safety analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-flight_safety_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wake-up_calls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wake-up_calls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wake-up calls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wake-up_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-8</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DB%B8" title="اس‌تی‌اس-۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌تی‌اس-۸" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS%E2%80%938" title="STS–8 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="STS–8" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="STS-8" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q377764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:STS-8" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/STS-8"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/STS-8"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/STS-8" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/STS-8" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&oldid=1277313340" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=STS-8&id=1277313340&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSTS-8"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSTS-8"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=STS-8&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/STS-8" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q377764" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1983 Space Shuttle Challenger mission</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">STS-8</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg/330px-View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg/500px-View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg/960px-View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="4110" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">INSAT-1B</a> is deployed from <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a>-8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> deployment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-089A">1983-089A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377764#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">14312<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377764?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">6 days, 1 hour, 8 minutes, 43 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance travelled</th><td class="infobox-data">4,046,660 km (2,514,480 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits completed</th><td class="infobox-data">98</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">110,108 kg (242,747 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">92,508 kg (203,945 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">12,011 kg (26,480 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Truly" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Truly">Richard Truly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Gardner" title="Dale Gardner">Dale Gardner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Thornton" title="William E. Thornton">William E. Thornton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 30, 1983, 06:32:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1983-08-30UTC06:32Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (2:32<span class="nowrap"> </span>am<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">September 5, 1983, 07:40:43<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1983-09-05UTC07:40:44Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC (12:40:43<span class="nowrap"> </span>am<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a>, Runway<span class="nowrap"> </span>22</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">348 km (216 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">356 km (221 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28.51°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90.60 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Evaluation of Oxygen Interaction with Materials</li><li>High Capacity Heat Pipe Demonstration</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-8_patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/STS-8_patch.svg/250px-STS-8_patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/STS-8_patch.svg/330px-STS-8_patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/STS-8_patch.svg/500px-STS-8_patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span><br />STS-8 mission patch<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-8_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/STS-8_crew.jpg/220px-STS-8_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/STS-8_crew.jpg/330px-STS-8_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/STS-8_crew.jpg/440px-STS-8_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><br />From left: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Brandenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Gardner" title="Dale Gardner">Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Truly" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Truly">Truly</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_E._Thornton" title="William E. Thornton">Thornton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Bluford</a>.<div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>STS-8</b> was the eighth <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission and the third flight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a>. It launched on August 30, 1983, and landed on September 5, 1983, conducting the first night launch and night landing of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. It also carried the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a>. The mission successfully achieved all of its planned research objectives, but was marred by the subsequent discovery that a <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid-fuel rocket booster</a> had almost malfunctioned catastrophically during the launch. </p><p>The mission's primary payload was <a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">INSAT-1B</a>, an <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather observation</a> satellite, which was released by the orbiter and boosted into a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. The secondary payload, replacing a delayed NASA communications satellite, was a four-metric-ton dummy payload, intended to test the use of the shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> (remote manipulator system). Scientific experiments carried on board <i>Challenger</i> included the environmental testing of new hardware and materials designed for future spacecraft, the study of biological materials in electric fields under <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a>, and research into <a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">space adaptation syndrome</a> (also known as "space sickness"). The flight furthermore served as shakedown testing for the previously launched <a href="/wiki/TDRS-1" title="TDRS-1">TDRS-1</a> satellite, which would be required to support the subsequent <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> mission. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a><br />Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 1 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 2<br />Flight Engineer </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Gardner" title="Dale Gardner">Dale Gardner</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mission Specialist 3 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Thornton" title="William E. Thornton">William E. Thornton</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This mission had a crew of five, with three <a href="/wiki/Mission_specialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission specialists">mission specialists</a>. It was the second mission (after <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a>) to fly with a crew of five, the largest carried by a single spacecraft up to that date.<sup id="cite_ref-j271_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j271-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew was historically notable for the participation of <a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a>, who became the first African-American to fly in space.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commander, Truly, was the only veteran astronaut of the crew, having flown as the pilot on <a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a> in 1981 and for two of the <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a> (ALT) aboard <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> in 1977. Prior to this, he had worked as a <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) for all three <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> missions and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">ASTP</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESTS-8_Press_Kit198347_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESTS-8_Press_Kit198347-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandenstein, Gardner and Bluford had all been recruited in 1978, and been training for a mission since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission had originally been planned for a crew of four, with Thornton added to the crew as a third mission specialist in December 1982, eight months after the crew was originally named.