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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mandolin</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Mandolin" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Mandolin" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mandolin" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical instrument. For the kitchen tool, see <a href="/wiki/Mandoline" title="Mandoline">Mandoline</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>A mandolin (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: mandolino, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[mandoˈliːno]</a>; literally "small <a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>") is a <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">stringed musical instrument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> family and is generally <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">pick</a>. It most commonly has four <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a> of doubled <a href="/wiki/Strings_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strings (music)">strings</a> tuned in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, thus giving a total of eight strings. A variety of string types are used, with steel strings being the most common and usually the least expensive. The courses are typically tuned in an interval of <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifths" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect fifths">perfect fifths</a>, with the same tuning as a violin (G3, D4, A4, E5). Also, like the violin, it is the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> member of a <a href="/wiki/Family_(musical_instruments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (musical instruments)">family</a> that includes the <a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octave_mandolin" title="Octave mandolin">octave mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandocello" title="Mandocello">mandocello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandobass" title="Mandobass">mandobass</a>. <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mandolin</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg/144px-Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg/216px-Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg/288px-Paris_Swing_Samois_Mandolin_MS-130-SN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3568"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Archtop mandolin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">Plucked string instrument</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel-Sachs_number:_321.321" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.321">321.321-6</a> (Neapolitan) or <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel-Sachs_number:_321.322" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.322">321.322-6</a> (flat-backed) (<a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophone</a> with permanently attached resonator and neck, sounded by a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Mid-18th century from the mandolino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">varies with the type: <ul><li>spruce carved-top, bright</li> <li>flatback, warm or mellow</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">Decay</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">fast</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Range_mandolin.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Range_mandolin.PNG/130px-Range_mandolin.PNG" decoding="async" width="130" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Range_mandolin.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="119"></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div align="center">(a regularly tuned mandolin with 14 frets to body)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Modern Family <ul><li>Mandolin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_mandolin" title="Octave mandolin">Octave mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandocello" title="Mandocello">Mandocello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobass" title="Mandobass">Mandobass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ancestral instruments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Related</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">Bandurria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalaika" title="Balalaika">Balalaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitarra_Italiana" title="Chitarra Italiana">Chitarra Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domra" title="Domra">Domra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandriola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandriola">Mandriola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandole" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandole">Mandole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_tambura" title="Balkan tambura">Tambura</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Oh_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem_mandolin_version.ogg" title="File:Oh Little Town of Bethlehem mandolin version.ogg">Oh Little Town of Bethlehem played on mandolins.</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Oh_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem_mandolin_version.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Oh_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem_mandolin_version.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/4/46/Oh_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem_mandolin_version.ogg/Oh_Little_Town_of_Bethlehem_mandolin_version.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">A public domain recording.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are many styles of mandolin, but the three most common types are the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the archtop mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-backed version has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The archtop, also known as the carved-top mandolin has an arched top and a shallower, arched back both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a>. Archtop instruments are common in American <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British, and Brazilian folk music, and Mexican estudiantinas. Other mandolin variations differ primarily in the number of strings and include four-string models (tuned in fifths) such as the Brescian and Cremonese; six-string types (tuned in <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a>) such as the Milanese, Lombard, and Sicilian; six-course instruments of 12 strings (two strings per course) such as the Genoese; and the <a href="/wiki/Tricordia" title="Tricordia">tricordia</a>, with four triple-string courses (12 strings total).<a href="#cite_note-hynds-1">[1]</a> Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Early instruments were quiet, strung with gut strings, and plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder, using metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There are usually one or more <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">sound holes</a> in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or <a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">purfling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-grove-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Construction">2 Construction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Tuning">3 Tuning</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mandolin_family">4 Mandolin family</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Soprano">4.1 Soprano</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Piccolo">4.2 Piccolo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Alto">4.3 Alto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tenor">4.4 Tenor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Baritone/Bass">4.5 Baritone/Bass</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mandobass">4.6 Mandobass</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Variations">5 Variations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bowlback">5.1 Bowlback</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Neapolitan_and_Roman_styles">5.1.1 Neapolitan and Roman styles</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Manufacturers_of_Neapolitan-style_mandolins">5.1.1.1 Manufacturers of Neapolitan-style mandolins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Other_bowlback_styles">5.1.2 Other bowlback styles</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Brescian_mandolin_or_Cremonese_mandolin">5.1.2.1 Brescian mandolin or Cremonese mandolin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Genoese_mandolin,_a_blend_of_styles">5.1.2.2 Genoese mandolin, a blend of styles</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Archtop">5.2 Archtop</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Pressed_archtops">5.2.1 Pressed archtops</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Flatback">5.3 Flatback</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tone">5.3.1 Tone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Double_top,_double_back">5.4 Double top, double back</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Others">5.5 Others</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Mandolinetto">5.5.1 Mandolinetto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Mandolin-banjo">5.5.2 Mandolin-banjo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Resonator_mandolin">5.5.3 Resonator mandolin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Electric_mandolin">5.5.4 Electric mandolin</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Playing_traditions_worldwide">6 Playing traditions worldwide</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notable_literature">7 Notable literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Art_or_%22classical%22_music">7.1 Art or "classical" music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Unaccompanied_solo">7.1.1 Unaccompanied solo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Accompaniment_with_solo">7.1.2 Accompaniment with solo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Duo_and_musical_ensemble">7.1.3 Duo and musical ensemble</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Concerto">7.1.4 Concerto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Mandolin_in_the_orchestra">7.1.5 Mandolin in the orchestra</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_mandolin" title="History of the mandolin">History of the mandolin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Bassi480.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luigi_Bassi480.jpg/220px-Luigi_Bassi480.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 413px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luigi_Bassi480.jpg/220px-Luigi_Bassi480.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="413" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luigi_Bassi480.jpg/330px-Luigi_Bassi480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luigi_Bassi480.jpg/440px-Luigi_Bassi480.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 1787, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bassi" title="Luigi Bassi">Luigi Bassi</a> played the role of <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan" title="Don Juan">Don Giovanni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Mozart's opera</a>, serenading a woman with a mandolin. This used to be the common picture of the mandolin, an obscure instrument of romance in the hands of a Spanish nobleman.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks3-4-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Mandolins evolved from <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> family instruments in Europe. Predecessors include the <a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">gittern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">mandore</a> or mandola in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> during the 17th and 18th centuries. There were a variety of regional variants, but the two most widespread ones were the Neapolitan mandolin and the Lombard mandolin. The Neapolitan style has spread worldwide. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png/140px-Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png/140px-Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png" data-width="140" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png/210px-Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png/280px-Parts_of_the_Mandolin.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anatomy of a bowlback mandolin in schematic drawing</figcaption></figure> Mandolins have a body that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a>, attached to a <a href="/wiki/Neck_(music)" title="Neck (music)">neck</a>. The resonating body may be shaped as a bowl (<a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel-Sachs_number:_321.321" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.321">necked bowl lutes</a>) or a box (<a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel-Sachs_number:_321.322" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.322">necked box lutes</a>). Traditional Italian mandolins, such as the Neapolitan mandolin, meet the necked bowl description.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The necked box instruments include archtop mandolins and the flatback mandolins.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">Strings</a> run between mechanical tuning machines at the top of the neck to a tailpiece that anchors the other end of the strings. The strings are suspended over the neck and <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a> and pass over a <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)#Construction" title="Bridge (instrument)">floating bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The bridge is kept in contact with the soundboard by the downward pressure from the strings. The neck is either flat or has a slight radius, and is covered with a fingerboard with <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandolincaferadiusedfingerboard-10">[10]</a> The action of the strings on the bridge causes the soundboard to vibrate, producing sound.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger chordophones like the guitar. This encourages the use of <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique: the plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would. Various design variations and amplification techniques have been used to make mandolins comparable in volume with louder instruments and orchestras, including the creation of <a href="/wiki/Mandolin-banjo" title="Mandolin-banjo">mandolin-banjo</a> hybrids with the drum-like body of the louder <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, adding metal resonators (most notably by <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_String_Instrument_Corporation" title="National String Instrument Corporation">National String Instrument Corporation</a>) to make a <a href="/wiki/Resonator_mandolin" title="Resonator mandolin">resonator mandolin</a>, and amplifying <a href="/wiki/Electric_mandolin" title="Electric mandolin">electric mandolins</a> through amplifiers. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Tuning">Tuning</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tuning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> A variety of different tunings are used. Usually, <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a> of 2 adjacent strings are tuned in unison. By far the most common tuning is the same as violin tuning, in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">scientific pitch notation</a> G3–D4–A4–E5, or in <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a>: g–d′–a′–e″. <ul><li>fourth (lowest tone) <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">course</a>: G3 (196.00 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>)</li> <li>third course: D4 (293.66 Hz)</li> <li>second course: A4 (440.00 Hz; <a href="/wiki/A_(musical_note)" title="A (musical note)">A</a> above <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>)</li> <li>first (highest tone) course: E5 (659.25 Hz)</li></ul> The numbers of Hz shown above assume a <a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">440 Hz A</a>, standard in most parts of the western world. Some players use an A up to 10 Hz above or below a 440, mainly outside the United States. <a href="/wiki/File:Mandolin_fretboard.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Mandolin_fretboard.png" decoding="async" width="799" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="165"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 799px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Mandolin_fretboard.png" data-width="799" data-height="165" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Other tunings exist, including cross-tunings, in which the usually doubled string runs are tuned to different pitches. Additionally, guitarists may sometimes tune a mandolin to mimic a portion of the intervals on a standard guitar tuning to achieve familiar fretting patterns. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Mandolin_family">Mandolin family</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mandolin family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg/280px-Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg/280px-Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Gibson-mandolin-orchestra.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: 1920 Gibson F-4 mandolin; 1917 Gibson H-2 mandola; 1929 Gibson mando-bass; and 1924 Gibson K-4 mandocello from Gregg Miner's collection.