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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_(pre-1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_(pre-1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity (pre-1185)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_(pre-1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185–1603)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185–1603)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185–1603)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_period_(1603–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period_(1603–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Edo period (1603–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period_(1603–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1868" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1868"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Since 1868</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1868-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules and customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_sumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professional sumo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_sumo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional sumo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_sumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumo_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumo_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sumo divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumo_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_sumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_sumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Women and sumo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_sumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_sumo_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sumo_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Professional sumo tournaments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_sumo_tournaments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional sumo tournaments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_sumo_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_professional_sumo_bout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_professional_sumo_bout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>A professional sumo bout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_professional_sumo_bout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Life as a professional sumo wrestler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Salary and payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_sumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_sumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Amateur sumo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amateur_sumo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amateur sumo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amateur_sumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Outside of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>International competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="سومو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%85_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF)" title="Սումօ (մարտարուեստ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սումօ (մարտարուեստ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="সুমো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siong-phok" title="Siong-phok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siong-phok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="སུ་མོ་སྦེ་ག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུ་མོ་སྦེ་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_hrvanje" title="Sumo hrvanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumo hrvanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B3" title="Sumó – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumó" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C5%8D" title="Sumō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Σούμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumoo" title="Sumoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="سومو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo-gl%C3%ADming" title="Sumo-glíming – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sumo-glíming" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmo" title="Sûmo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAm%C3%B3" title="Súmó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súmó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8" title="스모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B8" title="Սումո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սումո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सूमो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूमो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_hrvanje" title="Sumo hrvanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumo hrvanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_(luktado)" title="Sumo (luktado) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sumo (luktado)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95" title="סומו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="სუმო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუმო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_(colluctatio)" title="Sumo (colluctatio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumo (colluctatio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szum%C3%B3" title="Szumó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szumó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="സുമോ ഗുസ്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമോ ഗുസ്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सुमो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुमो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="სუმო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუმო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сүмо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүмо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဆူမို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सुमो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumobryting" title="Sumobryting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumobryting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC" title="ស៊ូម៉ូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ូម៉ូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B4" title="Sumô – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sumô" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சுமோ மற்போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமோ மற்போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సుమో యోధులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుమో యోధులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ซูโม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูโม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%85%D9%88" title="سۇمو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇمو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B4" title="Sumô – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sumô" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%91" title="相扑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="相扑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40561#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese martial art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sumo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sumo (disambiguation)">Sumo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sumai" redirects here. For the place, see <a href="/wiki/Sumay,_Guam" title="Sumay, Guam">Sumay, Guam</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sumo (<span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">相撲</span></span></span>)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/300px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/450px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/600px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="861" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A sumo match (<i>tori-kumi</i>) between <i>yokozuna</i> <a href="/wiki/Asash%C5%8Dry%C5%AB_Akinori" title="Asashōryū Akinori">Asashōryū</a> (left) and <i>komusubi</i> <a href="/wiki/Kotosh%C5%8Dgiku_Kazuhiro" title="Kotoshōgiku Kazuhiro">Kotoshōgiku</a> in January 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">Full contact</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data">Tegoi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">No, but <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">recognized</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumo.or.jp/En/">www<wbr />.sumo<wbr />.or<wbr />.jp<wbr />/En<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Sumo</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">International Sumo Federation</a> (Amateur)<br /><a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> (Professional)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Japan, mid-17th century (<a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes (Amateur, separate divisions)<br />No (Professional, men only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Grappling sport</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">Mawashi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">Dohyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms" title="Glossary of sumo terms">Glossary of sumo terms</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide (Amateur)<br />Japan (Professional)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2001_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2001 World Games">2001</a> (invitational)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2005 World Games">2005</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2022_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2022 World Games">2022</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sumo</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="226" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Sumo" in <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">相撲</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">sumō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sumo</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">相撲</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sumō</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Japanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ˈsɯmoː]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">striking one another</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Sumo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of competitive full-contact <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> where a <i><a href="/wiki/Rikishi" title="Rikishi">rikishi</a></i> (wrestler) attempts to force his opponent out of a circular ring (<i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a></i>) or into touching the ground with any body part other than the soles of his feet (usually by throwing, shoving or pushing him down). </p><p>Sumo originated in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the only country where it is practised professionally and where it is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered a <i><a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">gendai budō</a></i>, which refers to modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a>, but the sport has a history spanning many centuries. Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. </p><p>Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal sumo training stables, known in Japanese as <i><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a></i>, where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict kyara tradition. The lifestyle has a negative effect on their health, with sumo wrestlers having a much lower life expectancy than the average Japanese man. </p><p>From 2008 to 2016, a number of high-profile <a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_professional_sumo" title="Controversies in professional sumo">controversies and scandals</a> rocked the sumo world, with an associated effect on its reputation and ticket sales. These have also affected the sport's ability to attract recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Decline_in_sumo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_sumo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this setback, sumo's popularity and general attendance has rebounded due to having multiple <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a></i> (or grand champions) for the first time in a number of years and other high-profile wrestlers grabbing the public's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumo_revival_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumo_revival-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spoken word <i>sumō</i> goes back to the verb <i>sumau/sumafu</i>, meaning 'compete' or 'fight'. The written word goes back to the expression <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sumai no sechi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">相撲の節</span></span>)</span>, which was a wrestling competition at the imperial court during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. The characters from <i>sumai</i>, or <i>sumō</i> today, mean 'to strike each other'. There are instances of "sumo" alternatively being written with the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> "<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">角力</span></span></span>", as in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>. Here, the first character means 'corner', but serves as a phonetic element as one reading of it is <i>sumi</i>, while the second character means 'force'. </p><p><i>Sumō</i> is also a general term for wrestling in Japanese. For example, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">udezumō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腕相撲</span></span>, 'arm sumō')</span> means '<a href="/wiki/Arm_wrestling" title="Arm wrestling">arm wrestling</a>', and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yubizumō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">指相撲</span></span>, 'finger sumō')</span> means '<a href="/wiki/Finger_pulling" title="Finger pulling">finger wrestling</a>'. The professional sumo observed by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōzumō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大相撲</span></span>)</span>, or 'grand sumo'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_(pre-1185)"><span id="Antiquity_.28pre-1185.29"></span>Antiquity (pre-1185)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity (pre-1185)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shinto_origins_of_sumo" title="Shinto origins of sumo">Shinto origins of sumo</a></div> <p>Prehistoric wall paintings indicate that sumo originated from an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ritual dance</a> performed in prayer for a good harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-USADojo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of sumo can be found in a <i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> manuscript dating back to 712, which describes how possession of the Japanese islands was decided in a wrestling match between the <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i> known as <a href="/wiki/Takemikazuchi" title="Takemikazuchi">Takemikazuchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takeminakata" title="Takeminakata">Takeminakata</a>. </p><p>Takemikazuchi was a god of thunder, swordsmanship, and conquest, created from the blood that was shed when <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a> slew the fire-demon <a href="/wiki/Kagu-tsuchi" title="Kagu-tsuchi">Kagu-tsuchi</a>. Takeminakata was a god of water, wind, agriculture and hunting, and a distant descendant of the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a>. When Takemikazuchi sought to conquer the land of <a href="/wiki/Izumo_Province" title="Izumo Province">Izumo</a>, Takeminakata challenged him in hand-to-hand combat. In their melee, Takemikazuchi grappled Takeminakata's arm and crushed it "like a reed", defeating Takeminakata and claiming Izumo.