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href="/w/index.php?title=Digenis_Akritas&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Digenis Akritas">Digenis Akritas</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Digenes Akritas (<a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> as Acritas; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτας)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">medieval Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> that emerged in the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. It is the lengthiest and most famous of the <a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">acritic songs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature#Popular_poetry" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine folk poems</a> celebrating the lives and exploits of the <a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a>, the inhabitants and frontier guards of the empire's eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">provinces</a>. The acritic songs represented the remnants of an ancient epic cycle in Byzantium and, due to their long oral transmission throughout the empire, the identification of precise references to historical events may be only conjectural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">[2]</a> Set during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab-Byzantine wars</a>, the poem reflects the interactions, along with the military and cultural conflicts of the two polities. The epic consists of between 3,000 to 4,000 lines and it has been pieced together following the discovery of several manuscripts. An extensive narrative text, it is often thought of as the only surviving Byzantine work truly qualifying as epic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998i-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitzFinkmann2019175-5">[4]</a> Written in a form of vernacular Greek, it is regarded as one of its earliest examples, as well as the starting point of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton199632-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200110-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111-8">[7]</a> <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;">Digenes Akritas<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenes+Akritas&rft.place=%5B%5BByzantine+Empire%5D%5D&rft.series=%5B%5BAcritic+songs%5D%5D"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Digenis_Akritas_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Digenis_Akritas_Athens.jpg/220px-Digenis_Akritas_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Digenis_Akritas_Athens.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="480"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Manuscript of the epic of Digenes Akritas, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" title="National Library of Greece">National Library of Greece</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data">Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτας</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data">12th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The epic details the life of the eponymous hero, Basil, whose epithet Digenes Akritas ("two-blood border lord") alludes to his mixed <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197014-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xv-10">[9]</a> The text is divided into two halves; the first half, epic in tone, details the lives and encounter of Basil's parents; his mother, a Byzantine noblewoman from the <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> family named Eirene, and his father, an Arab <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> named Mousour who, after abducting Eirene in a raid, converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and married her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx-11">[10]</a> The second half, in a more romantic atmosphere, discusses Basil's early childhood and later, often from a first-person point of view, his struggles and acts of heroism on the Byzantine borders. Allusions to <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological</a> elements, including the <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Hercules</a>-like childhood of Basil, and his affair with the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazon</a> warrior Maximo, also appear throughout the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111%E2%80%93112-12">[11]</a> Though a legendary figure, it has been suggested that inspiration for the hero may have derived from the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocian</a> general and emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos Diogenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The epic of Digenes Akritas continued to be read and passed down in the post Byzantine period, with the most recent surviving manuscripts dating to the 17th century. The character became the archetype of the ideal medieval hero featuring in a number of folk-songs popular throughout the Greek-speaking world, most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. The epic would go on to have significant impact on the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">culture of modern Greece</a>, particularly on folk music, the arts, and the literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Manuscripts">1.1 Manuscripts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Discovery_and_publication">1.2 Discovery and publication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Overview">2 Overview</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Acritic_cycle">2.1 Acritic cycle</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Imagery">2.1.1 Imagery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_epic">2.2 The epic</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Historical_context_and_composition">2.2.1 Historical context and composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Storyline">2.2.2 Storyline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Local_traditions">2.3 Local traditions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Form">3 Form</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Language">3.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Style">3.2 Style</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Legacy">4 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sources">8 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manuscripts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumela_Monastery_(2674156336).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg/219px-Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 219px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg/219px-Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg" data-width="219" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg/328px-Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg/438px-Sumela_Monastery_%282674156336%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Sumela Monastery in Trebizond where the first manuscript was discovered in 1868.</figcaption></figure> The epic of Digenes Akritas is most commonly thought to have been first compiled around the 12th century AD building on earlier material which was primarily derived from oral sources. The existence of the epic during this time is referenced at a Ptochoprodromic poem to emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> under the name "New Akrites".