CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>South Asian Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="49NiDPys0MByM/e7Ct3tBAWC19oRxZwNwcxpv1ZpSVrbcINEuFgU2izA2SlGlwvmBwM76tcrFQsr7Je3ZmUPBA==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?after=50%2C36448204" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View South Asian Studies Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113468711,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277152080,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732419727000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732419727000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">South Asian Studies</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">151,768 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>South Asian Studies</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/South_Asian_Studies">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37894657" data-work_id="37894657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37894657/Water_Issues_and_its_implications_Over_India_Pakistan_Relations">Water Issues and its implications Over India-Pakistan Relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper attempts to find out the water issues between India and Pakistan and its implications over relations of these bilateral states. This study investigates the conflicts over constructing dams or water storages on cross boundary... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37894657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper attempts to find out the water issues between India and Pakistan and its implications over relations of these bilateral states. This study investigates the conflicts over constructing dams or water storages on cross boundary rivers for example the building of Baghliar Dam, Kishanganga Plant and Wullar Barrage by India and also investigates Pakistan's response to these projects, judgment of intercontinental Court of Arbitration, responses of both sides and confidence building measures signed regarding the issue. This study explores that the water issue would prove disastrous if it was not solved in time. For peace in South Asia, solution of this conflict is necessary as early as possible.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37894657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cde344c3408cd8e7d39202cd07a4e092" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57903695,"asset_id":37894657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57903695/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98432695" href="https://punjablahorepakistan.academia.edu/sapnamumtaz">sapna mumtaz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98432695" type="text/json">{"id":98432695,"first_name":"sapna","last_name":"mumtaz","domain_name":"punjablahorepakistan","page_name":"sapnamumtaz","display_name":"sapna mumtaz","profile_url":"https://punjablahorepakistan.academia.edu/sapnamumtaz?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98432695/165528888/155381529/s65_sapna.mumtaz.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37894657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37894657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37894657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37894657", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37894657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37894657; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37894657"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37894657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37894657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37894657; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37894657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37894657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37894657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37894657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37894657]'), work: {"id":37894657,"title":"Water Issues and its implications Over India-Pakistan Relations","created_at":"2018-12-02T05:17:28.607-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37894657/Water_Issues_and_its_implications_Over_India_Pakistan_Relations?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_37894657","summary":"This paper attempts to find out the water issues between India and Pakistan and its implications over relations of these bilateral states. This study investigates the conflicts over constructing dams or water storages on cross boundary rivers for example the building of Baghliar Dam, Kishanganga Plant and Wullar Barrage by India and also investigates Pakistan's response to these projects, judgment of intercontinental Court of Arbitration, responses of both sides and confidence building measures signed regarding the issue. This study explores that the water issue would prove disastrous if it was not solved in time. For peace in South Asia, solution of this conflict is necessary as early as possible.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57903695,"asset_id":37894657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98432695,"first_name":"sapna","last_name":"mumtaz","domain_name":"punjablahorepakistan","page_name":"sapnamumtaz","display_name":"sapna mumtaz","profile_url":"https://punjablahorepakistan.academia.edu/sapnamumtaz?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/98432695/165528888/155381529/s65_sapna.mumtaz.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36264030" data-work_id="36264030" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36264030/Pakeezah_Dreamscape_of_Desire">Pakeezah: Dreamscape of Desire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article describes how Kamal Amrohi's Pakeezah distils the idioms of the historical courtesan film, poised as they are between the glorification of courtesan culture and lamenting the debased status of the courtesan; between a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36264030" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article describes how Kamal Amrohi's Pakeezah distils the idioms of the historical courtesan film, poised as they are between the glorification of courtesan culture and lamenting the debased status of the courtesan; between a nostalgic yearning for the feudal world of the kotha and a utopian desire to escape from it. The article argues that Pakeezah self-consciously defines the particular " chronotope, " or space-time, of the historical courtesan genre by showing that nothing less than a transformation of the idioms of that genre is required to liberate the courtesan from her claustrophobic milieu—whose underlying state is one of enervation and death—into the open space and lived time of modernity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36264030" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fef838900311d88c0f387d43a3a3be95" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56169327,"asset_id":36264030,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56169327/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30379688" href="https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RichardAllen">Richard Allen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30379688" type="text/json">{"id":30379688,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Allen","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"RichardAllen","display_name":"Richard Allen","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RichardAllen?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36264030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36264030"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36264030, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36264030", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36264030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36264030; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36264030"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36264030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36264030"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36264030; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36264030]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36264030").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36264030").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36264030"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies">Film Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1555" type="text/json">{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9343" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melodrama">Melodrama</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9343" type="text/json">{"id":9343,"name":"Melodrama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melodrama?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Cinema">Indian Cinema</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22400" type="text/json">{"id":22400,"name":"Indian Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Cinema?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36264030]'), work: {"id":36264030,"title":"Pakeezah: Dreamscape of Desire","created_at":"2018-03-27T00:12:58.705-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36264030/Pakeezah_Dreamscape_of_Desire?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_36264030","summary":"This article describes how Kamal Amrohi's Pakeezah distils the idioms of the historical courtesan film, poised as they are between the glorification of courtesan culture and lamenting the debased status of the courtesan; between a nostalgic yearning for the feudal world of the kotha and a utopian desire to escape from it. The article argues that Pakeezah self-consciously defines the particular \" chronotope, \" or space-time, of the historical courtesan genre by showing that nothing less than a transformation of the idioms of that genre is required to liberate the courtesan from her claustrophobic milieu—whose underlying state is one of enervation and death—into the open space and lived time of modernity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56169327,"asset_id":36264030,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30379688,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Allen","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"RichardAllen","display_name":"Richard Allen","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RichardAllen?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":9343,"name":"Melodrama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melodrama?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":22400,"name":"Indian Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Cinema?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":124046,"name":"Bollywood cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bollywood_cinema?f_ri=3558"},{"id":630023,"name":"Courtesans In Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courtesans_In_Literature?f_ri=3558"},{"id":775417,"name":"Pakeezah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakeezah?f_ri=3558"},{"id":917406,"name":"Courtesan Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courtesan_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1230154,"name":"Bollywood Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bollywood_Music?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2790656,"name":"Meena Kumari","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meena_Kumari?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18814154" data-work_id="18814154" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18814154/Communication_and_colonialism_in_Eastern_India_Bihar_1760s_1880s">Communication and colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nitin Sinha's work is a significant contribution to the history of communication in modern India. Focusing on eastern India – Bihar, specifically, Sinha draws out the interdependence of spatial transformation and communication networks in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18814154" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nitin Sinha's work is a significant contribution to the history of communication in modern India. Focusing on eastern India – Bihar, specifically, Sinha draws out the interdependence of spatial transformation and communication networks in nineteenth-century India. In addition to material aspects of geography and knowledge production, however, the author uses networks of exchange and flow to emphasize the physicality of space.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18814154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b94fa234031df7d59993f6ab2fcfcf5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40269423,"asset_id":18814154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40269423/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2395666" href="https://jgu.academia.edu/DGupta">Devyani Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2395666" type="text/json">{"id":2395666,"first_name":"Devyani","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"jgu","page_name":"DGupta","display_name":"Devyani Gupta","profile_url":"https://jgu.academia.edu/DGupta?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2395666/2945077/48406173/s65_devyani.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18814154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18814154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18814154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18814154", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18814154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18814154; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18814154"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18814154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18814154"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18814154; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18814154]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18814154").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18814154").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18814154"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7454" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology">Information Communication Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7454" type="text/json">{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15702" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Indian_History">Modern Indian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15702" type="text/json">{"id":15702,"name":"Modern Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Indian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18814154]'), work: {"id":18814154,"title":"Communication and colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s","created_at":"2015-11-22T11:58:17.723-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18814154/Communication_and_colonialism_in_Eastern_India_Bihar_1760s_1880s?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_18814154","summary":"Nitin Sinha's work is a significant contribution to the history of communication in modern India. Focusing on eastern India – Bihar, specifically, Sinha draws out the interdependence of spatial transformation and communication networks in nineteenth-century India. In addition to material aspects of geography and knowledge production, however, the author uses networks of exchange and flow to emphasize the physicality of space.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40269423,"asset_id":18814154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2395666,"first_name":"Devyani","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"jgu","page_name":"DGupta","display_name":"Devyani Gupta","profile_url":"https://jgu.academia.edu/DGupta?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2395666/2945077/48406173/s65_devyani.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":15702,"name":"Modern Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Indian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28347838" data-work_id="28347838" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28347838/Navigating_Erosion_and_Erasure_in_a_Comparative_Analysis_of_Buddhist_Ritual_Families_mantra_kulas_in_Texts_and_Stone_Sculpture_ca_6th_7th_centuries_CE">Navigating Erosion and Erasure in a Comparative Analysis of Buddhist Ritual Families (mantra kulas) in Texts and Stone Sculpture, ca. 6th-7th centuries CE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">2016 Madison South Asia Conference Abstract - Indian Buddhist ritual texts (ca. 6th-7th centuries CE) detail a systematization of mantra families (kulas) through which female deities gain new importance in Mahāyāna ritual and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28347838" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">2016 Madison South Asia Conference Abstract - Indian Buddhist ritual texts (ca. 6th-7th centuries CE) detail a systematization of mantra families (kulas) through which female deities gain new importance in Mahāyāna ritual and soteriological contexts. These systems consist of a minimum of three ritual families: the Buddha (headed by the Buddha Śākyamuni or Vairocana), the Lotus (headed by the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara), and the Vajra (headed by the Bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi). They are populated by a range of male and female deities who both effectuate practitioners' mantras and personify the physical and mental attributes of their kula leaders. The Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, perhaps the earliest of these kula-system texts to survive in Sanskrit, characterizes the kula goddesses as female Bodhisattvas who respond to the mantras of their respective families and simultaneously work to establish beings on the path to Enlightenment. This paper focuses on the structure of a specific maṇḍala (sacred deity diagram) that encompasses all or most of these three kulas. It examines the ritual functions of a little-studied class of mantra goddesses (vidyārājñīs) including their processes of embodiment, personification, and positioning in relation to their kula leaders and male counterparts (vidyārājas). Navigating issues of erosion and absence, my analysis compares cognate forms of this early maṇḍala across mediums. Examples include: a stone relief sculpture in situ at the Pandavleni caves in Nāsik, Maharashtra (with figures missing), the sole remaining complete redaction of the Sanskrit Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and the Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Tantra (a text that survives only its Chinese and Tibetan translations). Therefore, within this process of text-image comparison, my study emphasizes methodological points of difficulty due to the decay or erasure of my primary source materials (including lost sections of manuscript, manuscripts no longer extant, and the wearing away of sculptural imagery).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28347838" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78d94f8ea5a43692ee3832f812e4d223" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48680624,"asset_id":28347838,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48680624/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15184772" href="https://si.academia.edu/HillaryLangberg">Hillary Langberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15184772" type="text/json">{"id":15184772,"first_name":"Hillary","last_name":"Langberg","domain_name":"si","page_name":"HillaryLangberg","display_name":"Hillary Langberg","profile_url":"https://si.academia.edu/HillaryLangberg?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15184772/6187748/75036463/s65_hillary.langberg.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28347838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28347838"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28347838, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28347838", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28347838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28347838; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28347838"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28347838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28347838"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28347838; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28347838]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28347838").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28347838").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28347838"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5076" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature">Sanskrit language and literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5076" type="text/json">{"id":5076,"name":"Sanskrit language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6713" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Studies">Tantric Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6713" type="text/json">{"id":6713,"name":"Tantric Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28347838]'), work: {"id":28347838,"title":"Navigating Erosion and Erasure in a Comparative Analysis of Buddhist Ritual Families (mantra kulas) in Texts and Stone Sculpture, ca. 6th-7th centuries CE","created_at":"2016-09-08T12:24:47.554-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28347838/Navigating_Erosion_and_Erasure_in_a_Comparative_Analysis_of_Buddhist_Ritual_Families_mantra_kulas_in_Texts_and_Stone_Sculpture_ca_6th_7th_centuries_CE?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_28347838","summary":"2016 Madison South Asia Conference Abstract - Indian Buddhist ritual texts (ca. 6th-7th centuries CE) detail a systematization of mantra families (kulas) through which female deities gain new importance in Mahāyāna ritual and soteriological contexts. These systems consist of a minimum of three ritual families: the Buddha (headed by the Buddha Śākyamuni or Vairocana), the Lotus (headed by the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara), and the Vajra (headed by the Bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi). They are populated by a range of male and female deities who both effectuate practitioners' mantras and personify the physical and mental attributes of their kula leaders. The Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, perhaps the earliest of these kula-system texts to survive in Sanskrit, characterizes the kula goddesses as female Bodhisattvas who respond to the mantras of their respective families and simultaneously work to establish beings on the path to Enlightenment. This paper focuses on the structure of a specific maṇḍala (sacred deity diagram) that encompasses all or most of these three kulas. It examines the ritual functions of a little-studied class of mantra goddesses (vidyārājñīs) including their processes of embodiment, personification, and positioning in relation to their kula leaders and male counterparts (vidyārājas). Navigating issues of erosion and absence, my analysis compares cognate forms of this early maṇḍala across mediums. Examples include: a stone relief sculpture in situ at the Pandavleni caves in Nāsik, Maharashtra (with figures missing), the sole remaining complete redaction of the Sanskrit Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and the Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Tantra (a text that survives only its Chinese and Tibetan translations). Therefore, within this process of text-image comparison, my study emphasizes methodological points of difficulty due to the decay or erasure of my primary source materials (including lost sections of manuscript, manuscripts no longer extant, and the wearing away of sculptural imagery).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48680624,"asset_id":28347838,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15184772,"first_name":"Hillary","last_name":"Langberg","domain_name":"si","page_name":"HillaryLangberg","display_name":"Hillary Langberg","profile_url":"https://si.academia.edu/HillaryLangberg?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15184772/6187748/75036463/s65_hillary.langberg.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5076,"name":"Sanskrit language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":6713,"name":"Tantric Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7903,"name":"Buddhist Sanskrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Sanskrit?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12899,"name":"South Asian Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":25416,"name":"Archaeology of Ritual and Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Ritual_and_Magic?f_ri=3558"},{"id":68661,"name":"Intersection of Art, Performance, Ritual and Worship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersection_of_Art_Performance_Ritual_and_Worship?f_ri=3558"},{"id":111232,"name":"Tantric Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Buddhism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":166758,"name":"Mahayana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana?f_ri=3558"},{"id":207631,"name":"Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manjusrimulakalpa?f_ri=3558"},{"id":257250,"name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana_Buddhism?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52055363" data-work_id="52055363" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52055363/Crab_Rangoons_in_Kyrat_Re_Writing_South_Asian_History_in_Far_Cry_4_">Crab-Rangoons in Kyrat: (Re)Writing South-Asian History in Far Cry 4’</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52055363" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="191147" href="https://cssscal.academia.edu/SouvikMukherjee">Souvik Mukherjee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="191147" type="text/json">{"id":191147,"first_name":"Souvik","last_name":"Mukherjee","domain_name":"cssscal","page_name":"SouvikMukherjee","display_name":"Souvik Mukherjee","profile_url":"https://cssscal.academia.edu/SouvikMukherjee?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/191147/46205/42528/s65_souvik.mukherjee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52055363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52055363"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52055363, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52055363", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52055363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52055363; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52055363"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52055363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52055363"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52055363; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52055363]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52055363").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52055363").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52055363"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16946" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal">Nepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16946" type="text/json">{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52055363]'), work: {"id":52055363,"title":"Crab-Rangoons in Kyrat: (Re)Writing South-Asian History in Far Cry 4’","created_at":"2021-09-12T19:05:51.672-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52055363/Crab_Rangoons_in_Kyrat_Re_Writing_South_Asian_History_in_Far_Cry_4_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_52055363","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":191147,"first_name":"Souvik","last_name":"Mukherjee","domain_name":"cssscal","page_name":"SouvikMukherjee","display_name":"Souvik Mukherjee","profile_url":"https://cssscal.academia.edu/SouvikMukherjee?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/191147/46205/42528/s65_souvik.mukherjee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":33116,"name":"Videogames","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Videogames?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29385488" data-work_id="29385488" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29385488/Religion_and_Orientalism_in_Asian_Studies_Bloomsbury_2016_">Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies (Bloomsbury, 2016)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies analyzes the role of religion in past and present understandings of Asia. Religion, and the history of its study in the modern academy, has exercised massive influence over Asian Studies fields in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29385488" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies analyzes the role of religion in past and present understandings of Asia. Religion, and the history of its study in the modern academy, has exercised massive influence over Asian Studies fields in the past century. Asian Studies has in turn affected, and is increasingly shaping, the study of religion. Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies looks into this symbiotic relationship - both in current practice, and in the modern histories of both Orientalism and Area Studies</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29385488" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16a19c1e1dbd907b6528dc81226aa97c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49827888,"asset_id":29385488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49827888/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10462421" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/KiriParamore">Kiri Paramore</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10462421" type="text/json">{"id":10462421,"first_name":"Kiri","last_name":"Paramore","domain_name":"ucc-ie","page_name":"KiriParamore","display_name":"Kiri Paramore","profile_url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/KiriParamore?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10462421/3519832/4800022/s65_kiri.paramore.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29385488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29385488"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29385488, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29385488", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29385488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29385488; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29385488"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29385488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29385488"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29385488; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29385488]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29385488").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29385488").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29385488"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29385488]'), work: {"id":29385488,"title":"Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies (Bloomsbury, 2016)","created_at":"2016-10-24T01:48:14.477-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29385488/Religion_and_Orientalism_in_Asian_Studies_Bloomsbury_2016_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_29385488","summary":"Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies analyzes the role of religion in past and present understandings of Asia. Religion, and the history of its study in the modern academy, has exercised massive influence over Asian Studies fields in the past century. Asian Studies has in turn affected, and is increasingly shaping, the study of religion. Religion and Orientalism in Asian Studies looks into this symbiotic relationship - both in current practice, and in the modern histories of both Orientalism and Area Studies","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49827888,"asset_id":29385488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10462421,"first_name":"Kiri","last_name":"Paramore","domain_name":"ucc-ie","page_name":"KiriParamore","display_name":"Kiri Paramore","profile_url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/KiriParamore?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10462421/3519832/4800022/s65_kiri.paramore.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":387,"name":"Japanese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3902,"name":"Korean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korean_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19115639 coauthored" data-work_id="19115639" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19115639/2016_A_Companion_to_South_Asia_in_the_Past">2016_A Companion to South Asia in the Past</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Published June 28, 2016</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19115639" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3f10b5ced624feb3982e99fb598a701" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43200197,"asset_id":19115639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43200197/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24489587" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SubhashWalimbe">Subhash Walimbe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24489587" type="text/json">{"id":24489587,"first_name":"Subhash","last_name":"Walimbe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SubhashWalimbe","display_name":"Subhash Walimbe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SubhashWalimbe?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24489587/6716883/7587343/s65_subhash.walimbe.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19115639">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19115639"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uncg.academia.edu/GwenRobbinsSchug">Gwen Robbins Schug</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://usask.academia.edu/AngelaLieverse">Angela Lieverse</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19115639'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19115639').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19115639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19115639"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19115639, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19115639", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19115639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19115639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19115639"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19115639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19115639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19115639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19115639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19115639").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19115639").