CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Perry Expedition - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c51cc589-691d-4a65-94fc-e07d12ff0f9e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Perry_Expedition","wgTitle":"Perry Expedition","wgCurRevisionId":1274361546,"wgRevisionId":1274361546,"wgArticleId":11095125,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Expeditions from the United States","Bakumatsu","United States Navy in the 19th century","1853 in Japan","1854 in Japan","1850s in the United States","19th century in Tokyo","Naval diplomacy","1853 in international relations","1854 in international relations", "Presidency of Millard Fillmore"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Perry_Expedition","wgRelevantArticleId":11095125,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7169780", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/1200px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="772"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/800px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="515"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/640px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="412"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Perry Expedition - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Expedition"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Expedition"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Perry_Expedition rootpage-Perry_Expedition skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Perry+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Perry+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Perry+Expedition" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Perry+Expedition" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_visit_to_Japan,_1852–1853" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_visit_to_Japan,_1852–1853"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First visit to Japan, 1852–1853</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_visit_to_Japan,_1852–1853-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First visit to Japan, 1852–1853 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_visit_to_Japan,_1852–1853-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threat_of_force_and_negotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_of_force_and_negotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Threat of force and negotiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_of_force_and_negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_visit_to_Japan,_1854" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_visit_to_Japan,_1854"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second visit to Japan, 1854</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_visit_to_Japan,_1854-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States,_1855" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_United_States,_1855"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to the United States, 1855</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States,_1855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perry Expedition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بعثة بيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعثة بيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-ch%C3%BBn_L%C3%A2i-h%C3%A2ng" title="Hek-chûn Lâi-hâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-chûn Lâi-hâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اردوکشی ناخدا پری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوکشی ناخدا پری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Perry" title="Expédition de Perry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition de Perry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="페리 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페리 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Perry" title="Ekspedisi Perry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi Perry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E8%88%B9%E6%9D%A5%E8%88%AA" title="黒船来航 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒船来航" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_ekspeditsiyasi" title="Perry ekspeditsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Perry ekspeditsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Perry" title="Expedição Perry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição Perry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedita_e_Perry" title="Ekspedita e Perry – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekspedita e Perry" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="การเดินทางของเพร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเดินทางของเพร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Seferi" title="Perry Seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perry Seferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%81%D9%85" title="پیری مہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیری مہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%88%B9%E5%85%A5%E6%97%A5" title="黑船入日 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑船入日" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%88%B9%E4%BE%86%E8%88%AA" title="黑船來航 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑船來航" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%88%B9%E4%BE%86%E8%88%AA" title="黑船來航 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑船來航" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7169780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Perry_Expedition" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Perry_Expedition" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Perry_Expedition" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&oldid=1274361546" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Perry_Expedition&id=1274361546&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerry_Expedition"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerry_Expedition"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perry_Expedition&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Perry_Expedition" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7169780" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1853–54 US naval expedition to Tokugawa Japan</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The american arrival to japan [1854]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/300px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/450px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg/600px-Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>A 1854 Japanese print depicting the Perry Expedition</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millard_Fillmore_(close_cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg/75px-Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg/113px-Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg/150px-Millard_Fillmore_%28close_cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Millard Fillmore</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore#Early_life_and_career" title="Millard