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> During the 19th and 20th centuries, a total of six manuscripts of the epic became available, with the oldest surviving piece dating back to the late 1200s–early 1300s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xIi-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197012-16">[15]</a> Each of the surviving manuscripts constituted a different version of the same medieval story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111-8">[7]</a> Comparative evidence suggests that word-for-word precision was a rare instance in the Byzantine period and it was typical for copies of literary works to involve some degree of variation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxiii-17">[16]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> manuscript (3182 lines, <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sumela monastery</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a> manuscript (or Andros–<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, 4778 lines, 16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a> manuscript (3749 lines, Greek monastery of Grottaferrata, 13th–14th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xviii-18">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">Escorial</a> manuscript (1867 lines, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Monastery_of_San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial" title="Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial">Escorial library</a>, 15th–16th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xIi-15">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> manuscript (3094 lines, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College</a>, finished in 1670)</li> <li>Andros manuscript (also Andros–<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, or Paschales MS, finished in 1632)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-13-19">[18]</a></li></ul> The existence of more manuscripts has been attested in the 18th and 19th century, but their location remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxiii-17">[16]</a> Those include a now lost manuscript once seen at the <a href="/wiki/Xeropotamou_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeropotamou monastery">Xeropotamou monastery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Athos</a> in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">[2]</a> The oldest two are the 'El Escorial' and 'Grottaferrata' versions, from the names of the libraries in which the respective manuscripts are held. While the form (or forms) in which the text has survived is not the product of oral composition, it has nevertheless retained a considerable number of features of its oral origins. The common core of the two versions preserved in the Esc and Gro manuscripts goes back to the twelfth century. The two manuscripts differ greatly, with the Gro version being more well-organized, while the Esc version is closer to the language of everyday speech with several gaps and metric irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> The text of Esc appears to be closer to the original composition, while Gro represents a version that is heavily marked by learned reworking. Both texts give enchanting descriptions of the life of the martial societies of the border regions of the empire, while in the figure of Digenes are concentrated the legends that had accumulated around local heroes. The Esc version is the superior of the two in respect of the power and immediacy of the battle scenes and austerity of style. The epic descriptions of the mounted knights and battles are marked by drama, a swift pace and lively visual detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120%E2%80%9321-20">[19]</a> There exists an <a href="/wiki/Old_Slavonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a> version of Digenis Akritas under the title Deeds of the Brave Men of Old (Дѣяніе прежнихъ временъ храбрыхъ человѣкъ), which is adapted from a line in the Grottaferrata manuscript. The Slavonic version is often called the Devgenievo deianie, but this title is not found in manuscripts. It contains both straightforward translation and free retelling of the Greek version in the Grottaferrata manuscript. It was produced in a bilingual Greek–<a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> milieu, probably in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> (14th century) or its successors. It has features suggestive of <a href="/wiki/Oral-formulaic_composition" title="Oral-formulaic composition">oral-formulaic composition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_publication">Discovery and publication</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery and publication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The existence of the epic of Digenes Akritas remained unknown prior to the second half of the 19th century when most of the manuscripts were discovered and published. Until then, the hero –variously referred to as Digenes, Constantine, or Giannis (John)– was only known through the songs and ballads of the <a href="#Acritic_cycle">Acritic Cycle</a> that had been preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of the Greek-speaking world and had been collected and published around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-22">[21]</a> The first manuscript of the epic was discovered in 1868 at the <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sumela Monastery</a> of Trebizond and it was first published in 1875. It was soon followed by the Andros manuscript which was discovered in 1878 and published in 1881. A rhymed version from the Lincoln College of Oxford was published in 1880; the version had the advantage of being signed by its writer, a monk from <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> by the name Ignatios Petritzes, in 1670. The oldest surviving manuscript was found in the Greek monastery of Grottaferrata, near <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, in 1879 and it was published in 1892. A <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> version written by Meletios Vlastos of Chios in 1632 was discovered in Andros in 1898 and it wasn't published until 1928. The incomplete Madrid version, published in 1912, was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Monastery_of_San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial" title="Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial">Escorial library</a> of Spain in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-13-19">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acritic_cycle">Acritic cycle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acritic cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/227px-3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1876"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/227px-3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" data-width="227" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/341px-3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/454px-3332_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Digenes Akritas bearing a sword next to the slain dragon. Fragment of a 12th century Byzantine plate. <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Ancient Agora Museum</a>, Athens.