<sup id="cite_ref-fight-library_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashkenazi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashkenazi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_(%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82)_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/133px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/200px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/267px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="5179" /></a><figcaption>Haniwa sumo wrestler</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>, published in 720, dates the first sumo match between mortals to the year 23 BC, when a man named <a href="/wiki/Nomi_no_Sukune" title="Nomi no Sukune">Nomi no Sukune</a> fought against Taima no Kuehaya at the request of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suinin" title="Emperor Suinin">Emperor Suinin</a> and eventually killed him, making him the mythological ancestor of sumo.<sup id="cite_ref-USADojo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kokugakuin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kokugakuin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Nihon Shoki</i>, Nomi broke a rib of Taima with one kick, and killed him with a kick to the back as well.<sup id="cite_ref-fight-library_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the Japanese Middle Ages, this unregulated form of wrestling was often fought to the death of one of the fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-USADojo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (300–538), <i><a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a></i> of sumo wrestlers were made.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first historically attested sumo fights were held in 642 at the court of <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Empress Kōgyoku</a> to entertain a Korean legation. In the centuries that followed, the popularity of sumo within the court increased its ceremonial and religious significance. Regular events at the Emperor's court, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sumai no sechie</i></span>, and the establishment of the first set of rules for sumo fall into the cultural heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185–1603)"><span id="Japanese_Middle_Ages_.281185.E2.80.931603.29"></span>Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the collapse of the Emperor's central authority, sumo lost its importance in the court; during the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, sumo was repurposed from a ceremonial struggle to a form of military combat training among <i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-USADojo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kokugakuin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kokugakuin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, sumo had fully left the seclusion of the court and became a popular event for the masses, and among the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyō</a></i> it became common to sponsor wrestlers. <i>Sumotori</i> who successfully fought for a <i>daimyō'</i>s favor were given generous support and <i>samurai</i> status. <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, a particularly avid fan of the sport, held a tournament of 1,500 wrestlers in February 1578. Because several bouts were to be held simultaneously within Oda Nobunaga's castle, circular arenas were delimited to hasten the proceedings and to maintain the safety of the spectators. This event marks the invention of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a></i>, which would be developed into its current form up until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-USADojo_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winner of Nobunaga's tournament was given a bow for being victorious and he began dancing to show the war-lord his gratitude.<sup id="cite_ref-fight-library_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period_(1603–1867)"><span id="Edo_period_.281603.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Edo period (1603–1867)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Edo period (1603–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/220px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/330px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/440px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png 2x" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>The 11th Yokozuna, <a href="/wiki/Shiranui_K%C5%8Demon" title="Shiranui Kōemon">Shiranui Kōemon</a> and the 13th Yokozuna, <a href="/wiki/Kimenzan_Tanigor%C5%8D" title="Kimenzan Tanigorō">Kimenzan Tanigorō</a> (1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>Because sumo had become a nuisance due to wild fighting on the streets, particularly in Edo, sumo was temporarily banned in the city during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. In 1684, sumo was permitted to be held for charity events on the property of Shinto shrines, as was common in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>. The first sanctioned tournament took place in the <a href="/wiki/Tomioka_Hachiman_Shrine" title="Tomioka Hachiman Shrine">Tomioka Hachiman Shrine</a> at this time. An official sumo organization was developed, consisting of professional wrestlers at the disposal of the Edo administration. Many elements date from this period, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#D" title="Glossary of sumo terms">dohyō-iri</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a></i> system, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">mawashi</a></i>. The 18th century brought forth several notable wrestlers such as <a href="/wiki/Raiden_Tameemon" title="Raiden Tameemon">Raiden Tameemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onogawa_Kisabur%C5%8D" title="Onogawa Kisaburō">Onogawa Kisaburō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanikaze_Kajinosuke" title="Tanikaze Kajinosuke">Tanikaze Kajinosuke</a>, the first historical <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a></i>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Perry (naval officer)">Matthew Perry</a> was shown sumo wrestling during his 1853 expedition to Japan, he found it distasteful and arranged a military showcase to display the merits of Western organization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1868">Since 1868</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 1868"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/220px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/330px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/440px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Sumo match in Tokyo <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868 brought about the end of the feudal system, and with it the wealthy <i>daimyō</i> as sponsors. Due to a new fixation on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, sumo had come to be seen as an embarrassing and backward relic, and internal disputes split the central association. The popularity of sumo was restored when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> organized a tournament in 1884; his example would make sumo a national symbol and contribute to nationalist sentiment following military successes against Korea and China. The Japan Sumo Association reunited on 28 December 1925 and increased the number of annual tournaments from two to four, and then to six in 1958. The length of tournaments was extended from ten to fifteen days in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-fight-library_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (c. 1843)"><img alt="Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (c. 1843)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/368px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/551px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/735px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1843</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumo wrestling scene c. 1851"><img alt="Sumo wrestling scene c. 1851" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/372px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/558px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/744px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumo wrestling scene <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1851</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somagahana Fuchiemon, c. 1850"><img alt="Somagahana Fuchiemon, c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/122px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/183px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/245px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6051" data-file-height="8901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Somagahana Fuchiemon, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_105).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American sailors of the Perry Expedition examining a sumo wrestler (1854)"><img alt="American sailors of the Perry Expedition examining a sumo wrestler (1854)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/424px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/635px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/847px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> examining a sumo wrestler (1854)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_customs">Rules and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rules and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/220px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/330px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/440px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azumafuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Azumafuji">Azumafuji</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/Tochinishiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tochinishiki">Tochinishiki</a> via the "overarm throw" (<i><a href="/wiki/Uwatenage" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwatenage">uwatenage</a></i>) technique, 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>The elementary principle of sumo is that a match is decided by a fighter first either being forced out of the circular <i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a></i> (ring) (not necessarily having to touch the ground outside the ring with any part of the body), or touching the ground inside the ring with any part of the body other than the soles of the feet. The wrestlers try to achieve this by pushing, tossing, striking and often by outwitting the opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-winning_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winning-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> currently distinguishes 82 <i><a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">kimarite</a></i> (winning techniques), some of which come from <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal moves are called <i><a href="/wiki/Kinjite" title="Kinjite">kinjite</a></i>, which include strangulation, hair-pulling, bending fingers, gripping the crotch area, kicking, poking eyes, punching and simultaneously striking both the opponent's ears. The most common basic forms are grabbing the opponent by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">mawashi</a></i> (belt) and then forcing him out, a style called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yotsu-zumō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四つ相撲</span></span>)</span>, or pushing the opponent out of the ring without a firm grip, a style called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">oshi-zumō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">押し相撲</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>The <i>dohyō</i>, which is constructed and maintained by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yobidashi" title="Yobidashi">yobidashi</a></i>, consists of a raised pedestal on which a circle 4.55 m (14.9 ft) in diameter is delimited by a series of rice-straw bales. In the middle of the circle there are two starting lines (<i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#S" title="Glossary of sumo terms">shikiri-sen</a></i>), behind which the wrestlers line up for the <i>tachi-ai</i>, the synchronized charge that initiates the match.<sup id="cite_ref-BBOS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBOS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction of the match is incumbent on the <i><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a></i>, a referee who is supported by five <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_(sumo)" title="Judge (sumo)">shimpan</a></i> (judges). In some situations, a review of the <i>gyōji</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s decision may be needed. The <i>shimpan</i> may convene a conference in the middle of the ring, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">mono-ii</a></i>. This is done if the judges decide that the decision over who won the bout needs to be reviewed; for example, if both wrestlers appear to touch the ground or step out of the ring at the same time. In these cases, sometimes video is reviewed to see what happened. Once a decision is made, the chief judge will announce the decision to the spectators and the wrestlers alike. They may order a bout to be restarted, or leave the decision as given by the <i>gyōji</i>. Occasionally the <i>shimpan</i> will overrule the <i>gyōji</i> and give the bout to the other wrestler. On rare occasions the referee or judges may award the win to the wrestler who touched the ground first. This happens if both wrestlers touch the ground at nearly the same time and it is decided that the wrestler who touched the ground second had no chance of winning, his opponent's superior <i>sumo</i> having put him in an irrecoverable position. The losing wrestler is referred to as being <i><a href="/wiki/Shini-tai" title="Shini-tai">shini-tai</a></i> ("dead body") in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum length of a match varies depending on the division. In the top division, the limit is four minutes, although matches usually only last a few seconds. If the match has not yet ended after the allotted time has elapsed, a <i>mizu-iri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Water_stop_(sports)" title="Water stop (sports)">water break</a>) is taken, after which the wrestlers continue the fight from their previous positions. If a winner is still not found after another four minutes, the fight restarts from the <i>tachi-ai</i> after another <i>mizu-iri</i>. If this still does not result in a decision, the outcome is considered a <i>hikiwake</i> (<a href="/wiki/Draw_(tie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw (tie)">draw</a>). This is an extremely rare result, with the last such draw being called in September 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special attraction of sumo is the variety of observed ceremonies and rituals, some of which have been cultivated in connection with the sport and unchanged for centuries. These include the ring-entering ceremonies (<i>dohyō-iri</i>) at the beginning of each tournament day, in which the wrestlers appear in the ring in elaborate <i><a href="/wiki/Mawashi#Keshō-mawashi" title="Mawashi">kesho-mawashi</a></i>, but also such details as the tossing of salt into the ring by the wrestlers, which serves as a symbolic cleansing of the ring,<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rinsing the mouth with <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chikara-mizu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">力水</span></span>, power water)</span> before a fight, which is similar to the ritual before entering a Shinto shrine. Additionally, before a match begins the two wrestlers perform and repeat a warm up routine called <i>shikiri</i>. The top division is given four minutes for <i>shikiri</i>, while the second division is given three, after which the timekeeping judge signals to the <i>gyōji</i> that time is up.