Fillmore">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_House" title="Fillmore House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">12th Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Zachary_Taylor" title="Inauguration of Zachary Taylor">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">13th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Inauguration of Millard Fillmore">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Millard_Fillmore" title="List of federal judges appointed by Millard Fillmore">Federal judges appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Land_Act_of_1850" title="Swamp Land Act of 1850">Swamp Land Act of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Admission_of_the_State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="An Act for the Admission of the State of California">An Act for the Admission of the State of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore,_Utah" title="Fillmore, Utah">Fillmore, Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_County,_Utah" title="Millard County, Utah">Millard County, Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perry Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Electoral history</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_New_York_state_election" title="1844 New York state election">1844 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_Street" title="Fillmore Street">Fillmore Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Statue of Millard Fillmore">Statue of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore's signature"><img alt="Millard Fillmore's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg/150px-Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg/225px-Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg/300px-Millard_Fillmore_Signature-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Millard_Fillmore_series" title="Template:Millard Fillmore series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Millard_Fillmore_series" title="Template talk:Millard Fillmore series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Millard_Fillmore_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Millard Fillmore series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Perry Expedition</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">黒船来航</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kurofune raikō</i></span>, "Arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Ships" title="Black Ships">Black Ships</a>") was a diplomatic and military expedition in two separate voyages (1852–1853 and 1854–1855) to the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate (徳川幕府)</a> by warships of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. The goals of this expedition included exploration, surveying, and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> and negotiation of trade agreements with the various nations in the region. Opening contact with the government of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> was considered a top priority of the expedition, and was one of the key reasons for its inception. </p><p>The expedition was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Calbraith Perry</a>, under orders from <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>. Perry's primary goal was to force an end to Japan's 220-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">policy of isolation</a> and to open Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> if necessary. The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>, and eventually to the collapse of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">restoration of the Emperor</a>. Following the expedition, Japan's burgeoning trade routes with the world led to the cultural trend of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i></span>, in which aspects of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a> influenced art in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">America</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/200px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/300px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/400px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Commodore Matthew Perry</figcaption></figure> <p>Growing commerce between America and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the presence of American <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whalers</a> in waters off Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential <a href="/wiki/Fuelling_station" title="Fuelling station">coaling stations</a> by European colonial powers in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> were all contributing factors in the decision by President Fillmore to dispatch an expedition to Japan. The Americans were also driven by concepts of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> and the desire to impose the "benefits" of <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a> on what they perceived as backward Asian nations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 19th century, the Japanese policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, Dutch <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">King William II</a> sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasley2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1790 and 1853, at least twenty-seven U.S. ships, including three warships, visited Japan, only to be turned away. </p><p>There were increased sightings and incursions of foreign ships into Japanese waters, and this led to considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. In May 1851, American Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> authorized Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_H._Aulick" title="John H. Aulick">John H. Aulick</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Squadron" title="East India Squadron">American East India Squadron</a>, to attempt to return seventeen <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecking" title="Shipwrecking">shipwrecked</a> Japanese sailors residing in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, which might provide the opportunity for opening commercial relations with Japan. On May 10, 1851, Webster drafted a letter addressed to the "Japanese Emperor" with assurances that the expedition had no religious purpose but was only to request "friendship and commerce" and supplies of coal needed by American ships en route to China.