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_p._76_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_p._76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Truly, he was an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>-era recruit, having joined NASA in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His participation on the mission included a series of tests aimed at gathering information on the physiological changes linked with <a href="/wiki/Space_Adaptation_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Adaptation Syndrome">Space Adaptation Syndrome</a>, more commonly known as "space sickness"; this had become a focus of attention in NASA, as astronauts succumbed to it during Shuttle missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_p._76_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_p._76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orbiter carried two <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a> (EMUs) for use in case of an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">emergency spacewalk</a>; if needed, they would be used by Truly and Gardner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''198361_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''198361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_seat_assignments">Crew seat assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crew seat assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Seat<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Launch </th> <th>Landing </th> <td rowspan="8"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/150px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/225px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg/300px-Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td colspan="2">Truly </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td colspan="2">Brandenstein </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td colspan="2">Bluford </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td colspan="2">Gardner </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td colspan="2">Thornton </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgray"><i>Unused</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgray"><i>Unused</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_plan_and_payloads">Mission plan and payloads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission plan and payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insat-1B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/220px-Insat-1B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/330px-Insat-1B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/440px-Insat-1B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>INSAT-1B being prepared in a processing facility.</figcaption></figure> <p>An early plan for STS-8, released in April 1982, had scheduled it for July 1983. It was expected to be a three-day mission with four crew members, and would launch <a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">INSAT-1B</a>, an Indian satellite, and <a href="/wiki/TDRS-B" title="TDRS-B">TDRS-B</a>, a NASA communications relay satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-news_82-46_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news_82-46-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following problems with the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a> (IUS) used to deploy TDRS-A on the <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a> mission, it was announced in May 1983 that the TDRS was not going to be flown. It was replaced in the manifest<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Payload Flight Test Article.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After re-development of the IUS, TDRS-B was eventually re-manifested for the <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> mission, and was lost along with the Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary element of the STS-8 mission payload was INSAT-1B. It was the second in a series of multi-purpose weather and communications satellites to be operated by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO); the first, <a href="/wiki/INSAT-1A" title="INSAT-1A">INSAT-1A</a>, had been launched by a <a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta launch vehicle</a> in April 1982, but had to be shut down shortly afterwards due to a failure of the onboard <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS). The satellite was carried in the rear of the shuttle's payload bay, and was boosted into a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO) by a <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> (PAM-D), a small <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">solid rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper stage">upper stage</a>, after its release from the orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite, with its upper stage, massed a total of 3,377 kg (7,445 lb), with the cradle massing another 1,102 kg (2,429 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had cost around US$50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_p._83_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_p._83-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Payload_Flight_Test_Article_(STS_8).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png/220px-Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png/330px-Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png/440px-Payload_Flight_Test_Article_%28STS_8%29.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Technical diagram of the Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA) had been scheduled for launch in June 1984 on STS-16 in the April 1982 manifest,<sup id="cite_ref-news_82-46_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news_82-46-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by May 1983 it had been brought forward to STS-11. That month, when the TDRS missions were delayed, it was brought forward to STS-8 to fill the hole in the manifest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> structure resembling two wheels with a 6 m (20 ft) long central axle, ballasted with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> to give it a total mass of 3,855 kg (8,499 lb), which could be lifted by the <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">"Canadarm" Remote Manipulator System</a> – the Shuttle's "robot arm" – and moved around to help astronauts gain experience in using the system. It was stored in the midsection of the payload bay.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orbiter carried the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) pallet in its forward payload bay; this had previously flown on <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> to carry test equipment. The pallet was not outfitted with any flight instrumentation, but was used to mount two experiments. The first studied the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">ambient atomic oxygen</a> with the structural materials of the orbiter and payload, while the second tested the performance of a heat pipe designed for use in the heat rejection systems of future spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four <a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a> (GAS) payloads were carried. One studied the effects of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> on electronic equipment. The second studied the effect of the gas environment around the orbiter using <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> absorption measurements, as a precursor to ultraviolet equipment being designed for <a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">Spacelab 2</a>. A third, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i> newspaper, tried to use <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> in two tanks to create <a href="/wiki/Snow_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crystal">snow crystals</a>. This was a second attempt at an experiment first flown on <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a>, which had had to be redesigned after the water in the tanks froze solid. The last was similar to an experiment flown on <a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a>, and studied the ambient levels of <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">atomic oxygen</a> by measuring the rates at which small <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> wafers <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> (USPS), also carried 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Cover_(philately)" title="Cover (philately)">postal covers</a> franked with US$9.35 express <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>, which were to be sold to collectors, with the profits divided between the USPS and NASA. Two storage boxes were attached to the DFI pallet, with more stored in six of the Getaway Special canisters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other experiments were to be performed inside the orbiter crew compartment. Among these was the Continuous Flow <a href="/wiki/Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a> System, being flown for the fourth time. This separated solutions of biological materials by passing electric fields through them; the experiment aimed at supporting research into <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small animal cage was flown containing six <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>; no animal experiment was carried out on the flight, but a student involvement project was planned for a later mission which would use the cage, and NASA wanted to ensure it was flight-tested.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_kit,_p._39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_kit,_p._39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The student involvement project carried out on STS-8 involved <a href="/wiki/William_E._Thornton" title="William E. Thornton">William E. Thornton</a> using <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a> techniques, to try to determine if they worked in <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_kit,_p._39_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_kit,_p._39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A photography experiment would attempt to study the spectrum of a luminous atmospheric glow which had been reported around the orbiter, and determine how this interacted with firings of the reaction control system (RCS).