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soprano">Soprano</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soprano" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The mandolin is the soprano member of the mandolin family, as the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> is the soprano member of the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>. Like the violin, its scale length is typically about 13 inches (330 mm). Modern American mandolins modelled after Gibsons have a longer <a href="/wiki/Scale_length_(string_instruments)" title="Scale length (string instruments)">scale</a>, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>13+7⁄8 inches (350 mm). The strings in each of its double-strung <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a> are tuned in unison, and the courses use the same tuning as the violin: G3–D4–A4–E5. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piccolo">Piccolo</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Piccolo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccolomando.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Piccolomando.jpg/110px-Piccolomando.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Piccolomando.jpg/110px-Piccolomando.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Piccolomando.jpg/165px-Piccolomando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Piccolomando.jpg/220px-Piccolomando.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Piccolo mandolin</figcaption></figure> The piccolo or sopranino mandolin is a rare member of the family, tuned one octave above the mandola and one fourth above the mandolin (C4–G4–D5–A5); the same relation as that of the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> (to the <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">western concert flute</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">violino piccolo</a> (to the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>). One model was manufactured by the Lyon & Healy company under the Leland brand. A handful of contemporary luthiers build piccolo mandolins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alto">Alto</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>, termed the tenor mandola in Britain and Ireland and liola or alto mandolin in continental Europe, is tuned a fifth below the mandolin, in the same relationship as that of the <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>. Some also call this instrument the "alto mandola". Its scale length is typically about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">16+1⁄2 inches (420 mm). It is normally tuned like a viola (perfect fifth below the mandolin) and tenor banjo: C3–G3–D4–A4. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenor">Tenor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tenor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octave2edit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Octave2edit.JPG/110px-Octave2edit.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Octave2edit.JPG/110px-Octave2edit.JPG" data-width="110" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Octave2edit.JPG/165px-Octave2edit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Octave2edit.JPG/220px-Octave2edit.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A flatback octave mandolin</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Octave_mandolin" title="Octave mandolin">octave mandolin</a> (US and Canada), termed the octave mandola in Britain and Ireland and mandola in continental Europe, is tuned an octave below the mandolin: G2–D3–A3–E4. Its relationship to the mandolin is that of the <a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">tenor violin</a> to the violin, or the <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophone</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">soprano saxophone</a>. Octave mandolin scale length is typically about 20 inches (510 mm), although instruments with scales as short as 17 inches (430 mm) or as long as 21 inches (530 mm) are not unknown. The instrument has a variant off the coast of South America in Trinidad, where it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bandol_(instrument)" title="Bandol (instrument)">bandol</a>, a flat-backed instrument with four courses, the lower two strung with metal and nylon strings.<a href="#cite_note-Winer2009-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:406px;max-width:406px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Irish Bouzouki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg/144px-Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="855"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 144px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg/144px-Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg" data-alt="Irish Bouzouki" data-width="144" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg/216px-Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg/288px-Beth_Patterson_at_Dublin_Ohio_Irish_Fest_06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Irish bouzouki played by <a href="/wiki/Beth_Patterson" title="Beth Patterson">Beth Patterson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin, Ohio</a>'s Irish Fest</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Musician_with_cittern,_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival,_2012-06-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="cittern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg/160px-Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg/160px-Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg" data-alt="cittern" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg/240px-Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg/320px-Musician_with_cittern%2C_RI_Scotish_Highland_Festival%2C_2012-06-09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Musician with cittern, RI Scottish Highland Festival, June 2012</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_waldzither.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="waldzither" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hamburger_waldzither.jpg/90px-Hamburger_waldzither.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hamburger_waldzither.jpg/90px-Hamburger_waldzither.jpg" data-alt="waldzither" data-width="90" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hamburger_waldzither.jpg/135px-Hamburger_waldzither.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hamburger_waldzither.jpg/180px-Hamburger_waldzither.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A waldzither</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a>, though not strictly a member of the mandolin family, has a reasonable resemblance and similar range to the octave mandolin. It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Greek bouzouki</a> (a long-necked lute), constructed like a flat-backed mandolin and uses fifth-based tunings, most often G2–D3–A3–D4. Other tunings include: A2–D3–A3–D4, G2–D3–A3–E4 (an octave below the mandolin—in which case it essentially functions as an octave mandolin), G2–D3–G3–D4 or A2–D3–A3–E4. Although the Irish bouzouki's bass course pairs are most often tuned in unison, on some instruments one of each pair is replaced with a lighter string and tuned in octaves, similar to the 12-string <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>. While occupying the same range as the octave mandolin/octave mandola, the Irish bouzouki is theoretically distinguished from the former instrument by its longer scale length, typically from 24 to 26 inches (610 to 660 mm), although scales as long as 27 inches (690 mm), which is the usual Greek bouzouki scale, are not unknown. In modern usage, however, the terms "octave mandolin" and "Irish bouzouki" are often used interchangeably to refer to the same instrument. The modern <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a> may also be loosely included in an "extended" mandolin family, based on resemblance to the flat-backed mandolins, which it predates. Its own lineage dates it back to <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a>. It is typically a five course (ten-string) instrument having a scale length between 20 and 22 inches (510 and 560 mm). The instrument is most often tuned to either D2–G2–D3–A3–D4 or G2–D3–A3–D4–A4, and is essentially an <a href="/wiki/Octave_mandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave mandola">octave mandola</a> with a fifth course at either the top or the bottom of its range. Some luthiers, such as Stefan Sobell, also refer to the octave mandola or a shorter-scaled Irish bouzouki as a cittern, irrespective of whether it has four or five courses. Other relatives of the cittern, which might also be loosely linked to the mandolins (and are sometimes tuned and played as such), include the 6-course/12-string <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitar</a> and the 5-course/9-string <a href="/wiki/Waldzither" title="Waldzither">waldzither</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baritone/Bass">Baritone/Bass</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baritone/Bass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_(luthier)_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Mandocello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg/110px-Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg/110px-Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg" data-alt="Mandocello" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg/165px-Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Redhead_Mandocello_by_Nevin_Fahs_%28luthier%29_-_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Neapolitan styled mandocello built to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">26+3⁄8-inch (670 mm) scale</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Laghouto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Greek laouta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Laghouto.jpg/110px-Laghouto.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Laghouto.jpg/110px-Laghouto.jpg" data-alt="Greek laouta" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Laghouto.jpg/165px-Laghouto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Laghouto.jpg/220px-Laghouto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">19th- and 20th-century laouta</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Algerian mandole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg/110px-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg/110px-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg" data-alt="Algerian mandole" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg/165px-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Algerian mandole (flatback) from the side</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mandocello" title="Mandocello">mandocello</a> is classically tuned to an octave plus a fifth below the mandolin, in the same relationship as that of the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> to the violin, its strings being tuned to C2–G2–D3–A3. Its scale length is typically about 26 inches (660 mm). A typical violoncello scale is 27 inches (690 mm). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg/110px-Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="486"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg/110px-Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg/165px-Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_branzoli_concert_rome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A mandolone played by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Branzoli" title="Giuseppe Branzoli">Giuseppe Branzoli</a> during a concert in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mandolone" title="Mandolone">mandolone</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> member of the mandolin family in the bass range that was surpassed by the mandocello. It was part of the Neapolitan mandolin family. The Greek <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">laouto</a> or laghouto (long-necked lute) is similar to a mandocello, ordinarily tuned C3/C2–G3/G2–D3/D3–A3/A3 with half of each pair of the lower two courses being tuned an octave high on a lighter gauge string. The body is a staved bowl, the saddle-less bridge glued to the flat face like most ouds and lutes, with mechanical tuners, steel strings, and tied gut frets. Modern laoutos, as played on Crete, have the entire lower course tuned to C3, a <a href="/wiki/Reentrant_tuning" title="Reentrant tuning">reentrant octave</a> above the expected low C. Its scale length is typically about 28 inches (710 mm). The Algerian <a href="/wiki/Mandole" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandole">mandole</a> was developed by an Italian luthier in the early 1930s, scaled up from a mandola until it reached a scale length of approximately 25 to 27 inches.<a href="#cite_note-bendameche-13">[13]</a> It is a flatback instrument, with a wide neck and 4 courses (8 strings), 5 courses (10 strings) or 6 courses (12 strings), and is used in Algeria and Morocco. The instrument can be tuned as a guitar, <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>, or mandocello, depending on the music it will be used to play and player preference. When tuning it as a guitar the strings will be tuned (E2) (E2) A2 A2 D3 D3 G3 G3 B3 B3 (E4) (E4);<a href="#cite_note-Richards-14">[14]</a> strings in parentheses are dropped for a five- or four-course instrument. Using a common Arabic oud tuning D2 D2 G2 G2 A2 A2 D3 D3 (G3) (G3) (C4) (C4).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For a mandocello tuning using fifths C2 C2 G2 G2 D3 D3 A3 A3 (E4) (E4).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandobass">Mandobass</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mandobass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg/110px-Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg/110px-Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg/165px-Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg/220px-Gibson_Mandobass_and_Melody_Maiden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gibson mando-bass from 1922 advertisement</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mandobass" title="Mandobass">mandobass</a> is the bass version of the mandolin, just as the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> is the bass to the violin. Like the double bass, it most frequently has 4 single strings, rather than double courses—and like the double bass, it is most commonly tuned to <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourths</a> rather than fifths like most mandolin family instruments: E1–A1–D2–G2,—the same tuning as a <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>. These were made by the Gibson company in the early 20th century, was also never very common. A smaller scale four-string mandobass, usually tuned in fifths: G1–D2–A2–E3 (two octaves below the mandolin), though not as resonant as the larger instrument, was often preferred by players as easier to handle and more portable.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Reportedly, however, most <a href="/wiki/Mandolin_orchestra" title="Mandolin orchestra">mandolin orchestras</a> preferred to use the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, rather than a specialised mandolin family instrument. Calace and other Italian makers predating Gibson also made mandolin-basses. The relatively rare eight-string mandobass, or "tremolo-bass", also exists, with double courses like the rest of the mandolin family, and is tuned either G1–D2–A2–E3, two octaves lower than the mandolin, or C1–G1–D2–A2, two octaves below the mandola.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowlback">Bowlback</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bowlback" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Bowlback mandolins (also known as roundbacks), are used worldwide. They are most commonly manufactured in Europe, where the long history of mandolin development has created local styles. However, Japanese luthiers also make them. Owing to the shape and to the common construction from wood strips of alternating colors, in the United States these are sometimes colloquially referred to as the "potato bug" , "<a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">potato beetle</a>", or tater-bug mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neapolitan_and_Roman_styles">Neapolitan and Roman styles</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neapolitan and Roman styles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">sound table</a>, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the eight metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood <a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">fingerboard</a> sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden <a href="/wiki/Tuning_peg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuning peg">tuning pegs</a>, while newer instruments tend to use geared <a href="/wiki/Machine_head" title="Machine head">metal tuners</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a> is a movable length of hardwood. A <a href="/wiki/Pickguard" title="Pickguard">pickguard</a> is glued below the sound hole under the strings.<a href="#cite_note-tylersparkspaper-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks115-16-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-tylersparksearly-23">[23]</a> European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch (330 mm) <a href="/wiki/Scale_length_(string_instruments)" title="Scale length (string instruments)">scale</a> instead of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">13+7⁄8 inches (350 mm) common on archtop Mandolins.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">[24]</a> Intertwined with the Neapolitan style is the Roman style mandolin, which has influenced it.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks37%E2%80%9338-25">[25]</a> The Roman mandolin had a fingerboard that was more curved and narrow.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks37%E2%80%9338-25">[25]</a> The fingerboard was lengthened over the sound hole for the E strings, the high pitched strings.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks37%E2%80%9338-25">[25]</a> The shape of the back of the neck was different, less rounded with an edge, the bridge was curved making the G strings higher.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks37%E2%80%9338-25">[25]</a> The Roman mandolin had mechanical tuning gears before the Neapolitan.