</figcaption></figure> The names 'Digenis' or 'Akritas' (rarely found together) have long been widespread throughout the Greek-speaking world representing heroes of folk-songs that are particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xv-10">[9]</a> Before the discovery of the manuscripts, the protagonist of the epic was only known through the <a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a>; narrative vernacular songs or <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> typically in <a href="/wiki/Political_verse" title="Political verse">political verse</a> that originated from the Byzantine period and reflected episodes and characters associated with the epic-romance of Digenes Akritas. Collected primarily from 19th century oral sources, the best of those songs were found on the fringes of Asia Minor, like <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, and Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxvi-23">[22]</a> In the acritic tradition, the warriors are presented as paragons of elegance and nobility (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: λεβεντιά); they reside in luxurious houses typically on the edges of the Christian world, and sometimes bear names of the Byzantine aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20045-6-24">[23]</a> The Byzantine acritic songs represented the remnants of an ancient epic tradition that appears to predate the epic of Digenes itself. The songs have been subjected to the transformation of up to a thousand years old oral transmission making the identification of historical events and individuals only presumptive. The similarities between the songs and the epic are likely to have arisen as both drew inspiration from a common pool of folk material. Those songs that appear closer to the surviving versions of the epic are more likely to have been influenced by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">[2]</a> The acritic saga appears to loosely draw on four bodies of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Thebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Troy</a>. The fusion of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">folklore</a> with Christian tradition is also a typical motif in the works of the acritic cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20046-25">[24]</a> Some recurrent elements include the exploits of particularly endowed warriors, or a speaking bird usually bringing about the desired closure to a troubling story. Fine examples of the Acritic songs that feature prominent Anatolian elements include <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Armouris" title="Song of Armouris">The Song of Armouris</a>, The Son of Andronikos, Porphyris, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Arta" title="Bridge of Arta">The Bridge of Arta</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20047-26">[25]</a> The most famous episodes of Digenes' life that appear in the acritic songs include the abduction of his future bride (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Η απαγωγή της κόρης του στρατηγού; "The abduction of the general's daughter"), the building of his house (Ο Ακρίτης κάστρον έχτιζεν; "Acritas built a castle"), his encounter with the beast (Ο δράκος; "The dragon"), and his death (Ο χάρος μαύρα εφόρεσεν; "<a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a> dressed in black"). The hero's dramatic battle with Charon, an element that features prominently in the acritic songs, does not occur earlier in the epic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022127-27">[26]</a> Politis has interpreted this theme as a symbol of the struggle between the Christian Greek population and its Muslim masters during the Turkish conquests of Byzantines lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20046-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imagery">Imagery</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imagery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Episodes from the Acritic cycle, as well as the epic of Digenes Akritas appear on more than 100 ceramic plates that have been found in various locations, from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Contantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>; the oldest of those dating back to the 12th century. A painting on a Corinthian plate depicts Digenes wooing the Amazon Maximo, while a fragment of a plate from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Ancient Agora</a> of Athens depicts the sword-bearing warrior next to the dragon that has been slain with five darts (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: πέντε κοντάρια, pente kontaria; a popular theme in the acritic ballads with no counterpart in the epic). 35 of the plates depict the hero wearing a pleated kilt, known as the <a href="/wiki/Podea" title="Podea">podea</a>, and 26 have him killing the dragon. Some of those iconographic elements, like the outfit of the warrior and the heroic deeds, were also attributed to other lesser known <a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">akritai</a> of the folk ballads and, as such, the identification of a depicted hero as Digenes may at times be presumptive. A much more recognizable scene from the epic of Akritas is found at a relief from <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine,_Thessaloniki" title="Church of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki">saint Cathrine's</a> in Thessalonica showing an armoured figure tearing apart the jaws of a lion; a scene reminiscent of Digenes' youth in the epic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199147-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_epic">The epic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The epic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_context_and_composition">Historical context and composition</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical context and composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg/272px-Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1498"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 272px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg/272px-Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg.png" data-width="272" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg/408px-Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg/544px-Arab-Byzantine_frontier_zone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire during the Arab-Byzantine wars. Basil's mother, Eirene, originated from the region of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>, the conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> that lasted from the 7th century to the early 11th century, provide the historical context for the Byzantine heroic poetry written in Medieval Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120-29">[28]</a> The Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a> of this period were a military class responsible for safeguarding the frontier regions of the imperial territory from external enemies and freebooting adventurers who operated on the fringes of the empire. Each of the surviving versions give an insight into the lives of the wealthy frontier guards of this period. The first half of the epic reflects personalities and events from 9th and 10th century Byzantine history, including references to aristocratic families like <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">Kinnamos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxxix-30">[29]</a> while the second half appears to be visually timeless. <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> is regarded as the origin place of the story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111-8">[7]</a> Based on details of geography and titulature, the