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission was also scheduled to carry out a series of tests with the TDRS-1 satellite which had been deployed by <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a>, to ensure the system was fully operational before it was used to support the <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">Spacelab program</a> on the upcoming <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> flight.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbiter furthermore carried equipment to allow for encrypted transmissions, to be tested for use in future classified missions.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_crew">Support crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Support crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">John E. Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave" title="Mary L. Cleave">Mary L. Cleave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Fisher" title="William Frederick Fisher">William F. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey A. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a> (ascent CAPCOM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_summary">Mission summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mission summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_preparations">Launch preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle-challenger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle-challenger.jpg/220px-Shuttle-challenger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle-challenger.jpg/330px-Shuttle-challenger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shuttle-challenger.jpg/440px-Shuttle-challenger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a>'s rollout from the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to be stacked for launch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Preparation for the mission began on June 3, 1983, with the assembly of the shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_boosters" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket boosters">solid rocket boosters</a> (SRB) on the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Launcher_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Launcher Platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a>. The boosters were stacked on June 20, 1983, and the <a href="/wiki/External_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="External tank">external tank</a> (ET) mated to the assembly on June 23, 1983. <i>Challenger</i> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> on June 29, 1983, and was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a> on June 30, 1983. After post-flight maintenance and preparation for the new mission, including the installation of most flight payloads, the shuttle was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> on July 27, 1983, and mated to the booster/tank stack. The stack was checked out on July 29 and 30, 1983, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Launch Complex 39A</a> on August 2, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INSAT-1B was loaded into the orbiter when on the pad; the overall processing time from <i>Challenger</i> arriving at KSC to being ready for launch was only sixty-two days, a record for the program at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch had originally been scheduled for on August 4, 1983, and was later rescheduled for on August 20, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement to conduct testing with the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</a> (TDRSS) required a delay of ten days for the system to be ready, during which the stack remained on the launch pad.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the on-pad delay, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Barry_(1983)" title="Hurricane Barry (1983)">Hurricane Barry (1983)</a> hit the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> coastline, making landfall just south of the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of August 25, 1983. The storm had only been identified two days earlier, and there was no time to roll <i>Challenger</i> back from the pad; the decision was made to secure the launch stack and ride out the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-News5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg/220px-Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg/330px-Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg/440px-Electrical_Storm_-_GPN-2000-001879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> strike near the orbiter stack, some hours before launch.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Challenger</i> finally launched at 06:32:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (02:32:00 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>) on August 30, 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins,_p._266_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins,_p._266-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a final 17-minute delay due to <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> near the launch site.<sup id="cite_ref-p84_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p84-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch window extended from 06:15 to 06:49.<sup id="cite_ref-p5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countdown to launch was called by Mark Hess, public information officer. </p><p>The launch, which occurred in pre-dawn darkness, was the first American night launch since <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shayler,_p._136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was watched by several thousand spectators. The unusual launching time was due to tracking requirements for the primary payload, INSAT-1B;<sup id="cite_ref-j271_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j271-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the program would not have another night launch until <a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew had attempted to prepare for it by training in darkened simulators so as to keep their <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>, but in practice it was discovered that the light of the solid-fuel rocket boosters made the immediate area around the launchpad virtually as bright as a day launch.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch was the first to use a newly developed high-performance motor for the solid rocket boosters, which gave approximately 7% greater thrust. Post-flight analysis later showed there was nearly a burn-through of the rocket casing, a significant problem that later <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">doomed the 51-L mission</a> (see "Post-flight safety analysis" section below for more). This launch was also the second-to-last to use the original standard-mass steel casings for the boosters. These had been replaced by a thinner case, saving some 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), on <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a>, but because of safety concerns the next two flights used the conventional cases.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_operations">Orbital operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orbital operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS008-44-611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/250px-STS008-44-611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/330px-STS008-44-611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/500px-STS008-44-611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>INSAT-1B after deployment</figcaption></figure> <p>After a successful insertion into a circular orbit at 296 km (184 mi), the first experiments began; the first two samples were run through the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System, and measurements were taken for the atmospheric luminosities study. A hydraulic circulation pump failed, but this was worked around and it proved to have no impact on operations.<sup id="cite_ref-p84_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p84-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major event of the second day (August 31, 1983) was the successful deployment of the INSAT-1B satellite, which took place at 07:48 UTC, with <i>Challenger</i> then maneuvering to avoid the firing of the booster motor forty minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-e85_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e85-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other experimentation continued, though telemetry through TDRS was lost for around three hours, requiring manual intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fire alarm sounded in the morning, indicating signs of a fire in the <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> compartment, but a second alarm remained silent and it was eventually determined to be a false alarm.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the third and fourth days (September 1 and 2, 1983), work began with the <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> Remote Manipulator System and the payload test article, and communications testing through TDRS continued. The former was successful, but the latter lost contact on a number of occasions, due to problems at the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p85_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p85-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the crew had to be awakened early on September 1, 1983, in order to deal with the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor cabin pressure leak on September 2, 1983, was traced to the waste management system, and quickly controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-p85_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p85-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbiter performed an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a> (OMS) firing on September 2, 1983, to place itself in a lower orbit, where the air density was higher and the oxygen interaction experiments would work more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the fifth day (September 3, 1983), testing of the Canadarm continued, including a number of optional "shopping list" tests, and the TDRS tests were carried out with more success.