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks37%E2%80%9338-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Manufacturers_of_Neapolitan-style_mandolins">Manufacturers of Neapolitan-style mandolins</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manufacturers of Neapolitan-style mandolins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandolin_Player_(by_Jitze_Couperus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg/220px-Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg/220px-Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg/330px-Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg/440px-Mandolin_Player_%28by_Jitze_Couperus%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Modern bowlback mandolin manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Calace</a> family workshop</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Advertisement for American made mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg/130px-That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg/130px-That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg" data-alt="Advertisement for American made mandolin" data-width="130" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg/195px-That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg/260px-That%27s_my_Washburn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1897 Advertisement for a Lyon and Healy-made, Washburn brand mandolin</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Martin mandolins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg/154px-C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="4171"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 154px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg/154px-C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg" data-alt="Martin mandolins" data-width="154" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg/231px-C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg/308px-C.F.Martin_Tour-14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Martin mandolins and <a href="/wiki/Harp_guitar" title="Harp guitar">harp mandolin</a> on display at the Martin Guitar Factory</div></div></div></div></div> Prominent Italian manufacturers include Vinaccia (Naples), <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Embergher" title="Luigi Embergher">Embergher</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> (Rome) and <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Calace</a> (Naples).<a href="#cite_note-mandoglossary-27">[27]</a> Other modern manufacturers include Lorenzo Lippi (Milan), Hendrik van den Broek (Netherlands), Brian Dean (Canada), Salvatore Masiello and Michele Caiazza (La Bottega del Mandolino) and Ferrara, Gabriele Pandini.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">[24]</a> In the United States, when the bowlback was being made in numbers, <a href="/wiki/Lyon_and_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon and Healy">Lyon and Healy</a> was a major manufacturer, especially under the "Washburn" brand.<a href="#cite_note-mandoglossary-27">[27]</a> Other American manufacturers include <a href="/wiki/C._F._Martin_%26_Company" title="C. F. Martin & Company">Martin</a>, Vega, and Larson Brothers.<a href="#cite_note-mandoglossary-27">[27]</a> In Canada, Brian Dean has manufactured instruments in Neapolitan, Roman, German and American styles<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> but is also known for his original 'Grand Concert' design created for American virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brent" title="Joseph Brent">Joseph Brent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> German manufacturers include Albert & Mueller, Dietrich, Klaus Knorr, Reinhold Seiffert and Alfred Woll.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-mandoglossary-27">[27]</a> The German bowlbacks use a style developed by Seiffert, with a larger and rounder body.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">[24]</a> Japanese brands include Kunishima and Suzuki.<a href="#cite_note-Japanesebrand-30">[30]</a> Other Japanese manufacturers include Oona, Kawada, Noguchi, Toichiro Ishikawa, Rokutaro Nakade, Otiai Tadao, Yoshihiko Takusari, Nokuti Makoto, Watanabe, Kanou Kadama and Ochiai.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japanesemandmanu-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_bowlback_styles">Other bowlback styles</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other bowlback styles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:606px;max-width:606px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Cremonese mandolin, 1805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png/166px-Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 166px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png/166px-Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png" data-alt="Cremonese mandolin, 1805" data-width="166" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png/249px-Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png/332px-Cremoneze_mandolin_from_Bortolazzi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cremonese mandolin with four strings, from an 1805 book by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Bortolazzi" title="Bartolomeo Bortolazzi">Bartolomeo Bortolazzi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Lombard mandolin with twelve strings (six courses)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg/134px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg/134px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg" data-alt="Lombard mandolin with twelve strings (six courses)" data-width="134" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg/201px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg/268px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Musical_instrument-02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Lombard mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is glued to the soundboard, like a guitar's bridge.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Vailati.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Giovanni Vailati, blind mandolinist of Cremona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Vailati.png/140px-Giovanni_Vailati.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1598"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Vailati.png/140px-Giovanni_Vailati.png" data-alt="Giovanni Vailati, blind mandolinist of Cremona" data-width="140" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Vailati.png/210px-Giovanni_Vailati.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Vailati.png/280px-Giovanni_Vailati.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vailati_(musician)" title="Giovanni Vailati (musician)">Giovanni Vailati</a>, "Blind mandolinist of Cremona", toured Europe in the 1850s with a six-string Lombard mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-bicent3-32">[32]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Genoese mandolin, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg/150px-Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg/150px-Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg" data-alt="Genoese mandolin, 19th century" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg/225px-Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg/300px-Mandolin_MET_DP169117.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Genoese mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is held to the soundboard by the strings.</div></div></div></div></div> Another family of bowlback mandolins came from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MilaneseLombardic-33">[33]</a> These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or <a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">mandore</a> than other modern mandolins.<a href="#cite_note-MilaneseLombardic-33">[33]</a> They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks206-34">[34]</a> The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings.<a href="#cite_note-MilaneseLombardic-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks206-34">[34]</a> The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombard mandolins were tuned g–b–e′–a′–d″–g″ (shown in <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sparks206-34">[34]</a> A developer of the Milanese style was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for six generations.<a href="#cite_note-MilaneseLombardic-33">[33]</a> Samuel Adelstein described the Lombard mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4.<a href="#cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">[35]</a> The Lombard was tuned C–D–A–E–B–G.<a href="#cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">[35]</a> The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's.<a href="#cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">[35]</a> There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes.<a href="#cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">[35]</a> When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."<a href="#cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Brescian_mandolin_or_Cremonese_mandolin">Brescian mandolin or Cremonese mandolin</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brescian mandolin or Cremonese mandolin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescian</a> mandolins (also known as Cremonese) that have survived in museums have four gut strings instead of six and a fixed bridge.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafebrescian-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks205-37">[37]</a> The mandolin was tuned in fifths, like the Neapolitan mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-mandocafebrescian-36">[36]</a> In his 1805 <a href="/wiki/Method_(music)#Mandolin_or_mandolin-banjo_or_banjolin" title="Method (music)">mandolin method</a>, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Bortolazzi" title="Bartolomeo Bortolazzi">Bartolomeo Bortolazzi</a> popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached.<a href="#cite_note-Bortolazzi-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks205-37">[37]</a> Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire-strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Bortolazzi-38">[38]</a> Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone."<a href="#cite_note-Bortolazzi-38">[38]</a> He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks205-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolazzi-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Genoese_mandolin,_a_blend_of_styles">Genoese mandolin, a blend of styles</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genoese mandolin, a blend of styles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Like the Lombard mandolin, the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> mandolin was not tuned in fifths. Its 6 gut strings (or 6 courses of strings) were tuned as a guitar but one octave higher: e-a-d’-g’-b natural-e”.<a href="#cite_note-musinswld-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-GenoaMet-40">[40]</a> Like the Neapolitan and unlike the Lombard mandolin, the Genoese does not have the bridge glued to the soundboard, but holds the bridge on with downward tension, from strings that run between the bottom and neck of the instrument. The neck was wider than the Neapolitan mandolin's neck.<a href="#cite_note-musinswld-39">[39]</a> The peg-head is similar to the guitar's.<a href="#cite_note-GenoaMet-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archtop">Archtop</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archtop" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:425px;max-width:425px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Gibson F-4 Mandolin c.1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg/139px-GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg/139px-GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg" data-alt="Gibson F-4 Mandolin c.1916" data-width="139" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg/209px-GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg/278px-GibsonF4Mandolin1916.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1916 Gibson F4 with arched and carved top, curled scroll and oval soundhole</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_(SN75846),_Virzi_(SN10002)_(2010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent)_clip1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="1924 Gibson F-5 mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg/124px-1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg/124px-1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg" data-alt="1924 Gibson F-5 mandolin" data-width="124" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg/186px-1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg/248px-1924_Lloyd_Loar_F-5_%28SN75846%29%2C_Virzi_%28SN10002%29_%282010-09-18_00.27.59_by_Joseph_Brent%29_clip1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1924 Gibson F-5 mandolin, with f-shaped soundholes designed by Lloyd Loar</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Gibson A4 mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg/150px-GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 269px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg/150px-GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg" data-alt="Gibson A4 mandolin" data-width="150" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/GibsonA4Mandolin1921.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1921 Gibson A4 mandolin</div></div></div></div></div> At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Orville_Gibson" title="Orville Gibson">Orville Gibson</a>, a Kalamazoo, Michigan, luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear-shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock. These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> (F-5 and A-5), or a single oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson <a href="/wiki/F-hole" class="mw-redirect" title="F-hole">F-hole</a> F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated with other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument. Internal bracing to support the top in the F-style mandolins is usually achieved with parallel tone bars, similar to the bass bar on a violin. Some makers instead employ "X-bracing", which is two tone-bars mortised together to form an X. Some luthiers now using a "modified x-bracing" that incorporates both a tone bar and X-bracing. Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Loar" title="Lloyd Loar">Lloyd Loar</a>. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include <a href="/wiki/Lyon_and_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon and Healy">Lyon and Healy</a>, Vega and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larson_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larson Brothers (page does not exist)">Larson Brothers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressed_archtops">Pressed archtops</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pressed archtops" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The ideal for archtops has been solid pieces of wood carved into the right shape. However, another archtop exists, the top made of laminated wood or thin sheets of solid wood, pressed into the arched shape. These have become increasingly common in the world of internationally constructed musical instruments in the 21st century. Pressed-top instruments are made to appear the same as carved-top instruments but do not sound the same as carved-wood tops. Carved-wood tops when carved to the ideal thickness, produce the sound consumers expect. Not carving them correctly dulls the sound. The sound of a carved-wood instrument changes the longer it is played, and older instruments are sought out for their rich sound. Laminated-wood presstops are less resonant than carved wood, the wood and glue vibrating differently than wood grain. Presstops made of solid wood have the wood's natural grain compressed, typically creating a sound that is less full than a well-made, carved-top mandolin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flatback">Flatback</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flatback" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandolim1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Picture of bandolim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandolim1.jpg/130px-Bandolim1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandolim1.jpg/130px-Bandolim1.jpg" data-alt="Picture of bandolim" data-width="130" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandolim1.jpg/195px-Bandolim1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bandolim1.jpg/260px-Bandolim1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The bandolim is a Portuguese variant of the mandolin family. Instruments are flat on top and back.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_(by_Jim_Hutcheson).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Army Navy Mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg/115px-Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg/115px-Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg" data-alt="Army Navy Mandolin" data-width="115" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg/173px-Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg/230px-Ozark_flatback_Mandolin_-_2250_Army-Navy_Special_%28by_Jim_Hutcheson%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Army-Navy style mandolin</div></div></div></div></div> Flatback mandolins use a thin sheet of wood with bracing for the back, as a guitar uses, rather than the bowl of the bowlback or the arched back of the carved mandolins. Like the bowlback, the flatback has a round sound hole. This has been sometimes modified to an elongated hole, called a D-hole. The body has a rounded almond shape with flat or sometimes canted soundboard.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp16-41">[41]</a> The type was developed in Europe in the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp16-41">[41]</a> The French and Germans called it a Portuguese mandolin, although they also developed it locally.