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter also boasted of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American expansion across the North American continent</a> and its technical prowess and was signed by President Fillmore. However, Aulick became involved in a diplomatic row with a Brazilian diplomat and quarrels with the captain of his flagship, and was relieved of his command before he could undertake the Japan expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His replacement, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Calbraith Perry</a>, was a senior-ranking officer in the United States Navy, and had extensive diplomatic experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry was well aware of the difficulties involved in attempting to establish relations with Japan and initially protested that he would prefer to command the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(United_States)" title="Mediterranean Squadron (United States)">Mediterranean Squadron</a> of the U.S. Navy instead of being assigned to yet another attempt to open Japan, which he considered unlikely to succeed. Relevant precedents included: </p> <ul><li>From 1797 to 1809, several American ships traded in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Dutch flag</a> upon the request of the Dutch, who were not able to send their own ships because of their conflict with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li> <li>In 1837, an American businessman in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton (Guangzhou)</a> named <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. King">Charles W. King</a> saw an opportunity to open trade by trying to return to Japan three Japanese sailors (among them, <a href="/wiki/Otokichi" title="Otokichi">Otokichi</a>) who had been shipwrecked a few years before on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>. He went to <a href="/wiki/Uraga_Channel" title="Uraga Channel">Uraga Channel</a> with <i>Morrison</i>, an American merchant ship. The ship was attacked several times and sailed back without completing its mission.</li> <li>In 1846, Commander <a href="/wiki/James_Biddle_(commodore)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Biddle (commodore)">James Biddle</a>, anchored in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Edo Bay</a> on an official mission with two ships, including one warship armed with seventy-two cannons, asking for ports to be opened for trade, but his requests for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1849, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Glynn" title="James Glynn">James Glynn</a> sailed to Nagasaki, leading at last to the first successful negotiation by an American with Japan. James Glynn recommended to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> that negotiations to open Japan be backed up by a <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">demonstration of force</a>, thus paving the way for Perry's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In advance of his voyage, Perry read widely amongst available books about Japan. His research also included consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Studies">Japanologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>. Siebold spent eight years working, teaching, and studying at the isolated Dutch island-trading post of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> in Nagasaki harbour before returning to <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry also demanded greater latitude in his orders from Webster, a demand the Secretary of State granted just before his death in October 1852. Perry thus sailed for Japan with "full and discretionary powers," including possible use of force if the Japanese tried to treat him as they had the unfortunate Commodore Biddle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry also refused to allow any professional diplomats to accompany the expedition. He asked the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heine" title="Wilhelm Heine">Wilhelm Heine</a> and pioneer <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> photographer Eliphalet M. Brown Jr. to join the expedition as official artists. Agricultural specialist Dr. James Morrow was assigned by the US State Department. Several Japanese castaways were also taken on as unofficial interpreters. </p><p>The expedition was assigned the steam warships <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)"><i>Mississippi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_(1850)" title="USS Susquehanna (1850)"><i>Susquehanna</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)" title="USS Powhatan (1850)"><i>Powhatan</i></a>, the armed store steamships <i>Lexington</i>, <i>Supply</i>, and <i>Southampton</i>, and the sailing sloops <a href="/wiki/USS_Macedonian_(1836)" title="USS Macedonian (1836)"><i>Macedonian</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(1844)" title="USS Plymouth (1844)"><i>Plymouth</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1842)" title="USS Saratoga (1842)"><i>Saratoga</i></a>. To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Commander <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a> was captain of <i>Susquehanna</i> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)" title="Joel Abbot (naval officer)">Joel Abbot</a> was captain of <i>Macedonian</i>. Commander Henry A. Adams became the Commodore's chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zeilin" title="Jacob Zeilin">Jacob Zeilin</a> (future commandant of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>) was the ranking Marine officer, and was stationed on <i>Mississippi</i>. Perry also received permission to take government stores as gifts for the natives, especially obsolete small arms. These included 40 <a href="/wiki/M1819_Hall_rifle" title="M1819 Hall rifle">M1819 Hall rifles</a> (with 4,000 cartridges), 20 percussion pistols (with 2,000 cartridges), 20 artillery swords, 20 muskets with Maynard percussion locks and 40 light cavalry sabers, as well as 100 <a href="/wiki/Colt_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt revolver">Colt revolvers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_visit_to_Japan,_1852–1853"><span id="First_visit_to_Japan.2C_1852.E2.80.931853"></span>First visit to Japan, 1852–1853</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First visit to Japan, 1852–1853"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_(Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/220px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/330px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/440px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">Japanese woodblock print</a> of Perry (center) and other high-ranking American seamen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perry chose the black-hulled paddle-wheeled <i>Mississippi</i> as his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, and cleared <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> on 24 November 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry made port calls at <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (December 11–15), <a href="/wiki/St_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helena">St Helena</a> (January 10–11), <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (January 24 – February 3), <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (February 18–28), <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (March 10–15), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> (March 25–29), and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Macao">Macao</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (April 7–28). There he met with American-born Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Samuel Wells