<sup id="cite_ref-p85_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p85-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A live press conference was held late in the day, the first in-flight press conference since <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the sixth day (September 4, 1983), experiment runs were completed and the crew prepared to deorbit. Two systems failures were recorded on this last day, the most serious of which involved a synchronization failure in one of the onboard computers.<sup id="cite_ref-p85_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p85-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While on orbit, <i>Challenger</i> made a number of altitude and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude</a> adjustments, in order to test the behavior of a Shuttle orbiter and to perform some experiments in different thermal conditions. By exposing or shading areas from the sun in an unusual way, it was possible to induce particularly warm or cold conditions and observe any resulting problems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing">Landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission plan called for a landing at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, at 121:28 <a href="/wiki/Mission_elapsed_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission elapsed time">mission elapsed time</a> (MET).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the original plan, this would have been at 07:44 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> on September 4, 1983, before accounting for the last-minute launch delay;<sup id="cite_ref-p5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the event, this was put back by one day to allow for further communications testing, and <i>Challenger</i> touched down at 07:40:33 UTC (00:40:33 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">PDT</a>), September 5, 1983, on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, on the morning of the seventh day of the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins,_p._266_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins,_p._266-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the launch, this was the first night landing of the program. The Shuttle orbiters had no on-board lights, due to the difficulty of designing <a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">landing lights</a> to survive re-entry,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so the runway was lit by high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon arc lamps">xenon arc lamps</a> to guide the orbiter in.<sup id="cite_ref-p5_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no pressing operational requirement for a night landing, but there was a desire to prove it was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-j271_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j271-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Footage of the landing was shown in the 1986 film <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceCamp" title="SpaceCamp">SpaceCamp</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-flight_safety_analysis">Post-flight safety analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-flight safety analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The launch was carried out with no obvious anomalies, but on September 27, 1983, during post-flight inspection of the solid rocket boosters, severe corrosion was discovered in the left-hand booster. The three-8 cm (3.1 in)-thick resin lining protecting the rocket nozzle, which was designed to erode about half its thickness during firing, was found to have burned down to as little as 0.5 cm (0.20 in) in places. By some estimations, this left around 14 seconds of firing time before the nozzle would have ruptured, a situation which would have resulted in loss of control and the probable break-up of the spacecraft. It was later determined that this fault was due to the particular batch of resin used on this set of boosters.<sup id="cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shayler,_p._136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burn-through problem was treated as a small mishap by the media, and did not receive significant interest until after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> in 1986;<sup id="cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shayler,_p._136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only major contemporary public criticism came from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this incident, the flight of STS-9 was delayed for a month while the nozzles of its boosters were changed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-flight inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal protection system">thermal protection system</a> tiles found seven major debris impacts and forty-nine minor impacts, of which three and twenty-six respectively were on the orbiter's underside.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the lowest incidence of major tile damage until at least <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compares very favorably with the program average of twenty-three major impacts to the underside.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first Shuttle flight with no significant problems reported for the thermal protection system.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three windows were removed from the orbiter due to pitting and hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of thirty-three in-flight anomalies were eventually reported.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the issues above, STS-8's more minor problems ranged from faulty <a href="/wiki/Thermostats" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermostats">thermostats</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an unusually high amount of dust in the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scientific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/220px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/330px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/440px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a> exercising on a mid-deck treadmill while in orbit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, the crew successfully completed all fifty-four of the planned mission test objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the INSAT deployment was a success, the satellite had problems unfolding its solar array once in geostationary orbit, and was not fully operational until the middle of September 1983. Once functional, however, it provided satisfactory service for seven years, returning 36,000 images of Earth and broadcasting television to thousands of remote Indian villages.<sup id="cite_ref-e85_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e85-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Payload Flight Test Article evaluation found that the Canadarm remote manipulator system was capable of moving bulky masses with some accuracy, to a precision of 5 cm (2.0 in) and 1° of alignment.<sup id="cite_ref-e88_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e88-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TDRS-1 program was overall less successful, with the satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours. In all, the orbiter was able to use the satellite for 65 of the planned 89 orbits, and could make successful use of the connection on about forty.<sup id="cite_ref-e88_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e88-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System equipment functioned as planned, processing several hundred times more material than would have been possible on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Asahi Shimbun</i> crystal experiment, flown for the second time, was able to produce <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> crystals after the canister was redesigned.<sup id="cite_ref-e88_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e88-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thornton's research into <a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Space adaptation sickness">space adaptation sickness</a> noted that the STS-8 astronauts had escaped severe cases, with none suffering loss of <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-e78_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e78-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner suffered a "mild case", but was still able to manage effectively,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Brandenstein – who had suffered from induced motion sickness during training operations – was entirely unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_p._83_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_p._83-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms were found to abate within three days of launch.<sup id="cite_ref-e78_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e78-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wake-up_calls">Wake-up calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wake-up calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Flight day </th> <th>Song </th> <th>Artist/Composer </th> <th>Played for </th></tr> <tr> <td>Day 2 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Fight_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Tech Fight Song">Georgia Tech Fight Song</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 3 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Illinois_Fight_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Fight Song">Illinois Fight Song</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dale_Gardner" title="Dale Gardner">Dale Gardner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 4 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Fight_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Fight Song">Penn State Fight Song</a>" </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 5 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> Fight Song" </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_E._Thornton" title="William E. Thornton">William E. Thornton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 6 </td> <td>"Tala Sawari" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="INSAT">INSAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Day 7 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-j271-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j271_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j271_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j271_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 271. An African-American test pilot, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Lawrence_Jr." title="Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.">Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.