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, sumo wrestlers are renowned for their great girth and body mass, which is often a winning factor in sumo. No weight divisions are used in professional sumo; a wrestler can sometimes face an opponent twice his own weight. However, with superior technique, smaller wrestlers can control and defeat much larger opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average weight of top division wrestlers has continued to increase, from 125 kilograms (276 lb) in 1969 to over 150 kilograms (330 lb) by 1991, and was a record 166 kilograms (366 lb) as of January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_sumo">Professional sumo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Professional sumo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/250px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/375px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/500px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Sumo wrestlers gather in a circle around the <i><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a></i> (referee) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D-iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohyō-iri">dohyō-iri</a></i> (ring-entering ceremony) (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Professional sumo is organized by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the association, called <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#O" title="Glossary of sumo terms">oyakata</a></i>, are all former wrestlers, and are the only people entitled to train new wrestlers. All professional wrestlers must be a member of a training stable (or <i><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a></i>) run by one of the <i>oyakata</i>, who is the stablemaster for the wrestlers under him. In 2007, 43 training stables hosted 660 wrestlers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To turn professional, wrestlers must have completed at least nine years of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> and meet minimum height and weight requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the Japanese Sumo Association required that all sumo wrestlers be a minimum 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) in height. This prompted 16-year-old Takeji Harada of Japan (who had failed six previous eligibility tests) to have four separate cosmetic surgeries over a period of 12 months to add an extra 15 cm (6 in) of silicone to his scalp, which created a large, protruding bulge on his head.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, the JSA stated that they would no longer accept aspiring wrestlers who surgically enhanced their height, citing health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i> reported that the height requirement was 167 cm (5 ft 6 in), and the weight requirement was 67 kg (148 lb), although they also claimed that a "blind eye" is turned for those "just shy" of the minimums.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 the Sumo Association loosened the height and weight requirements, announcing that prospective recruits not meeting the minimums could still enter sumo by passing a <a href="/wiki/Exam#Physical_fitness_tests" title="Exam">physical fitness exam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All sumo wrestlers take wrestling names called <i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">shikona</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四股名</span></span>)</span>, which may or may not be related to their real names. Often, wrestlers have little choice in their names, which are given to them by their stablemasters, or by a supporter or family member who encouraged them into the sport. This is particularly true of foreign-born wrestlers. A wrestler may change his wrestling name during his career, with some changing theirs several times.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional sumo wrestling has a strict hierarchy based on sporting merit. The wrestlers are ranked according to a system that dates back to the Edo period. They are promoted or demoted according to their performance in six official tournaments held throughout the year, which are called <i><a href="/wiki/Honbasho" title="Honbasho">honbasho</a></i>. A carefully prepared <i><a href="/wiki/Banzuke" title="Banzuke">banzuke</a></i> listing the full hierarchy is published two weeks prior to each sumo tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the professional tournaments, exhibition competitions are held at regular intervals every year in Japan, and roughly once every two years, the top-ranked wrestlers visit a foreign country for such exhibitions. None of these displays are taken into account in determining a wrestler's future rank. Rank is determined only by performance in grand sumo tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-BBOS_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBOS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumo_divisions">Sumo divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sumo divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions" title="Professional sumo divisions">Professional sumo divisions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/170px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/255px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/340px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption>Foreigner and sumo wrestler, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The six divisions in sumo, in descending order of prestige, are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi" title="Makuuchi">makuuchi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幕内</span></span>)</span> or <i>makunouchi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幕の内</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum 42 wrestlers; Further divided into five ranks</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jūryō" title="Professional sumo divisions">jūryō</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十両</span></span>)</span>. Fixed at 28 wrestlers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幕下</span></span>)</span>. Fixed at 120 wrestlers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三段目</span></span>)</span>. Fixed at 180 wrestlers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonidan" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonidan</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">序二段</span></span>)</span>. About 200 wrestlers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">序ノ口 or 序の口</span></span>)</span>. Around 50 wrestlers</li></ul> <p>Wrestlers enter sumo in the lowest <i>jonokuchi</i> division and, ability permitting, work their way up to the top division. A broad demarcation in the sumo world can be seen between the wrestlers in the top two divisions known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sekitori" title="Sekitori">sekitori</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">関取</span></span>)</span> and those in the four lower divisions, known commonly by the more generic term <i><a href="/wiki/Rikishi" title="Rikishi">rikishi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">力士</span></span>)</span>. The ranks receive different levels of compensation, privileges, and status.<sup id="cite_ref-banzuke_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banzuke-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topmost <i>makuuchi</i> division receives the most attention from fans and has the most complex hierarchy. The majority of wrestlers are <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">前頭</span></span>)</span> and are ranked from the highest level 1 down to about 16 or 17. In each rank are two wrestlers; the higher rank is designated as "east" and the lower as "west", so the list goes #1 east, #1 west, #2 east, #2 west, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the <i>maegashira</i> are the three champion or titleholder ranks, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Overview" title="Makuuchi">san'yaku</a></i>, which are only numbered if the number of wrestlers in each rank exceeds two. These are, in ascending order, <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Komusubi" title="Makuuchi">komusubi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">小結</span></span>)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Sekiwake" title="Makuuchi">sekiwake</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">関脇</span></span>)</span>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Ōzeki" title="Makuuchi">ōzeki</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大関</span></span>)</span>. At the pinnacle of the ranking system is the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">横綱</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-banzuke_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banzuke-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Yokozuna</i>, or grand champions, are generally expected to compete for and to win the top division tournament title on a regular basis, hence the promotion criteria for <i>yokozuna</i> are very strict. In general, an <i>ōzeki</i> must win the championship for two consecutive tournaments or an "equivalent performance" to be considered for promotion to <i>yokozuna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than one wrestler can hold the rank of <i>yokozuna</i> at the same time. </p><p>In antiquity, sumo was solely a Japanese sport. Since the 1900s, however, the number of foreign-born sumo wrestlers has gradually increased. In the beginning of this period, these few foreign wrestlers were listed as Japanese, but particularly since the 1960s, a number of high-profile <a href="/wiki/Rikishi#Foreign-born_rikishi" title="Rikishi">foreign-born wrestlers</a> became well-known, and in more recent years have even come to dominate in the highest ranks. In the 10 years since January 2009, five of the nine wrestlers promoted to <i>ōzeki</i> have been foreign-born,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Japanese had not been named <i>yokozuna</i> from 1998 until the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Kisenosato_Yutaka" title="Kisenosato Yutaka">Kisenosato Yutaka</a> in 2017. This and other issues eventually led the Sumo Association to limit the number of foreigners allowed to one in each stable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_sumo">Women and sumo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women and sumo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sumo" title="Women's sumo">Women's sumo</a></div> <p>Women are not allowed to compete in professional sumo. They are also not allowed to enter the wrestling ring (<i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a></i>), a tradition stemming from Shinto and Buddhist beliefs that <a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">women are "impure" because of menstrual blood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form of female sumo<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">女相撲</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">onnazumo</i></span>)</span> existed in some parts of Japan before professional sumo was established.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2018 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Guillotine" title="The Chrysanthemum and the Guillotine">The Chrysanthemum and the Guillotine</a></i> depicts female sumo wrestlers at the time of civil unrest following the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_sumo_tournaments">Professional sumo tournaments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional sumo tournaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honbasho" title="Honbasho">Honbasho</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/330px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/440px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The sumo hall of <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku" title="Ryōgoku">Ryōgoku</a> in Tokyo during the May 2006 tournament</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1958, six Grand Sumo tournaments or <i>honbasho</i> have been held each year: three at the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan" title="Ryōgoku Kokugikan">Kokugikan</a> in Tokyo (January, May, and September), and one each in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> (March), <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> (July), and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (November). Until the end of 1984, the Kokugikan was located in <a href="/wiki/Kuramae_Kokugikan" title="Kuramae Kokugikan">Kuramae</a>, Tokyo, but moved in 1985 to the newly built venue at <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku" title="Ryōgoku">Ryōgoku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each tournament begins on a Sunday and runs for 15 days, ending also on a Sunday, roughly in the middle of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tournaments are organized in a manner akin to a <a href="/wiki/McMahon_system_tournament" title="McMahon system tournament">McMahon system tournament</a>; each wrestler in the top two divisions (<i>sekitori</i>) has one match per day, while the lower-ranked wrestlers compete in seven bouts, about one every two days. </p><p>Each day is structured so that the highest-ranked contestants compete at the end of the day. Thus, wrestling starts in the morning with the <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a></i> wrestlers and ends at around six o'clock in the evening with bouts involving the <i>yokozuna</i>. The wrestler who wins the most matches over the 15 days wins the tournament championship (<i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsh%C5%8D" title="Yūshō">yūshō</a></i>) for his division. If two wrestlers are tied for the top, they wrestle each other and the winner takes the title. Three-way ties for a championship are rare, at least in the top division. In these cases, the three wrestle each other in pairs with the first to win two in a row take the tournament. More complex systems for championship playoffs involving four or more wrestlers also exist, but these are usually only seen in determining the winner of one of the lower divisions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/170px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/255px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/340px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Sumo <a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">nobori</a> flags in Fukuoka, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The matchups for each day of the tournament are determined by the sumo elders who are members of the judging division of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. They meet every morning at 11 am and announce the following day's matchups around 12 pm. An exception are the final day 15 matchups, which are announced much later on day 14.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each wrestler only competes against a selection of opponents from the same division, though small overlaps can occur between two divisions. The first bouts of a tournament tend to be between wrestlers who are within a few ranks of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the selection of opponents takes into account a wrestler's prior performance. For example, in the lower divisions, wrestlers with the same record in a tournament are generally matched up with each other and the last matchups often involve undefeated wrestlers competing against each other, even if they are from opposite ends of the division. In the top division, in the last few days, wrestlers with exceptional records often have matches against much more highly ranked opponents, including <i>san'yaku</i> wrestlers, especially if they are still in the running for the top division championship. Similarly, more highly ranked wrestlers with very poor records may find themselves fighting wrestlers much further down the division. </p><p>For the <i>yokozuna</i> and <i>ōzeki</i>, the first week and a half of the tournament tends to be taken up with bouts against the top <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a></i>, <i>komusubi</i>, and <i>sekiwake</i>, with the bouts within these ranks being concentrated into the last five days or so of the tournament (depending on the number of top-ranked wrestlers competing). Traditionally, on the final day, the last three bouts of the tournament are between the top six ranked wrestlers, with the top two competing in the final matchup, unless injuries during the tournament prevent this. </p><p>Certain match-ups are prohibited in regular tournament play. Wrestlers who are from the same training stable cannot compete against each other, nor can wrestlers who are brothers, even if they join different stables. The one exception to this rule is that training stable partners and brothers can face each other in a championship-deciding playoff match. </p><p>The last day of the tournament is called <i>senshūraku</i>, which literally means "the pleasure of a thousand autumns". This colorful name for the culmination of the tournament echoes the words of the playwright <a href="/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo" title="Zeami Motokiyo">Zeami</a> to represent the excitement of the decisive bouts and the celebration of the victor. The Emperor's Cup is presented to the wrestler who wins the top-division <i>makuuchi</i> championship. Numerous other (mostly sponsored) prizes are also awarded to him. These prizes are often rather elaborate, ornate gifts, such as giant cups, decorative plates, and statuettes. Others are quite commercial, such as one trophy shaped like a giant Coca-Cola bottle. </p><p>Promotion and relegation for the next tournament are determined by a wrestler's score over the 15 days. In the top division, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#K" title="Glossary of sumo terms">kachikoshi</a></i> means a score of 8–7 or better, as opposed to <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">makekoshi</a></i>, which indicates a score of 7–8 or worse. A wrestler who achieves <i>kachikoshi</i> almost always is promoted further up the ladder, the level of promotion being higher for better scores.