Williams</a> (who had been to Japan with the <i>Morrison</i> in 1837), who provided <a href="/wiki/Chinese-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-language">Chinese-language</a> translations of Perry's official letters, and rendezvoused with <i>Plymouth</i> and <i>Saratoga</i>. He continued to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (May 4–17), where he met with the Dutch-born American diplomat Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, and rendezvoused with <i>Susquehanna</i>. </p><p>Perry then switched his flag to <i>Susquehanna</i> and called on the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyu islands">Ryukyu islands</a> from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> to the islands, as well as his own orders, he threatened and bluffed local authorities by threatening to attack with 200 troops unless he were allowed trading rights and land for a coaling station. Perry landed his Marines, whom he drilled on the beach for hours at a time, and demanded an audience with the Ryukyu King <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Tai" title="Shō Tai">Shō Tai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a>. Knowing that his every action would be reported to Japanese authorities in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, Perry carefully avoided meeting with low-ranked officials and made much use of military ceremony and shipboard hospitality to demonstrate both American military power and the peaceful intent of his expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry left with promises that the islands would be completely open to trade with the United States. Continuing on the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and even purchased a plot of land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threat_of_force_and_negotiation">Threat of force and negotiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Threat of force and negotiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg/200px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg/300px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg/400px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Commodore_Matthew_Perry%27s_%22Black_Ship%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Commodore Matthew Perry's <a href="/wiki/Black_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Ship">Black Ship</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perry finally reached <a href="/wiki/Uraga,_Kanagawa" title="Uraga, Kanagawa">Uraga</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Edo_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo Bay">Edo Bay</a> in Japan on 8 July 1853. His fleet at this time consisted of four vessels: <i>Susquehanna</i>, <i>Mississippi</i>, <i>Plymouth</i> and <i>Saratoga</i>. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, and position their guns towards the town of Uraga.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasly_153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasly_153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannons, which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day. Perry's ships were equipped with new <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans shell guns</a>, cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American ships were almost surrounded by Japanese guard boats; however, Perry ordered that any attempt at boarding was to be repelled. One boat carried a large sign in French ordering the American fleet to depart immediately. On 9 July, a <i><a href="/wiki/Yoriki" title="Yoriki">yoriki</a></i> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Uraga_bugy%C5%8D" title="Uraga bugyō">Uraga bugyō</a></i>, Nakajima Saburosuke, accompanied by interpreter <a href="/wiki/Hori_Tatsunosuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hori Tatsunosuke">Hori Tatsunosuke</a>, rowed out to <i>Susquehanna</i>, but were at first refused permission to come on board. After some negotiation, they were permitted to board, where they displayed the order that no foreign ships were allowed into Japanese ports. Perry remained in his cabin and refused to meet them, sending word through his officers that as he carried a letter from the President of the United States, he would only deal with officials of sufficient stature and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasley2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 July, <i>yoriki</i> Kayama Eizaemon, pretending to be the <i>Uraga bugyō</i>, called on <i>Susquehanna</i> and was allowed to meet Captain Franklin, whom he advised to travel to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, as this was the designated port for all foreign contact. Kayama was told that unless a suitable official came to receive the document, Perry would land troops and march on Edo, to deliver the letter in person. Kayama asked for three days in order to respond. The actual <i>Uraga bugyō</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido_Hiromichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ido Hiromichi (page does not exist)">Ido Hiromichi</a>, sent a report to the <i>shōgun</i> and advised that his defenses were totally inadequate to repel the Americans by force.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasley2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasley2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Perry began a campaign of intimidation, by sending boats to survey the surrounding area, and threatened to use force if the Japanese guard boats around the American squadron did not disperse.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasly_153_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasly_153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also presented the Japanese with a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> and a letter which told them that in case they chose combat, the Americans would necessarily vanquish them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese government was paralyzed due to the incapacitation by illness of <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Shōgun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyoshi" title="Tokugawa Ieyoshi">Tokugawa Ieyoshi</a> and by political indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On 11 July, senior <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dj%C5%AB" title="Rōjū">rōjū</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Abe_Masahiro" title="Abe Masahiro">Abe Masahiro</a> temporized, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at <a href="/wiki/Kurihama,_Yokosuka" title="Kurihama, Yokosuka">Kurihama</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokosuka, Kanagawa">Yokosuka</a>), where he was allowed to land on 14 July.