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class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="68191088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68191088/A_Comparative_Study_of_Gender_Roles_in_Animated_Films">A Comparative Study of Gender Roles in Animated Films</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37182242" href="https://utar.academia.edu/edwinmichael">Edwin Michael</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Gender stereotyping always has and still exists in our society. However, this issue is getting conspicuously serious as gender stereotyping has now reached the young masses, who are much more accustomed to the easy, seemingly effortless influence of the mass media. In this study, the researchers have collectively delved into gender roles in animated movies, specifically. The objective of this research is to comprehend how gender perspectives and gender favouritism influence a particular film’s image of the world and the way narratives are being organized to emphasize the impact of male characters in movies, conducted through the research method of content analysis. The results point to the glaringly obvious scarcity of female characters as compared to male characters. As such, it is safe to assume that the presence of gender equality borders from slim to absolutely none. Should this problem persist, there is a plausible, almost certain chance that youngsters these days will undoubte...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Comparative Study of Gender Roles in Animated Films","attachmentId":78755801,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68191088/A_Comparative_Study_of_Gender_Roles_in_Animated_Films","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68191088/A_Comparative_Study_of_Gender_Roles_in_Animated_Films"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="108001446" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108001446/Feminist_Discourse_in_Animated_Films">Feminist Discourse in Animated Films</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="150430837" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ulusaldilek">Dr. Dilek ULUSAL</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Animation in cinema, which appeals not only to children but also adults, is one of the most important film genres that has existed since the birth of cinema. As in the other genres of cinema, feminist discourse formed through female characters is remarkable in animated cinema. This study aimed to present the feminist narratives in animated films, one of the most popular film genres today. In this context, computer-animated fantasy film Brave, regarded as one of the feminist films in animation cinema, was included in the scope of the study and was investigated in line with feminist film theory. The study revealed, as opposed to the powerless and passive woman image imposed by the patriarchal structure in society, the female characters in this film were represented as strong, brave, and free as designed by feminist ideology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Discourse in Animated Films","attachmentId":106504512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108001446/Feminist_Discourse_in_Animated_Films","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108001446/Feminist_Discourse_in_Animated_Films"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="40901164" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40901164/Teenagers_perception_of_portrayal_of_feminism_in_animation">Teenagers' perception of portrayal of feminism in animation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46192338" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChideraIFECHUKWU">Chidera IFECHUKWU</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Feminism is a movement that has been in existence for centuries. The Walt Disney princess evolution has each progressed with a new meaning and understanding of feminism. The perception of teenagers towards feminism in animated moves was analyzed, focusing on their interpretation and understanding of feminism. The study answered the research questions; what type of feminism connotes more with their understanding and under which wave of feminism movement. Concepts of this study were reviewed from other literary works, including their methodology and conclusion. This research sought to validate the perception theory, schema theory, use and gratification theory, knowledge gap and framing theory. The data was gathered through the cross-sectional design and application of the quantitative method. The study population for this research was the Albester Academy with 100students as a sample size. The teenagers used in this examination were students in Senior Secondary School. The result showed that they were more liberal feminist than other types and their perception was aligned with the second wave of feminism. This concluded that women empowerment is the dominant definition of feminism among teenagers. The study recommended that teenagers should be educated on controversial topics, to avoid negative influence that may cause internal conflict.