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi" title="Makuuchi">makuuchi</a></i> article for more details on promotion and relegation. </p><p>A top-division wrestler who is not an <i>ōzeki</i> or <i>yokozuna</i> and who finishes the tournament with <i>kachikoshi</i> is also eligible to be considered for one of the three prizes awarded for "technique", "fighting spirit", and defeating the most <i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a></i> and <i>ōzeki</i> the "outstanding performance" prize. For more information see <i><a href="/wiki/Sansh%C5%8D_(sumo)" title="Sanshō (sumo)">sanshō</a></i>. </p><p>For the list of upper divisions champions since 1909, refer to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament top division champions">list of top division champions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_second_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament second division champions">the list of second division champions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_professional_sumo_bout">A professional sumo bout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A professional sumo bout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/220px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/330px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/440px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Sumo wrestlers at the Grand Tournament in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, March 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>At the initial charge, both wrestlers must jump up from the <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">crouch</a> simultaneously after touching the surface of the ring with two fists at the start of the bout. The referee (<i>gyōji</i>) can restart the bout if this simultaneous touch does not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon completion of the bout, the referee must immediately designate his decision by pointing his <i><a href="/wiki/Gunbai" title="Gunbai">gunbai</a></i> or war-fan towards the winning side. The winning technique (<i><a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">kimarite</a></i>) used by the winner would then be announced to the audience. The wrestlers then return to their starting positions and bow to each other before retiring. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sumo.webm/300px-seek%3D9-Sumo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Sumo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sumo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sumo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Sumo fight at the Kokugikan in Tokyo, Japan, September 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The referee's decision is not final and may be disputed by the five <a href="/wiki/Judge_(sumo)" title="Judge (sumo)">judges</a> seated around the ring. If this happens, they meet in the center of the ring to hold a <i>mono-ii</i> (a talk about things). After reaching a consensus, they can uphold or reverse the referee's decision or order a rematch, known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Torinaoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Torinaoshi">torinaoshi</a></i>. </p><p>A winning wrestler in the top division may receive additional prize money in envelopes from the referee if the matchup has been sponsored. If a <i>yokozuna </i>is defeated by a lower-ranked wrestler, it is common and expected for audience members to throw their seat cushions into the ring (and onto the wrestlers), though this practice is technically prohibited. </p><p>In contrast to the time in bout preparation, bouts are typically very short, usually less than a minute (most of the time only a few seconds). Extremely rarely, a bout can go on for several minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler">Life as a professional sumo wrestler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life as a professional sumo wrestler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumoworkout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/220px-Sumoworkout.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/330px-Sumoworkout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/440px-Sumoworkout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Young low-ranking sumo wrestlers at the <a href="/wiki/Tomozuna_stable" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomozuna stable">Tomozuna Stable</a> in Tokyo end their daily workout routine with a footwork drill (1998)</figcaption></figure> <p>A professional sumo wrestler leads a highly regimented way of life. The Sumo Association prescribes the behavior of its wrestlers in some detail. For example, the association prohibits wrestlers from driving cars, although this is partly out of necessity as many wrestlers are too big to fit behind a steering wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breaking the rules can result in fines and/or suspension for both the offending wrestler and his stablemaster. </p><p>On entering sumo, they are expected to grow their hair long to form a topknot, or <i><a href="/wiki/Chonmage" title="Chonmage">chonmage</a></i>, similar to the <i>samurai</i> hairstyles of the Edo period. Furthermore, they are expected to wear the <i>chonmage</i> and traditional Japanese dress when in public, allowing them to be identified immediately as wrestlers. </p><p>The type and quality of the dress depends on the wrestler's rank. <i>Rikishi</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonidan" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonidan</a></i> and below are allowed to wear only a thin cotton robe called a <i><a href="/wiki/Yukata" title="Yukata">yukata</a></i>, even in winter. Furthermore, when outside, they must wear a form of wooden sandal called <i><a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">geta</a></i>. Wrestlers in the <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a></i> divisions can wear a form of traditional short overcoat over their <i>yukata</i> and are allowed to wear straw sandals, called <i><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zōri">zōri</a></i>. The higher-ranked <i><a href="/wiki/Sekitori" title="Sekitori">sekitori</a></i> can wear silk robes of their own choice, and the quality of the garb is significantly improved. They also are expected to wear a more elaborate form of topknot called an <i>ōichō</i> (big <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">ginkgo</a> leaf) on formal occasions. </p><p>Similar distinctions are made in stable life. The junior wrestlers must get up earliest, around 5 am, for training, whereas the <i>sekitori</i> may start around 7 am. When the <i>sekitori</i> are training, the junior wrestlers may have chores to do, such as assisting in cooking lunch, cleaning, and preparing baths, holding a <i>sekitori</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s towel, or wiping the sweat from him. The ranking hierarchy is preserved for the order of precedence in bathing after training, and in eating lunch. </p><p>Wrestlers are not normally allowed to eat breakfast and are expected to have a <i><a href="/wiki/Siesta" title="Siesta">siesta</a></i>-like nap after a large lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common type of lunch served is the traditional sumo meal of <i><a href="/wiki/Chankonabe" title="Chankonabe">chankonabe</a></i>, which consists of a simmering stew of various meat and vegetables cooked at the table, and usually eaten with rice.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regimen of no breakfast and a large lunch followed by a sleep is intended to help wrestlers put on a lot of weight so as to compete more effectively. Sumo wrestlers also drink large amounts of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the afternoon, the junior wrestlers again usually have cleaning or other chores, while their <i>sekitori</i> counterparts may relax, or deal with work issues related to their fan clubs. Younger wrestlers also attend classes, although their education differs from the typical curriculum of their non-sumo peers. In the evening, <i>sekitori</i> may go out with their sponsors, while the junior wrestlers generally stay at home in the stable, unless they are to accompany the stablemaster or a <i>sekitori</i> as his <i>tsukebito</i> (manservant) when he is out. Becoming a <i>tsukebito</i> for a senior member of the stable is a typical duty. A <i>sekitori</i> has a number of <i>tsukebito</i>, depending on the size of the stable or in some cases depending on the size of the <i>sekitori</i>. The junior wrestlers are given the most mundane tasks such as cleaning the stable, running errands, and even washing or massaging the exceptionally large <i>sekitori</i> while only the senior <i>tsukebito</i> accompany the <i>sekitori</i> when he goes out. </p><p>The <i>sekitori</i> are given their own room in the stable, or may live in their own apartments, as do married wrestlers; the junior wrestlers sleep in communal dormitories. Thus, the world of the sumo wrestler is split broadly between the junior wrestlers, who serve, and the <i>sekitori</i>, who are served. Life is especially harsh for recruits, to whom the worst jobs tend to be allocated, and the dropout rate at this stage is high. </p><p>The negative health effects of the sumo lifestyle can become apparent later in life. Sumo wrestlers have a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 65,<sup id="cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is about 15 years shorter than that of the average Japanese male, as the diet and sport take a toll on the wrestler's body. Those having a higher body mass are at greater risk of death.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LetterToEditor_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LetterToEditor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many develop <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, and they are prone to heart attacks due to the enormous amount of body mass and fat that they accumulate. The excessive intake of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcohol</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">liver problems</a> and the stress on their joints due to their excess weight can cause <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeated blows to the head sumo wrestlers take can also cause <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">long-term cognitive issues</a>, similar to those seen in boxers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century the standards of weight gain became less strict to try and increase the health of the wrestlers.<sup id="cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salary_and_payment">Salary and payment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Salary and payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the monthly salary figures (in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a>) for the top two divisions were:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YokozunaJmills74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/220px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/330px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/440px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Yokozuna</i> Asashōryū performing the distinctive <i><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D-iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohyō-iri">dohyō-iri</a></i> of his rank (September 2003)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a></i>: ¥3 million, about US$26,500</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Ōzeki" title="Makuuchi">ōzeki</a></i>: ¥2.5 million, about US$22,000</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Overview" title="Makuuchi">san'yaku</a></i>: ¥1.8 million, about US$16,000</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a></i>: ¥1.4 million, about US$12,500</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jūryō" title="Professional sumo divisions">jūryō</a></i>: ¥1.1 million, about US$9,500</li></ul> <p>Wrestlers lower than the second-highest division, who are considered trainees, receive only a fairly small allowance instead of a salary. </p><p>In addition to the basic salary, <i>sekitori</i> wrestlers also receive additional bonus income, called <i><a href="/wiki/Mochiky%C5%ABkin" title="Mochikyūkin">mochikyūkin</a></i>, six times a year (once every tournament, or <i>basho</i>) based on the cumulative performance in their career to date. This bonus increases every time the wrestler scores a <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#K" title="Glossary of sumo terms">kachikoshi</a></i> (with larger <i>kachikoshi</i> giving larger raises). Special increases in this bonus are also awarded for winning the top division championship (with an extra large increase for a "perfect" championship victory with no losses or <i>zenshō-yūshō</i>), and also for scoring a gold star or <i><a href="/wiki/Kinboshi" title="Kinboshi">kinboshi</a></i> (an upset of a <i>yokozuna</i> by a <i>maegashira</i>). </p><p><i>San'yaku</i> wrestlers also receive a relatively small additional tournament allowance, depending on their rank, and <i>yokozuna</i> receive an additional allowance every second tournament, associated with the making of a new <i>tsuna</i> belt worn in their ring entering ceremony. </p><p>Also, prize money is given to the winner of each divisional championship, which increases from ¥100,000 for a <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a></i> victory up to ¥10 million for winning the top division. In addition to prizes for a championship, wrestlers in the top division giving an exceptional performance in the eyes of a judging panel can also receive one or more of three special prizes (the <i><a href="/wiki/Sansh%C5%8D_(sumo)" title="Sanshō (sumo)">sanshō</a></i>), which are worth ¥2 million each.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual top division matches can also be sponsored by companies, with the resulting prize money called <i>kenshōkin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHKQA_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For bouts involving <i>yokozuna</i> and <i>ōzeki</i>, the number of sponsors can be quite large, whereas for lower-ranked matchups, no bout sponsors may be active at all unless one of the wrestlers is particularly popular, or unless a company has a policy of sponsoring all his matchups. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a single sponsorship cost ¥70,000, with ¥60,000 going to the winner of the bout and ¥10,000 deducted by the Japan Sumo Association for costs and fees.