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19115639"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="398" type="text/json">{"id":398,"name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoanthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="958" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Archaeology">Historical Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="958" type="text/json">{"id":958,"name":"Historical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1704" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1704" type="text/json">{"id":1704,"name":"Bioarchaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19115639]'), work: {"id":19115639,"title":"2016_A Companion to South Asia in the Past","created_at":"2015-11-27T14:30:15.639-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19115639/2016_A_Companion_to_South_Asia_in_the_Past?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_19115639","summary":"Published June 28, 2016","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43200197,"asset_id":19115639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24489587,"first_name":"Subhash","last_name":"Walimbe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SubhashWalimbe","display_name":"Subhash Walimbe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SubhashWalimbe?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24489587/6716883/7587343/s65_subhash.walimbe.jpg"},{"id":161482,"first_name":"Gwen","last_name":"Robbins Schug","domain_name":"uncg","page_name":"GwenRobbinsSchug","display_name":"Gwen Robbins Schug","profile_url":"https://uncg.academia.edu/GwenRobbinsSchug?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/161482/41323/141954071/s65_gwen.robbins_schug.jpg"},{"id":24391375,"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Lieverse","domain_name":"usask","page_name":"AngelaLieverse","display_name":"Angela Lieverse","profile_url":"https://usask.academia.edu/AngelaLieverse?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24391375/6580703/7439930/s65_angela.lieverse.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":398,"name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoanthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":958,"name":"Historical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1704,"name":"Bioarchaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioarchaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2364,"name":"Paleopathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleopathology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":4997,"name":"Mesolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7870,"name":"Medieval Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=3558"},{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12535,"name":"Archaeogenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeogenetics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12591,"name":"Chalcolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chalcolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17391,"name":"Megalithic Monuments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Megalithic_Monuments?f_ri=3558"},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=3558"},{"id":26726,"name":"Bronze Age (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronze_Age_Archaeology_?f_ri=3558"},{"id":42046,"name":"Indus Valley Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indus_Valley_Civilization?f_ri=3558"},{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":91636,"name":"Paleolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77758293" data-work_id="77758293" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77758293/The_Vexed_Status_of_Guru_Images_Visuality_Circulation_and_Iconographic_Conflicts">The 'Vexed' Status of Guru Images: Visuality, Circulation and Iconographic Conflicts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2007, the Dera Sacha Sauda (DSS) guru Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan wore an attire similar to calendar image of tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, and performed a ritual baptism, which became controversial. This article will show how... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77758293" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2007, the Dera Sacha Sauda (DSS) guru Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan wore an attire similar to calendar image of tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, and performed a ritual baptism, which became controversial. This article will show how this controversy opens up two significant issues: first, questioning the egalitarian ethos of caste equality upheld by the Sikh religion, and second, with regard to authenticity of religious practice – of what is deemed Sikh and non/un-Sikh practices. The controversy became the fulcrum for questions of visuality and material practices around imageries of Sikh gurus in the domain of popular religiosity and visual culture. This historically relates to the much-debated status of images around gurus in contemporary Punjab. The image and ritual become a crucial site of conflict with regard to questions of Sikh identity, religion and caste. Questions of iconoclasm, authenticity and representation have emerged around the images—largely audio-visual in nature--of the Sikh gurus. In this article I will analyse music video/s that engages with the genre of Sikhi (Sikh principles or faith) highlighting crisis in Sikh identity through lyrical and visual references, for instance to the institutions of popular religion, such as Deras. I then mainly argue that the DSS event cannot be grasped without understanding the modes of engagement and ritual practices around images of Sikh gurus. Such an analysis will not only underline contestations around the ‘vexed’ status of images comprising both Sikh and Dera gurus but will also critique the normative understanding of Sikh identity and religion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77758293" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d77821558930ddcbe0874ccd88b0fc3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105541161,"asset_id":77758293,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105541161/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="299821" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KoonalDuggal">Koonal Duggal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="299821" type="text/json">{"id":299821,"first_name":"Koonal","last_name":"Duggal","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"KoonalDuggal","display_name":"Koonal Duggal","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KoonalDuggal?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/299821/60609/64245/s65_koonal.duggal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77758293 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77758293"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77758293, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77758293", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77758293 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77758293; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77758293"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77758293 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77758293"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77758293; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77758293]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77758293").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77758293").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77758293"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="378" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies">Area Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="378" type="text/json">{"id":378,"name":"Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="928" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies">Media Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="928" type="text/json">{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77758293]'), work: {"id":77758293,"title":"The 'Vexed' Status of Guru Images: Visuality, Circulation and Iconographic Conflicts","created_at":"2022-04-27T01:52:46.791-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77758293/The_Vexed_Status_of_Guru_Images_Visuality_Circulation_and_Iconographic_Conflicts?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_77758293","summary":"In 2007, the Dera Sacha Sauda (DSS) guru Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Insan wore an attire similar to calendar image of tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, and performed a ritual baptism, which became controversial. This article will show how this controversy opens up two significant issues: first, questioning the egalitarian ethos of caste equality upheld by the Sikh religion, and second, with regard to authenticity of religious practice – of what is deemed Sikh and non/un-Sikh practices. The controversy became the fulcrum for questions of visuality and material practices around imageries of Sikh gurus in the domain of popular religiosity and visual culture. This historically relates to the much-debated status of images around gurus in contemporary Punjab. The image and ritual become a crucial site of conflict with regard to questions of Sikh identity, religion and caste. Questions of iconoclasm, authenticity and representation have emerged around the images—largely audio-visual in nature--of the Sikh gurus. In this article I will analyse music video/s that engages with the genre of Sikhi (Sikh principles or faith) highlighting crisis in Sikh identity through lyrical and visual references, for instance to the institutions of popular religion, such as Deras. I then mainly argue that the DSS event cannot be grasped without understanding the modes of engagement and ritual practices around images of Sikh gurus. Such an analysis will not only underline contestations around the ‘vexed’ status of images comprising both Sikh and Dera gurus but will also critique the normative understanding of Sikh identity and religion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105541161,"asset_id":77758293,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":299821,"first_name":"Koonal","last_name":"Duggal","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"KoonalDuggal","display_name":"Koonal Duggal","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KoonalDuggal?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/299821/60609/64245/s65_koonal.duggal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":378,"name":"Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1056,"name":"Popular Music Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Music_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1760,"name":"Media Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Anthropology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3141,"name":"Music Video","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music_Video?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3225,"name":"Visual Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":26049,"name":"Sikh Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikh_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":30266,"name":"Religion and Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Popular_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":42298,"name":"Film and Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_and_Media_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":199271,"name":"Punjab Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punjab_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":411438,"name":"Popular Visual Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Visual_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":971984,"name":"Gurus and Guru Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gurus_and_Guru_Movements?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50814152" data-work_id="50814152" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50814152/Beastly_identification_in_India_The_government_of_big_cats_in_the_Anthropocene">Beastly identification in India: The government of big cats in the Anthropocene</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How does a big cat in India come to be identified as the one guilty of preying on humans? Indian conservationist law stipulates that the big cat must be identified before it is hunted down. But as I demonstrate ethnographically, there is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50814152" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How does a big cat in India come to be identified as the one guilty of preying on humans? Indian conservationist law stipulates that the big cat must be identified before it is hunted down. But as I demonstrate ethnographically, there is no possible means of establishing the correct identity of a big cat before it is killed. Through an account of the impossibility of beastly identification, this article demonstrates the limits of both bureaucratic action and conservation in the government of big cats. What operates, instead, is a form of knowing the nonhuman Other, a knowing that is localized, personalized, affective, and momentary. Such forms of knowledge and living-besides are called for by the Anthropocene. Indeed, an analytic potential of the Anthropocene lies in rendering untenable the continual disciplinary sequestering of the nonhuman and environmental from the political, bureaucratic, and legal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50814152" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88540b3316c4d561d341ea7b447f5920" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68680131,"asset_id":50814152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68680131/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57428" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/NayanikaMathur">Nayanika Mathur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57428" type="text/json">{"id":57428,"first_name":"Nayanika","last_name":"Mathur","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"NayanikaMathur","display_name":"Nayanika Mathur","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NayanikaMathur?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57428/678669/28528537/s65_nayanika.mathur.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50814152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50814152"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50814152, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50814152", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50814152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50814152; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50814152"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50814152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50814152"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50814152; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50814152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50814152").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50814152").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50814152"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance">Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5167" type="text/json">{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50814152]'), work: {"id":50814152,"title":"Beastly identification in India: The government of big cats in the Anthropocene","created_at":"2021-08-10T02:12:11.356-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50814152/Beastly_identification_in_India_The_government_of_big_cats_in_the_Anthropocene?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_50814152","summary":"How does a big cat in India come to be identified as the one guilty of preying on humans? Indian conservationist law stipulates that the big cat must be identified before it is hunted down. But as I demonstrate ethnographically, there is no possible means of establishing the correct identity of a big cat before it is killed. Through an account of the impossibility of beastly identification, this article demonstrates the limits of both bureaucratic action and conservation in the government of big cats. What operates, instead, is a form of knowing the nonhuman Other, a knowing that is localized, personalized, affective, and momentary. Such forms of knowledge and living-besides are called for by the Anthropocene. Indeed, an analytic potential of the Anthropocene lies in rendering untenable the continual disciplinary sequestering of the nonhuman and environmental from the political, bureaucratic, and legal.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68680131,"asset_id":50814152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57428,"first_name":"Nayanika","last_name":"Mathur","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"NayanikaMathur","display_name":"Nayanika Mathur","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/NayanikaMathur?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57428/678669/28528537/s65_nayanika.mathur.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":62758,"name":"Multispecies Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multispecies_Ethnography?f_ri=3558"},{"id":78388,"name":"Bureaucracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bureaucracy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=3558"},{"id":149474,"name":"Anthropocene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropocene?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28269658" data-work_id="28269658" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28269658/_Review_The_%C4%80%C5%9Brama_System_The_History_and_Hermeneutics_of_a_Religious_Institution_by_Patrick_Olivelle_1993_In_Union_Seminary_Quarterly_Review_48_3_4_1994_161_165">[Review] The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, by Patrick Olivelle (1993). In: Union Seminary Quarterly Review 48.3/4 (1994): 161–165.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28269658" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6199565b76fb45b889c518caf93f7925" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48594116,"asset_id":28269658,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48594116/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="307697" href="https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin">Timothy Lubin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="307697" type="text/json">{"id":307697,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Lubin","domain_name":"wlu","page_name":"TimothyLubin","display_name":"Timothy Lubin","profile_url":"https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/307697/61975/78267321/s65_timothy.lubin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28269658 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28269658"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28269658, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28269658", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28269658 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28269658; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28269658"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28269658 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28269658"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28269658; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28269658]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28269658").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28269658").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28269658"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History">South Asian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6926" type="text/json">{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51029" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Indian_History">Medieval Indian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51029" type="text/json">{"id":51029,"name":"Medieval Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Indian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28269658]'), work: {"id":28269658,"title":"[Review] The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, by Patrick Olivelle (1993). In: Union Seminary Quarterly Review 48.3/4 (1994): 161–165.","created_at":"2016-09-05T12:19:19.728-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28269658/_Review_The_%C4%80%C5%9Brama_System_The_History_and_Hermeneutics_of_a_Religious_Institution_by_Patrick_Olivelle_1993_In_Union_Seminary_Quarterly_Review_48_3_4_1994_161_165?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_28269658","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48594116,"asset_id":28269658,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":307697,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Lubin","domain_name":"wlu","page_name":"TimothyLubin","display_name":"Timothy Lubin","profile_url":"https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/307697/61975/78267321/s65_timothy.lubin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":51029,"name":"Medieval Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Indian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":93257,"name":"Hindu Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":208181,"name":"Hindu law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_law?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1019485,"name":"Dharmasutras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dharmasutras?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44317189" data-work_id="44317189" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44317189/Remembering_the_Centenary_of_the_Re_Entry_of_Dalits_into_the_Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar_https_thewire_in_caste_celebrating_the_centenary_of_the_re_entry_of_dalits_into_the_golden_temple_of_amritsar">Remembering the Centenary of the Re-Entry of Dalits into the Golden Temple of Amritsar https://thewire.in/caste/celebrating-the-centenary-of-the-re-entry-of-dalits-into-the-golden-temple-of-amritsar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Although Sikhism originally called for and practised egalitarianism, casteism had been brought into the community in the 18th century.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44317189" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="842401611293f7323daab014f915f5d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64704897,"asset_id":44317189,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64704897/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3210046" href="https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/PritamSingh">Pritam Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3210046" type="text/json">{"id":3210046,"first_name":"Pritam","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"oxfordbrookes","page_name":"PritamSingh","display_name":"Pritam Singh","profile_url":"https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/PritamSingh?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3210046/1055828/18380849/s65_pritam.singh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44317189 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44317189"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44317189, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44317189", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44317189 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44317189; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44317189"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44317189 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44317189"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44317189; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44317189]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44317189").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44317189").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44317189"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="116" type="text/json">{"id":116,"name":"Sikhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7694" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7694" type="text/json">{"id":7694,"name":"Egalitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarianism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26049" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikh_Studies">Sikh Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26049" type="text/json">{"id":26049,"name":"Sikh Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikh_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44317189]'), work: {"id":44317189,"title":"Remembering the Centenary of the Re-Entry of Dalits into the Golden Temple of Amritsar https://thewire.in/caste/celebrating-the-centenary-of-the-re-entry-of-dalits-into-the-golden-temple-of-amritsar","created_at":"2020-10-17T11:00:48.456-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44317189/Remembering_the_Centenary_of_the_Re_Entry_of_Dalits_into_the_Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar_https_thewire_in_caste_celebrating_the_centenary_of_the_re_entry_of_dalits_into_the_golden_temple_of_amritsar?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_44317189","summary":"Although Sikhism originally called for and practised egalitarianism, casteism had been brought into the community in the 18th century.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64704897,"asset_id":44317189,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3210046,"first_name":"Pritam","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"oxfordbrookes","page_name":"PritamSingh","display_name":"Pritam Singh","profile_url":"https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/PritamSingh?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3210046/1055828/18380849/s65_pritam.singh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":116,"name":"Sikhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7694,"name":"Egalitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarianism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":26049,"name":"Sikh Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikh_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":32127,"name":"Brahmanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brahmanism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":59094,"name":"History of Punjab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Punjab?f_ri=3558"},{"id":59115,"name":"Colonial Punjab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Punjab?f_ri=3558"},{"id":65039,"name":"Anti Caste Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Caste_Movements?f_ri=3558"},{"id":199271,"name":"Punjab Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punjab_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":235003,"name":"Sikh history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sikh_history?f_ri=3558"},{"id":480797,"name":"Anti Caste Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Caste_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":765317,"name":"History of Dalit Sikhs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dalit_Sikhs?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1396153,"name":"Akal Takhat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akal_Takhat?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2216505,"name":"Akali politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akali_politics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3752394,"name":"SGPC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SGPC?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3786820,"name":"Golden Temple Amritsar ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Golden_Temple_Amritsar?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38623372" data-work_id="38623372" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38623372/Urban_Parallax_Policy_and_the_City_in_Contemporary_India">Urban Parallax: Policy and the City in Contemporary India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Urban policy and particularly, the knowledge base and fundamental assumptions behind the same have rarely been the subject of scholarship in India. This book fills in this gap by de-constructing urban policy and asking some critical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38623372" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Urban policy and particularly, the knowledge base and fundamental assumptions behind the same have rarely been the subject of scholarship in India. This book fills in this gap by de-constructing urban policy and asking some critical questions about knowledge of the urban and of policy from multiple perspectives. Economists, sociologists, geographers, planners, architects have contributed their insights to foundational premises such as the relationship between urbanization and growth, its relationship with inequality, issues of centralization vs decentralization, the issue of differing scales of policy application and when does policy seem to work and not work.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38623372" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05dbaa347c958dbc4b2d8dde03acad4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58700393,"asset_id":38623372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58700393/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="795035" href="https://iitbombay.academia.edu/HimanshuBurte">Himanshu Burte</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="795035" type="text/json">{"id":795035,"first_name":"Himanshu","last_name":"Burte","domain_name":"iitbombay","page_name":"HimanshuBurte","display_name":"Himanshu Burte","profile_url":"https://iitbombay.academia.edu/HimanshuBurte?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/795035/2230478/2610330/s65_himanshu.burte.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38623372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38623372"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38623372, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38623372", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38623372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38623372; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38623372"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38623372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38623372"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38623372; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38623372]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38623372").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38623372").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38623372"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning">Urban Planning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4808" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7725" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies">Urban Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7725" type="text/json">{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16742" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology">Urban Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16742" type="text/json">{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38623372]'), work: {"id":38623372,"title":"Urban Parallax: Policy and the City in Contemporary India","created_at":"2019-03-24T23:20:42.486-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38623372/Urban_Parallax_Policy_and_the_City_in_Contemporary_India?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_38623372","summary":"Urban policy and particularly, the knowledge base and fundamental assumptions behind the same have rarely been the subject of scholarship in India. This book fills in this gap by de-constructing urban policy and asking some critical questions about knowledge of the urban and of policy from multiple perspectives. Economists, sociologists, geographers, planners, architects have contributed their insights to foundational premises such as the relationship between urbanization and growth, its relationship with inequality, issues of centralization vs decentralization, the issue of differing scales of policy application and when does policy seem to work and not work.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58700393,"asset_id":38623372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":795035,"first_name":"Himanshu","last_name":"Burte","domain_name":"iitbombay","page_name":"HimanshuBurte","display_name":"Himanshu Burte","profile_url":"https://iitbombay.academia.edu/HimanshuBurte?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/795035/2230478/2610330/s65_himanshu.burte.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":18886,"name":"Urban Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":669173,"name":"Indian Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Urbanism?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3029535" data-work_id="3029535" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3029535/The_Gods_of_the_Directions_in_Ancient_India_Origin_and_Early_Development_in_Art_and_Literature_until_c_1000_A_D_">The Gods of the Directions in Ancient India: Origin and Early Development in Art and Literature (until c. 1000 A.D.)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a slightly revised version of my doctoral thesis, in which I have attempted to assemble all the available evidence on the genesis and early development of the directional guardians in Indian culture (mainly Brahmanical / Hindu).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3029535" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a slightly revised version of my doctoral thesis, in which I have attempted to assemble all the available evidence on the genesis and early development of the directional guardians in Indian culture (mainly Brahmanical / Hindu). The term "Ancient India" should not hide the fact that this group of minor deities continues to occupy an important place in Indic religious practices.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3029535" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54212ebcd8012b5b1b1172598d3f01cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34331896,"asset_id":3029535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34331896/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3341677" href="https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen">Corinna Wessels-Mevissen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3341677" type="text/json">{"id":3341677,"first_name":"Corinna","last_name":"Wessels-Mevissen","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"CorinnaWesselsMevissen","display_name":"Corinna Wessels-Mevissen","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3341677/1119343/104671230/s65_corinna.wessels-mevissen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3029535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3029535"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3029535, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3029535", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3029535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3029535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3029535"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3029535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3029535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3029535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3029535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3029535").