</a>, had been selected for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> (MOL) program in 1967, but was killed in a flying accident a few months later. The Manned Orbiting Laboratory program was canceled in June 1969, and most of its surviving astronauts transferred to NASA. Outside the United States, <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Tamayo_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez">Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> Air Force officer who flew on the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_38" title="Soyuz 38">Soyuz 38</a> mission in 1980 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> program, and became the first person of African descent in space.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESTS-8_Press_Kit198347-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESTS-8_Press_Kit198347_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Kit1983">STS-8 Press Kit 1983</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, pp. 48–50 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans,_p._76-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_p._76_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_p._76_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 51 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''198361-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''198361_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Information1983"><i>STS-8 Press Information</i> 1983</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-8.htm">"STS-8"</a>. Spacefacts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-8&rft.pub=Spacefacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacefacts.de%2Fmission%2Fenglish%2Fsts-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news_82-46-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news_82-46_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news_82-46_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCormackHess1982" class="citation pressrelease cs1">McCormack, Dick; Hess, Mark (April 14, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19820014425.pdf">"Space Shuttle payload flight manifest / News Release 82-46"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). NASA. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19820014425">2060/19820014425</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412163838/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19820014425">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+payload+flight+manifest+%2F+News+Release+82-46&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1982-04-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19820014425&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Hess%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19820014425.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manifest#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:manifest">manifest</a>" is used by NASA to indicate both the overall program schedule and the individual payloads and experiments planned for a single flight. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''STS-8_Press_Information''1983i_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Information1983"><i>STS-8 Press Information</i> 1983</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 34 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 31 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans,_p._83-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_p._83_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_p._83_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 32 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, pp. 38–39. The first experiment was formally designated "Evaluation of Oxygen Interaction with Materials" (DSO-0301) while the second was the High Capacity Heat Pipe Demonstration (DSO-0101) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, pp. 40–41. In order, these were designated the Cosmic Ray Upset Experiment (CRUX) (G-0346); the Ultraviolet-Sensitive Photographic Emulsion Experiment (G-0347); the Japanese snow crystal experiment (G-0475), and the Contamination Monitor Package (G-0348). <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 37 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 38 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_kit,_p._39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_kit,_p._39_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_kit,_p._39_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 39 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>STS-9 Press Information</i>, p. 60. This was formally designated as "Investigation of STS Atmospheric Luminosities". <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 42 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Major NASA satellite missions</i>, p. 34 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 11; <i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-270 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 266. Some sources give an originally planned date of August 14, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-330 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-News5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-News5_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19830825&id=PbQSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n_kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6226,1947815">"Shuttle nestled away from the storm"</a>. <i>Spokane Chronicle</i>. August 25, 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Shuttle+nestled+away+from+the+storm&rft.date=1983-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1345%26dat%3D19830825%26id%3DPbQSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dn_kDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6226%2C1947815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins,_p._266-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins,_p._266_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins,_p._266_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p84-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p84_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p84_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>STS-9 Press Information</i>, p. 84 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p5_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p5_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p5_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 5 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shayler,_p._136-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shayler,_p._136_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shayler, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, p. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e85-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e85_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e85_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>STS-9 press information</i>, pp. 84–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1983" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Harry F. (September 1, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG/1983/09/01&EntityId=Ar00600">"Shuttle launches satellite despite 'fire'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shuttle+launches+satellite+despite+%27fire%27&rft.date=1983-09-01&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu%2FDefault%2FSkins%2FBasicArch%2FClient.asp%3FSkin%3DBasicArch%26%26AppName%3D2%26enter%3Dtrue%26BaseHref%3DDCG%2F1983%2F09%2F01%26EntityId%3DAr00600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p85-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p85_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p85_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p85_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p85_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>STS-9 press information</i>, p. 85 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1983" class="citation news cs1">Benedict, Howard (September 1, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dgIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5700,21794&dq=challenger">"Challenger tests its robot arm successfully"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Challenger+tests+its+robot+arm+successfully&rft.date=1983-09-01&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DdgIMAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DjFkDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5700%2C21794%26dq%3Dchallenger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1983" class="citation news cs1">Benedict, Howard (September 2, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dwIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749,237641&dq=challenger">"Challenger crew conducts various scientific experiments"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Challenger+crew+conducts+various+scientific+experiments&rft.date=1983-09-02&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DdwIMAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DjFkDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3749%2C237641%26dq%3Dchallenger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1983" class="citation