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry went ashore with considerable pomp, landing with 250 sailors and Marines in 15 ships’ boats after a 13-gun salute from <i>Susquehanna</i>. Major Zeilin's Marines presented arms, and a band played "<a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hail Columbia">Hail Columbia</a>". President Fillmore's letter was formally received by <a href="/wiki/Hatamoto" title="Hatamoto">hatamoto</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toda_Ujiyoshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toda Ujiyoshi (page does not exist)">Toda "Izu-no-kami" Ujiyoshi</a> and by Ido "Iwami-no-kami" Hiromichi. Perry's squadron eventually departed on 17 July for the Chinese coast, promising to return for a reply.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OdaibaView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OdaibaView.jpg/220px-OdaibaView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OdaibaView.jpg/330px-OdaibaView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OdaibaView.jpg/440px-OdaibaView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a> battery at the entrance of Tokyo, built in 1853–54 to prevent an American incursion</figcaption></figure> <p>After Perry's departure, an extensive debate ensued within the shogunal court on how to respond to the American's implied threats. <i>Shōgun</i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyoshi" title="Tokugawa Ieyoshi">Tokugawa Ieyoshi</a> died days after Perry's departure, and was succeeded by his sickly young son, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesada" title="Tokugawa Iesada">Tokugawa Iesada</a>, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders (<i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dj%C5%AB" title="Rōjū">rōjū</a></i>) led by Abe Masahiro. Abe felt that it was currently impossible for Japan to resist the American demands by military force, and yet was reluctant to take any action on his own authority for such an unprecedented situation. Attempting to legitimize any decision taken, Abe polled all of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i> for their opinions. This was the first time that the Tokugawa shogunate had allowed its decision-making to be a matter of public debate, and had the unforeseen consequence of portraying the shogunate as weak and indecisive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results of the poll also failed to provide Abe with an answer, as of the 61 known responses, 19 were in favor of accepting the American demands, and 19 were equally opposed. Of the remainder, 14 gave vague responses expressing concern of possible war, 7 suggested making temporary concessions and two advised that they would simply go along with whatever was decided.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only universal recommendation was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan's coastal defenses. Fortifications were hurriedly built close to current day <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a> in order to protect Edo from a subsequent American naval incursion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_visit_to_Japan,_1854"><span id="Second_visit_to_Japan.2C_1854"></span>Second visit to Japan, 1854</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second visit to Japan, 1854"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg/220px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg/330px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg/440px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>A miniature steam locomotive which was presented by the expedition and exhibited to great acclaim.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he had told the Japanese that he would return the following year, Perry soon learned that Russian <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral">Vice-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevfimiy_Putyatin" title="Yevfimiy Putyatin">Yevfimiy Putyatin</a> had called in at Nagasaki shortly after he departed from Edo Bay, and had spent a month attempting to force the Japanese to sign a treaty before his return. He also was told by both the British and French that they intended to accompany him to Japan in the spring to ensure that the Americans did not obtain any exclusive privileges. Perry thus returned on 13 February 1854 with eight vessels and 1600 men. The fleet had lost <i>Plymouth</i> of the original four, and now also included: <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(1825)" title="USS Lexington (1825)"><i>Lexington</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Macedonian_(1836)" title="USS Macedonian (1836)"><i>Macedonian</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)" title="USS Powhatan (1850)"><i>Powhatan</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Vandalia_(1828)" title="USS Vandalia (1828)"><i>Vandalia</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Southampton_(1841)" title="USS Southampton (1841)"><i>Southampton</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_Supply_(1846)" title="USS Supply (1846)"><i>Supply</i></a> arrived loaded with coal and stores on 19 March, bringing the total strength to nine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Perry's return, the Tokugawa shogunate had decided to accept virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. However, negotiators procrastinated for weeks over the site for negotiations, with Perry insisting on Edo, and the Japanese offering various other locations. Perry eventually lost his temper and threatened to bring 100 ships (more than the actual size of the US Navy at the time) within 20 days to war on Japan. Both sides eventually compromised on the tiny village of <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, where a purpose-built hall was erected. Perry landed on 8 March with 500 sailors and Marines in 27 ships' boats, with three bands playing "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hawks,_p._431,_438_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawks,_p._431,_438-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three weeks of negotiation ensued, accompanied by diplomatic gestures such as the exchange of state gifts. The Americans presented the Japanese with a miniature <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>, a telegraph apparatus, various agricultural tools, and small arms, as well as one hundred gallons of whiskey, clocks, stoves, and books about the United States. The Japanese responded with gold-lacquered furniture and boxes, bronze ornaments, silk and brocade garments, porcelain goblets, and upon learning of Perry's personal hobby, a collection of seashells. Cultural displays were also performed on both sides, with the American sailors aboard the <i>Powhatan</i> putting on a <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel show</a>, while a number of high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestlers performed feats of strength and held exhibition matches.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawks,_p._431,_438_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawks,_p._431,_438-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, on 31 March, Perry signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> which opened the ports of <a href="/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka" title="Shimoda, Shizuoka">Shimoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a> to American ships, provided for care of shipwrecked sailors, and the establishment of an American consulate in Shimoda.