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3029535").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3029535"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography">Iconography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="869" type="text/json">{"id":869,"name":"Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2059" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2059" type="text/json">{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12899" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Archaeology">South Asian Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12899" type="text/json">{"id":12899,"name":"South Asian Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3029535]'), work: {"id":3029535,"title":"The Gods of the Directions in Ancient India: Origin and Early Development in Art and Literature (until c. 1000 A.D.)","created_at":"2013-03-16T07:52:14.148-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3029535/The_Gods_of_the_Directions_in_Ancient_India_Origin_and_Early_Development_in_Art_and_Literature_until_c_1000_A_D_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_3029535","summary":"This is a slightly revised version of my doctoral thesis, in which I have attempted to assemble all the available evidence on the genesis and early development of the directional guardians in Indian culture (mainly Brahmanical / Hindu). The term \"Ancient India\" should not hide the fact that this group of minor deities continues to occupy an important place in Indic religious practices.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34331896,"asset_id":3029535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3341677,"first_name":"Corinna","last_name":"Wessels-Mevissen","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"CorinnaWesselsMevissen","display_name":"Corinna Wessels-Mevissen","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3341677/1119343/104671230/s65_corinna.wessels-mevissen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":869,"name":"Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":12899,"name":"South Asian Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Archaeology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":19091,"name":"South Asian Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Art?f_ri=3558"},{"id":479880,"name":"Indian art and architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_art_and_architecture?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44086433" data-work_id="44086433" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44086433/Islam_Sufism_and_Everyday_Politics_in_South_Asia_London_Routledge">Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics in South Asia. London: Routledge.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Dandekar, D. and T. Tschacher (eds). 2016. Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics in South Asia. London: Routledge.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44086433" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da84452f8d0c4a00a70de697d12961b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64431982,"asset_id":44086433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64431982/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35024947" href="https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/DeepraDandekar">Deepra Dandekar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35024947" type="text/json">{"id":35024947,"first_name":"Deepra","last_name":"Dandekar","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"DeepraDandekar","display_name":"Deepra Dandekar","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/DeepraDandekar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35024947/47451201/36345281/s65_deepra.dandekar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44086433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44086433"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44086433, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44086433", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44086433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44086433; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44086433"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44086433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44086433"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44086433; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44086433]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44086433").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44086433").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44086433"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3389" type="text/json">{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44086433]'), work: {"id":44086433,"title":"Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics in South Asia. London: Routledge.","created_at":"2020-09-14T09:14:28.279-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44086433/Islam_Sufism_and_Everyday_Politics_in_South_Asia_London_Routledge?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_44086433","summary":"Dandekar, D. and T. Tschacher (eds). 2016. Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics in South Asia. London: Routledge. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64431982,"asset_id":44086433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35024947,"first_name":"Deepra","last_name":"Dandekar","domain_name":"uni-heidelberg","page_name":"DeepraDandekar","display_name":"Deepra Dandekar","profile_url":"https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/DeepraDandekar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35024947/47451201/36345281/s65_deepra.dandekar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7767083" data-work_id="7767083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7767083/The_Chinese_in_South_Asia">The Chinese in South Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7767083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fc0baed2f280c00e15d56e754d860d8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34280503,"asset_id":7767083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34280503/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4389655" href="https://shanghai-nyu.academia.edu/TansenSen">Tansen Sen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4389655" type="text/json">{"id":4389655,"first_name":"Tansen","last_name":"Sen","domain_name":"shanghai-nyu","page_name":"TansenSen","display_name":"Tansen Sen","profile_url":"https://shanghai-nyu.academia.edu/TansenSen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4389655/1777949/4982288/s65_tansen.sen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7767083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7767083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7767083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7767083", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7767083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7767083; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7767083"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7767083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7767083"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7767083; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7767083]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7767083").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7767083").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7767083"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration">Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4850" type="text/json">{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies">Migration Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14730" type="text/json">{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7767083]'), work: {"id":7767083,"title":"The Chinese in South Asia","created_at":"2014-07-24T00:14:43.492-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7767083/The_Chinese_in_South_Asia?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_7767083","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34280503,"asset_id":7767083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4389655,"first_name":"Tansen","last_name":"Sen","domain_name":"shanghai-nyu","page_name":"TansenSen","display_name":"Tansen Sen","profile_url":"https://shanghai-nyu.academia.edu/TansenSen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4389655/1777949/4982288/s65_tansen.sen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11137029" data-work_id="11137029" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11137029/When_the_Devi_is_Your_Husband_Sacred_Marriage_and_Sexual_Economy_in_South_India">When the Devi is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11137029" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f8dca8b537b7a590916cc40bdf4eee7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36792906,"asset_id":11137029,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36792906/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7845118" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/LucindaRamberg">Lucinda Ramberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7845118" type="text/json">{"id":7845118,"first_name":"Lucinda","last_name":"Ramberg","domain_name":"cornell","page_name":"LucindaRamberg","display_name":"Lucinda Ramberg","profile_url":"https://cornell.academia.edu/LucindaRamberg?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7845118/6949009/7837148/s65_lucinda.ramberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11137029 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11137029"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11137029, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11137029", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11137029 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11137029; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11137029"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11137029 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11137029"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11137029; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11137029]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11137029").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11137029").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11137029"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4957" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gift_Exchange">Gift Exchange</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4957" type="text/json">{"id":4957,"name":"Gift Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gift_Exchange?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15875" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Kinship">Anthropology of Kinship</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15875" type="text/json">{"id":15875,"name":"Anthropology of Kinship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Kinship?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11137029]'), work: {"id":11137029,"title":"When the Devi is Your Husband: Sacred Marriage and Sexual Economy in South India","created_at":"2015-02-27T03:21:38.391-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11137029/When_the_Devi_is_Your_Husband_Sacred_Marriage_and_Sexual_Economy_in_South_India?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_11137029","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36792906,"asset_id":11137029,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7845118,"first_name":"Lucinda","last_name":"Ramberg","domain_name":"cornell","page_name":"LucindaRamberg","display_name":"Lucinda Ramberg","profile_url":"https://cornell.academia.edu/LucindaRamberg?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7845118/6949009/7837148/s65_lucinda.ramberg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":4957,"name":"Gift Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gift_Exchange?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":15875,"name":"Anthropology of Kinship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Kinship?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":213711,"name":"Devadasi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devadasi?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14169122" data-work_id="14169122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14169122/The_New_Global_Politics_of_the_Asia_Pacific_Conflict_and_Cooperation_in_the_Asian_Century_">The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century,</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century, 3rd Edition ©2017 Routledge: London & New York. 341pp. + x. Link:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14169122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century, 3rd Edition <br />©2017 Routledge: London & New York. 341pp. + x. Link: <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-New-Global-Politics-of-the-Asia-Pacific-Conflict-and-Cooperation-in/Connors-Davison-Dosch/p/book/9781138647022" rel="nofollow">https://www.routledge.com/The-New-Global-Politics-of-the-Asia-Pacific-Conflict-and-Cooperation-in/Connors-Davison-Dosch/p/book/9781138647022</a> <br /> <br />Now in its new and fully updated third edition, The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific continues to provide a compelling analysis of a region undergoing dramatic changes. Based on new research and offering fresh interpretation, this edition evaluates the prospects for continuing US dominance in the ‘Asian Century’. Whilst presenting evidence for a multifaceted ‘Beijing Strategy’, which aims to counter the US by building an alternative regional order, it also explains Japan’s definitive departure from its limited military role. Key content includes: <br />- Intra-regional conflicts in the South China Sea and the Korean peninsula, <br />- The different responses within the Asia Pacific to globalisation and western ideas of democracy and political economy, <br />- The underappreciated success of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in building a regional identity <br />- The European Union’s soft power in the region. <br />A highly topical account, which offers an overview of the main actors, institutions and contemporary issues in the Asia Pacific, the book will be essential reading for students of Asian Studies, International Politics, and anyone interested in the region. <br /> <br />Michael K. Connors teaches at the University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus and is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University. He is the co-editor of Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution (forthcoming). <br />Remy Davison holds the Jean Monnet Chair in Politics and Economics at Monash University. He is the author of The Political Economy of Single Market Europe (2011). <br />Jörn Dosch is Professor of International Politics and Development Cooperation at the University of Rostock, Germany, and Adjunct Professor at Monash University Malaysia. His recent publications include Malaysia Post-Mahathir: A Decade of Change (2015).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14169122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4c04a116909534258dc86a79638d8b83" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54614659,"asset_id":14169122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54614659/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25446206" href="https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison">Remy Davison</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25446206" type="text/json">{"id":25446206,"first_name":"Remy","last_name":"Davison","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RemyDavison","display_name":"Remy Davison","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25446206/6949472/7871623/s65_remy.davison.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14169122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14169122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14169122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14169122", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14169122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14169122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14169122"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14169122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14169122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14169122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14169122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14169122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14169122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14169122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">28</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="387" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies">Japanese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="387" type="text/json">{"id":387,"name":"Japanese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3389" type="text/json">{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14169122]'), work: {"id":14169122,"title":"The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century,","created_at":"2015-07-18T01:41:49.955-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14169122/The_New_Global_Politics_of_the_Asia_Pacific_Conflict_and_Cooperation_in_the_Asian_Century_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_14169122","summary":"The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific: Conflict and Cooperation in the Asian Century, 3rd Edition\r\n©2017 Routledge: London \u0026 New York. 341pp. + x. Link: https://www.routledge.com/The-New-Global-Politics-of-the-Asia-Pacific-Conflict-and-Cooperation-in/Connors-Davison-Dosch/p/book/9781138647022\r\n\r\nNow in its new and fully updated third edition, The New Global Politics of the Asia Pacific continues to provide a compelling analysis of a region undergoing dramatic changes. Based on new research and offering fresh interpretation, this edition evaluates the prospects for continuing US dominance in the ‘Asian Century’. Whilst presenting evidence for a multifaceted ‘Beijing Strategy’, which aims to counter the US by building an alternative regional order, it also explains Japan’s definitive departure from its limited military role. Key content includes: \r\n-\tIntra-regional conflicts in the South China Sea and the Korean peninsula,\r\n-\tThe different responses within the Asia Pacific to globalisation and western ideas of democracy and political economy,\r\n-\tThe underappreciated success of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in building a regional identity\r\n-\tThe European Union’s soft power in the region.\r\nA highly topical account, which offers an overview of the main actors, institutions and contemporary issues in the Asia Pacific, the book will be essential reading for students of Asian Studies, International Politics, and anyone interested in the region.\r\n\r\nMichael K. Connors teaches at the University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus and is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University. He is the co-editor of Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution (forthcoming). \r\nRemy Davison holds the Jean Monnet Chair in Politics and Economics at Monash University. He is the author of The Political Economy of Single Market Europe (2011).\r\nJörn Dosch is Professor of International Politics and Development Cooperation at the University of Rostock, Germany, and Adjunct Professor at Monash University Malaysia. His recent publications include Malaysia Post-Mahathir: A Decade of Change (2015).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54614659,"asset_id":14169122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25446206,"first_name":"Remy","last_name":"Davison","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RemyDavison","display_name":"Remy Davison","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25446206/6949472/7871623/s65_remy.davison.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":387,"name":"Japanese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3902,"name":"Korean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korean_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":4179,"name":"South Korea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Korea?f_ri=3558"},{"id":4707,"name":"Indonesian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6697,"name":"Australia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":8225,"name":"Taiwan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taiwan_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":9379,"name":"Asia Pacific Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asia_Pacific_Region?f_ri=3558"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12787,"name":"Chinese foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_foreign_policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17158,"name":"Japan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":19672,"name":"Indian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Politics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":24550,"name":"Contemporary China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_China?f_ri=3558"},{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=3558"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":60924,"name":"Indian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_foreign_policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":75328,"name":"Japanese Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":183140,"name":"ASEAN Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":309620,"name":"Asean Economic Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asean_Economic_Community?f_ri=3558"},{"id":430717,"name":"The South China Sea dispute","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_South_China_Sea_dispute?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32990789" data-work_id="32990789" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32990789/Columbia_South_Asia_Review_Issue_1">Columbia South Asia Review --- Issue 1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Served as the founding Editor-in-Chief of Columbia South Asia Review, a peer-reviewed undergraduate academic journal based out of Columbia University.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32990789" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="450ad4544c643f28d404388196311db8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53108324,"asset_id":32990789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53108324/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15210490" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YangQu19">Yang Qu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15210490" type="text/json">{"id":15210490,"first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Qu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YangQu19","display_name":"Yang Qu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YangQu19?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15210490/4103853/17410547/s65_yang.qu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32990789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32990789"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32990789, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32990789", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32990789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32990789; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32990789"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32990789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32990789"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32990789; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32990789]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32990789").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32990789").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32990789"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32990789]'), work: {"id":32990789,"title":"Columbia South Asia Review --- Issue 1","created_at":"2017-05-12T15:34:46.786-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32990789/Columbia_South_Asia_Review_Issue_1?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_32990789","summary":"Served as the founding Editor-in-Chief of Columbia South Asia Review, a peer-reviewed undergraduate academic journal based out of Columbia University. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53108324,"asset_id":32990789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15210490,"first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Qu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YangQu19","display_name":"Yang Qu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YangQu19?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15210490/4103853/17410547/s65_yang.qu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36187636" data-work_id="36187636" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36187636/Review_of_Unconventional_Warfare_in_South_Asia_Shadow_Warriors_and_Counterinsurgency_by_Scott_Gates_and_Kaushik_Roy">Review of "Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency" by Scott Gates and Kaushik Roy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This work is a beguiling prospect for anyone who has been involved in South Asia or has an interest in the region. The idea of analysing so many distinct insurgencies and counter-insurgency (COIN) campaigns within the covers of a single... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36187636" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This work is a beguiling prospect for anyone who has been involved in South Asia or has an interest in the region. The idea of analysing so many distinct insurgencies and counter-insurgency (COIN) campaigns within the covers of a single book is both ambitious and tantalising. Unfortunately, and in spite of occasional good moments, this book provides few of the answers. It has a clunky structure, is peppered with editorial and factual errors and unsupported statements. The British General Templer in Malaya argued that COIN should only be 25% shooting. The remainder should be winning "hearts and minds". Sadly this has all too rarely been the case in South Asia where many of the COIN campaigns have been heavy-handed and brutal. Partly this is a function of capability; effective COIN needs excellent intelligence and highly trained and equipped Special Forces. Yet it is interesting to reflect that two "successful" COIN operations of recent years; the Indian defeat of the Khalistan movement and President Rajapaksa's suppression of the Tamil Tigers owed little to Templer or the proponents of minimum force</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36187636" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98a3c0a1e01dc25f389e475a5381be28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56087996,"asset_id":36187636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56087996/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3248717" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/TimWilsey">Tim Willasey-Wilsey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3248717" type="text/json">{"id":3248717,"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Willasey-Wilsey","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"TimWilsey","display_name":"Tim Willasey-Wilsey","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/TimWilsey?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3248717/35046565/30554121/s65_tim.willasey-wilsey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36187636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36187636"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36187636, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36187636", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36187636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36187636; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36187636"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36187636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36187636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36187636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36187636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36187636").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36187636").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36187636"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1720" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism">International Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1720" type="text/json">{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36187636]'), work: {"id":36187636,"title":"Review of \"Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency\" by Scott Gates and Kaushik Roy","created_at":"2018-03-17T15:19:51.608-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36187636/Review_of_Unconventional_Warfare_in_South_Asia_Shadow_Warriors_and_Counterinsurgency_by_Scott_Gates_and_Kaushik_Roy?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_36187636","summary":"This work is a beguiling prospect for anyone who has been involved in South Asia or has an interest in the region. The idea of analysing so many distinct insurgencies and counter-insurgency (COIN) campaigns within the covers of a single book is both ambitious and tantalising. Unfortunately, and in spite of occasional good moments, this book provides few of the answers. It has a clunky structure, is peppered with editorial and factual errors and unsupported statements. The British General Templer in Malaya argued that COIN should only be 25% shooting. The remainder should be winning \"hearts and minds\". Sadly this has all too rarely been the case in South Asia where many of the COIN campaigns have been heavy-handed and brutal. Partly this is a function of capability; effective COIN needs excellent intelligence and highly trained and equipped Special Forces. Yet it is interesting to reflect that two \"successful\" COIN operations of recent years; the Indian defeat of the Khalistan movement and President Rajapaksa's suppression of the Tamil Tigers owed little to Templer or the proponents of minimum force","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56087996,"asset_id":36187636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3248717,"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Willasey-Wilsey","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"TimWilsey","display_name":"Tim Willasey-Wilsey","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/TimWilsey?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3248717/35046565/30554121/s65_tim.willasey-wilsey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=3558"},{"id":9850,"name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sri_Lanka?f_ri=3558"},{"id":13099,"name":"Islam in the Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_the_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":18082,"name":"Counterterrorism (CT)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterterrorism_CT_?f_ri=3558"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=3558"},{"id":42356,"name":"Counterinsurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterinsurgency?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":45146,"name":"Insurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency?f_ri=3558"},{"id":761870,"name":"Terrorism and Counterterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1223682,"name":"Insurgency and counterinsurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_and_counterinsurgency?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75372331" data-work_id="75372331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75372331/_Time_to_bid_goodbye_to_AFSPA_Indian_Express_April_4_2022">"Time to bid goodbye to AFSPA," Indian Express, April 4, 2022</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/time-to-bid-goodbye-to-afspa-7851548/" rel="nofollow">https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/time-to-bid-goodbye-to-afspa-7851548/</a><br /><br />It's only prudent to repeal this Act now. Study its record to strengthen the foundation of Indian democracy</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75372331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ae60e4db291788b7def22b1618c6caf8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83167316,"asset_id":75372331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83167316/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5947510" href="https://bard.academia.edu/SanjibBaruah">Sanjib Baruah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5947510" type="text/json">{"id":5947510,"first_name":"Sanjib","last_name":"Baruah","domain_name":"bard","page_name":"SanjibBaruah","display_name":"Sanjib Baruah","profile_url":"https://bard.academia.edu/SanjibBaruah?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5947510/5630080/36080361/s65_sanjib.baruah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75372331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75372331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75372331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75372331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75372331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75372331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75372331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75372331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75372331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75372331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75372331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75372331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75372331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75372331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16944" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India">Northeast India</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16944" type="text/json">{"id":16944,"name":"Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77301" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assam">Assam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="77301" type="text/json">{"id":77301,"name":"Assam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assam?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75372331]'), work: {"id":75372331,"title":"\"Time to bid goodbye to AFSPA,\" Indian Express, April 4, 2022","created_at":"2022-04-03T21:53:11.680-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75372331/_Time_to_bid_goodbye_to_AFSPA_Indian_Express_April_4_2022?