<sup id="cite_ref-kensho_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kensho-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the match, the winner receives an envelope from the referee with half of his share of the sponsorship, while the other half is put in a fund for his retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-kensho_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kensho-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No prize money is awarded for bouts decided by a <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#F" title="Glossary of sumo terms">fusenshō</a></i> or forfeit victory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_sumo">Amateur sumo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amateur sumo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian-sumists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/220px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/330px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/440px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian amateurs – on the right is the national coach Hristo Hristov. (2011)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumo is also practised as an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur sport</a> in Japan, with participants in college, high school, grade school or company workers on <a href="/wiki/Works_team" title="Works team">works teams</a>. Open amateur tournaments are also held. The sport at this level is stripped of most of the ceremony. Most new entries into professional sumo are junior high school graduates with little to no previous experience,<sup id="cite_ref-uni2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the number of wrestlers with a collegiate background in the sport has been increasing over the past few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-uni2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition" title="The New York Times International Edition">The International Herald Tribune</a></i> reported on this trend in November 1999, when more than a third of the wrestlers in the top two divisions were university graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sport_Science_University" title="Nippon Sport Science University">Nippon Sport Science University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a> are the colleges that have produced the most professional sumo wrestlers.<sup id="cite_ref-uni2019_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter produced <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Wajima" title="Hiroshi Wajima">Hiroshi Wajima</a>, who in 1973 became the first, and remains the only, wrestler with a collegiate background to attain the rank of <i>yokozuna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-uni2020_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful amateur wrestlers (usually college champions) are allowed to enter professional sumo at <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a></i> (third division) or <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a></i> (fourth division) rather than from the very bottom of the ladder. These ranks are called <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">makushita tsukedashi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#S" title="Glossary of sumo terms">sandanme tsukedashi</a></i>, and are currently equivalent to <i>makushita</i> 10, <i>makushita</i> 15, or <i>sandanme</i> 100 depending on the level of amateur success achieved. All amateur athletes entering the professional ranks must be under 23 to satisfy the entry, except those who qualify for <i>makushita tsukedashi</i> or <i>sandanme tsukedashi</i>, who may be up to 25. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_of_Japan">Outside of Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outside of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amateur sumo clubs are gaining in popularity in the United States, with competitions regularly being held in major cities across the country. The US Sumo Open, for example, was held in the Los Angeles Convention Center in 2007 with an audience of 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sport has long been popular on the West Coast and in Hawaii, where it has played a part in the festivals of the Japanese ethnic communities. Now, however, the sport has grown beyond the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> and athletes come from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and sporting backgrounds. </p><p>Amateur sumo is particularly strong in Europe. Many athletes come to the sport from a background in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a> sports such as <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>. Some Eastern European athletes have been successful enough to be scouted into professional sumo in Japan, much like their Japanese amateur counterparts. The most notable of these to date is the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Koto%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Katsunori" title="Kotoōshū Katsunori">Kotoōshū</a>, who is the highest-ranking foreign wrestler who was formerly an amateur sumo athlete. </p><p>Brazil is another center of amateur sumo, introduced by Japanese immigrants who arrived during the first half of the twentieth century. The first Brazilian sumo tournament was held in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sumo took root in immigrant centers in southern Brazil, especially São Paulo, which is now home to the only purpose-built sumo training facility outside Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1990s, Brazilian sumo organizations made an effort to interest Brazilians without Japanese ancestry in the sport, and by the mid-2000s an estimated 70% of participants came from outside the Japanese-Brazilian community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil is also a center for women's sumo.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of Brazilian wrestlers have made the transition to professional sumo in Japan, including <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8D_G%C5%8D" title="Ryūkō Gō">Ryūkō Gō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaisei_Ichir%C5%8D" title="Kaisei Ichirō">Kaisei Ichirō</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_competition">International competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">International Sumo Federation</a> (IFS) was established in 1992 to encourage the sport's development worldwide, including holding international championships like the <a href="/wiki/Sumo_World_Championships" title="Sumo World Championships">Sumo World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Sumo_Championships" title="European Sumo Championships">European Sumo Championships</a>. A key aim of the federation is to have sumo recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sport</a>. Accordingly, amateur tournaments are divided into weight classes (men: lightweight up to 85 kg (187 lb), middleweight up to 115 kg (254 lb), heavyweight over 115 kg (254 lb), and openweight (unrestricted entry), and include competitions for female wrestlers (lightweight up to 65 kg (143 lb), middleweight up to 80 kg (180 lb), heavyweight over 80 kg (180 lb), and openweight). Sumo was a feature of the <a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a>, an Olympics-recognized event for non-Olympic sports, from 2001 until 2022; it was removed from future World Games programs due to poor sportsmanship and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_sumo_poor_sportsmanship_world_games_2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_sumo_poor_sportsmanship_world_games_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has additionally been a feature of the <a href="/wiki/World_Combat_Games" title="World Combat Games">World Combat Games</a> since their inception in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">Mawashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chonmage" title="Chonmage">Chonmage</a></div> <p>Sumo wrestlers wear <i>mawashi</i>, a 30-foot-long belt, that they tie in knots in the back.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have an official thickness and strength requirement. During matches, the wrestler will grab onto the other wrestler's <i>mawashi</i> and use it to help them and make moves during a match.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>mawashi</i> they wear practicing versus in a tournament is essentially the same except for the material. The different <i>mawashi</i> that the wrestlers wear differentiate their rank. Top rated wrestlers wear different colors of silk <i>mawashi</i> during tournament, while lower rated wrestlers are limited to just black cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their hair is put in a topknot, and wax is used to get the hair to stay in shape. Wax is applied to sumo wrestlers' hair daily by sumo hairdressers (<a href="/wiki/Tokoyama" title="Tokoyama">tokoyama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topknot is a type of samurai hairstyle which was once popular in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topknot is hard for some foreigners' hair because their hair is not as coarse and straight as Japanese hair. Once a wrestler joins a stable, he is required to grow out his hair in order to form a topknot.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of tournaments and practices, in daily life, sumo wrestlers are required to wear traditional Japanese clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They must wear these traditional clothes all the time in public. What they can wear in public is also determined by rank. Lower rated wrestlers must wear a <i><a href="/wiki/Yukata" title="Yukata">yukata</a></i> at all times, even in winter, where higher rated wrestlers have more choice in what they wear.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Initial full squat with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese"><img alt="Initial full squat with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/87px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/131px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/175px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Initial <a href="/wiki/Full_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Full squat">full squat</a> with heels up, <i>Sonkyo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蹲踞</span></span>)</span> in Japanese</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partial squat before engaging"><img alt="Partial squat before engaging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/120px-Sumo-Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/180px-Sumo-Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/240px-Sumo-Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Partial_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial squat">Partial squat</a> before engaging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/120px--Yumitori_shiki.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="116" data-mwtitle="Yumitori_shiki.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/Yumitori_shiki.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/Yumitori_shiki.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yumitori-shiki</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reproduced, Utagawa Hiroshige's Sumo at Sumida River esplanade"><img alt="Reproduced, Utagawa Hiroshige's Sumo at Sumida River esplanade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/102px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/153px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/205px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reproduced, <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Hiroshige" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Hiroshige">Utagawa Hiroshige</a>'s Sumo at <a href="/wiki/Sumida_River" title="Sumida River">Sumida River</a> <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_professional_sumo" title="Controversies in professional sumo">Controversies in professional sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms" title="Glossary of sumo terms">Glossary of sumo terms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">Kimarite</a></i>, list of winning moves in sumo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_sumo_wrestlers" title="List of active sumo wrestlers">List of active sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers" title="List of past sumo wrestlers">List of past sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_stables" title="List of sumo stables">List of sumo stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_record_holders" title="List of sumo record holders">List of sumo record holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_second_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament second division champions">List of sumo tournament second division champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament top division champions">List of sumo tournament top division champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_video_games" title="List of sumo video games">List of sumo video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_sumo" title="List of years in sumo">List of years in sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yokozuna" title="List of yokozuna">List of yokozuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sumo_wrestlers" title="Lists of sumo wrestlers">Lists of sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naki_Sumo_Crying_Baby_Festival" title="Naki Sumo Crying Baby Festival">Naki Sumo Crying Baby Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot-sumo" title="Robot-sumo">Robot-sumo</a>, robot competition inspired by sumo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sumo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sumo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/sumo-sport">"Sumo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609130647/https://www.britannica.com/sports/sumo-sport">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fsumo-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/virtual/sumo/sumo01.html">"What Is Sumo?"</a>. <i>Kids Web Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518035734/https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/virtual/sumo/sumo01.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kids+Web+Japan&rft.atitle=What+Is+Sumo%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Fkidsweb%2Fvirtual%2Fsumo%2Fsumo01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160125/p2a/00m/0na/010000c">"Yoroku: The pride of Japan's 'national sport'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainichi" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mainichi">The Mainichi</a></i>. January 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230181758/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160125/p2a/00m/0na/010000c">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mainichi&rft.atitle=Yoroku%3A+The+pride+of+Japan%27s+%27national+sport%27&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F20160125%2Fp2a%2F00m%2F0na%2F010000c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_sumo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_sumo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628045756/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/sumo/AJ201209070047">"Decline in apprentices threatens future of national sport"</a>. <i>Asahi Shimbun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/sumo/AJ201209070047">the original</a> on June 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Decline+in+apprentices+threatens+future+of+national+sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajw.asahi.com%2Farticle%2Fsports%2Fsumo%2FAJ201209070047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumo_revival-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sumo_revival_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saga-s.co.jp/column/ariakesyou/124367">"Revival of sumo's popularity"</a> (in Japanese). Saga Shinbun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105183721/http://www.saga-s.co.jp/column/ariakesyou/124367">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revival+of+sumo%27s+popularity&rft.pub=Saga+Shinbun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saga-s.co.jp%2Fcolumn%2Fariakesyou%2F124367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USADojo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USADojo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USADojo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USADojo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USADojo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USADojo_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharnoff2013" class="citation web cs1">Sharnoff, Lora (August 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usadojo.com/history-of-sumo/">"History of Sumo"</a>. <i>USA Dojo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229215600/https://www.usadojo.com/history-of-sumo/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Dojo&rft.atitle=History+of+Sumo&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Sharnoff&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usadojo.com%2Fhistory-of-sumo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fight-library-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fight-library_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fight-library_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fight-library_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fight-library_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaine_Henry2020" class="citation web cs1">Blaine Henry (April 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fight-library.com/2020/04/14/history-lesson-sumo-wrestlings-ancient-origins/">"History Lesson: Sumo Wrestling's Ancient Origins"</a>. Fight-Library.