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was signed on the Japanese side by <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Akira" title="Hayashi Akira">Hayashi Akira</a>. Perry then dispatched the <i>Saratoga</i> home with the signed treaty, while the rest of the squadron went to survey Hakodate, Shimoda and the site of the future consulate. After departing from Shimoda, the fleet returned to the Ryukyu Islands, where Perry swiftly drafted the "Compact between the United States and the Ryukyu Kingdom," which was formally signed on 11 July 1854. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_the_United_States,_1855"><span id="Return_to_the_United_States.2C_1855"></span>Return to the United States, 1855</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to the United States, 1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PerryBustShimoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PerryBustShimoda.jpg/170px-PerryBustShimoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PerryBustShimoda.jpg/255px-PerryBustShimoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PerryBustShimoda.jpg/340px-PerryBustShimoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Matthew Perry in <a href="/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka" title="Shimoda, Shizuoka">Shimoda, Shizuoka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Perry returned to the United States in 1855, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> voted to grant him a reward of $20,000 (~$737,000 in 2022) in appreciation of his work in Japan. Perry used part of this money to prepare and publish a report of the expedition in three volumes, titled <i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan</i>. This was written by <a href="/wiki/Francis_L._Hawks" title="Francis L. Hawks">Francis L. Hawks</a> under Perry's supervision, using the written materials compiled by Perry and his colleagues during the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first presented as a report to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1856 and later published commercially. Perry was also promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear-admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-admiral">rear-admiral</a> on the retired list (when his health began to fail) as a reward for his services.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known to have suffered severe <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> that left him in frequent pain and on occasion prevented him from fulfilling his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry spent his last years preparing for publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on 28 December 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to the Naval Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on 4 March 1858 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Westerners_who_visited_Japan_before_1868" title="List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868">List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Archives_of_History" title="Yokohama Archives of History">Yokohama Archives of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Overtures" title="Pacific Overtures">Pacific Overtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_incident" title="General Sherman incident">General Sherman incident</a>, similar event in Korea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Beasley, <i>The Meiji Restoration</i>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beasley2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beasley2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beasley2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beasley2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Beasley, <i>The Meiji Restoration</i>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Aulick_John_H_ca_1791-1873">"Aulick, John H. (ca. 1791–1873)"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediavirginia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jul 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Aulick%2C+John+H.+%28ca.+1791%E2%80%931873%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2FAulick_John_H_ca_1791-1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Aulick_John_H_ca_1791-1873">"Aulick, John H. (ca. 1791–1873)"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediavirginia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jul 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Aulick%2C+John+H.+%28ca.+1791%E2%80%931873%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2FAulick_John_H_ca_1791-1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewell, pp. xxxiv–xxxv, xlix, lvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:PrebleLogBook.jpg" title="File:PrebleLogBook.jpg">English Wikipedia on Preble Logbook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, p. xxxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Hall, <i>Japan</i>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, Jane (2011). <i>Annapolis, City on the Severn: A History</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9659-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-9659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annapolis%2C+City+on+the+Severn%3A+A+History&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9659-0&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2014" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, John (2014). Thompson, Antonio (ed.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History</i>. Routledge. p. Chapter 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317813347" title="Special:BookSources/9781317813347"><bdi>9781317813347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+American+Military+and+Diplomatic+History&rft.pages=Chapter+29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317813347&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beasly_153-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beasly_153_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beasly_153_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley2002" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, William G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j399Lfj6baYC&pg=PA153"><i>The Perry Mission to Japan, 1853–1854</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903350133" title="Special:BookSources/9781903350133"><bdi>9781903350133</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jul 12,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perry+Mission+to+Japan%2C+1853%E2%80%931854&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781903350133&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj399Lfj6baYC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillis1981" class="citation book cs1">Millis, Walter (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcGpkzmjFbgC&pg=PA88"><i>Arms and Men: A Study in American Military