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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pandur" title="Pandur">Pandur</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>pandura</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πανδοῦρα</span>, <i>pandoura</i>) or <b>pandore</b>, an ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a>, belonged in the broad class of the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> instruments. <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a> played similar instruments from the 3rd millennium BC. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> artwork depicts such lutes from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward. </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pandura</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg/164px-Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg/245px-Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg/327px-Muse_with_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_Pandura_Pandora_Panduris_ancient_Greece_old_guitar_Athens_IV_BCE_siglo_IV_AEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="907"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a> playing a <i>pandoura</i>, detail of a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">bas relief</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mantineia" title="Mantineia">Mantineia</a>, 4th century BC <i>(<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a>)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necked_lutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necked lutes (page does not exist)">Necked lutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">String instruments</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat (lute)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a> (Saz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baglamas" title="Baglamas">Baglamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Lyra">Byzantine Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">Charango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitarra_Italiana" title="Chitarra Italiana">Chitarra Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domra" title="Domra">Domra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li>Pandura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panduri" title="Panduri">Panduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phandar" title="Phandar">Phandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_tambura" title="Balkan tambura">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur_(Turkish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanbur (Turkish)">Tanbur (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temb%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembûr">Tembûr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiorbino" title="Tiorbino">Tiorbino</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ancient_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Greece</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins_of_the_name_pandura"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins of the name <i>pandura</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Roman</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mesopotamia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mesopotamia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Eastern_variations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern variations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Caucasus"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Caucasus</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <i>pandoura</i> was a medium or long-necked lute with a small resonating chamber, used by the ancient Greeks. It commonly had three strings: such an instrument was also known as the <i>trichordon</i> (three-stringed) (τρίχορδον, McKinnon 1984:10). Its descendants still survive as the Kartvelian <a href="/wiki/Panduri" title="Panduri">panduri</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">tambouras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the North African <a href="/wiki/Kwitra" title="Kwitra">kuitra</a>, the Eastern Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">saz</a> and the Balkan <a href="/wiki/Tamburica" title="Tamburica">tamburica</a> and remained popular also in the near east and eastern Europe, too, usually acquiring a third string in the course of time,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the fourth century BC. </p><p>Renato Meucci (1996) suggests that the some <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> descendants of pandura type were called <a href="/wiki/Chitarra_Italiana" title="Chitarra Italiana">chitarra italiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">mandore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_name_pandura">Origins of the name <i>pandura</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of the name pandura" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The name dates back to the origins of stringed instruments, when the archery-bow had a resonator added (becoming a musical bow) and was straightened to become a lute.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sumerian a "bow" (as in bow and arrow or musical bow) or arched harp was <i>giš.ban</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbril180_181-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the adjective "tur" (small) was added it became <i>gišban.tur</i> and denoted the "musical instrument smaller than the hunting-bow."<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbril180_181-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would also "differentiate it from larger musical instruments."<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbril180_181-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ban.tur</i> became the "small bow".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the bow was straightened out (turning it into a lute) the instrument created "may have kept the name", <i>ban.tur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbril319_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbril319-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That instrument "eventually led to the <i>pandura</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbril319_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbril319-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is not to say that the pandura is the first of all the lutes with similar names; pandura was one of many names coming from the original Sumerian <i>ban.tur</i>, including tambur or tanbur.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Roman">Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Information about Roman pandura-type instruments comes mainly from ancient Roman artwork. Under the Romans the pandura was modified: the long neck was preserved but was made wider to take four strings, and the body was either oval or slightly broader at the base, but without the inward curves of the pear-shaped instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>pandura</i> was rare in classical Latin writers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Lute-class instruments were present in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> era, or the third millennium <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Eastern_variations">Eastern variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>There were at least two distinct varieties of pandura.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One type was pear-shaped, used in Assyria and Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this type the body had graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These curves changed at the bottom end off the instrument to a more sloping outline, an elongated triangle with the corners rounded off.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oval type, a favourite instrument of the Egyptians, was also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Caucasus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>From the ancient Greek word <i>pandoura</i>, a comparable instrument is found in modern <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, where it is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Phandar" title="Phandar">phandar</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Panduri" title="Panduri">panduri</a></i> is a three-string fretted instrument. The modern Georganian <i>panduri</i> instrument is in the <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a> class. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura,_Cyprus,_circa_300_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus (British Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus (British Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg/99px-Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="3069"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg/99px-Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg" data-alt="Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus (British Museum)" data-width="99" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg/148px-Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg/198px-Terracotta_Figure_of_a_Woman_Playing_a_Pandoura%2C_Cyprus%2C_circa_300_BC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus <i>(British Museum)</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandoura_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC."><noscript><img alt="Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pandoura_002.jpg/155px-Pandoura_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pandoura_002.jpg/155px-Pandoura_002.jpg" data-alt="Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC." data-width="155" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pandoura_002.jpg/233px-Pandoura_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pandoura_002.jpg/310px-Pandoura_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a> figurine, 200 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD."><noscript><img alt="Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/155px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/155px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" data-alt="Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD." data-width="155" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/233px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/310px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Short lute-family instrument on a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>-style plaster sculpture made in <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda, Afghanistan</a> and now at the <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a> in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_(Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, shown playing a pandurium, 2nd century AD, from Emerita Augusta, Hispania (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida, Spain)[12][13][14]"><noscript><img alt="Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, shown playing a pandurium, 2nd century AD, from Emerita Augusta, Hispania (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida, Spain)[12][13][14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg/150px-Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg/150px-Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg" data-alt="Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, shown playing a pandurium, 2nd century AD, from Emerita Augusta, Hispania (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida, Spain)[12][13][14]" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg/225px-Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg/300px-Estela_de_Lutatia_Lupata_%28Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Romano%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, shown playing a pandurium, 2nd century AD, from <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Hispania</a> <i>(Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida, Spain</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imagen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble,_British_Museum_number_1805,0703.132.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a pandura-type instrument from a Roman sarcophagus relief, 3rd century AD (British Museum)[15]"><noscript><img alt="Detail of a pandura-type instrument from a Roman sarcophagus relief, 3rd century AD (British Museum)[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg/147px-Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1018"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg/147px-Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg" data-alt="Detail of a pandura-type instrument from a Roman sarcophagus relief, 3rd century AD (British Museum)[15]" data-width="147" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg/221px-Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg/295px-Guitar-type_instrument_depicted_on_an_ancient_Roman_sarcophagus_in_marble%2C_British_Museum_number_1805%2C0703.132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a pandura-type instrument from a Roman <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> relief, 3rd century AD <i>(British Museum)</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Pandore.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman or Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.[16]"><noscript><img alt="Roman or Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Byzantine_Pandore.gif/155px-Byzantine_Pandore.gif" decoding="async" width="155" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Byzantine_Pandore.gif/155px-Byzantine_Pandore.gif" data-alt="Roman or Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.[16]" data-width="155" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Byzantine_Pandore.gif/233px-Byzantine_Pandore.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Byzantine_Pandore.gif/310px-Byzantine_Pandore.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman or Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandura" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pandura"> pandura</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lute#History_and_evolution_of_the_lute" title="Lute">Lute § History and evolution of the lute</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phandar" title="Phandar">Phandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panduri" title="Panduri">Panduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baglamas" title="Baglamas">Baglamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409192546/http://www.instruments-museum.gr/details2.php?lang=1&wh=1&the1id=1&the2id=3&the3id=5&theid=8&open1=1&open2=3&open3=5&thepid=233&theq=">"Ταμπουράς"</a> [Tabouras], <i>Museum Of Greek Popular Musical Instruments</i> (in Greek), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instruments-museum.gr/details2.php?lang=1&wh=1&the1id=1&the2id=3&the3id=5&theid=8&open1=1&open2=3&open3=5&thepid=233&theq=">the original</a> on April 9, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Of+Greek+Popular+Musical+Instruments&rft.atitle=%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instruments-museum.gr%2Fdetails2.php%3Flang%3D1%26wh%3D1%26the1id%3D1%26the2id%3D3%26the3id%3D5%26theid%3D8%26open1%3D1%26open2%3D3%26open3%3D5%26thepid%3D233%26theq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreysHaldonCormack2008" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Elizabeth</a>; Haldon, John; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cormack" title="Robin Cormack">Cormack, Robin</a>, eds. (2008), <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookby00jeff"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</i></a></span>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookby00jeff/page/n957">928</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19925-246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19925-246-6"><bdi>978-0-19925-246-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=928&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19925-246-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookby00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaliaras2007" class="citation book cs2">Maliaras, Nikos (2007), <i>Byzantina mousika organa</i> [<i>Byzantine musical instruments</i>], Athens: Papagregoriou-Nakas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-60755-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-60755-444-4"><bdi>978-9-60755-444-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantina+mousika+organa&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Papagregoriou-Nakas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-60755-444-4&rft.aulast=Maliaras&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span> EPN 1023; and <i><a href="/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" class="mw-redirect" title="Digenis Akritas">Digenis Akritas</a></i>, Escorial version, vv. 826-827, ed. and transl. Elizabeth Jeffreys.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmer2004" class="citation book cs1">Ammer, Christine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sneYoAFYXqsC&pg=PA298"><i>The Facts on File Dictionary of Music</i></a> (4th ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3009-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-3009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-3009-5&rft.aulast=Ammer&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsneYoAFYXqsC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C+long+lutes&pg=PA320"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. pp. 308–310, 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>. <q>[note: pages 308-310 address the development of the lute, page 319 addresses the application of the name to it]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=308-310%2C+319&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC%26q%3Ddumbrill%252C%2Blong%2Blutes%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumbril180_181-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbril180_181_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C+long+lutes&pg=PA320"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC%26q%3Ddumbrill%252C%2Blong%2Blutes%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C+long+lutes&pg=PA320"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC%26q%3Ddumbrill%252C%2Blong%2Blutes%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumbril319-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbril319_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbril319_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C+long+lutes&pg=PA320"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC%26q%3Ddumbrill%252C%2Blong%2Blutes%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C+long+lutes&pg=PA320"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. pp. 