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515051255/https://fight-library.com/2020/04/14/history-lesson-sumo-wrestlings-ancient-origins/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Lesson%3A+Sumo+Wrestling%27s+Ancient+Origins&rft.pub=Fight-Library.com&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.au=Blaine+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffight-library.com%2F2020%2F04%2F14%2Fhistory-lesson-sumo-wrestlings-ancient-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashkenazi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashkenazi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenazi2003" class="citation book cs1">Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk"><i>Handbook of Japanese Mythology</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576074671" title="Special:BookSources/9781576074671"><bdi>9781576074671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Japanese+Mythology&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576074671&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofjapane0000ashk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokugakuin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kokugakuin_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokugakuin_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigeru_Takayama" class="citation web cs1">Shigeru Takayama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072953/http://k-amc.kokugakuin.ac.jp/DM/detail.do?class_name=col_eos&data_id=23231">"Encyclopedia of Shinto: Sumō"</a>. Kokugakuin University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://k-amc.kokugakuin.ac.jp/DM/detail.do?class_name=col_eos&data_id=23231">the original</a> on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Shinto%3A+Sum%C5%8D&rft.pub=Kokugakuin+University&rft.au=Shigeru+Takayama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fk-amc.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2FDM%2Fdetail.do%3Fclass_name%3Dcol_eos%26data_id%3D23231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/205108">"男子立像（力士像）埴輪文化遺産オンライン"</a>. <i>bunka.nii.ac.jp</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kids+Web+Japan&rft.atitle=Winning+a+Sumo+Bout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Fkidsweb%2Fvirtual%2Fsumo%2Fsumo02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709042119/http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/kimarite/index.html">"Kimarite Menu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/kimarite/index.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kimarite+Menu&rft.pub=Japan+Sumo+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumo.goo.ne.jp%2Feng%2Fkimarite%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBOS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBOS_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBOS_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mina (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbookofsumohis00hall"><i>The Big Book of Sumo: History, Practice, Ritual, Fight</i></a></span>. Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880656-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-880656-28-0"><bdi>1-880656-28-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Sumo%3A+History%2C+Practice%2C+Ritual%2C+Fight&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-880656-28-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigbookofsumohis00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathade" class="citation web cs1">Pathade, Mahesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317172654/https://www.kheliyad.com/2019/10/sumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-1.html">"what is Dohyo"</a>. <i>Kheliyad</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kheliyad.com/2019/10/sumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-1.html">the original</a> on March 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kheliyad&rft.atitle=what+is+Dohyo&rft.aulast=Pathade&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kheliyad.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fsumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHKQA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHKQA_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorita,_Hiroshi" class="citation news cs1">Morita, Hiroshi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/sumo/qa/">"Sumo Q&A"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NHK_World-Japan" title="NHK World-Japan">NHK World-Japan</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207164607/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/sumo/qa/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NHK+World-Japan&rft.atitle=Sumo+Q%26A&rft.au=Morita%2C+Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnhkworld%2Fen%2Ftv%2Fsumo%2Fqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharnoff-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharnoff_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharnoff,_Lora1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharnoff, Lora (1993). <i>Grand Sumo</i>. Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X"><bdi>0-8348-0283-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Sumo&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8348-0283-X&rft.au=Sharnoff%2C+Lora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601161839/http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/ozumo_joho_kyoku/shiru/kiso_chishiki/beginners_guide/rules.html">"Rules of Sumo"</a>. <i>Beginner's Guide of Sumo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/ozumo_joho_kyoku/shiru/kiso_chishiki/beginners_guide/rules.html">the original</a> on June 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beginner%27s+Guide+of+Sumo&rft.atitle=Rules+of+Sumo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumo.goo.ne.jp%2Feng%2Fozumo_joho_kyoku%2Fshiru%2Fkiso_chishiki%2Fbeginners_guide%2Frules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228121536/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201902190008.html">"SUMO/ Heavier wrestlers blamed for increase in serious injuries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i>. February 19, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201902190008.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=SUMO%2F+Heavier+wrestlers+blamed+for+increase+in+serious+injuries&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2FAJ201902190008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715230032/http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/ozumo_meikan/sumo_beya/index.html">"Sumo Beya Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Wrestlers+Go+Great+Lengths+To+Qualify&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ashmun&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19940707%2F1919134%2Fwrestlers-go-great-lengths-to-qualify&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-07-mn-13018-story.html">"Silicone Raises Sumo Hopeful to New Heights"</a>. July 7, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318082845/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-07/news/mn-13018_1_minimum-height">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span> – via LA Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicone+Raises+Sumo+Hopeful+to+New+Heights&rft.date=1994-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-07-07-mn-13018-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning,_John2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunning_(journalist)" title="John Gunning (journalist)">Gunning, John</a> (January 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/01/13/sumo/barriers-exist-wishing-join-sumo-ranks/#.XzYFo357nIU">"Sumo 101: Becoming a rikishi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234344/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/01/13/sumo/barriers-exist-wishing-join-sumo-ranks/#.XzYFo357nIU">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Sumo+101%3A+Becoming+a+rikishi&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.au=Gunning%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fsports%2F2019%2F01%2F13%2Fsumo%2Fbarriers-exist-wishing-join-sumo-ranks%2F%23.XzYFo357nIU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15017197">"Want to be a sumo wrestler? Weight, height no longer matter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Steeped+in+tradition%2C+Shinto%2C+sumo+is+also+scandal-stained&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.au=Kamiya%2C+Setsuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2010%2F02%2F16%2Freference%2Fsteeped-in-tradition-shinto-sumo-is-also-scandal-stained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banzuke-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banzuke_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banzuke_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630033048/http://sumo.goo.ne.jp/eng/ozumo_joho_kyoku/shiru/kiso_chishiki/beginners_guide/banzuke.html">"Banzuke"</a>. <i>Beginner's Guide of Sumo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beginner%27s+Guide+of+Sumo&rft.atitle=Banzuke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumo.goo.ne.jp%2Feng%2Fozumo_joho_kyoku%2Fshiru%2Fkiso_chishiki%2Fbeginners_guide%2Fbanzuke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001032019/http://www.scgroup.com/sumo/faq/faq4.html">"Sumo FAQ - Professional rankings: The Banzuke"</a>. <i>scgroup.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scgroup.com/sumo/faq/faq4.html">the original</a> on October 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scgroup.com&rft.atitle=Sumo+FAQ+-+Professional+rankings%3A+The+Banzuke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scgroup.com%2Fsumo%2Ffaq%2Ffaq4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Query.aspx?show_form=0&sum_range=1&form1_rank=S&form1_m=on&form2_rank=O&offset=150">"SumoDB Ozeki promotion search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403235516/http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Query.aspx?show_form=0&sum_range=1&form1_rank=S&form1_m=on&form2_rank=O&offset=150">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SumoDB+Ozeki+promotion+search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumodb.sumogames.de%2FQuery.aspx%3Fshow_form%3D0%26sum_range%3D1%26form1_rank%3DS%26form1_m%3Don%26form2_rank%3DO%26offset%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2018" class="citation news cs1">Yoshida, Reiji (April 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/30/national/social-issues/banning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition/">"Banning women from the sumo ring: centuries-old tradition, straight-up sexism or something more complex?"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516214756/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/30/national/social-issues/banning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Banning+women+from+the+sumo+ring%3A+centuries-old+tradition%2C+straight-up+sexism+or+something+more+complex%3F&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Reiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F30%2Fnational%2Fsocial-issues%2Fbanning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathade" class="citation web cs1">Pathade, Mahesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kheliyad.com/2019/10/sumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-2.html">"women sumo wrestling restrictions"</a>. <i>Kheliyad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kheliyad&rft.atitle=women+sumo+wrestling+restrictions&rft.aulast=Pathade&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kheliyad.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fsumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/female-medics-rushed-help-man-055747808.html">"Female Medics Rushed to Help a Man Who Collapsed on a Sumo Ring. They Were Promptly Told to Leave"</a>. <i>news.yahoo.com</i>. April 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811185516/https://news.yahoo.com/female-medics-rushed-help-man-055747808.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Female+Medics+Rushed+to+Help+a+Man+Who+Collapsed+on+a+Sumo+Ring.+They+Were+Promptly+Told+to+Leave&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffemale-medics-rushed-help-man-055747808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiki2018" class="citation web cs1">Miki, Shuji (April 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232756/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004365275">"SUMO ABC (75) / Banning women from the dohyo is groundless in this day and age - The Japan News"</a>. Japan News/Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004365275">the original</a> on April 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUMO+ABC+%2875%29+%2F+Banning+women+from+the+dohyo+is+groundless+in+this+day+and+age+-+The+Japan+News&rft.pub=Japan+News%2FYomiuri+Shimbun&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft.aulast=Miki&rft.aufirst=Shuji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-japan-news.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0004365275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit-sumida.jp/spot/6080/">"すみだスポット - 国技館 | 一般社団法人墨田区観光協会【本物が生きる街すみだ観光サイト】"</a>. July 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88+-+%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%80%E9%A4%A8+%26%23124%3B+%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%A4%BE%E5%9B%A3%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA+%E5%A2%A8%E7%94%B0%E5%8C%BA%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%E3%80%90%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%A9%E3%81%8C%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E8%A1%97+%E3%81%99%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A0%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%80%91&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit-sumida.jp%2Fspot%2F6080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An exception to this rule occurred when <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>, died on Saturday, January 7, 1989. The tournament that was to start on the following day was postponed to start on Monday, January 9 and finish on Monday, January 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeales2017" class="citation news cs1">Seales, Rebecca (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42178483">"Inside the scandal-hit world of sumo"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925195036/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42178483">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Inside+the+scandal-hit+world+of+sumo&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Seales&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42178483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiscoverBecoming_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831220303/http://discoverychannelasia.com/sumo/become_a_sumo_wrestler/index.shtml">"Becoming a Sumo Wrestler"</a>. <i>Sumo East and West</i>. <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/sumo/become_a_sumo_wrestler/index.shtml">the original</a> on August 31, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sumo+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Becoming+a+Sumo+Wrestler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverychannelasia.com%2Fsumo%2Fbecome_a_sumo_wrestler%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoshiInaba1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hoshi, Akio; Inaba, Yutaka (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjh1946/50/3/50_3_730/_article/-char/ja/">"Risk Factors for Mortality and Mortality Rate of Sumo Wrestlers"</a>. <i>Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene)</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 730–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1265%2Fjjh.50.730">10.1265/jjh.50.730</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5082">0021-5082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7474495">7474495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nippon+Eiseigaku+Zasshi+%28Japanese+Journal+of+Hygiene%29&rft.atitle=Risk+Factors+for+Mortality+and+Mortality+Rate+of+Sumo+Wrestlers.