general worldview as presented in the whole text is confirmed to predate the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Turkish presence</a> in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> The original composition of Digenes Akritas, judging by its themes, including the eventual Arab-Byzantine reconciliation, may date to a later period than the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Armouris" title="Song of Armouris">Song of Armouris</a> (11th century), in which the features of oral epic composition also appear more marked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200121-31">[30]</a> The most possible date of its composition is the 12th century during the revival of interest in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek romance">ancient Greek romance</a> which, in turn, gave rise to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_romance" title="Byzantine romance">Byzantine romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> During this time, there seems to have been a deliberate attempt to use <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> literary genres as objects of imitation (mimesis), with the most striking revival being that of ancient romance. Though the Byzantines never stopped reading <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, poetic composition in epic style was interrupted in the 6th century and resumed in the 10th century, though still not comprising epic subject-matter. In the first half of the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Prodromos" title="Theodore Prodromos">Theodore Prodromos</a>' panygerical hexameters to emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II</a> are among the early surviving texts representing medieval attempts to celebrate the exploits of an emperor in truly Homeric style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatonRicks2017Chapter_1-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storyline">Storyline</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Storyline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/232px-3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 232px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/232px-3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" data-width="232" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/348px-3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/464px-3335_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Byzantine_plate_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Digenes Akritas and the dragon. 12th century Byzantine plate. <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Ancient Agora Museum</a>, Athens.</figcaption></figure> The work comprises two parts; the first part, the "Lay of the Emir", bears more obviously the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> and narrates the story of Digenes' parents. In the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> of the Byzantine Empire (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ῥωμανία, Rhomanía), a certain <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> prince named Andronikos and his wife Anna, who already had five sons, prayed for a daughter. When their daughter Eirene was born, the soothsayers foretold that she would one day be carried away from the empire by an Arabian <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>. From a young age Eirene was put in a palace and grew surrounded by a company of guards and nursemaids. One day when her father was away at an expedition, Eirene left the palace with her maids and went for a picnic in the countryside. At the time, a young prince of Syria named Mousour who had invaded Cappadocia found the princess and her companions and carried them away. When her five brothers became aware of the incident, they left the empire in search of their sister. Outfought, the emir surrendered to the brothers and confessed his love for Eirene promising to became a Christian if they allow them to marry. Mousour was eventually baptized and, after their marriage, Eirene gave birth to their son who was named Basil (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Βασίλειος, Basileios) Digenes Akritas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx%E2%80%93xxxi-33">[32]</a> The second part of the work begins with the development of the young hero and his superhuman feats of bravery and strength. As a boy, Digenes goes hunting with his father and, like young Hercules, learns to defeat wild animals unarmed; he kills several animals with his bare hands, including a lion and two bears. As a young man, he takes on the so-called apelatai (ἀπελάται), a group of freebooting bandits –sometimes enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">akritai</a>–, and then defeats their three leaders in single combat. Growing up, Digenes falls in love and elopes with Eudocia (Ευδοκία), the daughter of a Byzantine general and, after he manages to defeat his persecutors –Eudocia's brothers and their soldiers– he marries her. Living with his new family on the borders of the empire, he pacifies the region by hunting down bandits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxxvi%E2%80%93xxxix-34">[33]</a> His strength became notorious throughout the empire. The Byzantine emperor himself pays a visit to Digenes in order to witness his accomplishments and physical strength. Digenes narrates in first-person of his previous adventures, including an instance where he rescued his bride from a <a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">dragon</a>. In his duel with the amazingly strong <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazon warrior</a> Maximο, Digenes defeats his opponent, but she eventually gets him to engage with her in an <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital</a> affair. Having defeated all his enemies and brought peace to the borders, Digenes builds a luxurious palace by the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> where he ends his days peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004112-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_traditions">Local traditions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg/220px-Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg/220px-Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg/330px-Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg/440px-Aphrodite%27s_Rock.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Petra_tou_Romiou" title="Petra tou Romiou">Rock of the Greek</a>" which was thrown in Paphos by Digenes, according to Cypriot folklore. </figcaption></figure> Historically, the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> served the Byzantine Empire as a stronghold during the Islamic expansion and had a key role as a border between Christian and Islamic cultures. The island's geographic location turned it into an important center of production and revision of Byzantine heroic songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xv-36">[35]</a> Cypriot heroic folk songs have had significant impact in preserving the island's Byzantine culture over time and are today a valuable resource for scholars to obtain a better understanding of the Byzantine society and folk beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiv-37">[36]</a> Digenes, whose strength was often elevated to supernatural status, was recognized in local Cypriot and <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> traditions as the protector of the islands;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022126-38">[37]</a> legend