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp16-41">[41]</a> The Germans used it in <a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp18-42">[42]</a> The bandolim is commonly used wherever the Spanish and Portuguese took it: in South America, in Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">Choro</a>) and in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp18-42">[42]</a> In the early 1970s English luthier Stefan Sobell developed a large-bodied, flat-backed mandolin with a carved soundboard, based on his own <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a> design; this is often called a 'Celtic' mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldp30-44">[44]</a> American forms include the Army-Navy mandolin, the flatiron and the pancake mandolins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone">Tone</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The tone of the flatback is described as warm or mellow, suitable for folk music and smaller audiences. The instrument sound does not punch through the other players' sound like a carved top does. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_top,_double_back">Double top, double back</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Double top, double back" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The double top is a feature that luthiers are experimenting with in the 21st century, to get better sound.<a href="#cite_note-brent-45">[45]</a> However, mandolinists and luthiers have been experimenting with them since at least the early 1900s. Back in the early 1900s, mandolinist <a href="/wiki/Ginislao_Paris" title="Ginislao Paris">Ginislao Paris</a> approached <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Embergher" title="Luigi Embergher">Luigi Embergher</a> to build custom mandolins.<a href="#cite_note-Speranski-46">[46]</a> The sticker inside one of the four surviving instruments indicates the build was called after him, the Sistema Ginislao Paris).<a href="#cite_note-Speranski-46">[46]</a> Paris' round-back double-top mandolins use a false back below the soundboard to create a second hollow space within the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Speranski-46">[46]</a> Modern mandolinists such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brent" title="Joseph Brent">Joseph Brent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avi_Avital" title="Avi Avital">Avi Avital</a> use instruments customized, either by the luthier's choice or at the request of the player.<a href="#cite_note-brent-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Joseph Brent's mandolin, made by Brian Dean also uses what Brent calls a false back.<a href="#cite_note-brentfalse-48">[48]</a> Brent's mandolin was the luthier's solution to Brent's request for a loud mandolin in which the wood was clearly audible, with less metallic sound from the strings.<a href="#cite_note-brent-45">[45]</a> The type used by Avital is variation of the flatback, with a double top that encloses a resonating chamber, sound holes on the side, and a convex back.<a href="#cite_note-israel1-49">[49]</a> It is made by one manufacturer in Israel, luthier Arik Kerman.<a href="#cite_note-mandoKerman-50">[50]</a> Other players of Kerman mandolins include Alon Sariel,<a href="#cite_note-israel2-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-israel3-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Reuven" title="Jacob Reuven">Jacob Reuven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mandoKerman-50">[50]</a> and Tom Cohen.<a href="#cite_note-israel4-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Others" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_cylinder-back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vega_cylinder-back.jpg/220px-Vega_cylinder-back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vega_cylinder-back.jpg/220px-Vega_cylinder-back.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Vega_cylinder-back.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The bulge on the instrument's back side is visible in this photo of a Vega cylinder-back mandolin.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:397px;max-width:397px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Howe-Ormes mandolinettos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg/108px-Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 108px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg/108px-Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg" data-alt="Howe-Ormes mandolinettos" data-width="108" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg/162px-Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg/216px-Howe-Ormes_mandolins.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Howe-Ormes mandolinettos</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prmntmbful.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="1926 Paramount Style A Banjo Mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prmntmbful.jpg/142px-Prmntmbful.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prmntmbful.jpg/142px-Prmntmbful.jpg" data-alt="1926 Paramount Style A Banjo Mandolin" data-width="142" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prmntmbful.jpg/213px-Prmntmbful.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prmntmbful.jpg/284px-Prmntmbful.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1926 Paramount Style A banjo mandolin</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="1930 National Triolian resonator mandolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg/135px-1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg/135px-1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg" data-alt="1930 National Triolian resonator mandolin" data-width="135" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg/203px-1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg/270px-1930_National_Triolian_resonator_mandolin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1930 National Triolian resonator mandolin</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandolinetto">Mandolinetto</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mandolinetto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Other American-made variants include the mandolinetto or <a href="/wiki/Howe-Orme" title="Howe-Orme">Howe-Orme</a> guitar-shaped mandolin (manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe_Company" title="Elias Howe Company">Elias Howe Company</a> between 1897 and roughly 1920), which featured a cylindrical bulge along the top from fingerboard end to tailpiece and the Vega mando-lute (more commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-back_mandolin" title="Cylinder-back mandolin">cylinder-back mandolin</a> manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Vega_Company" title="Vega Company">Vega Company</a> between 1913 and roughly 1927), which had a similar longitudinal bulge but on the back rather than the front of the instrument. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandolin-banjo">Mandolin-banjo</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mandolin-banjo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An instrument with a mandolin neck paired with a banjo-style body was patented by Benjamin Bradbury of Brooklyn in 1882 and given the name banjolin by John Farris in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-paper-54">[54]</a> Today banjolin is sometimes reserved to describe an instrument with four strings, while the version with the four courses of double strings is called a <a href="/wiki/Mandolin-banjo" title="Mandolin-banjo">mandolin-banjo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resonator_mandolin">Resonator mandolin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Resonator mandolin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Resonator_mandolin" title="Resonator mandolin">resonator mandolin</a> or "resophonic mandolin" is a mandolin whose sound is produced by one or more metal cones (resonators) instead of the customary wooden soundboard (mandolin top/face). Historic brands include <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> and National. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_mandolin">Electric mandolin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electric mandolin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg/110px-Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg/110px-Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg/165px-Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg/220px-Rory%27s_Mandolin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A solid-body electric mandolin</figcaption></figure> As with almost every other contemporary chordophone, another modern variant is the <a href="/wiki/Electric_mandolin" title="Electric mandolin">electric mandolin</a>. These mandolins can have four or five individual or double courses of strings. They were developed in the early 1930s, contemporaneous with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>. They come in <a href="/wiki/Solid_body" title="Solid body">solid body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic-electric_guitar" title="Acoustic-electric guitar">acoustic electric</a> forms. Specific instruments have been designed to overcome the mandolin's rapid decay with its plucked notes.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-55">[55]</a> Fender released a model in 1992 with an additional string (a high A, above the E string), a tremolo bridge and extra <a href="/wiki/Humbucker" title="Humbucker">humbucker</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a> (total of two).<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-55">[55]</a> The result was an instrument capable of playing heavy metal style guitar <a href="/wiki/Ostinato#Riff" title="Ostinato">riffs</a> or violin-like passages with sustained notes that can be adjusted as with an electric guitar.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Playing_traditions_worldwide">Playing traditions worldwide</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Playing traditions worldwide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandolin_Club,_Napoleon,_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg/220px-Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="553"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg/220px-Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg/330px-Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg/440px-Mandolin_Club%2C_Napoleon%2C_Ohio_from_around_1892_-_DPLA_-_153ba2c5e31643073f831a6ddf09de8a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mandolin Club from Napoleon, Ohio, approximately 1892</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandolin_playing_traditions_worldwide" title="Mandolin playing traditions worldwide">Mandolin playing traditions worldwide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg/170px-Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg/170px-Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg/255px-Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg/340px-Giuseppe_Pettine_in_1898.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Italian mandolin virtuoso and child prodigy <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pettine" title="Giuseppe Pettine">Giuseppe Pettine</a> (here pictured in 1898) brought the Italian playing style to America where he settled in Providence, Rhode Island, as a mandolin teacher and composer. Pettine is credited with promoting a style where "one player plays both the rhythmic chords and the lyric melodic line at once, combining single strokes and tremolo."<a href="#cite_note-academicpaper-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning as the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so-called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Curti" title="Carlo Curti">Carlo Curti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pettine" title="Giuseppe Pettine">Giuseppe Pettine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Raffaele Calace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Ranieri" title="Silvio Ranieri">Silvio Ranieri</a> contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-academicpaper-56">[56]</a> This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a> mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a>, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli <a href="/wiki/Avi_Avital" title="Avi Avital">Avi Avital</a>, Italian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Aonzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Aonzo (page does not exist)">Carlo Aonzo</a>, and American <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brent" title="Joseph Brent">Joseph Brent</a>. In India, the mandolin is played in classical <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>. The musician <a href="/wiki/U._Srinivas" title="U. Srinivas">U. Srinivas</a> was perhaps the greatest mandolin player in this style.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Lauded across the world for his virtuosity with the instrument, he died young.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notable_literature">Notable literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Art_or_"classical"_music'>Art or "classical" music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=30" title='Edit section: Art or "classical" music' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The tradition of so-called "classical music" for the mandolin has been somewhat spotty, due to its being widely perceived as a "folk" instrument. Significant composers did write music specifically for the mandolin, but few large works were composed for it by the most widely regarded composers. The total number of these works is rather small in comparison to—say—those composed for violin. One result of this dearth being that there were few positions for mandolinists in regular orchestras. To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Furthermore, of the works that have been written for mandolin from the 18th century onward, many have been lost or forgotten. Some of these await discovery in museums and libraries and archives. One example of rediscovered 18th-century music for mandolin and ensembles with mandolins is the Gimo collection, collected in the first half of 1762 by Jean Lefebure.<a href="#cite_note-lefebure-59">[59]</a> Lefebure collected the music in Italy, and it was forgotten until manuscripts were rediscovered.<a href="#cite_note-lefebure-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a> created some concertos for mandolinos and orchestra: one for 4-chord mandolino, string bass & continuo in C major, (RV 425), and one for two 5-chord mandolinos, bass strings & continuo in G major, (RV 532), and concerto for two mandolins, 2 violons "in Tromba"—2 flûtes à bec, 2 salmoe, 2 théorbes, violoncelle, cordes et basse continuein in C major (p. 16). <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> composed <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_mandolin_music" title="Beethoven's mandolin music">mandolin music</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and enjoyed playing the mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> His 4 small pieces date from 1796: Sonatine WoO 43a; Adagio ma non troppo WoO 43b; Sonatine WoO 44a and Andante con Variazioni WoO 44b. The opera <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> (1787) includes mandolin parts, including the accompaniment to the famous aria Deh vieni alla finestra, and <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a> calls for <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">guzla</a> accompaniment in the aria Dove guardi splendono raggi, but the part is commonly performed on mandolin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> used the mandolin in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde" title="Das Lied von der Erde">Das Lied von der Erde</a>. Parts for mandolin are included in works by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> (Variations Op. 31), <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> (Agon), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a> (Romeo and Juliet) and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a> (opus Parts 10) Some 20th-century composers also used the mandolin as their instrument of choice (amongst these are: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>). Among the most important European mandolin composers of the 20th century are Raffaele Calace (composer, performer and luthier) and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Anedda" title="Giuseppe Anedda">Giuseppe Anedda</a> (virtuoso concert pianist and professor of the first chair of the Conservatory of Italian Mandolin, Padua, 1975). Today representatives of Italian classical music and Italian classical-contemporary music include <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Orlandi" title="Ugo Orlandi">Ugo Orlandi</a>, Carlo Aonzo, <a href="/wiki/Dorina_Frati" title="Dorina Frati">Dorina Frati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Squillante" title="Mauro Squillante">Mauro Squillante</a> and Duilio Galfetti. Japanese composers also produced orchestral music for mandolin in the 20th century, but these are not well known outside Japan. Notable composers include <a href="/wiki/Morishige_Takei" title="Morishige Takei">Morishige Takei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Kuwahara" title="Yasuo Kuwahara">Yasuo Kuwahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unaccompanied_solo">Unaccompanied solo</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Unaccompanied solo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Minuet</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peterson_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peterson (composer) (page does not exist)">John Peterson</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Moving Fast Through Autumn Light (2000)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sitsky" title="Larry Sitsky">Larry Sitsky</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Three Names Of Shiva (1992)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Ranieri" title="Silvio Ranieri">Silvio Ranieri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Variations on a Theme by Haydn</dd> <dd>Song of summer</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Cadenza No.1</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.2</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.3</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.4</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.5</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.6</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.7</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.8</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.10</dd> <dd>Cadenza No.11</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Raffaele Calace</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Prelude No. 1</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 2</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 3</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 5</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 10</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 11</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 14</dd> <dd>Prelude No. 15</dd> <dd>Large prelude</dd> <dd>Collard</dd> <dd>Sylvia</dd> <dd>Minuet of rose</dd></dl> <ul><li>Heinrich Koniettsuni</li></ul> <dl><dd>Partita No. 1, etc.