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_75372331","summary":"https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/time-to-bid-goodbye-to-afspa-7851548/\n\nIt's only prudent to repeal this Act now. Study its record to strengthen the foundation of Indian democracy\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83167316,"asset_id":75372331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5947510,"first_name":"Sanjib","last_name":"Baruah","domain_name":"bard","page_name":"SanjibBaruah","display_name":"Sanjib Baruah","profile_url":"https://bard.academia.edu/SanjibBaruah?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5947510/5630080/36080361/s65_sanjib.baruah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":16944,"name":"Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":77301,"name":"Assam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assam?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":102715,"name":"Civil liberties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_liberties?f_ri=3558"},{"id":390793,"name":"Insurgency Movements In Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Movements_In_Northeast_India?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19954714" data-work_id="19954714" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19954714/Sri_Yogendra_Magic_Modernity_and_the_Burden_of_the_Middle_Class_Yogi_In_Mark_Singleton_ed_Gurus_in_Modern_Yoga_Oxford_and_New_York_Oxford_University_Press">Sri Yogendra: Magic, Modernity and the Burden of the Middle-Class Yogi. In Mark Singleton ed. Gurus in Modern Yoga. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19954714" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="39a774aee2f65ea46f7ebc466a907630" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40930995,"asset_id":19954714,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40930995/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32099864" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/JosephAlter">Joseph S Alter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32099864" type="text/json">{"id":32099864,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Alter","domain_name":"pitt","page_name":"JosephAlter","display_name":"Joseph S Alter","profile_url":"https://pitt.academia.edu/JosephAlter?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32099864/11079480/12364101/s65_joseph.alter.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19954714 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19954714"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19954714, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19954714", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19954714 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19954714; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19954714"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19954714 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19954714"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19954714; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19954714]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19954714").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19954714").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19954714"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_nationalism">Indian nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15696" type="text/json">{"id":15696,"name":"Indian nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_nationalism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19092" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Religions">South Asian Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19092" type="text/json">{"id":19092,"name":"South Asian Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Religions?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="971984" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gurus_and_Guru_Movements">Gurus and Guru Movements</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="971984" type="text/json">{"id":971984,"name":"Gurus and Guru Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gurus_and_Guru_Movements?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19954714]'), work: {"id":19954714,"title":"Sri Yogendra: Magic, Modernity and the Burden of the Middle-Class Yogi. In Mark Singleton ed. Gurus in Modern Yoga. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press","created_at":"2016-01-01T23:14:53.936-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19954714/Sri_Yogendra_Magic_Modernity_and_the_Burden_of_the_Middle_Class_Yogi_In_Mark_Singleton_ed_Gurus_in_Modern_Yoga_Oxford_and_New_York_Oxford_University_Press?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_19954714","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40930995,"asset_id":19954714,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32099864,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Alter","domain_name":"pitt","page_name":"JosephAlter","display_name":"Joseph S Alter","profile_url":"https://pitt.academia.edu/JosephAlter?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32099864/11079480/12364101/s65_joseph.alter.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":15696,"name":"Indian nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_nationalism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":19092,"name":"South Asian Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Religions?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":971984,"name":"Gurus and Guru Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gurus_and_Guru_Movements?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":980040,"name":"Modern Yoga Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Yoga_Studies?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31107775" data-work_id="31107775" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31107775/A_Research_Report_on_the_Life_Experiences_of_Pakistanis_in_Hong_Kong">A Research Report on the Life Experiences of Pakistanis in Hong Kong</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a pilot research of the life experiences of Pakistanis in Hong Kong, targeting working class Pakistani adults living in Kwai Chung, Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi or the nearby districts. The research was conducted by Centre for Social... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31107775" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a pilot research of the life experiences of Pakistanis in Hong Kong, targeting working class Pakistani adults living in Kwai Chung, Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi or the nearby districts. The research was conducted by Centre for Social Policy Studies of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and by S.K.H. Lady MacLehose Centre. Our aim was to explore the difficulties faced by the Pakistanis and delineate the macro forces shaping their lives. Through this, we see that ethnicity is one of the key dimensions of social stratification and inequality in contemporary Hong Kong society. We also hope that this research can well serve as a case to illustrate the relationship between ethnicity and social exclusion. <br /><br />This research consists of a questionnaire survey and focus group interviews. The questionnaire survey was conducted between February and May of 2002. We have completed 200 questionnaires through snowball sampling. The questionnaire covered five broad areas: social activities and friendship, utilization of community resources, work and employment, children's education and sense of belonging to Hong Kong. The part on focus group interviews aims to further explore the complex dynamic of life experiences that could not be described by quantitative data in the survey, as well as to develop recommendations for improving social policy and social services. Two focus groups, with a total of ten male and female participants were conducted at the end of October 2002.<br /><br />On social activities, we found that the major activities of the respondents are staying at home, meeting friends and going to worship. Participation in other social activities such as going to see arts and cultural programmes, engaging in sports activities, going to the library, and joining activities in a community centre, is limited. In terms of establishing friendships, most of the respondents interact only with their own people. They reflect that it is difficult to make Hong Kong friends. Cultural and language differences are some of the major barriers to making friends with Hong Kong people and to participating in social activities. <br /><br />On housing, a majority of the respondents live in private rental housing. Some of them do not know how to apply for public rental housing and some believe that they are not eligible to apply, even though they are in need. Most of the respondents have had problems in looking for private housing, and identify expensive rent or housing prices as the main one. Some of them say that they have a problem communicating with agents in Cantonese and believe that they are rejected by landlords simply because they are Pakistanis. This shows that some Pakistanis have difficulties gaining access to housing resources, both in the public and private sector. <br /><br />On social security resources, in fact, few respondents are receiving Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA). Most of them clearly state that they do not want to depend on the government or do not need to do so. <br />Almost all of the respondents were not engaged in part-time studies or in an employees retraining course. They are discouraged for various reasons, such as high course fees, the fact that the courses are taught in Cantonese, or because they do not know of any educational or social institutes nearby.<br /><br />On access to social services and community resources, very few respondents have approached social workers for help on everyday needs; instead they rely almost solely on their family, relatives and friends. Some respondents do not even know of any nearby social service centres and have never brought their children there. Their poor access to various community resources is not only due to language problems, but also because many government departments, educational institutes and social service centres do not target non-Chinese.<br /><br />On work and employment, many respondents encounter great difficulties. Twenty-three point nine per cent of the respondents are unemployed. About half of the respondents have been unemployed at some point in the past two years. Most of the employed respondents are engaged in elementary occupations where the working hours are generally very long. The median number of working hours is 60 per week. However, their monthly income is comparatively low. <br /><br />On looking for jobs, most respondents identify not knowing Cantonese and low educational qualifications as the major difficulties. It is alarming to learn that about one-third of the respondents claimed that they are rejected because they are Pakistanis. Some employers systematically eliminate them from selection and treat them unfairly at work. In the workplace, the respondents face various difficulties including problems communicating with supervisors and colleagues, bullying by supervisors and colleagues, conflicts due to cultural and/or religious practices, and diverse forms of racial discrimination.<br /><br />On children’s education, the respondents encounter various difficulties including unreasonably long waiting times in finding school places, expensive school fees, conflicts due to cultural and/or religious practices, and being rejected because they are Pakistanis. The focus group participants also highlighted problems for Muslims involving food in school canteens and the dress codes of female Pakistani students.<br /><br />Though they face numerous difficulties in Hong Kong, about half of the respondents like Hong Kong very much and treat the place as their home. However, this does not mean that they enjoy being with Hong Kong people. Some focus group participants also held ambivalent attitudes toward Hong Kong and Hong Kong people.<br /><br />Based on the problems reflected in the questionnaire survey and the opinions expressed in the focus group interviews, we recommend policy changes in the following areas: employment, housing, and educational services, as well as a review of the policy on granting Hong Kong SAR passports to non-Chinese residents. To improve the general situation, we recommend anti-racial discrimination legislation to protect the right of ethnic minorities, and to promote a policy of multiculturalism in which cultural differences and ethnic diversity are respected. The aim is to build Hong Kong into a just and caring society.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31107775" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b52c430f9c939f3ac0705e1101ee6b73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51543093,"asset_id":31107775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51543093/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41717295" href="https://cpce-polyu.academia.edu/HokKu">Hok Bun Ku</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41717295" type="text/json">{"id":41717295,"first_name":"Hok Bun","last_name":"Ku","domain_name":"cpce-polyu","page_name":"HokKu","display_name":"Hok Bun Ku","profile_url":"https://cpce-polyu.academia.edu/HokKu?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41717295/11331335/12640951/s65_hok.ku.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31107775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31107775"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31107775, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31107775", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31107775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31107775; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31107775"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31107775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31107775"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31107775; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31107775]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31107775").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31107775").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31107775"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25021" type="text/json">{"id":25021,"name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hong_Kong?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31107775]'), work: {"id":31107775,"title":"A Research Report on the Life Experiences of Pakistanis in Hong Kong","created_at":"2017-01-29T00:52:53.356-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31107775/A_Research_Report_on_the_Life_Experiences_of_Pakistanis_in_Hong_Kong?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_31107775","summary":"This is a pilot research of the life experiences of Pakistanis in Hong Kong, targeting working class Pakistani adults living in Kwai Chung, Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi or the nearby districts. The research was conducted by Centre for Social Policy Studies of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and by S.K.H. Lady MacLehose Centre. Our aim was to explore the difficulties faced by the Pakistanis and delineate the macro forces shaping their lives. Through this, we see that ethnicity is one of the key dimensions of social stratification and inequality in contemporary Hong Kong society. We also hope that this research can well serve as a case to illustrate the relationship between ethnicity and social exclusion. \n\nThis research consists of a questionnaire survey and focus group interviews. The questionnaire survey was conducted between February and May of 2002. We have completed 200 questionnaires through snowball sampling. The questionnaire covered five broad areas: social activities and friendship, utilization of community resources, work and employment, children's education and sense of belonging to Hong Kong. The part on focus group interviews aims to further explore the complex dynamic of life experiences that could not be described by quantitative data in the survey, as well as to develop recommendations for improving social policy and social services. Two focus groups, with a total of ten male and female participants were conducted at the end of October 2002.\n\nOn social activities, we found that the major activities of the respondents are staying at home, meeting friends and going to worship. Participation in other social activities such as going to see arts and cultural programmes, engaging in sports activities, going to the library, and joining activities in a community centre, is limited. In terms of establishing friendships, most of the respondents interact only with their own people. They reflect that it is difficult to make Hong Kong friends. Cultural and language differences are some of the major barriers to making friends with Hong Kong people and to participating in social activities. \n\nOn housing, a majority of the respondents live in private rental housing. Some of them do not know how to apply for public rental housing and some believe that they are not eligible to apply, even though they are in need. Most of the respondents have had problems in looking for private housing, and identify expensive rent or housing prices as the main one. Some of them say that they have a problem communicating with agents in Cantonese and believe that they are rejected by landlords simply because they are Pakistanis. This shows that some Pakistanis have difficulties gaining access to housing resources, both in the public and private sector. \n\nOn social security resources, in fact, few respondents are receiving Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA). Most of them clearly state that they do not want to depend on the government or do not need to do so. \nAlmost all of the respondents were not engaged in part-time studies or in an employees retraining course. They are discouraged for various reasons, such as high course fees, the fact that the courses are taught in Cantonese, or because they do not know of any educational or social institutes nearby.\n\nOn access to social services and community resources, very few respondents have approached social workers for help on everyday needs; instead they rely almost solely on their family, relatives and friends. Some respondents do not even know of any nearby social service centres and have never brought their children there. Their poor access to various community resources is not only due to language problems, but also because many government departments, educational institutes and social service centres do not target non-Chinese.\n\nOn work and employment, many respondents encounter great difficulties. Twenty-three point nine per cent of the respondents are unemployed. About half of the respondents have been unemployed at some point in the past two years. Most of the employed respondents are engaged in elementary occupations where the working hours are generally very long. The median number of working hours is 60 per week. However, their monthly income is comparatively low. \n\nOn looking for jobs, most respondents identify not knowing Cantonese and low educational qualifications as the major difficulties. It is alarming to learn that about one-third of the respondents claimed that they are rejected because they are Pakistanis. Some employers systematically eliminate them from selection and treat them unfairly at work. In the workplace, the respondents face various difficulties including problems communicating with supervisors and colleagues, bullying by supervisors and colleagues, conflicts due to cultural and/or religious practices, and diverse forms of racial discrimination.\n\nOn children’s education, the respondents encounter various difficulties including unreasonably long waiting times in finding school places, expensive school fees, conflicts due to cultural and/or religious practices, and being rejected because they are Pakistanis. The focus group participants also highlighted problems for Muslims involving food in school canteens and the dress codes of female Pakistani students.\n\nThough they face numerous difficulties in Hong Kong, about half of the respondents like Hong Kong very much and treat the place as their home. However, this does not mean that they enjoy being with Hong Kong people. Some focus group participants also held ambivalent attitudes toward Hong Kong and Hong Kong people.\n\nBased on the problems reflected in the questionnaire survey and the opinions expressed in the focus group interviews, we recommend policy changes in the following areas: employment, housing, and educational services, as well as a review of the policy on granting Hong Kong SAR passports to non-Chinese residents. To improve the general situation, we recommend anti-racial discrimination legislation to protect the right of ethnic minorities, and to promote a policy of multiculturalism in which cultural differences and ethnic diversity are respected. The aim is to build Hong Kong into a just and caring society.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51543093,"asset_id":31107775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41717295,"first_name":"Hok Bun","last_name":"Ku","domain_name":"cpce-polyu","page_name":"HokKu","display_name":"Hok Bun Ku","profile_url":"https://cpce-polyu.academia.edu/HokKu?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41717295/11331335/12640951/s65_hok.ku.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":25021,"name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hong_Kong?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78695418" data-work_id="78695418" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78695418/The_Deities_of_Others">The Deities of Others</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is the handout for a presentation I gave in February of 2020 in Heidelberg at the workshop "Textual and Visual Sources on Buddhist Meditation: 56 Years after the First Publication of the ‘Buddhist Yoga Manual.’" The talk was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78695418" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is the handout for a presentation I gave  in February of 2020 in Heidelberg at the workshop "Textual and Visual Sources on Buddhist Meditation: 56 Years after the First Publication of the ‘Buddhist Yoga Manual.’" The talk was entitled "The Deities of Others: Visionary meditation as inter-tradition critique in the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna-sūtra."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78695418" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb3a4768021f53b82e0e859016682808" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86101083,"asset_id":78695418,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86101083/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1604762" href="https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart">Daniel M Stuart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1604762" type="text/json">{"id":1604762,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Stuart","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"DanielMStuart","display_name":"Daniel M Stuart","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1604762/5136784/35768051/s65_daniel.stuart.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78695418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78695418"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78695418, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78695418", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78695418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78695418; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78695418"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78695418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78695418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78695418; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78695418]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78695418").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78695418").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78695418"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1222" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy">Buddhist Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1222" type="text/json">{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78695418]'), work: {"id":78695418,"title":"The Deities of Others","created_at":"2022-05-07T11:42:46.743-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78695418/The_Deities_of_Others?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_78695418","summary":"This is the handout for a presentation I gave in February of 2020 in Heidelberg at the workshop \"Textual and Visual Sources on Buddhist Meditation: 56 Years after the First Publication of the ‘Buddhist Yoga Manual.’\" The talk was entitled \"The Deities of Others: Visionary meditation as inter-tradition critique in the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna-sūtra.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86101083,"asset_id":78695418,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1604762,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Stuart","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"DanielMStuart","display_name":"Daniel M Stuart","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1604762/5136784/35768051/s65_daniel.stuart.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3515,"name":"Asceticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asceticism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5076,"name":"Sanskrit language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature?f_ri=3558"},{"id":31699,"name":"Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Sanskrit_Manuscripts?f_ri=3558"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":149466,"name":"Visuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visuality?f_ri=3558"},{"id":252092,"name":"Gandhara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gandhara?f_ri=3558"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1222263,"name":"Anthropology of visionary experiences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_visionary_experiences?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38376975" data-work_id="38376975" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38376975/Pregnant_Males_Barren_Mothers_and_Religious_Transvestism_Transcending_Gender_in_the_Songs_and_Practices_of_Heterodox_Bengali_Lineages">Pregnant Males, Barren Mothers, and Religious Transvestism Transcending Gender in the Songs and Practices of “Heterodox” Bengali Lineages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Realizing the constructed nature of gender is often described as a twentieth-century Western phenomenon. Nevertheless, in several South Asian religious traditions, practitioners are instructed through songs and oral teachings to exchange... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38376975" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Realizing the constructed nature of gender is often described as a twentieth-century<br />Western phenomenon. Nevertheless, in several South Asian<br />religious traditions, practitioners are instructed through songs and oral teachings<br />to exchange and ultimately transcend gender identities. In this article<br />I discuss the practices aimed at transcending gender identity among some<br />contemporary Bengali lineages that have been defined as “heterodox” by<br />nineteenth-century reformers. Several lineages in West Bengal and Bangladesh<br />perform cross-dressing and meditative identification with the opposite<br />sex. I discuss such practices using songs, riddles, and oral sources collected<br />during fieldwork conducted between 2011 and 2015. I then briefly trace the<br />history of religious transvestism in South Asian literature, while contextualizing<br />this practice within Vaishnava and Sufi traditions. Finally, I discuss how<br />similar phenomena have been interpreted by modern and postmodern scholarship<br />to conclude with a conceptual framework for interpreting “pregnant<br />males” and “barren mothers” in light of contemporary gender theories, with<br />reference to performativity and ritual liminality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38376975" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9450f9608cd34c1d22141531f7c04000" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58431715,"asset_id":38376975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58431715/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1310549" href="https://uni-tuebingen1.academia.edu/CAROLAERIKALOREA">CAROLA ERIKA LOREA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1310549" type="text/json">{"id":1310549,"first_name":"CAROLA ERIKA","last_name":"LOREA","domain_name":"uni-tuebingen1","page_name":"CAROLAERIKALOREA","display_name":"CAROLA ERIKA LOREA","profile_url":"https://uni-tuebingen1.academia.edu/CAROLAERIKALOREA?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1310549/688021/120596659/s65_carola_erika.lorea.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38376975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38376975"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38376975, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38376975", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38376975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38376975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38376975"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38376975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38376975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38376975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38376975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38376975").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38376975").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38376975"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3499" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology">Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3499" type="text/json">{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7024" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender">Gender</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7024" type="text/json">{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10934" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10934" type="text/json">{"id":10934,"name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaishnavism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38376975]'), work: {"id":38376975,"title":"Pregnant Males, Barren Mothers, and Religious Transvestism Transcending Gender in the Songs and Practices of “Heterodox” Bengali Lineages","created_at":"2019-02-18T02:50:49.378-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38376975/Pregnant_Males_Barren_Mothers_and_Religious_Transvestism_Transcending_Gender_in_the_Songs_and_Practices_of_Heterodox_Bengali_Lineages?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_38376975","summary":"Realizing the constructed nature of gender is often described as a twentieth-century\nWestern phenomenon. Nevertheless, in several South Asian\nreligious traditions, practitioners are instructed through songs and oral teachings\nto exchange and ultimately transcend gender identities. In this article\nI discuss the practices aimed at transcending gender identity among some\ncontemporary Bengali lineages that have been defined as “heterodox” by\nnineteenth-century reformers. Several lineages in West Bengal and Bangladesh\nperform cross-dressing and meditative identification with the opposite\nsex. I discuss such practices using songs, riddles, and oral sources collected\nduring fieldwork conducted between 2011 and 2015. I then briefly trace the\nhistory of religious transvestism in South Asian literature, while contextualizing\nthis practice within Vaishnava and Sufi traditions. Finally, I discuss how\nsimilar phenomena have been interpreted by modern and postmodern scholarship\nto conclude with a conceptual framework for interpreting “pregnant\nmales” and “barren mothers” in light of contemporary gender theories, with\nreference to performativity and ritual liminality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58431715,"asset_id":38376975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1310549,"first_name":"CAROLA ERIKA","last_name":"LOREA","domain_name":"uni-tuebingen1","page_name":"CAROLAERIKALOREA","display_name":"CAROLA ERIKA LOREA","profile_url":"https://uni-tuebingen1.academia.edu/CAROLAERIKALOREA?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1310549/688021/120596659/s65_carola_erika.lorea.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":10934,"name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaishnavism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=3558"},{"id":19130,"name":"Constructions of femininity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructions_of_femininity?f_ri=3558"},{"id":168785,"name":"West Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_Bengal?f_ri=3558"},{"id":178719,"name":"Songs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Songs?f_ri=3558"},{"id":507321,"name":"Bauls of Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bauls_of_Bengal?f_ri=3558"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23055243" data-work_id="23055243" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23055243/P_art_icipatory_Urbanisms_I_Anthology_">P[art]icipatory Urbanisms I (Anthology)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">P[art]icipatory urbanisms (please also visit <a href="http://www.part-urbs.com" rel="nofollow">www.part-urbs.com</a>) is a web publication interrogating the “participatory turn” in contemporary urban studies, performance studies, and art practice. The bracketed [art] in the title of this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23055243" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">P[art]icipatory urbanisms (please also visit <a href="http://www.part-urbs.com" rel="nofollow">www.part-urbs.com</a>) is a web publication interrogating the “participatory turn” in contemporary urban studies, performance studies, and art practice. The bracketed [art] in the title of this publication refers to participatory urban aesthetic practices which could include community, social, or relational art initiatives, but also more general claims by city residents, city workers or activists on the visible and sensible aspects of public space. Bracketing the [art] in ‘participation’ also suggests a blurring of the conventional separation between the aesthetic and the political dimensions of urban participation.