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teenagers' perception of portrayal of feminism in animation","attachmentId":61189668,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40901164/Teenagers_perception_of_portrayal_of_feminism_in_animation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40901164/Teenagers_perception_of_portrayal_of_feminism_in_animation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="99211424" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99211424/The_Exposure_to_Animated_Movies_and_Constructing_Adolescents_Perception_towards_Gender_Role">The Exposure to Animated Movies and Constructing Adolescents’ Perception towards Gender Role</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66123292" href="https://helwan.academia.edu/AmanyFahmy">Amany Fahmy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Communication, Society and Media, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Exposure to Animated Movies and Constructing Adolescents’ Perception towards Gender Role","attachmentId":100360299,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99211424/The_Exposure_to_Animated_Movies_and_Constructing_Adolescents_Perception_towards_Gender_Role","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99211424/The_Exposure_to_Animated_Movies_and_Constructing_Adolescents_Perception_towards_Gender_Role"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="118031432" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118031432/Reflections_of_the_Female_Identity_Constructions_in_Animation_Movies_An_Analysis_on_of_Disney_and_Hayao_Miyazaki_Movies">Reflections of the Female Identity Constructions in Animation Movies: An Analysis on of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki Movies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104826362" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AydaInanc">Ayda Sabuncuoğlu İnanç</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Erciyes İletişim Dergisi</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is observed that women have a series of roles that are positioned within the framework of beautiful and attractive adjectives in the traditional order of social structure and they do not have a life away from home. It has been seen that the identity elements of women have begun to change during the transition to the process of modernism. Within the scope of the study, the changes that the female identity has undergone from the traditional period to the present were analyzed through the female characters in animated films. Twenty posters of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki animated films made between 1984 and 2022 were analyzed by semiotics in the context of female identity construction. The answer to five basic questions were sought, which include the roles identified with women&#39;s identity in the posters, the imposition of beauty, the existence of environmental pressure elements on women, as well as the reflections of the change that women&#39;s identity has experienced until the po...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections of the Female Identity Constructions in Animation Movies: An Analysis on of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki Movies","attachmentId":113752018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118031432/Reflections_of_the_Female_Identity_Constructions_in_Animation_Movies_An_Analysis_on_of_Disney_and_Hayao_Miyazaki_Movies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118031432/Reflections_of_the_Female_Identity_Constructions_in_Animation_Movies_An_Analysis_on_of_Disney_and_Hayao_Miyazaki_Movies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="73259005" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73259005/Visual_Media_and_Communication_A_Conundrum_of_Gender_Disparity_in_Animated_World">Visual Media and Communication: A Conundrum of Gender Disparity in Animated World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56274867" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bhartimagotra">bharti magotra</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Media Journalism and Mass Communications, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Visual Media and Communication: A Conundrum of Gender Disparity in Animated World","attachmentId":81848870,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73259005/Visual_Media_and_Communication_A_Conundrum_of_Gender_Disparity_in_Animated_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73259005/Visual_Media_and_Communication_A_Conundrum_of_Gender_Disparity_in_Animated_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="59325226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59325226/Gender_Construction_And_Media_Narratives_Representations_Of_Gender_In_Animated_Movies">Gender Construction And Media Narratives: Representations Of Gender In Animated Movies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="147289408" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MARIANAEEM12">MARIA NAEEM</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Media, as an important and powerful social institution, contributes in the construction and reinforcement of perceptions and beliefs about gender. The media images of gender have been found stereotypical and discriminated while there have been many debates on the under representation and biased treatment of gender related issues. This research study particularly analyzed how media narratives play a part in the construction of gender identities in animated movies. The study focused to investigate how femininity and masculinity have been build up in movies, which sort of roles have been assigned to both genders and which identities have been emphasized in the animated movies of Time Warner and Walt Disney during the time period of 2008 to 2013. Gender schema and social learning theories gave implications to the research findings. Both quantitative and qualitative content analysis of fourteen animated movies was conducted. The study concluded that there is stereotypical representations...