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baumann" title="Herbert Baumann">Herbert Baumann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonatine, etc.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Behrend" title="Siegfried Behrend">Siegfried Behrend</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sense – structure</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Craton" title="John Craton">John Craton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Gray Wolf</dd> <dd>Perpetuum Mobile</dd> <dd>Variations from Der Fluyten Lust-hof</dd></dl> <ul><li>Sakutarō Hagiwara</li></ul> <dl><dd>Hataoriru maiden</dd></dl> <ul><li>Takei Shusei</li></ul> <dl><dd>Spring to go</dd></dl> <ul><li>Seiichi Suzuki</li></ul> <dl><dd>Variations on Schubert lullaby</dd> <dd>City of Elm</dd> <dd>Variations on Kojonotsuki of subject matter</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilad_Hochman" title="Gilad Hochman">Gilad Hochman</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Two Episodes for solo mandolin</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Nakano" title="Jiro Nakano">Jiro Nakano</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Spring has come" Variations</dd> <dd>Prayer</dd> <dd>Fantasia second No.</dd> <dd>Serenata</dd> <dd>Beautiful my child and where</dd> <dd>Prayer of the evening</dd> <dd>Variations on September Affair of the subject matter</dd></dl> <ul><li>Makino YukariTaka</li></ul> <dl><dd>Spring snow of ballads</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Kondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jo Kondo">Jo Kondo</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>In early spring</dd></dl> <ul><li>Takashi Kubota</li></ul> <dl><dd>Nocturne</dd> <dd>Etude</dd> <dd>Fantasia first No.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Kuwahara" title="Yasuo Kuwahara">Yasuo Kuwahara</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Moon and mountain witch</dd> <dd>Impromptu</dd> <dd>Winter Light</dd> <dd>Mukyu motion</dd> <dd>Jon-gara</dd> <dd>Silent door</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accompaniment_with_solo">Accompaniment with solo</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Accompaniment with solo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_mandolin_music" title="Beethoven's mandolin music">Sonatine in C minor, WoO 43a</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_mandolin_music" title="Beethoven's mandolin music">Adagio in E♭ major WoO 43b</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_mandolin_music" title="Beethoven's mandolin music">Sonatine in C major WoO 44a</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_mandolin_music" title="Beethoven's mandolin music">Andante and Variations in D major WoO 44b</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Craton" title="John Craton">John Craton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Dioces aztecas</dd> <dd>The Legend of Princess Noccalula</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Hoffmann" title="Giovanni Hoffmann">Giovanni Hoffmann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>4 Quartet for Mandolin, Violin, Viola, and Lute</dd> <dd>4 Divertimenti for Mandolin, Violin & B.c.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Johann Nepomuk Hummel</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata in C major Op. 35</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Monti" title="Vittorio Monti">Vittorio Monti</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s_(Monti)" title="Csárdás (Monti)">Csárdás</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Munier" title="Carlo Munier">Carlo Munier</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Spanish Capriccio</dd> <dd>Mazurka for concert</dd> <dd>Waltz for concert</dd> <dd>Bizaria</dd> <dd>Aria Varia data</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 1</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Raffaele Calace</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 1</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 2</dd> <dd>Mukyu motion</dd> <dd>Tarantella</dd> <dd>Song of Nostalgia</dd> <dd>Elegy</dd> <dd>Mazurka for concert</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Ranieri" title="Silvio Ranieri">Silvio Ranieri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Warsaw of memories</dd></dl> <ul><li>Enrico Marcelli</li></ul> <dl><dd>Gypsy style Capriccio</dd> <dd>Fantastic Waltz</dd> <dd>Mukyu motion</dd> <dd>Polonaise for concert</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_G%C3%A1l" title="Hans Gál">Hans Gál</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divertimento for mandolin and harp</dd> <dd>Such as a duo for the mandolin and guitar</dd></dl> <ul><li>Norbert Shupuronguru</li></ul> <dl><dd>Serenade for mandolin and guitar</dd></dl> <ul><li>Franco Marugora</li></ul> <dl><dd>Grand Sonata for mandolin and guitar</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwaen" title="Kurt Schwaen">Kurt Schwaen</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Slovenia wind Dances such as</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Erdmann" title="Dietrich Erdmann">Dietrich Erdmann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonatine</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Takano" title="Mari Takano">Mari Takano</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Light of silence</dd></dl> <ul><li>Rikuya Terashima</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata for mandolin and piano (2002)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duo_and_musical_ensemble">Duo and musical ensemble</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Duo and musical ensemble" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Duet" title="Duet">duet</a> or duo is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece. A <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a> with more than two solo instruments or voices is called trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, etc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Ella Von Adajewska-Schultz (1846–1926)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Venezuelan Serenade<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Valentine Abt (1873–1942)</li></ul> <dl><dd>In Venice Waters<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Acton" title="Carlo Acton">Charles Acton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Chants Des Gondoliers<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ambrosius" title="Hermann Ambrosius">Hermann Ambrosius</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Duo</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Barbella" title="Emanuele Barbella">Emanuele Barbella</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Ignazio Bitelli (c. 1880–1956)</li></ul> <dl><dd>L'Albero di Natale, pastorale for mandolin & guitar<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Il Gondoliere, valse for 2 mandolins & guitar<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Costantino Bertucci</li></ul> <dl><dd>Il Carnevale Di Venezia Con Variazioni<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Pietro Gaetano Boni (1686–1741)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonate pour mandoline en la, Op. 2 n° 1<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en ré mineur, Op. 2 n° 2</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en ré, Op. 2 n° 9<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Antonio Del Buono</li></ul> <dl><dd>"In Gondola" Serenata Veneziana "Ai Mandolnisti Di Venezia<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calace" title="Raffaele Calace">Raffaele Calace</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Barcarola Op. 100 Per Chitarra<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Barcarola Op. 116 Per Liuto "A Mio Figlio Peppino"<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Cocchi" title="Gioacchino Cocchi">Gioacchino Cocchi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Sinfonia for 2 Mandolins & Continuo, (Gimo 76)<a href="#cite_note-gimocoll-66">[66]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cottin" title="Jules Cottin">Jules Cottin</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Au Fil De L'Eau<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Craton" title="John Craton">John Craton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Charon Crossing the Styx (mandolin & double bass)</dd> <dd>Four Whimsies (mandolin & octave mandolin)</dd> <dd>Les gravures de Gustave Doré (mandolin & guitar)</dd> <dd>Six Pantomimes for Two Mandolins</dd> <dd>Sonatina No. 3 for Mandolin & Violin</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_G%C3%A1l" title="Hans Gál">Hans Gál</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Op. 59a Sonatina for 2 mandolins (1952)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Hooperisms Op.181 (1991)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Barbara and Deborah Op.175 (1990)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three Mandolin Duets Op.282 (2005)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Paul and Adrian Op.165(1989)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Giovani Battista Gervasio</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata for Mandolin & Continuo (Gimo 141)<a href="#cite_note-gimocoll-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-acquavella-67">[67]</a></dd> <dd>Sonata per camera (Gimo 143)<a href="#cite_note-gimocoll-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-acquavella-67">[67]</a></dd> <dd>Sinfonia for 2 Mandolins & Continuo, (Gimo 149)<a href="#cite_note-gimocoll-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-acquavella-67">[67]</a></dd> <dd>Trio for 2 Mandolins & Continuo, (Gimo 150)<a href="#cite_note-gimocoll-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-acquavella-67">[67]</a></dd> <dd>Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Giuseppe Giuliano</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo</dd></dl> <ul><li>Geoffrey Gordon</li></ul> <dl><dd>Interiors of a Courtyard (mandolin & guitar)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Addiego Guerra</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo</dd></dl> <ul><li>Positive Hattori</li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for two mandolin and piano</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hickey" title="Sean Hickey">Sean Hickey</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Canons (mandolin & guitar)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Hoffmann" title="Giovanni Hoffmann">Giovanni Hoffmann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>3 Duets for Mandolin and Violin</dd> <dd>Serenade for Viola and Mandolin</dd></dl> <ul><li>Tyler Kaier</li></ul> <dl><dd>Den lille Havfrue (mandolin & guitar)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Machajd%C3%ADk" title="Peter Machajdík">Peter Machajdík</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mit den Augen eines Falken for mandolin & guitar (2016)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Giovanni Battista Maldura</li></ul> <dl><dd>Barcarola Veneziana Di Mendelssohn<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mezzacapo" title="Eduardo Mezzacapo">Edward Mezzacapo</a> (1832–1898)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Le Chant Du Gondolier<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Heinrich Molbe (1835–1915)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Gondolata Op. 74 Per Mandolino, Clarinetto E Pianoforte<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Munier" title="Carlo Munier">Carlo Munier</a> (1859–1911)</li></ul> <dl><dd>"In Gondola" Ricordi di Mendelssohn<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Notturno Veneziano Per Quartetto Romantico<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Nakano" title="Jiro Nakano">Jiro Nakano</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Medaka, revolving lantern</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peterson_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peterson (composer) (page does not exist)">John Peterson</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Wired Life (1999)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pettine" title="Giuseppe Pettine">Giuseppe Pettine</a> (1874–1966)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Barcarola Per Mandolino<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Saito_(musician)" title="Hideo Saito (musician)">Hideo Saito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiro_Nakano" title="Jiro Nakano">Jiro Nakano</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Du edge Martino</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonata in D minor (K77)</dd> <dd>Sonata in E minor (K81)</dd> <dd>Sonata in G minor (K88)</dd> <dd>Sonata No. 54 (K. 89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo</dd> <dd>Sonata in D minor (K89)</dd> <dd>Sonata in D minor (K90)</dd> <dd>Sonata in G (K91)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Takano" title="Mari Takano">Mari Takano</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Silent Light for mandolin & harpsichord (2001)</dd> <dd>Two Pieces for Two Mandolins (2002)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergeij Taneev</a> (1856–1913)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Venezia Di Notte, Barcarola Op. 9 No. 1<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>Serenata Per Voce, Mandolino E Pianoforte Op. 9 No. 2 Alla Contessa Tat'jana L'vovna Tolstaja<a href="#cite_note-Serenata-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Roberto Valentini (1674–1747)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sonate pour mandoline en la, Op. 12 n° 1</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en ré mineur, Op. 12 n° 2</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en sol, Op. 12 n° 3</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en sol mineur, Op. 12 n° 4</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en mi mineur, Op. 12 n° 5</dd> <dd>Sonate pour mandoline en ré, Op. 12 n° 6</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concerto">Concerto</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Concerto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Concerto: a musical composition generally composed of three movements, in which, usually, one solo instrument (for instance, a piano, violin, cello or flute) is accompanied by an orchestra or concert band. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Clyne" title="Anna Clyne">Anna Clyne</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three Sisters, for mandolin and chamber orchestra</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gross" title="Eric Gross">Eric Gross</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for Mandolin and Chamber Orchestra Op.141 (1984)</dd> <dd>Concerto No. 2 Op.151 (1986)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sitsky" title="Larry Sitsky">Larry Sitsky</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Zohar, Sephardic Concerto (1998)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanley" title="Jane Stanley">Jane Stanley</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Spirit's Lay Concerto for Mandolin and Orchestra (2000)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Szeto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Szeto (page does not exist)">Caroline Szeto</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto For Mandolin and Chamber Orchestra (1998)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Hoffmann" title="Giovanni Hoffmann">Giovanni Hoffmann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for Mandolin and Orchestra in D Major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin_Concerto_(Vivaldi)" title="Mandolin Concerto (Vivaldi)">Mandolin Concerto in C major</a>,</dd> <dd>Concerto for two mandolinos in G major</dd> <dd>Concerto for two mandolinos, 2 violons " in Tromba"—2 flûtes à bec, 2 salmoe, 2 théorbes, violoncelle, cordes et basse continuein in C major</dd></dl> <ul><li>Francisco Rodrigo Arto (Venezuela)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto (1984)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFicherSchleiferFurman2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidS02rvzz60rkCpgPA47_47%E2%80%9348%5D-68">[68]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Dominico Caudioso</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto in G Major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Craton" title="John Craton">John Craton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 1 in D Minor</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 2 in D Major</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 3 in E Minor</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto No. 4 in G Major</dd> <dd>Concerto for Two Mandolins ("Rromane Bjavela")</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gerardo Enrique Dirié (Argentina)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Los ocho puentes for four recorders, mandolin and percussion (1984)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFicherSchleiferFurman2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidS02rvzz60rkCpgPA167_167%5D-69">[69]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto in G major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kozeluch" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Kozeluch">Leopold Kozeluch</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for piano, mandolin, trumpet and double bass in E♭ major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto in B♭ major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto in E♭ major</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto in C major</dd> <dd>Mandolin Concerto in G major</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Johann Nepomuk Hummel</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto in G major</dd></dl> <ul><li>Armin Kaufmann</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto</dd></dl> <ul><li>Dietrich Erdmann</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baumann" title="Herbert Baumann">Herbert Baumann</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin and the Concerto for Strings</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Israel" title="Brian Israel">Brian Israel</a> (1951–1986)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for Mandolin (1985)</dd> <dd>Sonatinetta (1984)</dd> <dd>Surrealistic Serenade (1985)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Makino YukariTaka</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Dawes" title="Julian Dawes">Julian Dawes</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin and the Concerto for Strings</dd></dl> <ul><li>Tanaka Ken</li></ul> <dl><dd>"Arc" for mandolin and orchestra</dd></dl> <ul><li>Vladimir Kororutsuku</li></ul> <dl><dd>Suite "positive and negative"</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Dorman" title="Avner Dorman">Avner Dorman</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mandolin Concerto</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilad_Hochman" title="Gilad Hochman">Gilad Hochman</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Nedudim" ("Wanderings") Fantasia-Concertante for mandolin and string orchestra (2014)</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandolin_in_the_orchestra">Mandolin in the orchestra</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mandolin in the orchestra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Orchestral works in which the mandolin has a limited part. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera La finta parigina</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Craton" title="John Craton">John Craton</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera The Curious Affair of the Count of Monte Blotto</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Michel Corrette</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Concerto for orchestra <a href="/w/index.php?title=25_Concertos_Comiques_(Michel_Corrette)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25 Concertos Comiques (Michel Corrette) (page does not exist)">25 Concertos Comiques</a>: Concerto nr 24 in C major "La Marche du Huron"</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lukas_Foss" title="Lukas Foss">Lukas Foss</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Symphony No. 2 "Symphony Of Chorales" (1958)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9try" title="André Grétry">André Grétry</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Amant_jaloux" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Amant jaloux">L'Amant jaloux</a> (Paris, 1778)<a href="#cite_note-mednotes-70">[70]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Oratorio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Balus_(George_Frideric_Handel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Balus (George Frideric Handel) (page does not exist)">Alexander Balus</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera Le Grand Macabre</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera Don Perlimplin, ovvero il trionfo dell'amore e dell'immaginazione</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 7, Song of the Night</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 8, Symphony of Thousands</a></dd> <dd>Symphony <a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde" title="Das Lied von der Erde">Song of the Earth</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a><a href="#cite_note-mednotes-70">[70]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville_(Paisiello)" title="The Barber of Seville (Paisiello)">The Barber of Seville</a><a href="#cite_note-mednotes-70">[70]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Pijper" title="Willem Pijper">Willem Pijper</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera Halewijn</dd> <dd>Romance sans paroles</dd> <dd>Symphony No. 2</dd> <dd>Symphony No. 3</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Ballet music <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Prokofiev)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)">Romeo and Juliet</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Roman_Festivals_(Respighi)" title="Roman Festivals (Respighi)">Festivals of Rome</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Antonio Salieri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tarare_(opera)" title="Tarare (opera)">Tarare</a> (Paris, 1787)<a href="#cite_note-mednotes-70">[70]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin" title="Rodion Shchedrin">Rodion Shchedrin</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Ballet music <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Karenina (ballet)">Anna Karenina</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera <a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for Orchestra</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niccola_Spinelli" title="Niccola Spinelli">Niccola Spinelli</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera <a href="/wiki/A_basso_porto" title="A basso porto">A Basso Porto</a>: Intermezzo for mandolins and orchestra</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Ballet music <a href="/wiki/Agon_(ballet)" title="Agon (ballet)">Agon</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Opera <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Oratorio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juditha_triumphans_(Vivaldi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juditha triumphans (Vivaldi) (page does not exist)">Juditha triumphans</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Five Pieces for Orchestra</dd></dl> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandolinists" title="List of mandolinists">List of mandolinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandolinists_(sorted)" title="List of mandolinists (sorted)">List of mandolinists (sorted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_string_instruments" title="List of string instruments">List of string instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instrument tunings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintola" title="Quintola">Quintola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Greek bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_mandolin" title="Bluegrass mandolin">Bluegrass mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_Mandolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave Mandolin">Octave Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandocello" title="Mandocello">Mandocello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobass" title="Mandobass">Mandobass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domra" title="Domra">Domra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Irish bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Troise" title="Pasquale Troise">Troise and his Mandoliers</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hynds-1"><a href="#cite_ref-hynds_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDave_Hynds" class="citation web cs1">Dave Hynds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolinluthier.com/history.htm">"Mandolins: A Brief History"</a>. Mandolinluthier.com. Retrieved 2010-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolinluthier.com&rft.atitle=Mandolins%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.au=Dave+Hynds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolinluthier.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary, by Sibyl Marcuse (Corrected Edition 1975) </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-3"><a href="#cite_ref-grove_3-0">^</a> The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and others (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks3-4-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks3-4_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks2003">Sparks 2003</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Vetter" class="citation web cs1">Roger Vetter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omeka1.grinnell.edu/MusicalInstruments/items/show/256">"Mandolin – Neapolitan"</a>. Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection. Retrieved September 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grinnell+College+Musical+Instrument+Collection&rft.atitle=Mandolin+%E2%80%93+Neapolitan&rft.au=Roger+Vetter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomeka1.grinnell.edu%2FMusicalInstruments%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Vetter" class="citation web cs1">Roger Vetter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omeka1.grinnell.edu/MusicalInstruments/items/show/452">"Mandolin – flat-back"</a>. Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection. Retrieved September 5, 2015. <q>a newly developed resonator design pioneered by the Gibson Company with arched top and back boards with f-shaped soundholes, like violin resonators</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grinnell+College+Musical+Instrument+Collection&rft.atitle=Mandolin+%E2%80%93+flat-back&rft.au=Roger+Vetter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomeka1.grinnell.edu%2FMusicalInstruments%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?84748-OM-floating-bridge">"OM floating bridge?"</a>. Mandolin Cafe. April 20, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolin+Cafe&rft.atitle=OM+floating+bridge%3F&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F84748-OM-floating-bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldp1-8"><a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp1_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2008">McDonald 2008</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Schlesinger" title="Kathleen Schlesinger">Schlesinger, Kathleen</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mandoline">"Mandoline" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 565–566.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandoline&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=565-566&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandolincaferadiusedfingerboard-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandolincaferadiusedfingerboard_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?61875-Radiused-vs-flat-fingerboard-on-mandolin">"Radiused vs. flat fingerboard on mandolin?"</a>. May 3, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiused+vs.+flat+fingerboard+on+mandolin%3F&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F61875-Radiused-vs-flat-fingerboard-on-mandolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiminoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Siminoff, Roger H. (2002). The Luthier's Handbook. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-01468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-01468-0"><bdi>978-0-634-01468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luthier%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-634-01468-0&rft.aulast=Siminoff&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winer2009-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Winer2009_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLise_Winer2009" class="citation book cs1">Lise Winer (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&pg=PA50">Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 50–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7607-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-7607-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+English%2FCreole+of+Trinidad+%26+Tobago%3A+On+Historical+Principles&rft.pages=50-&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7607-0&rft.au=Lise+Winer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_n82hsbDJBMC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bendameche-13"><a href="#cite_ref-bendameche_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendamèche2014" class="citation web cs1">Bendamèche, Abdelkader (25 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729174914/http://abdelkaderbendameche.skyrock.com/3226437593-posted-on-2014-07-25.html">"Mr Abdelkader Bendamèche répond à l'APS au sujet du mandole (Translation: Mr Abdelkader Bendamèche responds to the APS about the mandola)"</a>. abdelkaderbendameche.skyrock.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abdelkaderbendameche.skyrock.com/3226437593-posted-on-2014-07-25.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017. <q>ABDELKADER BENDAMECHE President of the National Council Arts and Letters, Algiers, 21 July 2014</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abdelkaderbendameche.skyrock.com&rft.atitle=Mr+Abdelkader+Bendam%C3%A8che+r%C3%A9pond+%C3%A0+l%27APS+au+sujet+du+mandole+%28Translation%3A+Mr+Abdelkader+Bendam%C3%A8che+responds+to+the+APS+about+the+mandola%29&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft.aulast=Bendam%C3%A8che&rft.aufirst=Abdelkader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabdelkaderbendameche.skyrock.com%2F3226437593-posted-on-2014-07-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Tobe A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringsbymail.com/TuningChart.pdf">The Musician's Workbook VI, Fretted Instrument Octave Designation Diagram & Charts</a> (PDF). p. 4. <q>Guitar – Standard Tuning E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musician%27s+Workbook+VI%2C+Fretted+Instrument+Octave+Designation+Diagram+%26+Charts&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Tobe+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringsbymail.com%2FTuningChart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt" class="citation web cs1">Parfitt, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918225902/http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk/tuning.html">"Arab tuning"</a>. oud.eclipse.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk/tuning.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oud.eclipse.co.uk&rft.atitle=Arab+tuning&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oud.eclipse.co.uk%2Ftuning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729123626/https://www.thomannmusic.com/thomann_algerian_mondol_10_standard.htm#bewertung">"Thomann Algerian Mondol 10 Standard"</a>. thomannmusic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomannmusic.com/thomann_algerian_mondol_10_standard.htm#bewertung">the original</a> on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 29 July 2017. <q>tuning: C – G – D – A – E, lower width ca. 35,2cm, body length ca. 54,2cm, total length thomann ca. 104,5cm, height incl. bridge ca. 13cm, height of the sides ca. 10cm, width upper nut ca. 4,4cm, scale length 32,4cm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thomannmusic.com&rft.atitle=Thomann+Algerian+Mondol+10+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomannmusic.com%2Fthomann_algerian_mondol_10_standard.htm%23bewertung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppa,_Paul" class="citation web cs1">Ruppa, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolin.co.uk/blogs/Mando-Bass_History_101.pdf">"American Mando-Bass History 101"</a> (PDF). Mandolin.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolin.co.uk&rft.atitle=American+Mando-Bass+History+101&rft.au=Ruppa%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolin.co.uk%2Fblogs%2FMando-Bass_History_101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Marcuse, Sibyl; Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary; W. W. Norton & Company (1975). (see entries for mandolin, and for individual mandolin family members.) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Johnson, J. R.; 'The Mandolin Orchestra in America, Part 3: Other Instruments', American Lutherie, No. 21 (Spring) 1990, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenRossing2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, David J.; Rossing, Thomas D. (January 1, 2001). "Mandolin Family Instruments". In Rossing, Thomas D. (ed.). The Science of String Instruments. Springer. pp. 77–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7110-4"><bdi>978-1-4419-7110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandolin+Family+Instruments&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+String+Instruments&rft.pages=77-98&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7110-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Rossing%2C+Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tylersparkspaper-21"><a href="#cite_ref-tylersparkspaper_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTylerSparks1996">Tyler & Sparks 1996</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks115-16-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks115-16_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks2003">Sparks 2003</a>, p. 15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-tylersparksearly-23"><a href="#cite_ref-tylersparksearly_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTylerSparks1989">Tyler & Sparks 1989</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandocafeforumHiin-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafeforumHiin_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafeforumHiin_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafeforumHiin_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafeforumHiin_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafeforumHiin_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-63751.html">"Who are the top classical builders?"