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=730-736&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0021-5082&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7474495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1265%2Fjjh.50.730&rft.aulast=Hoshi&rft.aufirst=Akio&rft.au=Inaba%2C+Yutaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjjh1946%2F50%2F3%2F50_3_730%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LetterToEditor-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LetterToEditor_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandaHayakawaTsuboiMori2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kanda, Hideyuki; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Conservative+world+of+sumo+slow+to+take+action+on+concussion&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fconservative-world-of-sumo-slow-to-take-action-on-concussion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm">"United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921002557/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 29, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528091702/https://www.sankei.com/sports/news/181129/spo1811290026-n1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=College+Sumo+Wrestlers+Overshadow+Old+Guard&rft.date=1999-11-09&rft.au=Kattoulas%2C+Velisarios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F09%2Fsports%2FIHT-college-sumo-wrestlers-overshadow-old-guard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/My-First-Date-Sumo-ebook/dp/B0061BMG0O">My First Date With Sumo (2007) Gould, Chris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928012736/http://www.amazon.com/My-First-Date-Sumo-ebook/dp/B0061BMG0O">Archived</a> September 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2005" class="citation news cs1">Benson, Todd (January 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/27/world/americas/brazils-japanese-preserve-sumo-and-share-it-with-others.html?_r=0">"Brazil's Japanese Preserve Sumo and Share It With Others"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201134158/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/27/world/americas/brazils-japanese-preserve-sumo-and-share-it-with-others.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Sumo+feminino%27%3A+How+Brazil%27s+female+sumo+wrestlers+are+knocking+down+gender+barriers&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbrazil-female-sumo-wrestlers-1.3703178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egypt_sumo_poor_sportsmanship_world_games_2022-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egypt_sumo_poor_sportsmanship_world_games_2022_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkeley2022" class="citation news cs1">Berkeley, Geoff (July 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1125572/egyptian-sumo-team-banned-world-games">"Egyptian sumo team banned from World Games over "poor sportsmanship"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_The_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Inside The Games">InsideTheGames.biz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InsideTheGames.biz&rft.atitle=Egyptian+sumo+team+banned+from+World+Games+over+%22poor+sportsmanship%22&rft.date=2022-07-10&rft.aulast=Berkeley&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1125572%2Fegyptian-sumo-team-banned-world-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tachiai.org/2023/07/16/hanamichi-sumo-dropped-from-world-games/">"Hanamichi: Sumo Dropped from World Games"</a>. <i>tachiai.org</i>. July 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tachiai.org&rft.atitle=Hanamichi%3A+Sumo+Dropped+from+World+Games&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftachiai.org%2F2023%2F07%2F16%2Fhanamichi-sumo-dropped-from-world-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2023" class="citation news cs1">Gunning, John (October 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2023/10/18/sumo/sumo-olympic-dream-fresh-approach/">"Sumo's Olympic dream requires fresh approach"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Sumo%27s+Olympic+dream+requires+fresh+approach&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fsports%2F2023%2F10%2F18%2Fsumo%2Fsumo-olympic-dream-fresh-approach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2022" class="citation news cs1">Gunning, John (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2022/07/13/sumo/world-games-osunaarashi-egypt-ukraine/">"World Games chaos highlights amateur sumo's structural flaws"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=World+Games+chaos+highlights+amateur+sumo%27s+structural+flaws&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fsports%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fsumo%2Fworld-games-osunaarashi-egypt-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usasumo.com/shop/sumo-equipment/">"Sumo Equipment"</a>. December 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116124556/http://www.usasumo.com/shop/sumo-equipment/">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumo+Equipment&rft.date=2015-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usasumo.com%2Fshop%2Fsumo-equipment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livestrong.com/article/483679-what-do-sumo-wrestlers-wear-during-a-match/">"What Do Sumo Wrestlers Wear During a Match?"</a>. <i>LIVESTRONG.COM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011182152/https://www.livestrong.com/article/483679-what-do-sumo-wrestlers-wear-during-a-match/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIVESTRONG.COM&rft.atitle=What+Do+Sumo+Wrestlers+Wear+During+a+Match%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livestrong.com%2Farticle%2F483679-what-do-sumo-wrestlers-wear-during-a-match%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/09/14/sumo/sumo-101-topknot/#.XdhQkZNKhAZ">"The Topknot"</a>. <i>Sportsrec</i>. September 14, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807211606/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/09/14/sumo/sumo-101-topknot/#.XdhQkZNKhAZ">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sportsrec&rft.atitle=The+Topknot&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fsports%2F2018%2F09%2F14%2Fsumo%2Fsumo-101-topknot%2F%23.XdhQkZNKhAZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidejapantours.com/blog/2014/09/16/11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling/">"Things You Didn't Know About Sumo Wrestlers"</a>. September 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195548/https://www.insidejapantours.com/blog/2014/09/16/11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Sumo+Wrestlers&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidejapantours.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F09%2F16%2F11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsNewton1989" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Andy; Newton, Clyde (1989). <i>Sumo</i>. London, UK: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600563561" title="Special:BookSources/0600563561"><bdi>0600563561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0600563561&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Newton%2C+Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2010" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, David (2010). <i>Sumo: A Thinking Fan's Guide to Japan's National Sport</i>. North Clarendon, Vermont, USA: Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1087-8"><bdi>978-4-8053-1087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Thinking+Fan%27s+Guide+to+Japan%27s+National+Sport&rft.place=North+Clarendon%2C+Vermont%2C+USA&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-8053-1087-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickford1994" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, Lawrence (1994). <i>Sumo And The Woodblock Print Masters</i>. Tokyo, New York: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770017529" title="Special:BookSources/4770017529"><bdi>4770017529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+And+The+Woodblock+Print+Masters&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4770017529&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckingham1997" class="citation book cs1">Buckingham, Dorothea M. (1997). <i>The Essential Guide to Sumo</i>. Honolulu, USA: Bess Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880188805" title="Special:BookSources/1880188805"><bdi>1880188805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Sumo&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+USA&rft.pub=Bess+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1880188805&rft.aulast=Buckingham&rft.aufirst=Dorothea+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuylerSimmons1989" class="citation book cs1">Cuyler, P.L.; Simmons, Doreen (1989). <i>Sumo From Rite to Sport</i>. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834802031" title="Special:BookSources/0834802031"><bdi>0834802031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+From+Rite+to+Sport&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0834802031&rft.aulast=Cuyler&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mina (1997). <i>The Big Book of Sumo</i>. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880656280" title="Special:BookSources/1880656280"><bdi>1880656280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Sumo&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1880656280&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2017" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Katsuharu (2017). <i>The Perfect Guide To Sumo, in Japanese and English</i>. Translated by Shapiro, David. Kyoto, Japan: Seigensha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-632-9"><bdi>978-4-86152-632-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Guide+To+Sumo%2C+in+Japanese+and+English&rft.place=Kyoto%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Seigensha&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-4-86152-632-9&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Katsuharu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick1969" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Douglas M. (1969). <i>The Book of Sumo: Sport, Spectacle, and Ritual</i>. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083480039X" title="Special:BookSources/083480039X"><bdi>083480039X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sumo%3A+Sport%2C+Spectacle%2C+and+Ritual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=083480039X&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2000" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Clyde (2000). <i>Dynamic Sumo</i>. New York and Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770025084" title="Special:BookSources/4770025084"><bdi>4770025084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Sumo&rft.place=New+York+and+Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4770025084&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatmore1991" class="citation book cs1">Patmore, Angela (1991). <i>The Giants of Sumo</i>. London, UK: Macdonald Queen Anne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0356181200" title="Special:BookSources/0356181200"><bdi>0356181200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giants+of+Sumo&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Macdonald+Queen+Anne+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0356181200&rft.aulast=Patmore&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPHP_InstituteKitade1998" class="citation book cs1">PHP Institute; Kitade, Seigoro, eds. (1998). <i>Grand Sumo Fully Illustrated</i>. Translated by Iwabuchi, Deborah. Tokyo: Yohan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-89684-251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-89684-251-7"><bdi>978-4-89684-251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Sumo+Fully+Illustrated&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Yohan+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-4-89684-251-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacket1986" class="citation book cs1">Sacket, Joel (1986). <i>Rikishi The Men of Sumo</i>. text by Wes Benson. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834802147" title="Special:BookSources/0834802147"><bdi>0834802147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rikishi+The+Men+of+Sumo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0834802147&rft.aulast=Sacket&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent1959" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, John A. (1959). <i>Sumo The Sport and The Tradition</i>. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804810842" title="Special:BookSources/0804810842"><bdi>0804810842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+The+Sport+and+The+Tradition&rft.place=Rutland%2C+Vt.&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0804810842&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling1984" class="citation book cs1">Schilling, Mark (1984). <i>Sumo: A Fan's Guide</i>. Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0725-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-7890-0725-1"><bdi>4-7890-0725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Fan%27s+Guide&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=4-7890-0725-1&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1995" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, David (1995). <i>Sumo: A Pocket Guide</i>. Rutland, Vermont, USA & Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-2014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-2014-7"><bdi>0-8048-2014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Pocket+Guide&rft.place=Rutland%2C+Vermont%2C+USA+%26+Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8048-2014-7&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharnoff1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharnoff, Lora (1993) [1st pub. 1989]. <i>Grand Sumo: The Living Sport and Tradition</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X"><bdi>0-8348-0283-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Sumo%3A+The+Living+Sport+and+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8348-0283-X&rft.aulast=Sharnoff&rft.aufirst=Lora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSports_Watching_Association_(Japan)Kakuma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sports Watching Association (Japan); Kakuma, Tsutomu, eds. (1994). <i>Sumo Watching</i>. Translated by Iwabuchi, Deborah. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4896842367" title="Special:BookSources/4896842367"><bdi>4896842367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+Watching&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4896842367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakamiyamaWheeler1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takamiyama_Daigor%C5%8D" title="Takamiyama Daigorō">Takamiyama, Daigoro</a>; Wheeler, John (1973). <i>Takamiyama The World of Sumo</i>. Tokyo, New York: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870111957" title="Special:BookSources/0870111957"><bdi>0870111957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Takamiyama+The+World+of+Sumo&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0870111957&rft.aulast=Takamiyama&rft.aufirst=Daigoro&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaki2017" class="citation book cs1">Yamaki, Hideo (2017). <i>Discover Sumo: Stories From Yobidashi Hideo</i>. Translated by Newton, Clyde. Tokyo: Gendai Shokan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4768457986" title="Special:BookSources/978-4768457986"><bdi>978-4768457986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Sumo%3A+Stories+From+Yobidashi+Hideo&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Gendai+Shokan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-4768457986&rft.aulast=Yamaki&rft.aufirst=Hideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Professional_sumo" class="extiw" title="commons:Professional sumo"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Professional sumo</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sumo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sumo">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sumo.or.jp/En/">Nihon Sumo Kyokai Official Grand Sumo Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/sumo/">Live-Stream and Video-on-Demand from Grand Sumo Tournament on NHK Japan (english)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143125/http://www.scgroup.com/sumo/faq/">Sumo FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumodb.sumogames.de">Searchable Sumo Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumotalk.com">Sumo News and Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grappling" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grappling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADCC_Submission_Fighting_World_Championship" title="ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship">ADCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Jones_Invitational" title="Craig Jones Invitational">Craig Jones Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapplers_Quest" title="Grapplers Quest">Grapplers Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_IBJJF_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship" title="World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamoris" title="Metamoris">Metamoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Pro_Grappling" title="Polaris Pro Grappling">Polaris Pro Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintet_(grappling)" title="Quintet (grappling)">Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COPA_de_Bangkok" title="COPA de Bangkok">COPA de Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(grappling)" title="Bridge (grappling)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_tie" title="Collar tie">Collar tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging" title="Eye-gouging">Eye-gouging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish-hooking" title="Fish-hooking">Fish-hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooks_(grappling)" title="Hooks (grappling)">Hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippon_seoi_nage" title="Ippon seoi nage">Ippon seoi nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">Nelson hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhook" title="Overhook">Overhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprawl_(grappling)" title="Sprawl (grappling)">Sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_(grappling)" title="Transition (grappling)">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underhook" title="Underhook">Underhook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Grappling hold</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armlock" title="Armlock">Armlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_lock" title="Compression lock">Compression lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">Leglock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_joint_manipulation" title="Small joint manipulation">Small joint manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_lock" title="Spinal lock">Spinal lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wristlock" title="Wristlock">Wristlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling_position" title="Grappling position">Grappling position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_mount" title="Back mount">Back mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hug" title="Bear hug">Bear hug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow_position" title="Collar-and-elbow position">Collar-and-elbow position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(wrestling)" title="Cradle (wrestling)">Cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_position" title="Crucifix position">Crucifix position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(grappling)" title="Guard (grappling)">Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_guard" title="Half guard">Half guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee-on-stomach" title="Knee-on-stomach">Knee-on-stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_(grappling)" title="Mount (grappling)">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93south_position" title="North–south position">North–south position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over%E2%80%93under_position" title="Over–under position">Over–under position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_grip_tie" title="Pinch grip tie">Pinch grip tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_control" title="Side control">Side control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grappling-based martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrestling" title="Beach wrestling">Beach wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog Kung Fu">Dishuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">Belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket_wrestling" title="Jacket wrestling">Jacket wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_wrestling" title="Styles of wrestling">Styles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongmudo" title="Yongmudo">Yongmudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_gi" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi">Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">Dohyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbai" title="Gunbai">Gunbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judogi" title="Judogi">Judogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_headgear" title="Wrestling headgear">Wrestling headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_singlet" title="Wrestling singlet">Wrestling singlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folk_wrestling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_wrestling" title="Template:Folk wrestling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folk_wrestling" title="Template talk:Folk wrestling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_wrestling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk wrestling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_wrestling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal:Martial arts</a></b></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Traditionnelle" title="Lutte Traditionnelle">Lutte Traditionnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba fighting">Nuba fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Senegalese wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alysh" title="Alysh">Alysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wrestling" title="Kazakh wrestling">Kazakh wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling" title="Khmer traditional wrestling">Khmer traditional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuresh" title="Khuresh">Khuresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naban" title="Naban">Naban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_in_Iran" title="Wrestling in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlavani</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inbuan_wrestling" title="Inbuan wrestling">Inbuan wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukna" title="Mukna">Mukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatta_gusthi" title="Gatta gusthi">Gatta gusthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kene" title="Kene">Kene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra-mushti" title="Vajra-mushti">Vajra-mushti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegumi" title="Tegumi">Tegumi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bultong" title="Bultong">Bultong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buno_(wrestling)" title="Buno (wrestling)">Buno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumog" title="Dumog">Dumog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Greek wrestling</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">Collar-and-elbow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khridoli" title="Khridoli">Khridoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodno_rvanje" title="Narodno rvanje">Narodno rvanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranggeln" title="Ranggeln">Ranggeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringen" title="Ringen">Ringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwingen" title="Schwingen">Schwingen</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrestling" title="Canarian wrestling">Canarian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_wrestling" title="Leonese wrestling">Leonese wrestling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_in_Turkey" title="Wrestling in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">Oil wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakucak" title="Karakucak">Karakucak</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devon wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Backhold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Backhold">Scottish Backhold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wrestling" title="History of wrestling">History of wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">United World Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template talk:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_martial_arts" title="List of Japanese martial arts">List of Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kory%C5%AB_schools_of_martial_arts" title="List of koryū schools of martial arts">List of koryū schools of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan" title="Professional wrestling in Japan">Professional wrestling in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions_in_Japan" title="List of professional wrestling promotions in Japan">promotions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobud%C5%8D" title="Kobudō">Kobudō</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bajutsu" title="Bajutsu">Bajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batt%C5%8Djutsu" title="Battōjutsu">Battōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Djutsu" title="Bōjutsu">Bōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boryaku" title="Boryaku">Boryaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hens%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hensōjutsu">Hensōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoj%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hojōjutsu">Hojōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iaijutsu" title="Iaijutsu">Iaijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intonjutsu" title="Intonjutsu">Intonjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Jōdō">Jōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jittejutsu" title="Jittejutsu">Jittejutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayakujutsu" title="Kayakujutsu">Kayakujutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">Kenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigamajutsu" title="Kusarigamajutsu">Kusarigamajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">Kyūjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naginatajutsu" title="Naginatajutsu">Naginatajutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjutsu" title="Ninjutsu">Ninjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobud%C5%8D" title="Okinawan kobudō">Okinawan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shugijutsu" title="Shugijutsu">Shugijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurikenjutsu" title="Shurikenjutsu">Shurikenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Djutsu" title="Sōjutsu">Sōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suijutsu" title="Suijutsu">Suijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taijutsu" title="Taijutsu">Taijutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantojutsu" title="Tantojutsu">Tantojutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenmon" title="Tenmon">Tenmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tessenjutsu" title="Tessenjutsu">Tessenjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">Gendai budō</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">Iaido</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" title="Jūkendō">Jūkendō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kūdō">Kūdō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kempo" title="Nippon Kempo">Nippon Kempo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taid%C5%8D" title="Taidō">Taidō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiho-jutsu" title="Taiho-jutsu">Taiho-jutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Range_Combat" title="Zero Range Combat">Zero Range Combat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">Aiki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atemi" title="Atemi">Atemi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">Budō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugei_j%C5%ABhappan" title="Bugei jūhappan">Bugei jūhappan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dojo" title="Dojo">Dojo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">Heya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D" title="Kenpō">Kenpō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzushi" title="Kuzushi">Kuzushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maai" title="Maai">Maai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushin (mental state)">Mushin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_(school)" title="Ryū (school)">Ryū</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ko-ry%C5%AB" title="Ko-ryū">Ko-ryū</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchi-deshi" title="Uchi-deshi">Uchi-deshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin">Zanshin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Category:Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template talk:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">Sports of the World Games program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and dance sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_roller_skating" title="Artistic roller skating">Artistic roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancesport" title="Dancesport">Dancesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatic_gymnastics" title="Acrobatic gymnastics">Acrobatic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(sport)" title="Tumbling (sport)">Tumbling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">Beach handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">Inline hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquetball" title="Racquetball">Racquetball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precision sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Billiards sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boules" title="Boules">Boules sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">Bowling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strength sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">Powerlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trend sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_sports" title="Air sports">Air sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_marathon" title="Canoe marathon">Canoe marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifesaving_(sport)" title="Lifesaving (sport)">Lifesaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_sports" title="Roller sports">Speed roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_skating" title="Road skating">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">Track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past official sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(fishing)" title="Casting (fishing)">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cycling" title="Indoor cycling">Indoor cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">Roller hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a> (women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invitational sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_at_the_World_Games" title="Category:Sports at the World Games">Sports at the World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Games_Association" title="International World Games Association">International World Games Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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