<br /><br />The publication has two components. The first, is an interactive platform of interviews featuring the praxes of twenty participatory urban practitioners and collectives in the cities of São Paulo, Brazil and New Delhi, India. The interviews map the multiple and disjunctive ways in which ‘participation’ is enacted—from mobile performances of poetry and theater, to citizen journalism on gentrification in Sao Paulo’s old city center, to radical neighborhood pedagogical initiatives in Savda Ghevra, a New Delhi resettlement colony, and in Grajau, a southern periphery neighborhood of São Paulo. The interviews trace how urban actors create politico-aesthetic ruptures; experience and experiment with the material and affective force of participation; and potentially reshape the urban imaginary. The interviews also speak to the limits of participatory working processes in the face of small budgets and divided spaces. The cities of São Paulo and New Delhi were chosen as sites for this project for the comparisons that their similar size and positions in global urban imaginations and political economy enable, and for the enduring histories of participatory urban activity in both spaces.<br /><br />A second element of this publication is a peer-reviewed anthology of twenty articles expanding methodological and theoretical debates around the themes of urban participation and its entanglement with state power, aesthetic praxis, racialized and queer spaces, citizenship, temporality, publics, and infrastructure. Contributions to the anthology span a broad range of disciplines and engage research from diverse geographic and temporal sites–from the occupation of a theater in Athens amidst the Greek economic crisis, to agonistic politics and participatory video art in a New Delhi urban village, to the cartographic interventions of a Harlem mailman in Jim Crow-era America. The form of writing extends beyond traditional scholarly articles to include ethnographic reflections, case studies, and photo essays.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23055243" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fcaf0d0828b1879d9d5e579635f73b2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43558967,"asset_id":23055243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43558967/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1217209" href="https://pratt.academia.edu/KarinShankar">Karin Shankar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1217209" type="text/json">{"id":1217209,"first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Shankar","domain_name":"pratt","page_name":"KarinShankar","display_name":"Karin Shankar","profile_url":"https://pratt.academia.edu/KarinShankar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1217209/4556492/5271655/s65_karin.shankar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23055243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23055243"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23055243, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23055243", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23055243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23055243; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23055243"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23055243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23055243"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23055243; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23055243]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23055243").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23055243").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23055243"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2337" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies">Performance Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2337" type="text/json">{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3827" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Studies">Brazilian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3827" type="text/json">{"id":3827,"name":"Brazilian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23055243]'), work: {"id":23055243,"title":"P[art]icipatory Urbanisms I (Anthology)","created_at":"2016-03-09T12:59:53.186-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23055243/P_art_icipatory_Urbanisms_I_Anthology_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_23055243","summary":"P[art]icipatory urbanisms (please also visit www.part-urbs.com) is a web publication interrogating the “participatory turn” in contemporary urban studies, performance studies, and art practice. The bracketed [art] in the title of this publication refers to participatory urban aesthetic practices which could include community, social, or relational art initiatives, but also more general claims by city residents, city workers or activists on the visible and sensible aspects of public space. Bracketing the [art] in ‘participation’ also suggests a blurring of the conventional separation between the aesthetic and the political dimensions of urban participation.\n\nThe publication has two components. The first, is an interactive platform of interviews featuring the praxes of twenty participatory urban practitioners and collectives in the cities of São Paulo, Brazil and New Delhi, India. The interviews map the multiple and disjunctive ways in which ‘participation’ is enacted—from mobile performances of poetry and theater, to citizen journalism on gentrification in Sao Paulo’s old city center, to radical neighborhood pedagogical initiatives in Savda Ghevra, a New Delhi resettlement colony, and in Grajau, a southern periphery neighborhood of São Paulo. The interviews trace how urban actors create politico-aesthetic ruptures; experience and experiment with the material and affective force of participation; and potentially reshape the urban imaginary. The interviews also speak to the limits of participatory working processes in the face of small budgets and divided spaces. The cities of São Paulo and New Delhi were chosen as sites for this project for the comparisons that their similar size and positions in global urban imaginations and political economy enable, and for the enduring histories of participatory urban activity in both spaces.\n\nA second element of this publication is a peer-reviewed anthology of twenty articles expanding methodological and theoretical debates around the themes of urban participation and its entanglement with state power, aesthetic praxis, racialized and queer spaces, citizenship, temporality, publics, and infrastructure. Contributions to the anthology span a broad range of disciplines and engage research from diverse geographic and temporal sites–from the occupation of a theater in Athens amidst the Greek economic crisis, to agonistic politics and participatory video art in a New Delhi urban village, to the cartographic interventions of a Harlem mailman in Jim Crow-era America. The form of writing extends beyond traditional scholarly articles to include ethnographic reflections, case studies, and photo essays.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43558967,"asset_id":23055243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1217209,"first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Shankar","domain_name":"pratt","page_name":"KarinShankar","display_name":"Karin Shankar","profile_url":"https://pratt.academia.edu/KarinShankar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1217209/4556492/5271655/s65_karin.shankar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3827,"name":"Brazilian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brazilian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=3558"},{"id":24868,"name":"Social Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Practice?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12479402" data-work_id="12479402" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12479402/Problematic_Aspects_of_the_Sexual_Rituals_of_the_Bauls_of_Bengal">Problematic Aspects of the Sexual Rituals of the Bauls of Bengal</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (1992): 388-432.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12479402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a12375f3bbb504ea91271205e15a75b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37685349,"asset_id":12479402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37685349/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30219520" href="https://halle.academia.edu/RahulPeterDas">Rahul Peter Das</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30219520" type="text/json">{"id":30219520,"first_name":"Rahul Peter","last_name":"Das","domain_name":"halle","page_name":"RahulPeterDas","display_name":"Rahul Peter Das","profile_url":"https://halle.academia.edu/RahulPeterDas?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30219520/8744040/144756772/s65_rahul_peter.das.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12479402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12479402"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12479402, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12479402", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12479402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12479402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12479402"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12479402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12479402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12479402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12479402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12479402").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12479402").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12479402"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism">Mysticism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7322" type="text/json">{"id":7322,"name":"Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14500" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bengali_Literature">Bengali Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14500" type="text/json">{"id":14500,"name":"Bengali Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bengali_Literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantra">Tantra</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26474" type="text/json">{"id":26474,"name":"Tantra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantra?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12479402]'), work: {"id":12479402,"title":"Problematic Aspects of the Sexual Rituals of the Bauls of Bengal","created_at":"2015-05-20T00:04:47.986-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12479402/Problematic_Aspects_of_the_Sexual_Rituals_of_the_Bauls_of_Bengal?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_12479402","summary":"In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (1992): 388-432.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37685349,"asset_id":12479402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30219520,"first_name":"Rahul Peter","last_name":"Das","domain_name":"halle","page_name":"RahulPeterDas","display_name":"Rahul Peter Das","profile_url":"https://halle.academia.edu/RahulPeterDas?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30219520/8744040/144756772/s65_rahul_peter.das.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7322,"name":"Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":14500,"name":"Bengali Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bengali_Literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":26474,"name":"Tantra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantra?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":507321,"name":"Bauls of Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bauls_of_Bengal?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8830284" data-work_id="8830284" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8830284/Samuel_Huntington_Clash_of_Civilizations">Samuel Huntington - Clash of Civilizations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8830284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0d9126d22d819f2c8509710dbe6a2fba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35172310,"asset_id":8830284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35172310/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19199141" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/EduardPopa">Eduard Popa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19199141" type="text/json">{"id":19199141,"first_name":"Eduard","last_name":"Popa","domain_name":"unibuc","page_name":"EduardPopa","display_name":"Eduard Popa","profile_url":"https://unibuc.academia.edu/EduardPopa?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19199141/7814878/8757549/s65_eduard.popa.jpg_oh_c9d05c3b881cfd9f75610096a03968c2_oe_55830f3e___gda___1434157810_6dbb200cd2313fc59a01532741928466"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8830284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8830284"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8830284, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8830284", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8830284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8830284; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8830284"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8830284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8830284"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8830284; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8830284]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8830284").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8830284").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8830284"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="294" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies">Ethnic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="294" type="text/json">{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8830284]'), work: {"id":8830284,"title":"Samuel Huntington - Clash of Civilizations","created_at":"2014-10-17T08:31:26.249-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8830284/Samuel_Huntington_Clash_of_Civilizations?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_8830284","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35172310,"asset_id":8830284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19199141,"first_name":"Eduard","last_name":"Popa","domain_name":"unibuc","page_name":"EduardPopa","display_name":"Eduard Popa","profile_url":"https://unibuc.academia.edu/EduardPopa?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19199141/7814878/8757549/s65_eduard.popa.jpg_oh_c9d05c3b881cfd9f75610096a03968c2_oe_55830f3e___gda___1434157810_6dbb200cd2313fc59a01532741928466"}],"research_interests":[{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=3558"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28041860" data-work_id="28041860" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28041860/_Strategic_Culture_in_South_Asia_Kautilyan_Sempiternity_in_Arvind_Gupta_P_K_Gautam_and_Saurabh_Mishra_eds_Indigenous_Historical_Knowledge_Kautilya_and_his_Vocabulary_Part_3_New_Delhi_IDSA_2016_">“Strategic Culture in South Asia: Kautilyan Sempiternity” in Arvind Gupta, P. K. Gautam and Saurabh Mishra (eds), Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and his Vocabulary, Part 3, (New Delhi: IDSA, 2016).</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28041860" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d7aa5d1cf5917df858fbd9d3113d11f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48350900,"asset_id":28041860,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48350900/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="473082" href="https://univdhaka.academia.edu/RashedUzZaman">Rashed Uz Zaman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="473082" type="text/json">{"id":473082,"first_name":"Rashed","last_name":"Uz Zaman","domain_name":"univdhaka","page_name":"RashedUzZaman","display_name":"Rashed Uz Zaman","profile_url":"https://univdhaka.academia.edu/RashedUzZaman?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28041860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28041860"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28041860, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28041860", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28041860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28041860; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28041860"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28041860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28041860"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28041860; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28041860]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28041860").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28041860").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28041860"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3389" type="text/json">{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28041860]'), work: {"id":28041860,"title":"“Strategic Culture in South Asia: Kautilyan Sempiternity” in Arvind Gupta, P. K. Gautam and Saurabh Mishra (eds), Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and his Vocabulary, Part 3, (New Delhi: IDSA, 2016).","created_at":"2016-08-26T23:57:22.899-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28041860/_Strategic_Culture_in_South_Asia_Kautilyan_Sempiternity_in_Arvind_Gupta_P_K_Gautam_and_Saurabh_Mishra_eds_Indigenous_Historical_Knowledge_Kautilya_and_his_Vocabulary_Part_3_New_Delhi_IDSA_2016_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_28041860","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48350900,"asset_id":28041860,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":473082,"first_name":"Rashed","last_name":"Uz Zaman","domain_name":"univdhaka","page_name":"RashedUzZaman","display_name":"Rashed Uz Zaman","profile_url":"https://univdhaka.academia.edu/RashedUzZaman?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":93257,"name":"Hindu Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35477391" data-work_id="35477391" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35477391/_Adorning_the_Buddhas_The_Ceremonial_Regalia_of_the_Da%C5%9Ba_Sthavira_%C4%80jus_from_Kw%C4%81_Bah%C4%81_Nepal_">"Adorning the Buddhas: The Ceremonial Regalia of the Daśa Sthavira Ājus from Kwā Bahā, Nepal"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Membership in Newar Buddhist monasteries includes individuals from the Vajrācārya and Śākya castes who serve as Tantric Buddhist householder monks. Of this population, the ten eldest members of each monastery are known as the Daśa... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35477391" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Membership in Newar Buddhist monasteries includes individuals from the Vajrācārya and Śākya castes who serve as Tantric Buddhist householder monks. Of this population, the ten eldest members of each monastery are known as the Daśa Sthavira Ājus (Ten Elders of the Highest Esteem). Because of their position, these Ājus are the ritual specialists for their communities and serve as exemplars of the monastic ideal in Newar society. This paper explores the ways in which Newar Buddhists at the Kwā Bahā monastic complex in Patan, Nepal, utilize ceremonial dress to reinforce their Buddhist identity and publicly reaffirm their ancient Buddhist heritage in Nepal. This study, the first to analyze the Ājus’ ceremonial regalia, provides an analysis of the garments, headdresses, and ornaments worn by these figures to explain the ways in which dress embeds Buddhist iconographic symbolism into Newar visual culture. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the ritual veneration of the Ājus gives their regalia agency, reinforcing their public, ritual role as living embodiments of buddhahood. [PDF of article available in link]</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35477391" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dfce8f1553a37372ba89eaf67ded9872" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55762305,"asset_id":35477391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55762305/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="280153" href="https://scad.academia.edu/KerryLucindaBrown">Kerry Lucinda Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="280153" type="text/json">{"id":280153,"first_name":"Kerry Lucinda","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"scad","page_name":"KerryLucindaBrown","display_name":"Kerry Lucinda Brown","profile_url":"https://scad.academia.edu/KerryLucindaBrown?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280153/57392/4339091/s65_kerry_lucinda.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35477391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35477391"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35477391, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35477391", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35477391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35477391; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35477391"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35477391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35477391"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35477391; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35477391]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35477391").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35477391").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35477391"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1437" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dress">History of Dress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1437" type="text/json">{"id":1437,"name":"History of Dress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dress?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2132" type="text/json">{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35477391]'), work: {"id":35477391,"title":"\"Adorning the Buddhas: The Ceremonial Regalia of the Daśa Sthavira Ājus from Kwā Bahā, Nepal\"","created_at":"2017-12-20T05:54:37.665-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35477391/_Adorning_the_Buddhas_The_Ceremonial_Regalia_of_the_Da%C5%9Ba_Sthavira_%C4%80jus_from_Kw%C4%81_Bah%C4%81_Nepal_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_35477391","summary":"Membership in Newar Buddhist monasteries includes individuals from the Vajrācārya and Śākya castes who serve as Tantric Buddhist householder monks. Of this population, the ten eldest members of each monastery are known as the Daśa Sthavira Ājus (Ten Elders of the Highest Esteem). Because of their position, these Ājus are the ritual specialists for their communities and serve as exemplars of the monastic ideal in Newar society. This paper explores the ways in which Newar Buddhists at the Kwā Bahā monastic complex in Patan, Nepal, utilize ceremonial dress to reinforce their Buddhist identity and publicly reaffirm their ancient Buddhist heritage in Nepal. This study, the first to analyze the Ājus’ ceremonial regalia, provides an analysis of the garments, headdresses, and ornaments worn by these figures to explain the ways in which dress embeds Buddhist iconographic symbolism into Newar visual culture. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the ritual veneration of the Ājus gives their regalia agency, reinforcing their public, ritual role as living embodiments of buddhahood. [PDF of article available in link]","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55762305,"asset_id":35477391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":280153,"first_name":"Kerry Lucinda","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"scad","page_name":"KerryLucindaBrown","display_name":"Kerry Lucinda Brown","profile_url":"https://scad.academia.edu/KerryLucindaBrown?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280153/57392/4339091/s65_kerry_lucinda.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1437,"name":"History of Dress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dress?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6713,"name":"Tantric Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6718,"name":"Newar Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newar_Buddhism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15945,"name":"Himalayan Civilization-Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Himalayan_Civilization-Nepal?f_ri=3558"},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=3558"},{"id":21622,"name":"Dress and identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_and_identity?f_ri=3558"},{"id":30535,"name":"Site-Specific Art and Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Site-Specific_Art_and_Performance?f_ri=3558"},{"id":111232,"name":"Tantric Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tantric_Buddhism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":232639,"name":"Newars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newars?f_ri=3558"},{"id":257250,"name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahayana_Buddhism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":274425,"name":"Nepalese Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepalese_Art?f_ri=3558"},{"id":566957,"name":"Art and Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Ritual?f_ri=3558"},{"id":612900,"name":"Himalayan studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Himalayan_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1048526,"name":"Newar Rituals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Newar_Rituals?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1324466,"name":"Buddhism and Himalayan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism_and_Himalayan_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2856256,"name":"Regalia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regalia?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1944335" data-work_id="1944335" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1944335/Indian_popular_culture_and_its_others_Bollywood_dance_and_anti_nautch_in_twenty_first_century_global_India">Indian popular culture and its "others": Bollywood dance and anti-nautch in twenty first century global India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Towards the end of the first decade of the new millennium ‘Bollywood’ can be seen as having gained unprecedented cultural legitimacy in India and worldwide. This is even apparent on the level of official representations of India, with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1944335" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Towards the end of the first decade of the new millennium ‘Bollywood’ can be seen as having gained unprecedented cultural legitimacy in India and worldwide. This is even apparent on the level of official representations of India, with stars dancing to film songs at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Australia. With the new extension of legitimate culture beyond the boundaries of classical or folk into the realm of the popular, there is a sense that the culture of ‘the people’, ‘the masses’, is embraced, validated, approved. However, that 75,000 ‘bar girls’ who danced to Bollywood numbers in beer bars in Mumbai were made redundant in August 2005 following a virulent moral campaign indicates that areas of Bollywood culture exist that are by no means legitimised. Beginning with an examination of the Bollywood dance craze that has become one of the trendiest parts of globalised India and then moving onto ‘other’ arenas of Bollywood dance starting with the bar girls, this chapter seeks to problematise the question of ‘the people’ in Indian popular culture through an examination of hierarchies and processes of inclusion and exclusion at work within the popular sphere.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1944335" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00573cbc2c718714702b297697b5a338" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30733642,"asset_id":1944335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30733642/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1798580" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/AnnaMorcom">Anna Morcom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1798580" type="text/json">{"id":1798580,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Morcom","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AnnaMorcom","display_name":"Anna Morcom","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AnnaMorcom?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1798580/614930/763513/s65_anna.morcom.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1944335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1944335"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1944335, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1944335", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1944335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1944335; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1944335"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1944335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1944335"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1944335; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1944335]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1944335").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1944335").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1944335"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="945" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performing_Arts">Performing Arts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="945" type="text/json">{"id":945,"name":"Performing Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performing_Arts?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1944335]'), work: {"id":1944335,"title":"Indian popular culture and its \"others\": Bollywood dance and anti-nautch in twenty first century global India","created_at":"2012-09-17T17:26:52.259-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1944335/Indian_popular_culture_and_its_others_Bollywood_dance_and_anti_nautch_in_twenty_first_century_global_India?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_1944335","summary":"Towards the end of the first decade of the new millennium ‘Bollywood’ can be seen as having gained unprecedented cultural legitimacy in India and worldwide. This is even apparent on the level of official representations of India, with stars dancing to film songs at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Australia. With the new extension of legitimate culture beyond the boundaries of classical or folk into the realm of the popular, there is a sense that the culture of ‘the people’, ‘the masses’, is embraced, validated, approved. However, that 75,000 ‘bar girls’ who danced to Bollywood numbers in beer bars in Mumbai were made redundant in August 2005 following a virulent moral campaign indicates that areas of Bollywood culture exist that are by no means legitimised. Beginning with an examination of the Bollywood dance craze that has become one of the trendiest parts of globalised India and then moving onto ‘other’ arenas of Bollywood dance starting with the bar girls, this chapter seeks to problematise the question of ‘the people’ in Indian popular culture through an examination of hierarchies and processes of inclusion and exclusion at work within the popular sphere.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30733642,"asset_id":1944335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1798580,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Morcom","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AnnaMorcom","display_name":"Anna Morcom","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AnnaMorcom?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1798580/614930/763513/s65_anna.morcom.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":945,"name":"Performing Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performing_Arts?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1556,"name":"Dance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dance_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1987,"name":"Ethnomusicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnomusicology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2466,"name":"Indian Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Music?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":13430,"name":"Social Exclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15011,"name":"Sex Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Work?f_ri=3558"},{"id":24920,"name":"Prostitution \u0026 Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prostitution_and_Trafficking?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":170908,"name":"Indian Cinema, Bollywood, Film Studies, South Asia, Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Cinema_Bollywood_Film_Studies_South_Asia_Media?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37772850" data-work_id="37772850" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37772850/SALESIAN_SOCIAL_COMMUNICATION_IN_SOUTH_ASIA_Memories_Initiatives_Perceptions_and_Possibilities_1906_2006">SALESIAN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN SOUTH ASIA: Memories, Initiatives, Perceptions and Possibilities, 1906-2006</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Written for the centenary year of the presence of the Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB) in South Asia, this article looks back at their methods of communication during the pioneering years, describes the many communication initiatives... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37772850" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Written for the centenary year of the presence of the Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB) in South Asia, this article looks back at their methods of communication during the pioneering years, describes  the many communication initiatives undertaken across the century, takes stock of the situation in the year of its publication, and proposes possibilities for the flourishing of SDB communication in South Asia beyond 2006.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37772850" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b566e2aa4405f11161a911527d4321c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57768580,"asset_id":37772850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57768580/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="463047" href="https://unisal.academia.edu/PeterGonsalves">Peter Gonsalves</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="463047" type="text/json">{"id":463047,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Gonsalves","domain_name":"unisal","page_name":"PeterGonsalves","display_name":"Peter Gonsalves","profile_url":"https://unisal.academia.edu/PeterGonsalves?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/463047/153028/1058124/s65_peter.gonsalves.