</a>. Mandolincafe.com. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolincafe.com&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+top+classical+builders%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Farchive%2Findex.php%2Ft-63751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks37–38-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks37%E2%80%9338_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks37%E2%80%9338_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks37%E2%80%9338_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks37%E2%80%9338_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks37%E2%80%9338_25-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks2003">Sparks 2003</a>, p. 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Embergher mandolin. [Place of publication not identified]: R. Leenen and B. Pratt. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9073838312" title="Special:BookSources/9073838312"><bdi>9073838312</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863486060">863486060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embergher+mandolin&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=R.+Leenen+and+B.+Pratt&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863486060&rft.isbn=9073838312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandoglossary-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandoglossary_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandoglossary_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandoglossary_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandoglossary_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/glossary/glossary_15.shtml">"Mandolin Glossary"</a>. Mandolincafe.com. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolincafe.com&rft.atitle=Mandolin+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fglossary%2Fglossary_15.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labraid.ca/">"The Latest from the Shop"</a>. Labraid.ca. 21 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517222520/http://www.labraid.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Labraid.ca&rft.atitle=The+Latest+from+the+Shop&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labraid.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630113410/http://www.labraid.ca/">"Hi, my name is Brian Dean. I build classical mandolin"</a>. Labraid.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labraid.ca/">the original</a> on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Labraid.ca&rft.atitle=Hi%2C+my+name+is+Brian+Dean.+I+build+classical+mandolin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labraid.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125035416/http://www.labraid.ca/grand-concert/">"Grand Concert"</a>. Labraid.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labraid.ca/grand-concert/">the original</a> on 2015-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Labraid.ca&rft.atitle=Grand+Concert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labraid.ca%2Fgrand-concert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japanesebrand-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Japanesebrand_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183302/http://www.abrsm.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=34734">"Mandolin (neapolitan, Round Back, Bowl Back...)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrsm.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=34734">the original</a> on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandolin+%28neapolitan%2C+Round+Back%2C+Bowl+Back...%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrsm.org%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D34734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japanesemandmanu-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Japanesemandmanu_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206083757/http://www.mandolinluthier.com/japanese_mandolin_makers.htm">"Japanese Mandolin Makers"</a>. Mandolinluthier.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolinluthier.com/japanese_mandolin_makers.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolinluthier.com&rft.atitle=Japanese+Mandolin+Makers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolinluthier.com%2Fjapanese_mandolin_makers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bicent3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-bicent3_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDossena2014" class="citation web cs1">Dossena, Luigi (7 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cremaonline.it/cultura/07-09-2014_Historia+et+imago+Cremae.+La+vita+di+Giovanni+Vailati,+il+Paganini+del+mandolino/">"Historia et imago Cremae. La vita di Giovanni Vailati, il Paganini del mandolino: dai caffè cremaschi ai teatri d'Europa [translation: Historia et imago Cremae. The life of Giovanni Vailati, the Paganini of the mandolin: from the cremaschi cafés to the theaters of Europe]"</a>. cremonaonline.it. Retrieved 11 June 2018. <q>...on December 2, 1852 in Parma at the Regio theater he performed a single string music from his mandolin, on a Lombard-type mandolin inspired by sixteenth-century instruments still unformed and rough. It was a soprano lute, very small, having the semblance of a paunchy half-egg, which he later replaced with a mandolin inspired by Hispanic Bandurria- type models...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cremonaonline.it&rft.atitle=Historia+et+imago+Cremae.+La+vita+di+Giovanni+Vailati%2C+il+Paganini+del+mandolino%3A+dai+caff%C3%A8+cremaschi+ai+teatri+d%27Europa+%5Btranslation%3A+Historia+et+imago+Cremae.+The+life+of+Giovanni+Vailati%2C+the+Paganini+of+the+mandolin%3A+from+the+cremaschi+caf%C3%A9s+to+the+theaters+of+Europe%5D&rft.date=2014-09-07&rft.aulast=Dossena&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cremaonline.it%2Fcultura%2F07-09-2014_Historia%2Bet%2Bimago%2BCremae.%2BLa%2Bvita%2Bdi%2BGiovanni%2BVailati%2C%2Bil%2BPaganini%2Bdel%2Bmandolino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilaneseLombardic-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MilaneseLombardic_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilaneseLombardic_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilaneseLombardic_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilaneseLombardic_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolinluthier.com/Lombardic_mandolin_makers.htm">"Milanese Mandolin Makers"</a>. Mandolinluthier.com. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolinluthier.com&rft.atitle=Milanese+Mandolin+Makers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolinluthier.com%2FLombardic_mandolin_makers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks206-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks206_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks206_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks206_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks2003">Sparks 2003</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelsteinp14-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adelsteinp14_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelsteinp14_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelsteinp14_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelsteinp14_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelsteinp14_35-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdelstein1893">Adelstein 1893</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-mandocafebrescian-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafebrescian_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandocafebrescian_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?74060-Plans-of-Brescian-mandolin">"Thread: Plans of Brescian mandolin..."</a> Mandolin Cafe. Retrieved September 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolin+Cafe&rft.atitle=Thread%3A+Plans+of+Brescian+mandolin...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F74060-Plans-of-Brescian-mandolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks205-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks205_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks205_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks205_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparks2003">Sparks 2003</a>, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bortolazzi-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bortolazzi_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bortolazzi_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bortolazzi_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bortolazzi_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolazzi1805" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oz5cAAAAcAAJ">Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi</a> (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf and Härtell. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anweisung+die+Mandoline+von+selbst+zu+erlernen+nebst+einigen+Uebungsstucken+von+Bortolazzi&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Breitkopf+and+H%C3%A4rtell&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Bortolazzi&rft.aufirst=Bartolomeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doz5cAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-musinswld-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musinswld_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-musinswld_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1997" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Ruth, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188">Musical Instruments of the World</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8069-9847-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8069-9847-4"><bdi>0-8069-9847-4</bdi></a>. <q>...six pairs of string, and a wider neck than the Neapolitan instrument...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8069-9847-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalinstrumen00diag%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenoaMet-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GenoaMet_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenoaMet_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/180013407">"Mandolin,19th century Italian"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 4 April 2018. <q>"mandola o mandolino alla Genovese", this mandoline has six pairs of gut strings, fifteen rosewood ribs, and mother-of-pearl and tortoiseshell inlays. It differs from other gut-strung mandolins in being tuned an octave higher than the modern guitar (e, a, d', g' b-natural, e") and having a guitar-like peg block</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandolin%2C19th+century+Italian&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F180013407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldp16-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp16_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp16_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp16_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2008">McDonald 2008</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldp18-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp18_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp18_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2008">McDonald 2008</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobellguitars.com/large-and-small-bodied-mandolins/">"Stefan Sobell Guitars » Mandolins and Mandola"</a>. Sobellguitars.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sobellguitars.com&rft.atitle=Stefan+Sobell+Guitars+%C2%BB+Mandolins+and+Mandola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobellguitars.com%2Flarge-and-small-bodied-mandolins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldp30-44"><a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldp30_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2008">McDonald 2008</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-brent-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brent_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brent_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brent_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203557/https://www.mandolincafe.com/news/publish/printer_1420.shtml">"Joseph Brent's Brian N. Dean Grand Concert Mandolin"</a>. mandolincafe.org. 20 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mandolincafe.com/news/publish/printer_1420.shtml">the original</a> on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2017. <q>[He told the luthier:]..."I want to hear the wood, and not the metal." And, "I want it big and dark and loud, like the engine note on a Ford GT." ...I know there are lots of musicians like me who would love the chance to create an instrument that's more geared to the music they're making...It's got a lot of crazy features, like that aforementioned false back...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mandolincafe.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+Brent%27s+Brian+N.+Dean+Grand+Concert+Mandolin&rft.date=2011-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fnews%2Fpublish%2Fprinter_1420.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speranski-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Speranski_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speranski_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speranski_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperanski2014" class="citation web cs1">Speranski, Victor (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheRussianEmbergher_201501">"The Russian Embergher"</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Embergher&rft.date=2014-11&rft.aulast=Speranski&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheRussianEmbergher_201501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielGarber" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Bernie; Garber, Jimi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?102738-Avi-Avital-and-the-Arik-Kerman-mandolin">"Re: Avi Avital and the Arik Kerman mandolin"</a>. mandolincafe.org. Retrieved 29 May 2017. <q>...What is [the luthier] Kerman doing so different from the approach taken by American luthiers...The difference from the German models is that it has the sound holes on the edges and, even more important(?) has a double top.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mandolincafe.org&rft.atitle=Re%3A+Avi+Avital+and+the+Arik+Kerman+mandolin&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft.au=Garber%2C+Jimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F102738-Avi-Avital-and-the-Arik-Kerman-mandolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brentfalse-48"><a href="#cite_ref-brentfalse_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203557/https://www.mandolincafe.com/news/publish/printer_1420.shtml">"Joseph Brent's Brian N. Dean Grand Concert Mandolin"</a>. mandolincafe.org. 20 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mandolincafe.com/news/publish/printer_1420.shtml">the original</a> on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2017. <q>[Brent's instrument has] ...maple sides/false back, spruce true back...It's got a lot of crazy features, like that aforementioned false back...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mandolincafe.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+Brent%27s+Brian+N.+Dean+Grand+Concert+Mandolin&rft.date=2011-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fnews%2Fpublish%2Fprinter_1420.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel1-49"><a href="#cite_ref-israel1_49-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebluegrassspecial.com/archive/2011/jan2011/bordercrossingjan2011.php">Artist To Artist: 10 Minutes With Avi Avital.</a> The Bluegrass Special, January 2011 by Joe Brent. </li> <li id="cite_note-mandoKerman-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandoKerman_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandoKerman_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?102738-Avi-Avital-and-the-Arik-Kerman-mandolin">"Thread: Avi Avital and the Arik Kerman mandolin"</a>. mandolincafe.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015. <q>This thread digressed into the topic of Avi's Kerman, where it was established that it has a double top and a convex back. … it looks like it is based on the modern German flatback as made by makers such as Seifert, a little deep-bodied. The difference from the German models is that it has the sound holes on the edges and, even more important(?) has a double top.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mandolincafe.com&rft.atitle=Thread%3A+Avi+Avital+and+the+Arik+Kerman+mandolin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolincafe.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F102738-Avi-Avital-and-the-Arik-Kerman-mandolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-israel2_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402213428/http://www.mandolin.org.uk/interviews/sariel.php">"Alon Sariel interview"</a>. Mandolin.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandolin.org.uk/interviews/sariel.php">the original</a> on April 2, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2015. <q>What mandolins do you own? Which one(s) is(are) your favourite(s)? Whoever knows the Beer-Sheva school of mandolin must have heard of the Israeli type of modern mandolins. A mandolin maker called Arik Kerman who lives in Tel-Aviv, invented a formula to make the mandolin in a way for which it has a much of a round and sweet sound, and can easily produce a very soft sound other than the metallic Neapolitan one...