news cs1">Benedict, Howard (September 3, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eAIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6964,664139&dq=challenger">"Challenger just humming along"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Challenger+just+humming+along&rft.date=1983-09-03&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DeAIMAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DjFkDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6964%2C664139%26dq%3Dchallenger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press kit, p. 14 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shayler, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-220. "Major" is defined as a divot over one2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, pp. 1–220 to 1–222 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report</i>, vol. I, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-227 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 1-232 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 2-3 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shuttle flight data</i>, p. 2-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>STS-9 press information</i>, p. 84 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e88-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e88_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e88_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e88_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e78-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e78_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e78_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chronology_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFries2007" class="citation news cs1">Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf">"Chronology of Wakeup Calls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Wakeup+Calls&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fwakeup%2520calls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/40-years-ago-sts-8-the-first-african-american-in-space-and-the-first-space-shuttle-night-launch-and-landing/">"40 Years Ago: STS-8, the First African American in Space, and the First Space Shuttle Night Launch and Landing – NASA"</a>. September 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+Years+Ago%3A+STS-8%2C+the+First+African+American+in+Space%2C+and+the+First+Space+Shuttle+Night+Launch+and+Landing+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F40-years-ago-sts-8-the-first-african-american-in-space-and-the-first-space-shuttle-night-launch-and-landing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShayler2000" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ng9i5IMtlpsC"><i>Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight</i></a>. Springer-Praxis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-225-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-225-5"><bdi>1-85233-225-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disasters+and+accidents+in+manned+spaceflight&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85233-225-5&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dng9i5IMtlpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. (2001). <i>Space Shuttle – the history of the national space transportation system: the first 100 missions</i> (3rd ed.). Midland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-116-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-116-4"><bdi>1-85780-116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+%E2%80%93+the+history+of+the+national+space+transportation+system%3A+the+first+100+missions&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Midland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85780-116-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Ben (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQjCF8Cc7HoC"><i>Space Shuttle Challenger: ten journeys into the unknown</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-46355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-46355-1"><bdi>978-0-387-46355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Challenger%3A+ten+journeys+into+the+unknown&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-46355-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQjCF8Cc7HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Shuttle flight data and in-flight anomaly list – STS-1 through STS-71, STS-73 and STS-74 (5th revision)</i>. NASA. April 1996. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19960047214">2060/19960047214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shuttle+flight+data+and+in-flight+anomaly+list+%E2%80%93+STS-1+through+STS-71%2C+STS-73+and+STS-74+%285th+revision%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1996-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19960047214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Information1983" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/shuttle_pk/mrk/FLIGHT_008_STS-008_MRK.pdf"><i>STS-8 Press Information</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rockwell International. August 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STS-8+Press+Information&rft.pub=Rockwell+International&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle_pk%2Fmrk%2FFLIGHT_008_STS-008_MRK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/shuttle_pk/mrk/FLIGHT_009_STS-009_MRK.pdf"><i>STS-9 press information</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rockwell International. November 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STS-9+press+information&rft.pub=Rockwell+International&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle_pk%2Fmrk%2FFLIGHT_009_STS-009_MRK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Kit1983" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W., ed. (January 2001) [August 1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_008_STS-008_Press_Kit.pdf"><i>Space Shuttle Mission STS-8 Press Kit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Mission+STS-8+Press+Kit&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle_pk%2Fpk%2FFlight_008_STS-008_Press_Kit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Major NASA satellite missions and key participants: volume III</i>. Vol. III. NASA. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19920075896">2060/19920075896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+NASA+satellite+missions+and+key+participants%3A+volume+III&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19920075896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASTS-8" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-8&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-8/mission-sts-8.html">STS-8 info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616074730/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-8/mission-sts-8.html">Archived</a> June 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA Kennedy Space Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle08.htm">STS-8 video highlights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023043440/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle08.htm">Archived</a> October 23, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NSS</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_(OV-099)86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Template:Space Shuttle Challenger"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Template talk:Space Shuttle Challenger"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttle Challenger"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_(OV-099)86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> (OV-099)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S83-35803_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/S83-35803_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-S83-35803_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/S83-35803_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-S83-35803_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6408" data-file-height="4806" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Out of service - <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (destroyed) - January 28, 1986 (STS-51-L)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_flag" title="Challenger flag"><i>Challenger</i> flag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i> (2008 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template talk:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">U.S. Space Shuttle missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">(crews)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1977 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-69" title="STS-69">STS-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">STS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">STS-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Cancelled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-41-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-G" title="STS-61-G">STS-61-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62-A" title="STS-62-A">STS-62-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-J" title="STS-61-J">STS-61-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">STS-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> indicates failure missions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1982Orbital_launches_in_19831984_→636" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1983" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1983"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1982Orbital_launches_in_19831984_→636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1982_in_spaceflight" title="1982 in spaceflight">← 1982</a></div><a href="/wiki/1983_in_spaceflight" title="1983 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1983</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">1984 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1437 