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37772850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37772850"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37772850, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37772850", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37772850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37772850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37772850"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37772850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37772850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37772850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37772850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37772850").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37772850").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37772850"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History">South Asian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6926" type="text/json">{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37772850]'), work: {"id":37772850,"title":"SALESIAN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN SOUTH ASIA: Memories, Initiatives, Perceptions and Possibilities, 1906-2006","created_at":"2018-11-14T09:35:47.926-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37772850/SALESIAN_SOCIAL_COMMUNICATION_IN_SOUTH_ASIA_Memories_Initiatives_Perceptions_and_Possibilities_1906_2006?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_37772850","summary":"Written for the centenary year of the presence of the Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB) in South Asia, this article looks back at their methods of communication during the pioneering years, describes the many communication initiatives undertaken across the century, takes stock of the situation in the year of its publication, and proposes possibilities for the flourishing of SDB communication in South Asia beyond 2006. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57768580,"asset_id":37772850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":463047,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Gonsalves","domain_name":"unisal","page_name":"PeterGonsalves","display_name":"Peter Gonsalves","profile_url":"https://unisal.academia.edu/PeterGonsalves?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/463047/153028/1058124/s65_peter.gonsalves.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":11245,"name":"History of Roman Catholicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Roman_Catholicism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15848,"name":"History of Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Communication?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17365,"name":"South Asian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Literature?f_ri=3558"},{"id":19092,"name":"South Asian Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Religions?f_ri=3558"},{"id":70237,"name":"History of South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":307208,"name":"Don Bosco as an educator and Formator of Young","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Don_Bosco_as_an_educator_and_Formator_of_Young?f_ri=3558"},{"id":307209,"name":"Don Bosco as writer and publisher","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Don_Bosco_as_writer_and_publisher?f_ri=3558"},{"id":413918,"name":"History of education in Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_education_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":555196,"name":"History of Catholic Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Catholic_Church?f_ri=3558"},{"id":603323,"name":"Don Bosco's educative system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Don_Boscos_educative_system?f_ri=3558"},{"id":801760,"name":"Don Bosco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Don_Bosco?f_ri=3558"},{"id":891776,"name":"Don Bosco's unique system of education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Don_Boscos_unique_system_of_education?f_ri=3558"},{"id":953897,"name":"Peter Gonsalves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peter_Gonsalves?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3061290,"name":"history of communications in south asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/history_of_communications_in_south_asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3061291,"name":"don bosco communications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/don_bosco_communications?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36193862" data-work_id="36193862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36193862/The_Proliferation_of_%C4%80sana_s_in_Late_Mediaeval_Yoga_Texts">The Proliferation of Āsana-s in Late-Mediaeval Yoga Texts</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The writing of this paper was prompted by the discovery of several manuscripts of mediaeval yoga texts which contain lists of more than eighty-four āsana-s, a canonical number mentioned in several yoga texts. Until now, lists of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36193862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The writing of this paper was prompted by the discovery of several manuscripts of mediaeval yoga texts which contain lists of more than eighty-four āsana-s, a canonical number mentioned in several yoga texts.  Until now, lists of eighty-four āsana-s have been found in only two recently published yoga texts, namely, the Haṭharatnāvalī and the Jogapradīpyakā.  The manuscript evidence presented in this article indicates that these published texts are not isolated accounts of mediaeval yoga systems with many complex āsanas. In fact, it is clear that more than eighty-four āsana-s were practised in some traditions of Haṭha Yoga before the British arrived in India.  The majority of these āsana-s were not seated poses, but complex and physically-demanding postures, some of which involved repetitive movement, breath control and the use of ropes.  When the āsana-s in the sources which I shall analyse in this article are considered in their totality, antecedents can be identified for many non-seated and inverted postures in twentieth-century systems of Indian yoga.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36193862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a49fc926e68734075fbe23193396bf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57341297,"asset_id":36193862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57341297/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1693590" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JasonBirch">Jason Birch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1693590" type="text/json">{"id":1693590,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Birch","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"JasonBirch","display_name":"Jason Birch","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/JasonBirch?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1693590/585419/19490315/s65_jason.birch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36193862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36193862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36193862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36193862", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36193862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36193862; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36193862"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36193862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36193862"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36193862; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36193862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36193862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36193862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36193862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3389" type="text/json">{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Meditation">Yoga Meditation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4108" type="text/json">{"id":4108,"name":"Yoga Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Meditation?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36193862]'), work: {"id":36193862,"title":"The Proliferation of Āsana-s in Late-Mediaeval Yoga Texts","created_at":"2018-03-18T19:07:44.459-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36193862/The_Proliferation_of_%C4%80sana_s_in_Late_Mediaeval_Yoga_Texts?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_36193862","summary":"The writing of this paper was prompted by the discovery of several manuscripts of mediaeval yoga texts which contain lists of more than eighty-four āsana-s, a canonical number mentioned in several yoga texts. Until now, lists of eighty-four āsana-s have been found in only two recently published yoga texts, namely, the Haṭharatnāvalī and the Jogapradīpyakā. The manuscript evidence presented in this article indicates that these published texts are not isolated accounts of mediaeval yoga systems with many complex āsanas. In fact, it is clear that more than eighty-four āsana-s were practised in some traditions of Haṭha Yoga before the British arrived in India. The majority of these āsana-s were not seated poses, but complex and physically-demanding postures, some of which involved repetitive movement, breath control and the use of ropes. When the āsana-s in the sources which I shall analyse in this article are considered in their totality, antecedents can be identified for many non-seated and inverted postures in twentieth-century systems of Indian yoga.\r\n\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57341297,"asset_id":36193862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1693590,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Birch","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"JasonBirch","display_name":"Jason Birch","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/JasonBirch?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1693590/585419/19490315/s65_jason.birch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":4108,"name":"Yoga Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Meditation?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":155818,"name":"Hatha Yoga","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hatha_Yoga?f_ri=3558"},{"id":476852,"name":"Yoga Hatha Raja Haṭha Rāja Meaning of Hathayoga Rajayoga Medieval Yoga","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Hatha_Raja_Ha_ha_Raja_Meaning_of_Hathayoga_Rajayoga_Medieval_Yoga?f_ri=3558"},{"id":855453,"name":"Yoga Asana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Asana?f_ri=3558"},{"id":959279,"name":"Religious Studies /Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies_Indology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":980040,"name":"Modern Yoga Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Yoga_Studies?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39087851" data-work_id="39087851" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39087851/Terrifying_Performances_Black_Brown_Queer_Borrowings_in_Loins_of_Punjab_Presents">Terrifying Performances: Black, Brown, Queer Borrowings in Loins of Punjab Presents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Otto and B.D.G., a black and desi gay couple in the film Loins of Punjab Presents (Manish Acharya, 2007), are an exceptional representation of interracial desire in South Asian diasporic cultural production. Beyond the novelty of their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39087851" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Otto and B.D.G., a black and desi gay couple in the film Loins of Punjab Presents (Manish Acharya, 2007), are an exceptional representation of interracial desire in South Asian diasporic cultural production. Beyond the novelty of their representation, they use a variety of black and South Asian performance styles to critique normative and disciplinary systems that surround them. This essay explores the unconventional ways through which Otto and B.D.G.’s intimacies are depicted, and analyzes the performance styles they use to express critical perspectives on racism, homophobia, and Islamophobia. I argue that Otto and B.D.G.’s performances offer alternative ways to think through contemporary conversations around cultural appropriation and interracial desire in ways that decenter whiteness or a white desiring subject. However, I also observe how their critical deployments of hypermasculinity potentially skew public conversations about racialized violence.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39087851" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03f2eab75bbd5a17c86c6c7b7ad96fbc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59205402,"asset_id":39087851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59205402/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2719086" href="https://tufts.academia.edu/KareemKhubchandani">Kareem Khubchandani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2719086" type="text/json">{"id":2719086,"first_name":"Kareem","last_name":"Khubchandani","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"KareemKhubchandani","display_name":"Kareem Khubchandani","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/KareemKhubchandani?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2719086/1108538/11853824/s65_kareem.khubchandani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39087851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39087851"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39087851, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39087851", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39087851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39087851; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39087851"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39087851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39087851"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39087851; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39087851]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39087851").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39087851").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39087851"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies">Film Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1555" type="text/json">{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masculinity_Studies">Masculinity Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2865" type="text/json">{"id":2865,"name":"Masculinity Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masculinity_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2938" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora">Black/African Diaspora</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2938" type="text/json">{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39087851]'), work: {"id":39087851,"title":"Terrifying Performances: Black, Brown, Queer Borrowings in Loins of Punjab Presents","created_at":"2019-05-10T13:49:31.968-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39087851/Terrifying_Performances_Black_Brown_Queer_Borrowings_in_Loins_of_Punjab_Presents?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_39087851","summary":"Otto and B.D.G., a black and desi gay couple in the film Loins of Punjab Presents (Manish Acharya, 2007), are an exceptional representation of interracial desire in South Asian diasporic cultural production. Beyond the novelty of their representation, they use a variety of black and South Asian performance styles to critique normative and disciplinary systems that surround them. This essay explores the unconventional ways through which Otto and B.D.G.’s intimacies are depicted, and analyzes the performance styles they use to express critical perspectives on racism, homophobia, and Islamophobia. I argue that Otto and B.D.G.’s performances offer alternative ways to think through contemporary conversations around cultural appropriation and interracial desire in ways that decenter whiteness or a white desiring subject. However, I also observe how their critical deployments of hypermasculinity potentially skew public conversations about racialized violence.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59205402,"asset_id":39087851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2719086,"first_name":"Kareem","last_name":"Khubchandani","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"KareemKhubchandani","display_name":"Kareem Khubchandani","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/KareemKhubchandani?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2719086/1108538/11853824/s65_kareem.khubchandani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2865,"name":"Masculinity Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masculinity_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3114,"name":"Queer Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Theory?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3301,"name":"Film Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Analysis?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3764,"name":"Asian American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_American_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":13274,"name":"Masculinities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masculinities?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15567,"name":"Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17236,"name":"Studies On Men And Masculinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studies_On_Men_And_Masculinity?f_ri=3558"},{"id":28115,"name":"South Asian Diasporas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Diasporas?f_ri=3558"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=3558"},{"id":77068,"name":"Black Masculinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Masculinity?f_ri=3558"},{"id":95215,"name":"Cultural Intimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Intimacy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":575775,"name":"Cultural appropriation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_appropriation?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2491766,"name":"South Asian Masculinities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Masculinities?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2974313,"name":"South Asian Masculinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Masculinity?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34404108" data-work_id="34404108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34404108/The_Contrasting_Social_Programs_of_the_%C5%9Aivadharma_and_the_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87udharma">The Contrasting Social Programs of the Śivadharma and the Viṣṇudharma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Paper for the panel: The Viṣṇudharma and the Śivadharma: points of influence and divergence, 33. Deutscher Orientalistentag, Jena, Germany, 18–22 September 2017 * Published now in the Introduction to the book "A Śaiva Utopia" on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34404108" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Paper for the panel: The Viṣṇudharma and the Śivadharma: points of influence and divergence, 33. Deutscher Orientalistentag, Jena, Germany, 18–22 September 2017  <br /> <br />* Published now in the Introduction to the book "A Śaiva Utopia" on Academia * : <br /><a href="https://www.academia.edu/67886226/A_%C5%9Aaiva_Utopia_The_%C5%9Aivadharma_s_Revision_of_Brahmanical_Var%E1%B9%87%C4%81%C5%9Bramadharma" rel="nofollow">https://www.academia.edu/67886226/A_%C5%9Aaiva_Utopia_The_%C5%9Aivadharma_s_Revision_of_Brahmanical_Var%E1%B9%87%C4%81%C5%9Bramadharma</a>  <br /> <br />In a recent papers examining the Śivadharma[śāstra], I analyzed that way the author of this work has recast several of the distinctive categories of Smārta Brahmanical dharma, particularly the four-āśrama model, affirming the varṇa (social class) categories but extending the range of ritual agency available to Śūdras and women through devotional observances (and in one verse, even to foreigners, 1.26), and generalizing acts of generosity and hospitality prescribed in Dharmaśāstra only for high-status recipients so as to benefit the needy regardless of status. In general terms, the Viṣṇudharma, apparently dating to roughly the same period, likewise adapts the varṇāśrama-dharma of early Dharmaśāstra to a sectarian religious orientation — in this case, Bhāgavata rather than Māheśvara — but with notably different results. First, where the Śivadharmaśāstra evidently presupposes the older non-sequential āśrama model of the Dharmasūtras, the Viṣṇudharma adopts the sequential model introduced in Manu's code (ca. 200 CE). Whereas the Śivadharma redirects the Smārta guest-reception rite and madhuparka meal for the benefit of Śiva-bhaktas (lay Śaivas adhering to a formal vow), no comparable rite appears in the Viṣṇudharma (where the elements of guest reception appear only as part of the ceremony of worshiping deities or ancient sages). Most notably, the Viṣṇudharma (especially in chapters 24–25, 66, and 105) enters into sectarian polemic against the threat posed in this decadent Kali age by " heretics " (pāṣaṇḍas) of many stripes, including Buddhists, Jains, Sāṃkhyas, skeptics, and false ascetics. Arguments framed in foreign languages (hetuvādair … mlecchabhāṣānibandhaiḥ) are singled out for condemnation (105.44), and Śūdras who become ascetics and go about without caste-markers provoke serious concern. The Śivadharmaśāstra makes no reference to " heretics " (and only the most circumspect allusion to other religious groups), and adopts a more inclusive social policy. In short, the Viṣṇudharma's conception of Viṣṇu-bhakti pointedly defends classical Smārta status hierarchy and its prerogatives, foregoing the Śivadharma's modest moves toward social inclusion. This paper concludes by setting these observations in the context of later trends in the two traditions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34404108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="48cf25f4ee0ca2e3afbb1f4f108b91be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79944252,"asset_id":34404108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79944252/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="307697" href="https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin">Timothy Lubin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="307697" type="text/json">{"id":307697,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Lubin","domain_name":"wlu","page_name":"TimothyLubin","display_name":"Timothy Lubin","profile_url":"https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/307697/61975/78267321/s65_timothy.lubin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34404108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34404108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34404108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34404108", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34404108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34404108; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34404108"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34404108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34404108"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34404108; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34404108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34404108").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34404108").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34404108"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">26</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2059" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2059" type="text/json">{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34404108]'), work: {"id":34404108,"title":"The Contrasting Social Programs of the Śivadharma and the Viṣṇudharma","created_at":"2017-08-29T18:45:00.232-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34404108/The_Contrasting_Social_Programs_of_the_%C5%9Aivadharma_and_the_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87udharma?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_34404108","summary":"Paper for the panel: The Viṣṇudharma and the Śivadharma: points of influence and divergence, 33. Deutscher Orientalistentag, Jena, Germany, 18–22 September 2017 \r\n\r\n* Published now in the Introduction to the book \"A Śaiva Utopia\" on Academia * : \r\nhttps://www.academia.edu/67886226/A_%C5%9Aaiva_Utopia_The_%C5%9Aivadharma_s_Revision_of_Brahmanical_Var%E1%B9%87%C4%81%C5%9Bramadharma \r\n\r\nIn a recent papers examining the Śivadharma[śāstra], I analyzed that way the author of this work has recast several of the distinctive categories of Smārta Brahmanical dharma, particularly the four-āśrama model, affirming the varṇa (social class) categories but extending the range of ritual agency available to Śūdras and women through devotional observances (and in one verse, even to foreigners, 1.26), and generalizing acts of generosity and hospitality prescribed in Dharmaśāstra only for high-status recipients so as to benefit the needy regardless of status. In general terms, the Viṣṇudharma, apparently dating to roughly the same period, likewise adapts the varṇāśrama-dharma of early Dharmaśāstra to a sectarian religious orientation — in this case, Bhāgavata rather than Māheśvara — but with notably different results. First, where the Śivadharmaśāstra evidently presupposes the older non-sequential āśrama model of the Dharmasūtras, the Viṣṇudharma adopts the sequential model introduced in Manu's code (ca. 200 CE). Whereas the Śivadharma redirects the Smārta guest-reception rite and madhuparka meal for the benefit of Śiva-bhaktas (lay Śaivas adhering to a formal vow), no comparable rite appears in the Viṣṇudharma (where the elements of guest reception appear only as part of the ceremony of worshiping deities or ancient sages). Most notably, the Viṣṇudharma (especially in chapters 24–25, 66, and 105) enters into sectarian polemic against the threat posed in this decadent Kali age by \" heretics \" (pāṣaṇḍas) of many stripes, including Buddhists, Jains, Sāṃkhyas, skeptics, and false ascetics. Arguments framed in foreign languages (hetuvādair … mlecchabhāṣānibandhaiḥ) are singled out for condemnation (105.44), and Śūdras who become ascetics and go about without caste-markers provoke serious concern. The Śivadharmaśāstra makes no reference to \" heretics \" (and only the most circumspect allusion to other religious groups), and adopts a more inclusive social policy. In short, the Viṣṇudharma's conception of Viṣṇu-bhakti pointedly defends classical Smārta status hierarchy and its prerogatives, foregoing the Śivadharma's modest moves toward social inclusion. This paper concludes by setting these observations in the context of later trends in the two traditions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79944252,"asset_id":34404108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":307697,"first_name":"Timothy","last_name":"Lubin","domain_name":"wlu","page_name":"TimothyLubin","display_name":"Timothy Lubin","profile_url":"https://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/307697/61975/78267321/s65_timothy.lubin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5076,"name":"Sanskrit language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6394,"name":"Religious Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Pluralism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6921,"name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=3558"},{"id":10934,"name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaishnavism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":25719,"name":"Religious History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":32127,"name":"Brahmanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brahmanism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":35470,"name":"Inter-religious Dialogue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-religious_Dialogue?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":47173,"name":"Shaivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shaivism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":67537,"name":"Dharma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dharma?f_ri=3558"},{"id":93257,"name":"Hindu Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":155811,"name":"Kashmir Shaivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kashmir_Shaivism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":208181,"name":"Hindu law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_law?f_ri=3558"},{"id":229761,"name":"Shaiva Tantra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shaiva_Tantra?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1019485,"name":"Dharmasutras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dharmasutras?f_ri=3558"},{"id":1191272,"name":"Inter-Religious Polemics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-Religious_Polemics?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32269962" data-work_id="32269962" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32269962/Sindh_Balochistan_International_interests">Sindh-Balochistan: International interests</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32269962" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf0f5b516695dcd0fe1048d6646f5fac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52488490,"asset_id":32269962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52488490/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4405452" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShahZulfiqar">Zulfiqar Shah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4405452" type="text/json">{"id":4405452,"first_name":"Zulfiqar","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShahZulfiqar","display_name":"Zulfiqar Shah","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShahZulfiqar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4405452/1788980/2134596/s65_zulfiqar.shah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32269962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32269962"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32269962, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32269962", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32269962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32269962; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32269962"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32269962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32269962"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32269962; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32269962]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32269962").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32269962").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32269962"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7361" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7361" type="text/json">{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21912" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sindh">Sindh</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="21912" type="text/json">{"id":21912,"name":"Sindh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sindh?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32269962]'), work: {"id":32269962,"title":"Sindh-Balochistan: International interests","created_at":"2017-04-05T04:46:40.788-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32269962/Sindh_Balochistan_International_interests?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_32269962","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52488490,"asset_id":32269962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4405452,"first_name":"Zulfiqar","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShahZulfiqar","display_name":"Zulfiqar Shah","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShahZulfiqar?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4405452/1788980/2134596/s65_zulfiqar.shah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":21912,"name":"Sindh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sindh?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1245061,"name":"Balochistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balochistan?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45326341" data-work_id="45326341" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45326341/The_Colonial_Public_and_the_Parsi_Stage_The_Making_of_the_Theatre_of_Empire_1853_1893_">The Colonial Public and the Parsi Stage: The Making of the Theatre of Empire (1853-1893)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Colonial Public and the Parsi Stage is the first comprehensive study of the Parsi theatre, colonial South and Southeast Asia’s most influential cultural phenomenon and the precursor of the Indian cinema industry. By providing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45326341" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Colonial Public and the Parsi Stage is the first comprehensive study of the Parsi theatre, colonial South and Southeast Asia’s most influential cultural phenomenon and the precursor of the Indian cinema industry. By providing extensive, unpublished information on its first actors, audiences, production methods, and plays, this book traces how the theatre—which was one of the first in the Indian subcontinent to adopt European stagecraft—transformed into a pan-Asian entertainment industry in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nicholson sheds light on the motivations that led to the development of the popular, commercial theatre movement in Asia through three areas of investigation: the vernacular public sphere, the emergence of competing visions of nationhood, and the narratological function that women served within a continually shifting socio-political order. The book will be of interest to scholars across several disciplines, including cultural history, gender studies, Victorian studies, the sociology of religion, colonialism, and theatre.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45326341" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1c9fd98231240455e1ff873e1a2150d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65910221,"asset_id":45326341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65910221/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3331443" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/RashnaDariusNicholson">Rashna Darius Nicholson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3331443" type="text/json">{"id":3331443,"first_name":"Rashna Darius","last_name":"Nicholson","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"RashnaDariusNicholson","display_name":"Rashna Darius Nicholson","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/RashnaDariusNicholson?