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandolin.org.uk&rft.atitle=Alon+Sariel+interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandolin.org.uk%2Finterviews%2Fsariel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel3-52"><a href="#cite_ref-israel3_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092522/http://www.alon-sariel.com/repertoire/instrumentarium/">"Instrumentarium"</a>. Alon Sariel – mandolinist, conductor, lutenist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alon-sariel.com/repertoire/instrumentarium/">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alon+Sariel+%E2%80%93+mandolinist%2C+conductor%2C+lutenist&rft.atitle=Instrumentarium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alon-sariel.com%2Frepertoire%2Finstrumentarium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel4-53"><a href="#cite_ref-israel4_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frusion.co.uk/artists/concert/global/Tom_Cohen.html">"Concert artists: Tom Cohen"</a>. frusion.co.uk. Retrieved September 3, 2015. <q>The mandolin that Tom plays was built especially for him by Israeli artist Arik Kerman and new instrument is currently being built for, and inspired by him, by internationally-known luthier Boaz Elkayam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frusion.co.uk&rft.atitle=Concert+artists%3A+Tom+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrusion.co.uk%2Fartists%2Fconcert%2Fglobal%2FTom_Cohen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paper-54"><a href="#cite_ref-paper_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blarneystar.com/BANJO_030912X.pdf">"The Irish Tenor Banjo by Don Meade"</a> (PDF). blarneystar.com. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blarneystar.com&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Tenor+Banjo+by+Don+Meade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblarneystar.com%2FBANJO_030912X.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maestroalexgregory.net/id26.html">"Heavy Metal Electric Mandolin, inventions"</a>. maestroalexgregory.com. Retrieved September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maestroalexgregory.com&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Electric+Mandolin%2C+inventions&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaestroalexgregory.net%2Fid26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-academicpaper-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academicpaper_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academicpaper_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson" class="citation journal cs1">Jean Dickson, University at Buffalo (SUNY) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143811/http://wings.buffalo.edu/research/anthrogis/oldsite/JWA/V2N2/Dickson-art.pdf">"Mandolin Mania in Buffalo's Italian Community, 1895 to 1918"</a> (PDF). Journal of World Anthropology: Occasional Papers. II (2): 1–15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wings.buffalo.edu/research/anthrogis/oldsite/JWA/V2N2/Dickson-art.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-04-02. 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Retrieved 18 May 2019. <q>Gimo 76: G. Cocchi, Allegro assai – Largo – Allegro (note: there are two mandolin parts, but they are almost identical)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mutopiaproject.org&rft.atitle=The+Gimo+Music+Collection&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mutopiaproject.org%2Fcollections%2Fgimo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acquavella-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acquavella_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acquavella_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acquavella_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acquavella_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bol.com/nl/p/gimo-samling-18th-century-sonatas-trio-sonatas/9200000054979942/">Gimo-Samling: 18Th Century Sonatas & Trio Sonatas</a> (album back cover). <a href="/wiki/Centaur_Records" title="Centaur Records">Centaur Records</a>. 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Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461669111" title="Special:BookSources/9781461669111"><bdi>9781461669111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Classical+Composers%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781461669111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS02rvzz60rkC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Australia: Jamison, A.C.T., Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804762-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9804762-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9804762-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandolin+Project&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Jamison%2C+A.C.T.%2C+Graham+McDonald+Stringed+Instruments&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9804762-0-0&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2003" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Paul (2003). The Classical Mandolin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195173376" title="Special:BookSources/9780195173376"><bdi>9780195173376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Mandolin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195173376&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylerSparks1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tyler_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tyler (music)">Tyler, James</a>; Sparks, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlymandolin0000tyle">The Early Mandolin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Mandolin&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sparks%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlymandolin0000tyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylerSparks1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tyler_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tyler (music)">Tyler, James</a>; Sparks, Paul (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fperfpr.199609.02.05">"The Mandolin: Its Structure and Performance (Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries)"</a>. Performance Practice Review. 9 (2): 166–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fperfpr.199609.02.05">10.5642/perfpr.199609.02.05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Performance+Practice+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mandolin%3A+Its+Structure+and+Performance+%28Sixteenth+to+Twentieth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-177&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5642%2Fperfpr.199609.02.05&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sparks%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5642%252Fperfpr.199609.02.05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoll2021" class="citation book cs1">Woll, Alfred (2021). The Art of Mandolin Making. Welzheim: Mando.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Mandolin+Making&rft.place=Welzheim&rft.pub=Mando&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Woll&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.edition-mando.de/">Edition MANDO – Edition MANDO Verlags-Bestellung</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Chord dictionaries <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Chad (2003). Hal Leonard Mandolin Chord Finder. United States: Hal Leonard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-05422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-05422-8"><bdi>978-0-634-05422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hal+Leonard+Mandolin+Chord+Finder&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-634-05422-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> A comprehensive chord dictionary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2002" class="citation book cs1">Major, James (2002). Mandolin Chord Book. United States: Music Sales Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-2296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8256-2296-0"><bdi>978-0-8256-2296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandolin+Chord+Book&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Music+Sales+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8256-2296-0&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> A case-style chord dictionary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Tobe A. (2007). The Mandolin Chord Bible: 2,736 Chords. United Kingdom: Cabot Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906207-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906207-01-4"><bdi>978-1-906207-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandolin+Chord+Bible%3A+2%2C736+Chords&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cabot+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-906207-01-4&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Tobe+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> A very comprehensive chord dictionary.</li></ul> Method and instructional guides <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBay1987" class="citation book cs1">Bay, Mel (1987). Complete Mandolin Method. United States: Mel Bay. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87166-763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87166-763-2"><bdi>978-0-87166-763-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Mandolin+Method&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87166-763-2&rft.aulast=Bay&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandolin" class="Z3988"> Instructional guide.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mandolins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mandolins">Mandolins</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mandoline" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mandoline">Mandoline</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themandolinworld.com/Homepage.html">The Mandolin World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@themandolinworld/videos">Mandolin YouTube Channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112134709/http://www.accademiamandolinisticapugliese.it/">Accademia Mandolinistica Pugliese (Puglia-Italy)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandoisland.de/mandolinenschulen-timeline.html">List of mandolin method books from 1629 to present</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandolin.music.coocan.jp/names.html">List of composers for the mandolin with more than 1900 names. Includes mandolin solos, ensembles, concertos, chamber music, and bluegrass. Japanese website, but needed parts are in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandolin.music.coocan.jp/classics.html">Works for orchestras that contain small parts for mandolin. Japanese website, but needed parts are in English.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandolin.music.coocan.jp/works-in-English.html">Works for mandolin or with major parts for mandolin.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mutopiaproject.org/collections/gimo/">19 works from Italian composers, during the mandolins first rise, copies from manuscript into modern notation.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&oldid=1253570096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&oldid=1253570096</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mandolin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 18:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoliin" title="Mandoliin – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mandoliin" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مندولين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مندولين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandulinu" title="Mandulinu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mandulinu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ম্যান্ডোলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যান্ডোলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандаліна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мандаліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolinenn" title="Mandolinenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mandolinenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandol%C3%ADna" title="Mandolína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandolína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandulinu" title="Mandulinu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mandulinu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoline" title="Mandoline – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandoline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoliin" title="Mandoliin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandoliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μαντολίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντολίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolino" title="Mandolino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandolino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماندولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماندولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoline" title="Mandoline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandoline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maindil%C3%ADn" title="Maindilín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maindilín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8F%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="만돌린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만돌린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մանդոլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանդոլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolino" title="Mandolino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mandolino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolino" title="Mandolino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandolino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מנדולינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנדולינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಡೊಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಡೊಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მანდოლინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანდოლინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolinum" title="Mandolinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mandolinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandol%C4%ABna" title="Mandolīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mandolīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandoin" title="Amandoin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amandoin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मँडोलिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मँडोलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مندولين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مندولين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မင်ဒလင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မင်ဒလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoline_(instrument)" title="Mandoline (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandoline (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="マンドリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンドリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduline" title="Manduline – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Manduline" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin%C4%83" title="Mandolină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandolină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannulinu" title="Mannulinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mannulinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandol%C3%ADna" title="Mandolína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandolína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماندۆلین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماندۆلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандолина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мандолина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolina" title="Mandolina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandolina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoliini" title="Mandoliini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mandoliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolin" title="Bandolin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bandolin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மாண்டலின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாண்டலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แมนโดลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมนโดลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мандоліна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мандоліна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mandolin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E6%9E%97" title="曼陀林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曼陀林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E9%88%B4" title="曼陀鈴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼陀鈴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E6%9E%97" title="曼陀林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼陀林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2x9bt","wgBackendResponseTime":263,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.240","walltime":"1.494","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6736,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":172088,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9388,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":270526,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1237.743 1 -total"," 28.10% 347.805 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.04% 210.888 38 Template:Cite_web"," 10.74% 132.983 1 Template:Langx"," 7.59% 93.937 1 Template:Mandolin_family_instruments"," 7.34% 90.845 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.75% 83.540 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.67% 82.565 2 Template:Sister_project"," 6.52% 80.714 2 Template:Side_box"," 6.13% 75.912 18 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