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1437</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1983_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1983 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0252_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0252 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 0252 SSU-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-8" title="NOAA-8">NOAA-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/TDRS-1" title="TDRS-1">TDRS-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2925 (page does not exist)">OPS 2925</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-8" title="Soyuz T-8">Soyuz T-8</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_V_F-6" title="Intelsat V F-6">Intelsat V F-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6432_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6432 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 6432 SSU-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_I_F-1" title="Eutelsat I F-1">ECS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR-10" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCAR-10">OSCAR-10</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">Anik C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">Palapa B1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPAS-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPAS-01 (page does not exist)">SPAS-01</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OSTA-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSTA-2 (page does not exist)">OSTA-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0721 (page does not exist)">OPS 0721</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3899 (page does not exist)">OPS 3899</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-9" title="Soyuz T-9">Soyuz T-9</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7304 (page does not exist)">OPS 7304</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_17" title="Progress 17">Progress 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">STS-8</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">INSAT-1B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_V_F-7" title="Intelsat V F-7">Intelsat V F-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_18" title="Progress 18">Progress 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown<br />month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1428 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1428</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1429&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1429 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1430 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1431 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1432 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1433 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1434 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1434</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1435&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1435 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1435</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1436&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1436 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Interaction_Experiment_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Interaction Experiment 2 (page does not exist)">PIX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1438 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura 2a (page does not exist)">Sakura 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1439 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIPS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIPS-2 (page does not exist)">LIPS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1440 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1440</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1441 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1442&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1442 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1444&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1444 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.34 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.18L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.18L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.18L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1445" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1445">Kosmos 1445</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1446&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1446 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1446</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-56 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1447&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1447 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1447</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1448&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1448 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1448</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1449 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1449</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.68 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.68</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1450&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1450 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1450</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.23L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.23L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.23L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1451 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satcom_(satellite)" title="Satcom (satellite)">Satcom 1R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1452&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1452 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1452</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohini_RS-D2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohini RS-D2 (page does not exist)">Rohini RS-D2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1453 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1453</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1454&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1454 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1454</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1455&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1455 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1456" title="Kosmos 1456">Kosmos 1456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1457&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1457 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1457</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1458&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1458 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_6" title="GOES 6">GOES 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1459&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1459 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1459</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1460&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1460 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1461&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1461 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1462&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1462 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1463 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1463</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1464&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1464 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1465&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1465 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1465</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1466 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1467&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1467 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1468&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1468 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1469&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1469 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1470&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1470 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1470</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HILAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HILAT (page does not exist)">HILAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1471 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_1" title="Galaxy 1">Galaxy 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.17L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.17L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.17L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_9" title="Prognoz 9">Prognoz 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1472&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1472 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1473 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1473</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1474 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1475&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1475 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1475</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1476 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1477&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1477 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1477</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1478&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1478 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1478</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1479 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1479</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1480 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1481" title="Kosmos 1481">Kosmos 