History</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813509310" title="Special:BookSources/9780813509310"><bdi>9780813509310</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-09</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+Men%3A+A+Study+in+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780813509310&rft.aulast=Millis&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcGpkzmjFbgC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Walworth, Arthur (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFyV2BZMCRwC&pg=PA21"><i>Black Ships Off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry's Expedition</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443728508" title="Special:BookSources/9781443728508"><bdi>9781443728508</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Ships+Off+Japan%3A+The+Story+of+Commodore+Perry%27s+Expedition&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781443728508&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFyV2BZMCRwC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Among the items presented to the Japanese were a white flag and a letter from Perry. The letter attempted to intimidate Japanese officials by explaining that in the event the Japanese elected war rather than negotiation, they could use the white flag to sue for peace, since victory would naturally belong to the Americans"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erBi_TmWanoC&pg=PA286"><i>Matthew Calbraith Perry: antebellum sailor and diplomat</i> by John H. Schroeder p. 286 Note 44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan</i> Yosaburō Takekoshi pp. 285–286 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvfMKV1b1fwC&pg=PA285">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00A16FD3C59177B93C6A8178CD85F478585F9">"Perry Ceremony Today; Japanese and U. S. Officials to Mark 100th Anniversary".</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 14, 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, pp. 183–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Hall, <i>Japan</i>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Beasley, <i>The Meiji Restoration</i>, s. 90–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawks, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawks,_p._431,_438-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawks,_p._431,_438_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawks,_p._431,_438_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawks, p. 431, 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, pp. 243–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Bradford2013" class="citation book cs1">James C. Bradford (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVlofmLttR8C&pg=PA25"><i>Captains of the Old Steam Navy: Makers of the American Naval Tradition 1840–1880</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 25, note 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-054-2"><bdi>978-1-59114-054-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captains+of+the+Old+Steam+Navy%3A+Makers+of+the+American+Naval+Tradition+1840%E2%80%931880&rft.pages=25%2C+note+22&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-054-2&rft.au=James+C.+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVlofmLttR8C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, p. lxxxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grifworld.com/perryhome.html">"Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan"</a>. Ben Griffiths 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore+Perry%27s+Expedition+to+Japan&rft.pub=Ben+Griffiths+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grifworld.com%2Fperryhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1967). <i> 'Old Bruin' Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry</i> p. 431.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_Bruce_Makoto2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Arnold, Bruce Makoto (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5461862"><i>Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan</i></a> (Thesis). University of Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Diplomacy+Far+Removed%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+the+U.S.+Decision+to+Open+Diplomatic+Relations+with+Japan&rft.inst=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Bruce+Makoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5461862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerry+Expedition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Hunter_Dupree" title="A. Hunter Dupree">Dupree, A. Hunter</a>, <i>Science vs. the Military: Dr. James Morrow and the Perry Expedition</i>, The Pacific Historical Review, vol. 22, no. 1, (1953), pp. 29–37.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._Hawks" title="Francis L. Hawks">Hawks, Francis</a>. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwALAAAAYAAJ&q=nine%20ships"><i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy</i></a>, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.</li></ul> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped01perr">volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped02perr">volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped03perr">volume 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped04perr">volume 4</a> at the Internet Archive</dd></dl> <ul><li>Houchins, Chang-su. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/1343"><i>Artifacts of diplomacy: Smithsonian collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854)</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a>. (1967). <i>Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1796–1858</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</li> <li>Morrow, James, and Allan B. Cole. (1947). <i>A Scientist with Perry in Japan : the Journal of Dr. James Morrow. Edited by Allan B. Cole</i>. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Schroeder, John. (2001). <i>Matthew Calbraith Perry</i>. Naval Institute Press.</li> <li>Sewall, John S. (1905). <i>The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas</i>, Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/054820912X" title="Special:BookSources/054820912X">054820912X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clark, Paul Hendrix. <i>The Perry Expedition and the "Opening of Japan to the West," 1853–1873: A Short History with Documents</i> (Hackett, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8arYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Perry+expedition&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Fullilove, Courtney. "Gift and Gunboat: Meanings of Exchange in the Perry Expedition." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 42.1 (2018): 90–108.</li> <li>Wittner, David G. <i>Commodore Matthew Perry and the Perry expedition to Japan</i> (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hones, Sheila, and Yasuo Endo. "History, distance and text: narratives of the 1853–1854 Perry expedition to Japan." <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i> 32.3 (2006): 563–578.</li> <li>Macleod, Julia H., et al. "Three Letters Relating to the Perry Expedition to Japan." <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i> (1943): 228–237. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3815667">online</a></li> <li>Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Robert Tomes. <i>The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the Government narrative of the US expedition to Japan, under Commodore Perry</i> (D. Appleton & Company, 1857) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY8xAQAAMAAJ&dq=Perry+expedition&pg=PR1">online</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Samuel Wells. <i>A journal of the Perry Expedition to Japan (1853–1854)</i> (Kelly & Walsh, 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XmTUAAAAMAAJ&dq=Perry+expedition&pg=PR2">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Perry_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/japan/index.html">Perry Visits Japan: A Visual History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Millard_Fillmore847" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Millard_Fillmore" title="Template:Millard Fillmore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Millard_Fillmore" title="Template talk:Millard Fillmore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Millard_Fillmore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Millard Fillmore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Millard_Fillmore847" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">13th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1850–1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">12th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1849–1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_32nd_congressional_district" title="New York's 32nd congressional district">NY–32</a> (1833–1835, 1837–1843)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_House" title="Fillmore House">Millard Fillmore House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 Whig National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Inauguration of Millard Fillmore">Inauguration of Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Land_Act_of_1850" title="Swamp Land Act of 1850">Swamp Land Act of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Admission_of_the_State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="An Act for the Admission of the State of California">An Act for the Admission of the State of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore,_Utah" title="Fillmore, Utah">Fillmore, Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_County,_Utah" title="Millard County, Utah">Millard County, Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perry Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 Whig National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Statue of Millard Fillmore">Statue of Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_Street" title="Fillmore Street">Fillmore Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Powers_Fillmore" title="Millard Powers Fillmore">Millard Powers Fillmore</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Abigail_Fillmore" title="Mary Abigail Fillmore">Mary Abigail Fillmore</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_C._Fillmore" title="Caroline C. Fillmore">Caroline C. Fillmore</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fillmore" title="Nathaniel Fillmore">Nathaniel Fillmore</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">← Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">← George M. Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Millard_Fillmore" title="Category:Millard Fillmore">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169780#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169780#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata599" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169780#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145611360">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002022183">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007303402605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&oldid=1274361546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&oldid=1274361546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expeditions_from_the_United_States" title="Category:Expeditions from the United States">Expeditions from the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bakumatsu" title="Category:Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:United States Navy in the 19th century">United States Navy in the 19th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1853_in_Japan" title="Category:1853 in Japan">1853 in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1854_in_Japan" title="Category:1854 in Japan">1854 in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1850s in the United States">1850s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Tokyo" title="Category:19th century in Tokyo">19th century in Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_diplomacy" title="Category:Naval diplomacy">Naval diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1853_in_international_relations" title="Category:1853 in international relations">1853 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1854_in_international_relations" title="Category:1854 in international relations">1854 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Category:Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 22:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_Expedition&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perry Expedition</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b9b8ffd89-mg6sk","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.481","walltime":"0.697","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1945,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":51395,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4293,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":71841,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 597.412 1 -total"," 21.15% 126.329 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.46% 122.203 1 Template:Millard_Fillmore_series"," 19.76% 118.050 1 Template:Sidebar_person/US_President"," 17.64% 105.406 1 Template:Langx"," 13.31% 79.520 3 Template:Cite_web"," 12.83% 76.628 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.87% 52.968 12 Template:USS"," 6.79% 40.593 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.44% 38.466 1 Template:Millard_Fillmore"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.299","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14184626,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-9dff6","timestamp":"20250211201123","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Perry Expedition","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perry_Expedition","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7169780","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7169780","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-07T02:39:45Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T22:45:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Japanese_1854_print_Commodore_Perry.jpg","headline":"19th-century American diplomatic and military expedition to Japan"}</script> </body> </html>