has it that Digenes would grab hold of the <a href="/wiki/Pentadaktylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadaktylos">Pentadaktylos</a> mountain range north of <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> leaping over to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and then to Crete in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> raiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiii-39">[38]</a> The peak of the Pentadaktylos ("Five Fingers") mountain range was said to represent the imprint of Digenes' hand, while his footprint was said to be visible on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Psiloritis</a> mountain in Crete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022126-38">[37]</a> According to another legend, Digenes once threw a large rock across Cyprus in order to keep off the invading Saracen ships. The rock, that was hurled from the <a href="/wiki/Troodos_Mountains" title="Troodos Mountains">Troodos mountains</a>, landed in <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> at the site of <a href="/wiki/Petra_tou_Romiou" title="Petra tou Romiou">Aphrodite's birthplace</a>, that is known to this day as Petra Tou Romiou ("Rock of the Greek"). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Form" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The text of Digenes Akritas is one of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature#Popular_poetry" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine folk literature</a> and is generally regarded as the starting point of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">modern Greek literature</a>. It is written in a vernacular form of medieval Greek that is more familiar to modern-day speakers, compared to the more conservative language of the Byzantine ecclesiastical litterateurs and chroniclers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200110-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaragounis200447-40">[39]</a> The text includes many features that are in line with developments in the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek language</a> and are characteristic of popular speech, including <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">aphaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">synizesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014336-41">[40]</a> From an overall impression, the text appears to be of modern <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, while by contrast its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> remains quite traditional, with modern variations observed mainly in verb endings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014341-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Digenes Akritas is an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a>, although it is not in a pure epic-heroic style. A hybrid of oral epic and literary <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> it comprises two parts; the first one is epic in tone, while the second has the atmosphere of a romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> It is an extensive narrative text composed in fifteen syllable <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, henceforth the standard metre of Greek poetry, now with predominantly iambic rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014336-41">[40]</a> The poem does not diverge from the standard <a href="/wiki/Political_verse" title="Political verse">political verse</a> of popular Byzantine literature and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyming</a> occurs rarely. Each line holds its own and every hemistich is carefully balanced. The poem flows, is cadential, with no cacophonies, and very scarce sound repetitions. Below is an excerpt from the translation of the Escorial manuscript, lines 32-55, by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">E. M. Jeffreys</a> (pp. 240–3): <table cellspacing="10" style="white-space: nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Line</td> <td>Original</td> <td>Translation </td></tr> <tr> <td>[32]</td> <td>Εὐθὺς ἐκαβαλίκευσαν, 'ς τὸν κάμπον κατεβαίνουν. </td> <td>They mounted at once and they came to the battlefield. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[33]</td> <td> Ὡς δράκοντες ἐσύριζαν καὶ ὡς λέοντες ἐβρυχοῦντα </td> <td> They hissed like dragons, they roared like lions, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[34]</td> <td>καὶ ὡς ἀετοί ἐπέτουντα, καὶ ἐσμίξασιν οἱ δύο· </td> <td>they soared like eagles, and the two clashed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[35]</td> <td>καὶ τότε νὰ ἰδῆς πόλεμον καλῶν παλληκαρίων. </td> <td>And then you could see a fight between fine brave youths. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[36]</td> <td>Καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μάχης τῆς πολλῆς κροῦσιν δι|ασυντόμως· </td> <td>In the heat of the battle they struck continuously, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[37]</td> <td>καὶ απὸ τὸν κτύπον τὸν πολὺν καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ δὸς καὶ λάβε </td> <td>and from the great clashing and the cut and thrust </td></tr> <tr> <td>[38]</td> <td>οἱ κάμποι φόβον εἴχασιν καὶ τὰ βουνιὰ ἀηδονοῦσαν, </td> <td>the plains grew fearful and the mountains re-echoed, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[39]</td> <td>τὰ δένδρη ἐξεριζὠνουντα καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἐσκοτίσθη. </td> <td>trees were uprooted and the sun was darkened. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[40]</td> <td>Tὸ αἷμαν ἐκατέρεεν εἰς τὰ σκαλόλουρά των </td> <td>Blood flowed down over their horse-trappings </td></tr> <tr> <td>[41]</td> <td>καὶ ὁ ἵδρος τους ἐξέβαινεν ἀπάνω ἀπ' τὰ λουρίκια. </td> <td>and their sweat ran out over their breastplates. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[42]</td> <td>Ἦτον <καὶ> γὰρ τοῦ Κωνσταντῆ γοργότερος ὁ μαῦρος, </td> <td>Constantine’s black horse was speedier, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[43]</td> <td>καὶ θαυμαστὸς νεώτερος ἦτον ὁ καβελάρης· </td> <td>and its rider was a marvellous young man. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[44]</td> <td>κατέβηκε εἰς τὸν αμιρὰν καὶ κρούει του ραβδέα </td> <td>He charged at the emir and struck him a blow with his stick </td></tr> <tr> <td>[45]</td> <td>καὶ τότε ἐχέρισε ὁ ἀμιρὰς νὰ τρέμη καὶ νὰ φεύγη. </td> <td>and then the emir began to tremble and flee. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[46]</td> <td> Σαρακηνὸς ἐλάλησεν τὸν ἀμιρὰν τῆς γλώσσης: </td> <td> A Saracen addressed the emir in his own tongue: </td></tr> <tr> <td>[47]</td> <td>«Πιάσε, μούλε, τὸν ἄγουρον, ταχέως νὰ τὸν νικήσης, </td> <td>"Seize the youngster, my lord, and grab a quick victory, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[48]</td> <td>μὴ εἰς σύντομόν του γύρισμα πάρη τὴν κεφαλὴν σου· </td> <td>so that he doesn’t take your head off with his sudden turn. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[49]</td> <td>αὑτὸς καλὰ σ' ἐσέβηκεν, τώρα νὰ σὲ γκρεμνίση. </td> <td>He has made a fine attack on you and now he might finish you off. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[50]</td> <td>Ἐγώ, μούλε, οὐ τὸ ἐγνοιάζομαι νὰ τὸν καταπονέσης, </td> <td>I don’t think, my lord, you are going to do him much harm, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[51]</td> <td>ἀλλὰ μὴ τὸ καυχάσεται ὅτι ἔτρεψεν φουσάτα.» </td> <td>but don’t let him boast that he routed an army." </td></tr> <tr> <td>[52]</td> <td> Καὶ ὁ αμιρὰς ὡς τὸ ἤκουσεν, μακρέα τὸν ἀποξέβην, </td> <td> When the emir heard this, he withdrew some way from the youth, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[53]</td> <td>ἔριψεν τὸ κοντάριν του καὶ δάκτυλόν τοῦ δείχνει </td> <td>he threw away his spear and showed him his finger, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[54]</td> <td>καὶ μετὰ τοῦ δακτύλου του τοιοῦτον λόγον λέγει: </td> <td>and with this gesture he said these words: </td></tr> <tr> <td>[55]</td> <td>«Ζῆς, νὰ χαίρεσαι, νεώτερε, ἐδικόν σου ἔν' τὸ νίκος.» </td> <td>"May you live and rejoice, young man, victory is yours." </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The story of Digenes Akritas has left scattered signs of influence outside of the Byzantine world, including in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_literature" title="Slavic literature">Slavic</a> literature, but Its greater impact has been in modern <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a>. The protagonist, variously known as simply 'Digenis' or 'Akritas', became the archetype of the ideal medieval Greek hero;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> the character frequently appears in traditional <a href="/wiki/Greek_traditional_music" title="Greek traditional music">Greek folk-songs</a>, is often represented in <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">art</a>, and is commonly used in modern literature as a symbol of medieval Hellenism and Byzantine heroism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">[13]</a> The tale of Digenes continued to be read and enjoyed in later centuries, as the text survives in various versions dating to as late as the 17th century. The epic tale of Digenes corresponds in many ways to the cycle of much shorter acritic songs, particularly from Anatolia, Cyprus and Crete, some of which survive until the present day. In the later tradition, Digenes is eventually defeated only by <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a> in the figure of <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a>, who had reportedly already wrestled with <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, after a fierce single combat on "the marble threshing floors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200121-31">[30]</a> The story of Digenes Akritas defeated by Death personally was used as a basis of a Russian <a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">bylina</a> (a folk ballad) about <a href="/wiki/Anika_the_Warrior" title="Anika the Warrior">Anika the Warrior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_romance" title="Byzantine romance">Byzantine romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Armouris" title="Song of Armouris">Song of Armouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belthandros_and_Chrysantza" title="Belthandros and Chrysantza">Belthandros and Chrysantza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Daredevils of Sassoun</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ðiʝeˈnis aˈkritas]</a>; Digenes may also be transliterated as Digenis. Variants of Akritas include Akrites or Akritis (Ἀκρίτης).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> James Trilling (2016), "Re-Introducing Digenis Akritis: A Byzantine Poem of Strength, Weakness, and the Disturbing Absence of God", Viator 47(3): 149–170, at 150 n3. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.viator.5.112356">10.1484/j.viator.5.112356</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199148_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998i-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998i_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. i. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitzFinkmann2019175-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitzFinkmann2019175_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReitzFinkmann2019">Reitz & Finkmann 2019</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton199632-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaton199632_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaton1996">Beaton 1996</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200110-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200110_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200110_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos2001">Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197014-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197014_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xv-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xv_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xv_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. xxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111–112-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004111%E2%80%93112_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdorico1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Odorico, Paolo (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq8vwF9VMIkC">Digenis Akritas</a> (in Italian). Giunti Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-20711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-09-20711-0"><bdi>978-88-09-20711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenis+Akritas&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-09-20711-0&rft.aulast=Odorico&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKq8vwF9VMIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991622_14-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 622. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xIi-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xIi_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xIi_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. xIi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197012-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197012_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxiii-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxiii_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxiii_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xviii-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xviii_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-13-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-13_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-13_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. 11-13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120–21-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120%E2%80%9321_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos2001">Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Robert Romanchuk, Lily Shelton and Ravital Goldgof (2017), "The Old Slavic Digenis Akritis: Free Retelling or Rhetorical Translation?", Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История 62(2): 299–308. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21638%2F11701%2Fspbu02.2017.207+299">10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.207 299</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato197011_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxvi-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxvi_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, p. xxvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20045-6-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry20045-6_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, p. 5-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20046-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry20046_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry20046_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry20047-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry20047_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022127-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022127_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoughton2022">Houghton 2022</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199147-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199147_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200120_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos2001">Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxxix-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreys1998xxxix_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffreys1998">Jeffreys 1998</a>, p. xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200121-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200121_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos200121_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos2001">Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatonRicks2017Chapter_1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatonRicks2017Chapter_1_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeatonRicks2017">Beaton & Ricks 2017</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx–xxxi-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxx%E2%80%93xxxi_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, pp. xxx–xxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxxvi–xxxix-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavrogordato1970xxxvi%E2%80%93xxxix_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavrogordato1970">Mavrogordato 1970</a>, pp. xxxvi–xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2004112-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2004112_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerry2004">Merry 2004</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xv-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xv_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriacou2020">Kyriacou 2020</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiv-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiv_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriacou2020">Kyriacou 2020</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022126-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022126_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughton2022126_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoughton2022">Houghton 2022</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiii-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyriacou2020xiii_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyriacou2020">Kyriacou 2020</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaragounis200447-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaragounis200447_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaragounis2004">Caragounis 2004</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014336-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014336_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014336_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014341-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks2014341_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2014">Horrocks 2014</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huri.harvard.edu/news/digenis-akritis-border-guard-transcending-borders">"Digenis Akritis: A Border Guard Transcending Borders"</a>. huri.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=huri.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Digenis+Akritis%3A+A+Border+Guard+Transcending+Borders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuri.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2Fdigenis-akritis-border-guard-transcending-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Digenis-Akritas-Byzantine-epic-hero">"Digenis Akritas | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Digenis+Akritas+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDigenis-Akritas-Byzantine-epic-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Эолова арфа: Антология баллады, Москва, "Высшая школа", 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-06-000263-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-06-000263-2">5-06-000263-2</a>, page 625 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Elizabeth</a> (1998). Digenis Akritis: the Grottaferrata and Escorial Versions. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39472-7"><bdi>978-0-521-39472-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenis+Akritis%3A+the+Grottaferrata+and+Escorial+Versions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39472-7&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavrogordato1970" class="citation book cs1">Mavrogordato, John (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DigenesAkritesGreekEnglish/mode/2up">Digenes Akrites</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenes+Akrites&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Mavrogordato&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDigenesAkritesGreekEnglish%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991/The%20Oxfrod%20Dictionary%20of%20Byzantium_Vol.%201_OUP_1991/">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991%2FThe%2520Oxfrod%2520Dictionary%2520of%2520Byzantium_Vol.%25201_OUP_1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Roderick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-90ewuAkZUsC">The Medieval Greek Romance</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415120330" title="Special:BookSources/0415120330"><bdi>0415120330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Greek+Romance&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0415120330&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-90ewuAkZUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjivassiliouKaklamanisKotziaPetsopoulos2001" class="citation book cs1">Hadjivassiliou, Vangelis; Kaklamanis, Stefanos; Kotzia, Elisabeth; Petsopoulos, Stavros; Tsirimokou, Elisabeth; Yatromanolakis, Yoryis, eds. (2001). Greece: Books and Writers. Athens, Greece: National Book Centre of Greece, Ministry of Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7894-29-4" title="Special:BookSources/960-7894-29-4"><bdi>960-7894-29-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%3A+Books+and+Writers&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=National+Book+Centre+of+Greece%2C+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=960-7894-29-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitzFinkmann2019" class="citation book cs1">Reitz, Christiane; Finkmann, Simone (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMyHtAEACAAJ">Structures of Epic Poetry</a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110492002" title="Special:BookSources/9783110492002"><bdi>9783110492002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures+of+Epic+Poetry&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783110492002&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft.au=Finkmann%2C+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMyHtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerry2004" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Bruce (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313308136" title="Special:BookSources/0313308136"><bdi>0313308136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Greek+Literature&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0313308136&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks2014" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, Geoffrey (2014). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118785157" title="Special:BookSources/9781118785157"><bdi>9781118785157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+History+of+the+Language+and+Its+Speakers&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118785157&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Beaton, Roderick and David Ricks (edd.). Digenes Akrites: New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry. Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2">0-86078-395-2</a>. Articles by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Magdalino" title="Paul Magdalino">Magdalino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Alexiou" title="Stylianos Alexiou">Alexiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mackridge" title="Peter Mackridge">Mackridge</a> and others.</li> <li>Jeffreys, Elizabeth. Digenis Akritis. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39472-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39472-4">0-521-39472-4</a> (hardback). Escorial & Grottaferrata versions with parallel English translation.</li> <li>Bartikyan, Hrach. "Armenia and Armenians in the Byzantine Epic," in Digenes Akrites: New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry (Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College London). David Ricks (ed.) Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-395-2">0-86078-395-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyriacou2020" class="citation book cs1">Kyriacou, Chrysovalantis (2020). The Byzantine Warrior Hero Cypriot Folk Songs as History and Myth, 965–1571. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793621993" title="Special:BookSources/9781793621993"><bdi>9781793621993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Warrior+Hero+Cypriot+Folk+Songs+as+History+and+Myth%2C+965%E2%80%931571&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781793621993&rft.aulast=Kyriacou&rft.aufirst=Chrysovalantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2022" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, Robert (2022). Teaching the Middle Ages Through Modern Games Using, Modding and Creating Games for Education and Impact. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110712032" title="Special:BookSources/9783110712032"><bdi>9783110712032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+the+Middle+Ages+Through+Modern+Games+Using%2C+Modding+and+Creating+Games+for+Education+and+Impact&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783110712032&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatonRicks2017" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Roderick; Ricks, David (2017). Digenes Akrites, New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351944175" title="Special:BookSources/9781351944175"><bdi>9781351944175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digenes+Akrites%2C+New+Approaches+to+Byzantine+Heroic+Poetry&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351944175&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Ricks%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaragounis2004" class="citation book cs1">Caragounis, Chrys C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xstiL4r_p0gC">The Development of Greek and the New Testament, Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, and Textual Transmission</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148290-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Greek+and+the+New+Testament%2C+Morphology%2C+Syntax%2C+Phonology%2C+and+Textual+Transmission&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148290-8&rft.aulast=Caragounis&rft.aufirst=Chrys+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxstiL4r_p0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigenes+Akritas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/vasilief/literature-education-learning-art-5.asp">Vasilief, A History of the Byzantine Empire - The Macedonian epoch (867-1081)</a> Includes an extensive discussion of the Digenis Acrites</li> <li>Hesseling, D. C. Le roman de Digenis Akritas d'après le manuscrit de Madrid, 1911–1912, 537pp.</li> <li>(in Russian) <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Bartikyan" title="Hrach Bartikyan">Bartikyan, Hrach</a>. "Замeтки o Византийскoм эпoce o Дигeнce Aкpитe." Византийский временник, т. 25, 1964.</li> <li>Legrand, Émilie. Recueil de chansons populaires Grecques, Paris, 1904, 23pp.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&oldid=1254802600">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&oldid=1254802600</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Digenes_Akritas&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 November 2024, at 19:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ديجينيس أكريتاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديجينيس أكريتاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Дигенис Акрит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дигенис Акрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διγενής Ακρίτας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διγενής Ακρίτας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Acritas" title="Digenis Acritas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digenis Acritas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig%C3%A9nis_Akritas" title="Digénis Akritas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Digénis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Դիգենիս Ակրիտաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիգենիս Ակրիտաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digenes Akritas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenes_Akrites" title="Digenes Akrites – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Digenes Akrites" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="დიგენის აკრიტასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიგენის აკრიტასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenes_Acrites" title="Digenes Acrites – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Digenes Acrites" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9" title="ディゲネス・アクリタス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディゲネス・アクリタス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazyli_Digenis_Akritas" title="Bazyli Digenis Akritas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazyli Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Acritas" title="Digenis Acritas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digenis Acritas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Digenes Akritas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Дигенис Акрит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дигенис Акрит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digenes Akritas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenis_Akritas" title="Digenis Akritas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Digenis Akritas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Дігеніс Акрітас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дігеніс Акрітас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%9D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF" title="第杰尼斯·阿克里塔斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第杰尼斯·阿克里塔斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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