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3331443/9877480/11010952/s65_rashna_darius.nicholson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45326341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45326341"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45326341, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45326341", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45326341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45326341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45326341"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45326341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45326341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45326341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45326341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45326341").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45326341").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45326341"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1305" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_Studies">Victorian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1305" type="text/json">{"id":1305,"name":"Victorian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1332" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_History">Theatre History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1332" type="text/json">{"id":1332,"name":"Theatre History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45326341]'), work: {"id":45326341,"title":"The Colonial Public and the Parsi Stage: The Making of the Theatre of Empire (1853-1893)","created_at":"2021-03-03T01:08:37.591-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45326341/The_Colonial_Public_and_the_Parsi_Stage_The_Making_of_the_Theatre_of_Empire_1853_1893_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_45326341","summary":"The Colonial Public and the Parsi Stage is the first comprehensive study of the Parsi theatre, colonial South and Southeast Asia’s most influential cultural phenomenon and the precursor of the Indian cinema industry. By providing extensive, unpublished information on its first actors, audiences, production methods, and plays, this book traces how the theatre—which was one of the first in the Indian subcontinent to adopt European stagecraft—transformed into a pan-Asian entertainment industry in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nicholson sheds light on the motivations that led to the development of the popular, commercial theatre movement in Asia through three areas of investigation: the vernacular public sphere, the emergence of competing visions of nationhood, and the narratological function that women served within a continually shifting socio-political order. The book will be of interest to scholars across several disciplines, including cultural history, gender studies, Victorian studies, the sociology of religion, colonialism, and theatre.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65910221,"asset_id":45326341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":65911715,"asset_id":45326341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3331443,"first_name":"Rashna Darius","last_name":"Nicholson","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"RashnaDariusNicholson","display_name":"Rashna Darius Nicholson","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/RashnaDariusNicholson?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3331443/9877480/11010952/s65_rashna_darius.nicholson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1305,"name":"Victorian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1332,"name":"Theatre History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2326,"name":"Nineteenth Century Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth_Century_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":2337,"name":"Performance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6222,"name":"Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drama?f_ri=3558"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":10739,"name":"Parsis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parsis?f_ri=3558"},{"id":13618,"name":"Victorian cultural studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_cultural_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17365,"name":"South Asian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Literature?f_ri=3558"},{"id":26319,"name":"Zoroastrianism (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoroastrianism_History_?f_ri=3558"},{"id":29102,"name":"Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre?f_ri=3558"},{"id":29113,"name":"Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth-Century_Literature_and_Culture?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":73401,"name":"INDIAN DRAMA \u0026 THEATRE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/INDIAN_DRAMA_and_THEATRE?f_ri=3558"},{"id":75814,"name":"Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":339507,"name":"Parsi Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parsi_Theatre?f_ri=3558"},{"id":447193,"name":"Indian and South Asian Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_and_South_Asian_Historiography?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5774127" data-work_id="5774127" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5774127/Migration_An_Anthropological_Perspective_with_Special_References_to_North_Bengal_India">Migration: An Anthropological Perspective with Special References to North Bengal, India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5774127" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a8efb6d52eb48797f6c7e4b15a1e3707" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32797255,"asset_id":5774127,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32797255/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1028915" href="https://northbengal.academia.edu/AshokDasgupta">Ashok Dasgupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1028915" type="text/json">{"id":1028915,"first_name":"Ashok","last_name":"Dasgupta","domain_name":"northbengal","page_name":"AshokDasgupta","display_name":"Ashok Dasgupta","profile_url":"https://northbengal.academia.edu/AshokDasgupta?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1028915/1128146/1413911/s65_ashok.dasgupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5774127 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5774127"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5774127, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5774127", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5774127 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5774127; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5774127"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5774127 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5774127"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5774127; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5774127]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5774127").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5774127").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5774127"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3389" type="text/json">{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3499" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology">Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3499" type="text/json">{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5774127]'), work: {"id":5774127,"title":"Migration: An Anthropological Perspective with Special References to North Bengal, India","created_at":"2014-01-19T19:46:52.321-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5774127/Migration_An_Anthropological_Perspective_with_Special_References_to_North_Bengal_India?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_5774127","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32797255,"asset_id":5774127,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1028915,"first_name":"Ashok","last_name":"Dasgupta","domain_name":"northbengal","page_name":"AshokDasgupta","display_name":"Ashok Dasgupta","profile_url":"https://northbengal.academia.edu/AshokDasgupta?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1028915/1128146/1413911/s65_ashok.dasgupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":94916,"name":"Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38438692" data-work_id="38438692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38438692/A_China_Wins_Twice_Proposition_The_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_DOC_docx">A China Wins Twice Proposition_The Belt and Road Initiative_DOC.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">China’s dazzling infrastructure and energy-driven Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a US$1 trillion investment across Eurasia and beyond, has lost its shine. Increasingly, China’s leveraging of the initiative is being perceived by a growing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38438692" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">China’s dazzling infrastructure and energy-driven Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a US$1 trillion investment across Eurasia and beyond, has lost its shine. Increasingly, China’s leveraging of the initiative is being perceived by a growing number of recipients and critics alike as a geopolitical power play, a tool to shape a new world order partly populated by autocrats and authoritarians, and progressively characterized by intrusive surveillance, potential debt traps, and perceived as a self-serving way to address domestic overcapacity</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38438692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed66fd240b69314df9004b50282f67e8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58500044,"asset_id":38438692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58500044/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="106017" href="https://nanyang.academia.edu/JamesMDorsey">James M. Dorsey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="106017" type="text/json">{"id":106017,"first_name":"James M.","last_name":"Dorsey","domain_name":"nanyang","page_name":"JamesMDorsey","display_name":"James M. Dorsey","profile_url":"https://nanyang.academia.edu/JamesMDorsey?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/106017/85349/93258/s65_james_m..dorsey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38438692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38438692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38438692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38438692", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38438692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38438692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38438692"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38438692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38438692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38438692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38438692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38438692").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38438692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38438692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5471" type="text/json">{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38438692]'), work: {"id":38438692,"title":"A China Wins Twice Proposition_The Belt and Road Initiative_DOC.docx","created_at":"2019-02-25T21:13:25.732-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38438692/A_China_Wins_Twice_Proposition_The_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_DOC_docx?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_38438692","summary":"China’s dazzling infrastructure and energy-driven Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a US$1 trillion investment across Eurasia and beyond, has lost its shine. Increasingly, China’s leveraging of the initiative is being perceived by a growing number of recipients and critics alike as a geopolitical power play, a tool to shape a new world order partly populated by autocrats and authoritarians, and progressively characterized by intrusive surveillance, potential debt traps, and perceived as a self-serving way to address domestic overcapacity","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58500044,"asset_id":38438692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":106017,"first_name":"James M.","last_name":"Dorsey","domain_name":"nanyang","page_name":"JamesMDorsey","display_name":"James M. Dorsey","profile_url":"https://nanyang.academia.edu/JamesMDorsey?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/106017/85349/93258/s65_james_m..dorsey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7197,"name":"Islam in China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_in_China?f_ri=3558"},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=3558"},{"id":13725,"name":"China Going Global","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_Going_Global?f_ri=3558"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=3558"},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":22650,"name":"Central Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asia?f_ri=3558"},{"id":24550,"name":"Contemporary China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_China?f_ri=3558"},{"id":27195,"name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tajikistan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":48150,"name":"Pakistan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=3558"},{"id":62196,"name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kyrgyzstan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":80317,"name":"Coal Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coal_Mining?f_ri=3558"},{"id":85585,"name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kazakhstan?f_ri=3558"},{"id":205373,"name":"The Rise of China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Rise_of_China?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49211867" data-work_id="49211867" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49211867/Explorations_in_connected_religion_the_case_of_Sadhu_Sundar_Singh_1889_1929_">Explorations in “connected religion”: the case of Sadhu Sundar Singh (1889-1929?)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Talk given on June 10, 2021</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49211867" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffb0846900936a1bd01a69b3a7d8404c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67598165,"asset_id":49211867,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67598165/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="336240" href="https://unil.academia.edu/PhilippeBornet">Philippe Bornet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="336240" type="text/json">{"id":336240,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Bornet","domain_name":"unil","page_name":"PhilippeBornet","display_name":"Philippe Bornet","profile_url":"https://unil.academia.edu/PhilippeBornet?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336240/1118560/1399894/s65_philippe.bornet.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49211867 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49211867"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49211867, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49211867", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49211867 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49211867; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49211867"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49211867 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49211867"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49211867; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49211867]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49211867").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49211867").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49211867"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10053" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mission_Studies">Mission Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10053" type="text/json">{"id":10053,"name":"Mission Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mission_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_History">Global History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13334" type="text/json">{"id":13334,"name":"Global History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33833" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Colonial_India">History of Colonial India</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33833" type="text/json">{"id":33833,"name":"History of Colonial India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Colonial_India?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49211867]'), work: {"id":49211867,"title":"Explorations in “connected religion”: the case of Sadhu Sundar Singh (1889-1929?)","created_at":"2021-06-11T09:25:05.944-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49211867/Explorations_in_connected_religion_the_case_of_Sadhu_Sundar_Singh_1889_1929_?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_49211867","summary":"Talk given on June 10, 2021","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67598165,"asset_id":49211867,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":336240,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Bornet","domain_name":"unil","page_name":"PhilippeBornet","display_name":"Philippe Bornet","profile_url":"https://unil.academia.edu/PhilippeBornet?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336240/1118560/1399894/s65_philippe.bornet.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":10053,"name":"Mission Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mission_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":13334,"name":"Global History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":33833,"name":"History of Colonial India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Colonial_India?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":190103,"name":"Indian Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Christianity?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25312387" data-work_id="25312387" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25312387/APPROVED_UNIVERSITIES_COLLEGES">APPROVED UNIVERSITIES/COLLEGES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">[p]<br />';/;</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25312387" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2c45c8ec7a72c97c163eebfdb826e1a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45610906,"asset_id":25312387,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45610906/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48695305" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZBaber">Zaheer Baber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48695305" type="text/json">{"id":48695305,"first_name":"Zaheer","last_name":"Baber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZBaber","display_name":"Zaheer Baber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZBaber?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25312387 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25312387"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25312387, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25312387", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25312387 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25312387; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25312387"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25312387 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25312387"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25312387; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25312387]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25312387").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25312387").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25312387"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531" type="text/json">{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="596" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry">Dentistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="596" type="text/json">{"id":596,"name":"Dentistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2436" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operations_Management">Operations Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2436" type="text/json">{"id":2436,"name":"Operations Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operations_Management?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25312387]'), work: {"id":25312387,"title":"APPROVED UNIVERSITIES/COLLEGES","created_at":"2016-05-13T19:22:54.533-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25312387/APPROVED_UNIVERSITIES_COLLEGES?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_25312387","summary":"[p]\n';/;","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45610906,"asset_id":25312387,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48695305,"first_name":"Zaheer","last_name":"Baber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZBaber","display_name":"Zaheer Baber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZBaber?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":596,"name":"Dentistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2436,"name":"Operations Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operations_Management?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3029531" data-work_id="3029531" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3029531/Figurations_of_Time_in_Asia">Figurations of Time in Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3029531" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="35e86584a1c10224998d51c532ea6c63" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34272522,"asset_id":3029531,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34272522/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3341677" href="https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen">Corinna Wessels-Mevissen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3341677" type="text/json">{"id":3341677,"first_name":"Corinna","last_name":"Wessels-Mevissen","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"CorinnaWesselsMevissen","display_name":"Corinna Wessels-Mevissen","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3341677/1119343/104671230/s65_corinna.wessels-mevissen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3029531 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3029531"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3029531, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3029531", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3029531 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3029531; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3029531"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3029531 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3029531"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3029531; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3029531]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3029531").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3029531").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3029531"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3029531]'), work: {"id":3029531,"title":"Figurations of Time in Asia","created_at":"2013-03-16T07:50:10.916-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3029531/Figurations_of_Time_in_Asia?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_3029531","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34272522,"asset_id":3029531,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3341677,"first_name":"Corinna","last_name":"Wessels-Mevissen","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"CorinnaWesselsMevissen","display_name":"Corinna Wessels-Mevissen","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/CorinnaWesselsMevissen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3341677/1119343/104671230/s65_corinna.wessels-mevissen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2955548" data-work_id="2955548" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2955548/Dance_of_Ardhanari_as_Pattini_Kannaki_with_special_reference_to_the_Cilappatikaram">Dance of Ardhanari as Pattini-Kannaki with special reference to the Cilappatikaram</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A rare bronze of dancing Ardhanari(svara), the Androgyne or Hermaphrodite, is in the Colombo museum. It was originally excavated in Anurådhapura, Sri Lanka, in 1982. Professor S. PADMANABHAN of the Peredenia University, who visited my... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2955548" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A rare bronze of dancing Ardhanari(svara), the Androgyne or Hermaphrodite, is in the Colombo museum. It was originally excavated in Anurådhapura, Sri Lanka, in 1982. Professor S. PADMANABHAN of the Peredenia University, who visited my alma mater (The Tamil University of Thanjavur) a few months ago, gave us a copy of the photo (Fig. 1) which is of great importance for research pertaining to Ardhanari. The most significant feature of the image is that it accommodates the feminine part in its right side. Though the figure under study has been published and discussed around nine times, the identification does not seem to be very apt. Even though ADICEAM (1968) wrote an exhaustive account of Ardhanarisvara, the credit of bringing to scholarly attention the concept of Ardhanari with the breast on the right side as against Ardhanari with the breast on the left side goes to Professor Raju KALIDOS (1992). The report of KALIDOS (1993) was followed by brief notes of his colleagues, GOPALAKRISHNAN (1994-95) and KANDASAMY (1994). <br />This article is based on the hypothesis accounted by KALIDOS (1993: 68), “when the breast happens to be on the left the emphasis lies on the Male principle and on the Female principle when the breast appears on the right”. The pratimalaksana of the Silpasastras brings Ardhanarisvara under Sivatattvanidhi, thus putting stress on Siva and not on Devï. The icon under study is depicted with the breast on the right and so here the androgyne deity is accounted under ‘she’ and not ‘he’.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2955548" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7db4df1d861013fbd0b46cb6879fc89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30909840,"asset_id":2955548,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30909840/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1114764" href="https://ruraluniv.academia.edu/RKKRajarajan">R.K.K. Rajarajan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1114764" type="text/json">{"id":1114764,"first_name":"R.K.K.","last_name":"Rajarajan","domain_name":"ruraluniv","page_name":"RKKRajarajan","display_name":"R.K.K. Rajarajan","profile_url":"https://ruraluniv.academia.edu/RKKRajarajan?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1114764/388985/101877099/s65_r.k.k..rajarajan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2955548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2955548"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2955548, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2955548", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2955548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2955548; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2955548"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2955548 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2955548"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2955548; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2955548]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2955548").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2955548").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2955548"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7570" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamil_Literature">Tamil Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7570" type="text/json">{"id":7570,"name":"Tamil Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamil_Literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23174" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divine_Androgyne">Divine Androgyne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23174" type="text/json">{"id":23174,"name":"Divine Androgyne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divine_Androgyne?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2955548]'), work: {"id":2955548,"title":"Dance of Ardhanari as Pattini-Kannaki with special reference to the Cilappatikaram","created_at":"2013-03-11T14:55:33.709-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2955548/Dance_of_Ardhanari_as_Pattini_Kannaki_with_special_reference_to_the_Cilappatikaram?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_2955548","summary":"A rare bronze of dancing Ardhanari(svara), the Androgyne or Hermaphrodite, is in the Colombo museum. It was originally excavated in Anurådhapura, Sri Lanka, in 1982. Professor S. PADMANABHAN of the Peredenia University, who visited my alma mater (The Tamil University of Thanjavur) a few months ago, gave us a copy of the photo (Fig. 1) which is of great importance for research pertaining to Ardhanari. The most significant feature of the image is that it accommodates the feminine part in its right side. Though the figure under study has been published and discussed around nine times, the identification does not seem to be very apt. Even though ADICEAM (1968) wrote an exhaustive account of Ardhanarisvara, the credit of bringing to scholarly attention the concept of Ardhanari with the breast on the right side as against Ardhanari with the breast on the left side goes to Professor Raju KALIDOS (1992). The report of KALIDOS (1993) was followed by brief notes of his colleagues, GOPALAKRISHNAN (1994-95) and KANDASAMY (1994). \r\nThis article is based on the hypothesis accounted by KALIDOS (1993: 68), “when the breast happens to be on the left the emphasis lies on the Male principle and on the Female principle when the breast appears on the right”. The pratimalaksana of the Silpasastras brings Ardhanarisvara under Sivatattvanidhi, thus putting stress on Siva and not on Devï. The icon under study is depicted with the breast on the right and so here the androgyne deity is accounted under ‘she’ and not ‘he’.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30909840,"asset_id":2955548,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1114764,"first_name":"R.K.K.","last_name":"Rajarajan","domain_name":"ruraluniv","page_name":"RKKRajarajan","display_name":"R.K.K. Rajarajan","profile_url":"https://ruraluniv.academia.edu/RKKRajarajan?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1114764/388985/101877099/s65_r.k.k..rajarajan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":7570,"name":"Tamil Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamil_Literature?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":23174,"name":"Divine Androgyne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divine_Androgyne?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":71894,"name":"Hindu Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Mythology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":147828,"name":"Art, Iconography and Religion (Hindu and Buddhist).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Iconography_and_Religion_Hindu_and_Buddhist_?f_ri=3558"},{"id":181912,"name":"Chastity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chastity?f_ri=3558"},{"id":485616,"name":"Pattini","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pattini?f_ri=3558"},{"id":765554,"name":"Ardhanarisvara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ardhanarisvara?f_ri=3558"},{"id":765556,"name":"Colombo Museum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colombo_Museum?f_ri=3558"},{"id":782677,"name":"Tamil Epics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tamil_Epics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":959279,"name":"Religious Studies /Indology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies_Indology?f_ri=3558"},{"id":959285,"name":"Hindu Shakta Tantra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_Shakta_Tantra?f_ri=3558"},{"id":959288,"name":"Goddess Cultures In India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goddess_Cultures_In_India?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20350420" data-work_id="20350420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20350420/Europe_India_and_the_Limits_of_Secularism">Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction and first chapter of a new book: Even though ‘the crisis of secularism’ was declared decades ago, it remains unresolved. This book argues that its roots are internal to the liberal model of secularism, which emerged from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20350420" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction and first chapter of a new book: Even though ‘the crisis of secularism’ was declared decades ago, it remains unresolved. This book argues that its roots are internal to the liberal model of secularism, which emerged from the religious dynamics of the Protestant Reformation. In Europe and India, this model has gone hand in hand with an intolerant anticlerical theology that rejects certain traditions as evil ‘political religion’. Consequently, liberal secularism often harms local forms of coexistence rather than nourishing them.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20350420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6e49d660d0c8c12f1ea6de5a8846c7ba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41305407,"asset_id":20350420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41305407/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="932068" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/JakobDeRoover">Jakob De Roover</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="932068" type="text/json">{"id":932068,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"De Roover","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"JakobDeRoover","display_name":"Jakob De Roover","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/JakobDeRoover?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/932068/618782/51272146/s65_jakob.de_roover.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20350420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20350420"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20350420, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20350420", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20350420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20350420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20350420"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20350420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20350420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20350420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20350420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20350420").