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>. <q>The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos'. ... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura. ... These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian <i>tunbar</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=319-320&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC%26q%3Ddumbrill%252C%2Blong%2Blutes%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pandura" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pandura">"Pandura" in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, year 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Search for word <i>pandura</i> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latin.packhum.org/search?q=pandura">"Classical Latin Texts"</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Latin+Texts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatin.packhum.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dpandura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span>, a website that is able to boast: "This website contains essentially all Latin literary texts written before A.D. 200, as well as some texts selected from later antiquity." <i>Pandura</i> is very rare as a word in classical Latin texts, but pandura-type instruments are not very rare in ancient Roman artwork. This raises the question: what then did the ancient Romans call it? Classical Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a></i> meant a lyre-type instrument at least sometimes, but sometimes it meant any plucked string musical instrument, and it seems very probable that the pandura was called by the name <i>cithara</i> in classical Latin at least sometimes. The classical Latin dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Short" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Short">Lewis and Short</a> translates Classical Latin <i>cithara</i> as English "cithara, cithern, guitar, or lute". See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:2512.lewisandshort">"cithara"</a>. <i>A Latin Dictionary; Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary</i>. Oxford: Trustees of Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cithara&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary%3B+Founded+on+Andrews%27+edition+of+Freund%27s+Latin+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Trustees+of+Tufts+University&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.2%3A2512.lewisandshort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grove_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanMorrisBailyDuring2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hassan, Scheherezade Qassim; Morris, R. Conway; Baily, John; During, Jean (2001). "Tanbūr". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. XXV (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. pp. 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tanb%C5%ABr&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61-62&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Scheherezade+Qassim&rft.au=Morris%2C+R.+Conway&rft.au=Baily%2C+John&rft.au=During%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.flickr.com/#/photos/julio-claudians/8098646683/">"Photograph of the museum information sign for the stele"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. 25 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=Photograph+of+the+museum+information+sign+for+the+stele&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.flickr.com%2F%23%2Fphotos%2Fjulio-claudians%2F8098646683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imagen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imagen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsonBasarrateTrillmich2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edmondson, Jonathan; Basarrate, Trinidad Nogales; Trillmich, Walter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wziG-neDLQgC&q=Lutatia%20Severus%20Alumn&pg=PA144"><i>Imagen y memoria: Monumentos funerarios con retratos en la colonia Augusta Emerita</i></a> (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-92-4"><bdi>978-84-89512-92-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagen+y+memoria%3A+Monumentos+funerarios+con+retratos+en+la+colonia+Augusta+Emerita&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-89512-92-4&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Basarrate%2C+Trinidad+Nogales&rft.au=Trillmich%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwziG-neDLQgC%26q%3DLutatia%2520Severus%2520Alumn%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?Museo=MNAR&txtSimpleSearch=Estela%20de%20Lutatia%20Lupata">"Estela de Lutatia Lupata"</a>. <i>Museo Nacional de Arte Romano</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>La joven LUTATIA toca un instrumento de cuerda, tipo "pandarium"... [translation: The young LUTATIA plays a stringed instrument, "pandarium" type]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Nacional+de+Arte+Romano&rft.atitle=Estela+de+Lutatia+Lupata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceres.mcu.es%2Fpages%2FResultSearch%3FMuseo%3DMNAR%26txtSimpleSearch%3DEstela%2520de%2520Lutatia%2520Lupata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=459993&partId=1">"Sarcophagus (1805,0703.132)"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>The sarcophagus is in The British Museum, which says it was uncovered near Rome and was probably made in Rome itself, and date-estimates it 3rd century AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Sarcophagus+%281805%2C0703.132%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D459993%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett1942" class="citation journal cs1">Brett, Gerard (1942). "The Mosaic of the Great Palace in Constantinople". <i>The Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>. <b>5</b>: 34–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750447">10.2307/750447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750447">750447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=The+Mosaic+of+the+Great+Palace+in+Constantinople&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=34-43&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1949" class="citation journal cs1">Farmer, Henry George (1949). "An Early Greek Pandore". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 177–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0010293X">10.1017/S0035869X0010293X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222335">25222335</a>. <q>The instrument is a three-stringed pandoura...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=An+Early+Greek+Pandore&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-179&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0010293X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25222335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon1984" class="citation book cs1">McKinnon, J. W. (1984). "Pandoura". In Sadie, S. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"><i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i></a>. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pandoura&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandura" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pandura&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pandura" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pandura">Pandura</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yontown.de/Gitarre_Laute_Fiedel/Bld_Laute_gross/Pand_Rom_antik_1_g.gif">Picture of a pandura, originally published 1947 in the book <i>The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors</i> by David Talbot Rice. Henry George Farmer calls the instrument "a three-stringed pandoura" in his 1949 article <i>An Early Greek Pandore</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929033820/http://www.shlomomusic.com/pandoura.htm">Website that has a history of Pandura with some good photos.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoura" title="Pandoura – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pandoura" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pandura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a 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