1481</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1482&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1482 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1482</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7994 (page does not exist)">OPS 7994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.66 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1483&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1483 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1484" title="Kosmos 1484">Kosmos 1484</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1485&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1485 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_301" title="Telstar 301">Telstar 301</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1486 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1486</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1487&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1487 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1487</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_2b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura 2b (page does not exist)">Sakura 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1488&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1488 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1489&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1489 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1489</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1490&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1490 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1490</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1491 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1492&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1492 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1492</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 6 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1493 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1493</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.24L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.24L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.24L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.32 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1494&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1494 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1494</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1495 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1496&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1496 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1496</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_2R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom 2R (page does not exist)">Satcom 2R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1497&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1497 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1497</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1498&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1498 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1499&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1499 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1499</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxy-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxy-2 (page does not exist)">Galaxy-2</a></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-ST_No._16L" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L">Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1500 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.25L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.25L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.25L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1501 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1501</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1502&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1502 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1502</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1503&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1503 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1504 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1504</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1505&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1505 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1505</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1506 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.10 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1507 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1507</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1508 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1509 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1294 (page does not exist)">OPS 1294</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.48 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1510 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1511 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1511</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.18L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.18L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.18L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1512&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1512 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1512</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1513&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1513 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1514" title="Kosmos 1514">Kosmos 1514</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1515 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1515</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.35 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1516 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1517" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1517">Kosmos 1517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1518" title="Kosmos 1518">Kosmos 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1519 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1520&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1520 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1521&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1521 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1521</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-8&oldid=1277313340">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-8&oldid=1277313340</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Category:Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Category:Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1983 in spaceflight">1983 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1983 in the United States">1983 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_in_science" title="Category:1983 in science">1983 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1983" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1983">Spacecraft launched in 1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_1983" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1983">Spacecraft which reentered in 1983</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2022" title="Category:Use American English from January 2022">Use American English from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2022">Use mdy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 February 2025, at 22:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STS-8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-8</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>30 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bc974d44c-pnx2l","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.720","walltime":"0.893","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4915,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":139732,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7564,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":125438,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 717.271 1 -total"," 42.83% 307.206 7 Template:Infobox"," 26.78% 192.071 1 Template:Infobox_spaceflight"," 21.19% 151.960 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.42% 89.076 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.26% 87.931 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.24% 73.477 2 Template:Cite_web"," 9.93% 71.198 1 Template:Space_Shuttle_Challenger"," 6.81% 48.875 13 Template:Main_other"," 6.28% 45.023 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.365","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11302941,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBenedict1983\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormackHess1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Information1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSTS-8_Press_Kit1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShayler2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 16,\n [\"End date text\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox spaceflight\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 7,\n [\"OV\"] = 2,\n [\"Orbital launches in 1983\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 30,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Space Shuttle Challenger\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaceflight crew\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date text\"] = 1,\n [\"Time interval\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-q8l7x","timestamp":"20250331032858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"STS-8","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/STS-8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q377764","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q377764","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-07T06:12:31Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T22:57:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/View_of_the_INSAT-1B_PAM-D_being_deployed_S08-49-1722.jpg","headline":"human spaceflight"}</script> </body> </html>