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20350420").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20350420"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20350420]'), work: {"id":20350420,"title":"Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism","created_at":"2016-01-18T05:11:53.779-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20350420/Europe_India_and_the_Limits_of_Secularism?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_20350420","summary":"Introduction and first chapter of a new book: Even though ‘the crisis of secularism’ was declared decades ago, it remains unresolved. This book argues that its roots are internal to the liberal model of secularism, which emerged from the religious dynamics of the Protestant Reformation. In Europe and India, this model has gone hand in hand with an intolerant anticlerical theology that rejects certain traditions as evil ‘political religion’. Consequently, liberal secularism often harms local forms of coexistence rather than nourishing them.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41305407,"asset_id":20350420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":932068,"first_name":"Jakob","last_name":"De Roover","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"JakobDeRoover","display_name":"Jakob De Roover","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/JakobDeRoover?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/932068/618782/51272146/s65_jakob.de_roover.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":10106,"name":"Protestantism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protestantism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":11932,"name":"Secularization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularization?f_ri=3558"},{"id":12624,"name":"History of Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Thought?f_ri=3558"},{"id":14972,"name":"Comparative Secularism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Secularism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":15702,"name":"Modern Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Indian_History?f_ri=3558"},{"id":19283,"name":"Secularisms and Secularities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities?f_ri=3558"},{"id":22282,"name":"Liberalism and Toleration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism_and_Toleration?f_ri=3558"},{"id":26521,"name":"Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tolerance?f_ri=3558"},{"id":32660,"name":"Comparative Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Theory?f_ri=3558"},{"id":42845,"name":"Religious Toleration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Toleration?f_ri=3558"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=3558"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=3558"},{"id":66420,"name":"Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Thought?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4315905" data-work_id="4315905" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4315905/Early_History_of_Saraswati_civilization_of_Saurashtra_and_Jain_Tirth_of_Palitana_and_Girnar">Early History of Saraswati civilization of Saurashtra and Jain Tirth of Palitana and Girnar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4315905" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1859387ff35ae64fcc426f9dedb6f3b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31772298,"asset_id":4315905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31772298/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3501007" href="https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah">Bipin Shah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3501007" type="text/json">{"id":3501007,"first_name":"Bipin","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"sunybuffalo","page_name":"BipinShah","display_name":"Bipin Shah","profile_url":"https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3501007/1194969/17211261/s65_bipin.shah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4315905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4315905"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4315905, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4315905", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4315905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4315905; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4315905"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4315905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4315905"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4315905; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4315905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4315905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4315905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4315905"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="115" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism">Jainism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="115" type="text/json">{"id":115,"name":"Jainism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4315905]'), work: {"id":4315905,"title":"Early History of Saraswati civilization of Saurashtra and Jain Tirth of Palitana and Girnar","created_at":"2013-08-24T07:43:53.466-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4315905/Early_History_of_Saraswati_civilization_of_Saurashtra_and_Jain_Tirth_of_Palitana_and_Girnar?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_4315905","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31772298,"asset_id":4315905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3501007,"first_name":"Bipin","last_name":"Shah","domain_name":"sunybuffalo","page_name":"BipinShah","display_name":"Bipin Shah","profile_url":"https://sunybuffalo.academia.edu/BipinShah?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3501007/1194969/17211261/s65_bipin.shah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":115,"name":"Jainism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jainism?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38049705" data-work_id="38049705" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38049705/Comparative_Public_Law_LLM_Course_Manual">Comparative Public Law-LLM: Course Manual</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38049705" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0bbacdab81d473218ce4def4298918db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58588978,"asset_id":38049705,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58588978/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="261740" href="https://bml.academia.edu/PrabhakarSingh">Prabhakar Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="261740" type="text/json">{"id":261740,"first_name":"Prabhakar","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"bml","page_name":"PrabhakarSingh","display_name":"Prabhakar Singh","profile_url":"https://bml.academia.edu/PrabhakarSingh?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/261740/64436/96883619/s65_prabhakar.singh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38049705 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38049705"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38049705, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38049705", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38049705 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38049705; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38049705"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38049705 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38049705"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38049705; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38049705]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38049705").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38049705").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38049705"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="548" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law">Civil Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="548" type="text/json">{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38049705]'), work: {"id":38049705,"title":"Comparative Public Law-LLM: Course Manual","created_at":"2018-12-27T22:12:56.272-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38049705/Comparative_Public_Law_LLM_Course_Manual?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_38049705","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58588978,"asset_id":38049705,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":261740,"first_name":"Prabhakar","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"bml","page_name":"PrabhakarSingh","display_name":"Prabhakar Singh","profile_url":"https://bml.academia.edu/PrabhakarSingh?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/261740/64436/96883619/s65_prabhakar.singh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":18116,"name":"Indian Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Law?f_ri=3558"},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=3558"},{"id":107490,"name":"Common Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Law?f_ri=3558"},{"id":205820,"name":"Legal Transplants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Transplants?f_ri=3558"},{"id":658446,"name":"Statutory Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statutory_Construction?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67073596" data-work_id="67073596" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67073596/A_Review_Study_of_Factors_Influencing_Suicide_Among_South_Asians_in_the_Uk">A Review Study of Factors Influencing Suicide Among South Asians in the Uk</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose of the study: A systematic review of studies on factors in the suicide of South Asians in the UK was reviewed to enhance understanding by aggregating those factors contributing to suicide in this diverse group. Methodology:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67073596" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose of the study: A systematic review of studies on factors in the suicide of South Asians in the UK was reviewed to enhance understanding by aggregating those factors contributing to suicide in this diverse group. Methodology: Digital databases PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PubMed, JSTOR, Science Direct, Web of sciences, and Google Scholar, were searched from 1990 to 2018 and, six studies were included for the review. Main Findings: Factors like cultural conflict, mental health issues, family relationships, and religious & other social aspects influence suicide in South Asians in the UK. Also, better family contact, culturally sensitive interventions & services, and educational pamphlets could support preventive strategies. Applications of this study: Future research needs to concentrate on the reasons behind high rates of suicide in social class 1 and disaggregation of factors in subgroups of South Asians in the UK to support the development of sound preventive strategies. Novelty/O...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67073596" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24430fdfbb18256669ec2e7dee3cde9c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78029026,"asset_id":67073596,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78029026/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="139040775" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MAlamgeerKhan">M Alamgeer Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="139040775" type="text/json">{"id":139040775,"first_name":"M Alamgeer","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAlamgeerKhan","display_name":"M Alamgeer Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAlamgeerKhan?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67073596 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67073596"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67073596, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67073596", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67073596 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67073596; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67073596"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67073596 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67073596"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67073596; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67073596]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67073596").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67073596").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67073596"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2827" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health">Mental Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2827" type="text/json">{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="269691" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sucide">Sucide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="269691" type="text/json">{"id":269691,"name":"Sucide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sucide?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281901" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Relations">Family Relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="281901" type="text/json">{"id":281901,"name":"Family Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67073596]'), work: {"id":67073596,"title":"A Review Study of Factors Influencing Suicide Among South Asians in the Uk","created_at":"2022-01-04T06:27:47.283-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67073596/A_Review_Study_of_Factors_Influencing_Suicide_Among_South_Asians_in_the_Uk?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_67073596","summary":"Purpose of the study: A systematic review of studies on factors in the suicide of South Asians in the UK was reviewed to enhance understanding by aggregating those factors contributing to suicide in this diverse group. Methodology: Digital databases PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PubMed, JSTOR, Science Direct, Web of sciences, and Google Scholar, were searched from 1990 to 2018 and, six studies were included for the review. Main Findings: Factors like cultural conflict, mental health issues, family relationships, and religious \u0026 other social aspects influence suicide in South Asians in the UK. Also, better family contact, culturally sensitive interventions \u0026 services, and educational pamphlets could support preventive strategies. Applications of this study: Future research needs to concentrate on the reasons behind high rates of suicide in social class 1 and disaggregation of factors in subgroups of South Asians in the UK to support the development of sound preventive strategies. Novelty/O...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78029026,"asset_id":67073596,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":139040775,"first_name":"M Alamgeer","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAlamgeerKhan","display_name":"M Alamgeer Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAlamgeerKhan?f_ri=3558","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":269691,"name":"Sucide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sucide?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":281901,"name":"Family Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":830798,"name":"Cultural Heritage and Social Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_and_Social_Conflict?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62525508" data-work_id="62525508" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62525508/Caregiver_Burden_In_South_Asian_Families">Caregiver Burden In South Asian Families</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ABSTRACT. Systems theory has been extensively used by social work practitioners to conceptualize an array of social and psychological problems at the level of clinical practice. Systems theory is complex and this complexity is believed to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62525508" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ABSTRACT. Systems theory has been extensively used by social work practitioners to conceptualize an array of social and psychological problems at the level of clinical practice. Systems theory is complex and this complexity is believed to be advantageous for investigating the roots ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62525508" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea679f9476991b92a7022ec082c861e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75256936,"asset_id":62525508,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75256936/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52536625" href="https://uta.academia.edu/Pillai">Vijayan Pillai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52536625" type="text/json">{"id":52536625,"first_name":"Vijayan","last_name":"Pillai","domain_name":"uta","page_name":"Pillai","display_name":"Vijayan Pillai","profile_url":"https://uta.academia.edu/Pillai?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52536625/24997118/23808836/s65_vijayan.pillai.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62525508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62525508"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62525508, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62525508", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62525508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62525508; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62525508"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62525508 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62525508"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62525508; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62525508]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62525508").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62525508").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62525508"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work">Social Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="940" type="text/json">{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52836" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Practice">Clinical Practice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52836" type="text/json">{"id":52836,"name":"Clinical Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Practice?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62525508]'), work: {"id":62525508,"title":"Caregiver Burden In South Asian Families","created_at":"2021-11-26T21:56:42.652-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62525508/Caregiver_Burden_In_South_Asian_Families?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_62525508","summary":"ABSTRACT. Systems theory has been extensively used by social work practitioners to conceptualize an array of social and psychological problems at the level of clinical practice. Systems theory is complex and this complexity is believed to be advantageous for investigating the roots ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75256936,"asset_id":62525508,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52536625,"first_name":"Vijayan","last_name":"Pillai","domain_name":"uta","page_name":"Pillai","display_name":"Vijayan Pillai","profile_url":"https://uta.academia.edu/Pillai?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52536625/24997118/23808836/s65_vijayan.pillai.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":52836,"name":"Clinical Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Practice?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":75834,"name":"System Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Theory?f_ri=3558"},{"id":220472,"name":"Caregiver burden","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caregiver_burden?f_ri=3558"},{"id":387476,"name":"Health Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Problems?f_ri=3558"},{"id":444020,"name":"Behavior Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior_Problems?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7374192" data-work_id="7374192" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7374192/Mochtar_Mas_oed_and_Amalinda_Sevirani_Financing_Politics_in_Indonesia">Mochtar Mas’oed & Amalinda Sevirani - Financing Politics in Indonesia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7374192" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="864cd7729da979c4a278b47c208f6a52" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33969889,"asset_id":7374192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33969889/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12967464" href="https://ugm.academia.edu/PCDJournal">PCD Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12967464" type="text/json">{"id":12967464,"first_name":"PCD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"PCDJournal","display_name":"PCD Journal","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/PCDJournal?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12967464/3675333/4308868/s65_pcd.journal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7374192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7374192"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7374192, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7374192", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7374192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7374192; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7374192"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7374192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7374192"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7374192; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7374192]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7374192").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7374192").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7374192"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3849" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict">Conflict</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3849" type="text/json">{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7374192]'), work: {"id":7374192,"title":"Mochtar Mas’oed \u0026 Amalinda Sevirani - Financing Politics in Indonesia","created_at":"2014-06-17T02:31:05.354-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7374192/Mochtar_Mas_oed_and_Amalinda_Sevirani_Financing_Politics_in_Indonesia?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_7374192","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33969889,"asset_id":7374192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12967464,"first_name":"PCD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"PCDJournal","display_name":"PCD Journal","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/PCDJournal?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12967464/3675333/4308868/s65_pcd.journal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=3558"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=3558"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=3558"},{"id":19004,"name":"Participatory Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Democracy?f_ri=3558"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42346310" data-work_id="42346310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42346310/Lancaster_Newspaper_Story_on_Defending_Muhammad_in_Modernity">Lancaster Newspaper Story on Defending Muhammad in Modernity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="https://lancasteronline.com/features/f-m-professor-s-book-explores-the-contentious-dispute-in/article_45973528-6f7e-11ea-b5a5-232da4bc828d.html" rel="nofollow">https://lancasteronline.com/features/f-m-professor-s-book-explores-the-contentious-dispute-in/article_45973528-6f7e-11ea-b5a5-232da4bc828d.html</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42346310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecbd9f89ee8c38b0f0fb7f29fca7bb96" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62505133,"asset_id":42346310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62505133/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="226860" href="https://fandm.academia.edu/SheraliTareen">Sherali Tareen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="226860" type="text/json">{"id":226860,"first_name":"Sherali","last_name":"Tareen","domain_name":"fandm","page_name":"SheraliTareen","display_name":"Sherali Tareen","profile_url":"https://fandm.academia.edu/SheraliTareen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/226860/1960186/17527716/s65_sherali.tareen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42346310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42346310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42346310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42346310", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42346310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42346310; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42346310"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42346310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42346310"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42346310; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42346310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42346310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42346310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42346310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42346310]'), work: {"id":42346310,"title":"Lancaster Newspaper Story on Defending Muhammad in Modernity","created_at":"2020-03-27T16:51:18.625-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42346310/Lancaster_Newspaper_Story_on_Defending_Muhammad_in_Modernity?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_42346310","summary":"https://lancasteronline.com/features/f-m-professor-s-book-explores-the-contentious-dispute-in/article_45973528-6f7e-11ea-b5a5-232da4bc828d.html","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62505133,"asset_id":42346310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":226860,"first_name":"Sherali","last_name":"Tareen","domain_name":"fandm","page_name":"SheraliTareen","display_name":"Sherali Tareen","profile_url":"https://fandm.academia.edu/SheraliTareen?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/226860/1960186/17527716/s65_sherali.tareen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36448204" data-work_id="36448204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36448204/Book_cover_A_Debate_to_Remember_The_US_India_nuclear_deal">Book cover- A Debate to Remember: The US-India nuclear deal</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The US–India nuclear deal, popularly known as the 123 Agreement, announced by George W. Bush and Manmohan Singh on 18 July 2005 was a defining moment in the relationship of the two countries, as also India’s relationship with the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36448204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The US–India nuclear deal, popularly known as the 123 Agreement, announced by George W. Bush and Manmohan Singh on 18 July 2005 was a defining moment in the relationship of the two countries, as also India’s relationship with the non-proliferation regime. Bush administration’s implied recognition of India’s nuclear weapons, and its abrupt reversal of three decades of sanctions to restore Indian access to nuclear fuel, and reactors and dual use technologies despite being a non-proliferation treaty non-signatory, led to contentious debates in both India and the USA. <br />A Debate to Remember emphasizes the multifaceted debate in India over the nuclear deal using concepts from science and technology studies. It focuses on the intense contestation over the civil-military mix of India’s separation plan, the competition between the Iran–Pakistan–India pipeline and the nuclear deal, the role of retired nuclear scientists, and the issue of liability that has stalled the full implementation of the nuclear deal.The impact of domestic factors on issues ranging from the civil-military status of breeder reactors to the Indian insistence on no restriction on future nuclear testing in the 123 Agreement is also revealed in this book.<br />About the Author <br />Chaitanya Ravi is an adjunct professor in environmental science and policy and biology at George Mason University, USA.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36448204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a06a3befac002290550806e64095bd4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56363054,"asset_id":36448204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56363054/download_file?st=MTczMjQxOTcyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="654971" href="https://flameedu.academia.edu/ChaitanyaRavi">Chaitanya Ravi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="654971" type="text/json">{"id":654971,"first_name":"Chaitanya","last_name":"Ravi","domain_name":"flameedu","page_name":"ChaitanyaRavi","display_name":"Chaitanya Ravi","profile_url":"https://flameedu.academia.edu/ChaitanyaRavi?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/654971/227102/16177775/s65_chaitanya.ravi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36448204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36448204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36448204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36448204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36448204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36448204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36448204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36448204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36448204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36448204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36448204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36448204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36448204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36448204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166342" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_and_Energy_Policy">Environmental and Energy Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166342" type="text/json">{"id":1166342,"name":"Environmental and Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_and_Energy_Policy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36448204]'), work: {"id":36448204,"title":"Book cover- A Debate to Remember: The US-India nuclear deal","created_at":"2018-04-19T21:10:29.757-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36448204/Book_cover_A_Debate_to_Remember_The_US_India_nuclear_deal?f_ri=3558","dom_id":"work_36448204","summary":"\nThe US–India nuclear deal, popularly known as the 123 Agreement, announced by George W. Bush and Manmohan Singh on 18 July 2005 was a defining moment in the relationship of the two countries, as also India’s relationship with the non-proliferation regime. Bush administration’s implied recognition of India’s nuclear weapons, and its abrupt reversal of three decades of sanctions to restore Indian access to nuclear fuel, and reactors and dual use technologies despite being a non-proliferation treaty non-signatory, led to contentious debates in both India and the USA. \nA Debate to Remember emphasizes the multifaceted debate in India over the nuclear deal using concepts from science and technology studies. It focuses on the intense contestation over the civil-military mix of India’s separation plan, the competition between the Iran–Pakistan–India pipeline and the nuclear deal, the role of retired nuclear scientists, and the issue of liability that has stalled the full implementation of the nuclear deal.The impact of domestic factors on issues ranging from the civil-military status of breeder reactors to the Indian insistence on no restriction on future nuclear testing in the 123 Agreement is also revealed in this book.\nAbout the Author\t\nChaitanya Ravi is an adjunct professor in environmental science and policy and biology at George Mason University, USA.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56363054,"asset_id":36448204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":654971,"first_name":"Chaitanya","last_name":"Ravi","domain_name":"flameedu","page_name":"ChaitanyaRavi","display_name":"Chaitanya Ravi","profile_url":"https://flameedu.academia.edu/ChaitanyaRavi?f_ri=3558","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/654971/227102/16177775/s65_chaitanya.ravi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false},{"id":1166342,"name":"Environmental and Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_and_Energy_Policy?f_ri=3558","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?after=50%2C36448204" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia">South Asia</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5471">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5471">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies">Indian studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3389">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3389">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="114">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="114">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit_language_and_literature">Sanskrit language and literature</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5076">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5076">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History">South Asian History</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6926">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6926">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6921">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6921">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Philosophy">Indian Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1221">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1221">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Religions">South Asian Religions</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="19092">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="19092">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indology">Indology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="94916">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="94916">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India">India</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="43838">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="43838">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "929307a4e1743c0b1816773406326973ff19107b0765570abb4ed60bba179da9", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="GBRjILZepJX6fR/r0mk0v4Pus5nsHgNr+tIOKAG53zEgt4Jo8qpgj6SOMXmeI9JdgW9fqSrwim0Q8vAgMbWZbw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NHNINkM1YQ+O+qvV7AcqofrSDxNbi9nkO0CQCSX9l3EM0Kl+B8GlFdAJhUegTcxD+FPjI51lUOLRYG4BFfHRLw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>