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender Construction And Media Narratives: Representations Of Gender In Animated Movies","attachmentId":73307044,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59325226/Gender_Construction_And_Media_Narratives_Representations_Of_Gender_In_Animated_Movies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59325226/Gender_Construction_And_Media_Narratives_Representations_Of_Gender_In_Animated_Movies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="44961870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44961870/International_Perspectives_on_Feminism_and_Sexism_in_the_Film_Industry_Title_International_perspectives_on_feminism_and_sexism_in_the_film_industry">International Perspectives on Feminism and Sexism in the Film Industry Title: International perspectives on feminism and sexism in the film industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="150430837" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ulusaldilek">Dr. Dilek ULUSAL</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Feminist Discourse in Animated Films, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Animation in cinema, which appeals not only to children but also adults, is one of the most important film genres that has existed since the birth of cinema. As in the other genres of cinema, feminist discourse formed through female characters is remarkable in animated cinema. This study aimed to present the feminist narratives in animated films, one of the most popular film genres today. In this context, computer-animated fantasy film Brave, regarded as one of the feminist films in animation cinema, was included in the scope of the study and was investigated in line with feminist film theory. The study revealed, as opposed to the powerless and passive woman image imposed by the patriarchal structure in society, the female characters in this film were represented as strong, brave, and free as designed by feminist ideology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Perspectives on Feminism and Sexism in the Film Industry Title: International perspectives on feminism and sexism in the film industry","attachmentId":65494841,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44961870/International_Perspectives_on_Feminism_and_Sexism_in_the_Film_Industry_Title_International_perspectives_on_feminism_and_sexism_in_the_film_industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44961870/International_Perspectives_on_Feminism_and_Sexism_in_the_Film_Industry_Title_International_perspectives_on_feminism_and_sexism_in_the_film_industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="113142843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113142843/Princesses_and_wild_girls_New_female_identities_in_animated_cinema_for_young_viewers">Princesses and wild girls. New female identities in animated cinema for young viewers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13964614" href="https://unilink.academia.edu/DalilaForni">Dalila Forni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Women&Education, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Female imaginary has undergone strong transformations in recent decades, leading to more complex and multifaceted representations of female protagonists in children's narratives. Through stories that employ numerous narrative and artistic techniques, today's filmic characters are demonstrating an increasing adherence to socio-cultural changes as they are giving voice to diversified forms of identity in order to deconstruct those stereotypes that, historically, have categorised girls and women, both real and fictional. Starting from a theoretical basis grounded in Gender Pedagogy and Film Studies, the paper aims to offer a pedagogical overview of the portrayals presented in contemporary children's cinema, from the latest Disney heroines to the female protagonists of Hayao Miyazaki's works, up to independent cinema's products. KEYWORDS Children's films, animated films, female representation, visual pedagogy, gender identity. Film per l'infanzia, film d'animazione, rappresentazione femminile, pedagogia visuale, identità di genere. L'immaginario femminile costruito attraverso le narrazioni filmiche per l'infanzia ha subìto negli ultimi decenni forti trasformazioni che hanno portato a rappresentazioni di protagoniste sempre più complesse e ricche di sfumature. Tramite storie che utilizzano tecniche narrative ed artistiche diverse, gli attuali personaggi filmici stanno dimostrando una sempre maggiore aderenza ai cambiamenti socio-culturali, dando voce a forme identitarie diversificate e oltre gli stereotipi che, storicamente, hanno caratterizzato bambine, ragazze, donne, tanto reali quanto fittizie. A partire da una base teorica fondata sulla Pedagogia di genere e sui Film Studies, il saggio intende offrire una riflessione pedagogica sui nuovi ritratti femminili nei film di animazione contemporanei attraverso una panoramica dei nuovi ritratti presentati nel cinema per l'infanzia, dalle nuove eroine Disney al protagonismo femminile nelle opere di Hayao Miyazaki, fino ai prodotti del cinema indipendente.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Princesses and wild girls. New female identities in animated cinema for young viewers","attachmentId":110180019,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113142843/Princesses_and_wild_girls_New_female_identities_in_animated_cinema_for_young_viewers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113142843/Princesses_and_wild_girls_New_female_identities_in_animated_cinema_for_young_viewers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="11028095" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11028095/The_Changed_and_Unchanged_Situation_in_the_Representation_of_Women_in_Contemporary_Cinema">The Changed and Unchanged Situation in the Representation of Women in Contemporary Cinema</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26685557" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArifRohman20">Arif Rohman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Changed and Unchanged Situation in the Representation of Women in Contemporary Cinema","attachmentId":46959696,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11028095/The_Changed_and_Unchanged_Situation_in_the_Representation_of_Women_in_Contemporary_Cinema","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11028095/The_Changed_and_Unchanged_Situation_in_the_Representation_of_Women_in_Contemporary_Cinema"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":94491563,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":94491563,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_94491563" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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