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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia_(tema)" title="Sicília (tema) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicília (tema)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizilien_(byzantinisches_Thema)" title="Sizilien (byzantinisches Thema) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sizilien (byzantinisches Thema)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiilia_teema" title="Sitsiilia teema – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitsiilia teema" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Θέμα Σικελίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέμα Σικελίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_de_Sicilia" title="Tema de Sicilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tema de Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicile_(th%C3%A8me)" title="Sicile (thème) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicile (thème)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thema_de_Sicilia" title="Thema de Sicilia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thema de Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilia_(tema)" title="Sisilia (tema) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sisilia (tema)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(thema)" title="Sicilia (thema) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sicilia (thema)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikelia" title="Sikelia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sikelia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94)" title="סיקיליה (תימה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיקיליה (תימה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_da_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Tema da Sicília – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tema da Sicília" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Сицилия (фема) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилия (фема)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thema_e_Si%C3%A7ilis%C3%AB" title="Thema e Siçilisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thema e Siçilisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Сицилија (тема) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сицилија (тема)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilya_(thema)" title="Sicilya (thema) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicilya (thema)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Сицилія (фема) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сицилія (фема)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="西西里军区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西西里军区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine province</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Theme of Sicily<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σικελία, θέμα Σικελίας</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (country subdivision)">Theme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">687/695–902</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg/220px-ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg/330px-ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg/440px-ByzantineEmpire717%2Bextrainfo%2Bthemes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="423" /></a></span><br />The Byzantine Empire and its <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 717</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Rhegion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Middle Ages</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">687/695</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">Fall of Taormina</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">902</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Remnant renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Calabria">Theme of Calabria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mid-10th century</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(Roman_province)" title="Sicily (Roman province)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/21px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/32px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/43px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily (Roman province)">Sicily (Roman province)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Calabria">Theme of Calabria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Calabria" title="Theme of Calabria"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/21px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/32px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/43px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sicily</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">θέμα Σικελίας</span>, <i>Thema Sikelias</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> province (<a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a>) existing from the late 7th to the 10th century, encompassing the islands of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and the region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian mainland</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>, from 902 the theme was limited to Calabria, but retained its original name until the middle of the 10th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily_(theme)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since its reconquest from the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> by <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in 535–536, Sicily had formed a distinct <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> under a <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i>, while the army was placed under a <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199422_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199422-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> (military governor) is attested on the island in <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sources between 687 and 695, and it is at that time that the island was probably made into a theme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme was based in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, traditionally the chief city of Sicily. It comprised not only the island, which was divided into districts called <i><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">tourmai</a></i>, but also the mainland duchy of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δουκᾶτον Καλαυρίας</span></span>, <i>doukaton Kalavrias</i>), which extended roughly up to the river <a href="/wiki/Crati" title="Crati">Crati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199419,_22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199419,_22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952179_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952179-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>strategos</i> of Sicily exercised some authority—varying according to the prevailing local political faction—over the autonomous duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2008457–459_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2008457–459-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest</a> of the island began in 826. Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">fall of Syracuse</a> in 878 and the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> in 902, the <i>strategos</i> moved to <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Rhegion</a>, the capital of Calabria. During the first half of the 10th century, the Byzantines launched a number of failed expeditions to regain the island and maintained a few isolated strongholds near <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> until 965, when <a href="/wiki/Rometta" title="Rometta">Rometta</a>, the last Byzantine outpost, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">fell</a>. The post of "<i>strategos</i> of Sicily" was thus retained as the official title until the mid-10th century, when the "<i>strategos</i> of Calabria" begins to appear in the lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351,_356_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351,_356-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952178–180_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952178–180-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_strategoi">List of <i>strategoi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily_(theme)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of strategoi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holders of the office known only from seals who can not be precisely dated are not included. Uncertain or conjectural entries are denoted in italics. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Name </th> <th width="11%">Tenure </th> <th width="12%">Appointed by </th> <th width="63%">Notes </th> <th width="2%">Refs </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Salventius</i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 687–695</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (?) </td> <td>Only known through two seals dating to the late 7th century, which give his titles as <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> and <i>strategos</i>, without geographic qualification. His Latin name points to a Western origin, possibly from the senatorial aristocracy of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; as the only Western theme at the time was Sicily, he is held to have been <i>strategos</i> there, probably appointed by Justinian II during his first reign. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200398–99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200398–99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Theophylact</i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberios III">Tiberios III</a> </td> <td>Four seals attest to the existence of a <i><a href="/wiki/Koubikoularios" class="mw-redirect" title="Koubikoularios">koubikoularios</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parakoimomenos" title="Parakoimomenos">parakoimomenos</a></i>, and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily with that name. The dating, as well as the attribution of the seals to the same person, are uncertain, but some scholars (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Vitalien_Laurent" title="Vitalien Laurent">Vitalien Laurent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Nicolas Oikonomides</a>) identify him with the <a href="/wiki/Theophylactus_(exarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophylactus (exarch)">namesake</a> <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a>, who was appointed in October 701 and came from Sicily. This attribution would also make him the first known <i>parakoimomenos</i>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200399–101_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200399–101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheophylaktos_(#8270);_Theophylaktos_(#8291)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheophylaktos_(#8270);_Theophylaktos_(#8291)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_(general_of_Justinian_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore (general of Justinian II) (page does not exist)">Theodore</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 710–713</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> </td> <td>First attested in October 710, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Pope Constantine</a> healed him from an illness. Following the murder of Exarch <a href="/wiki/John_III_Rizocopus" title="John III Rizocopus">John III Rizocopus</a> in 711, he was sent to Italy to restore order. He killed or captured the rebels, many of whom were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, including Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Ravenna" title="Felix of Ravenna">Felix of Ravenna</a>. He probably remained in charge of the Exarchate until the arrival of a new exarch, <a href="/wiki/Scholasticus" title="Scholasticus">Scholasticus</a>, in 713. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003101–103_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003101–103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7521)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7521)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergios </td> <td>717–718 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> </td> <td>The <i>patrikios</i> Sergios was <i>strategos</i> of Sicily in 717, when false news reached the island that Constantinople <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab Siege of Constantinople">had fallen</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. He then proclaimed one of his aides, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Onomagoulos" title="Basil Onomagoulos">Basil Onomagoulos</a>, as emperor. Emperor Leo III quickly sent a new <i>strategos</i> to the island to suppress the inadvertent revolt. Sergius managed to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, but later secured a pardon and returned to Byzantine territory. Some scholars have proposed an identification with the namesake <i>strategos</i> of 731. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003103–105_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003103–105-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6594)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6594)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_(exarch)" title="Paul (exarch)">Paul</a> </td> <td>718–723 (?) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> </td> <td>Originally the personal <i><a href="/wiki/Chartoularios" title="Chartoularios">chartoularios</a></i> of the emperor, he was sent to suppress the revolt of Sergios and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Onomagoulos" title="Basil Onomagoulos">Basil Onomagoulos</a>. He is commonly identified as the Paul who became Exarch of Ravenna in 723, and may have remained in office in Sicily until then, but neither is certain. The Exarch Paul was killed during a rebellion in Ravenna in 726/27. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003105–106_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003105–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPaulos_(#5815)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPaulos_(#5815)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sergios </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 730–735</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> </td> <td>Sometimes identified with the <i>strategos</i> of 717. He was involved in promoting Leo's <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> policies with the Pope, as well as implementing his administrative and fiscal reforms, in Sicily and Calabria. He was possibly the Byzantine commander in a naval defeat at the hands of the Umayyads under <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab_al-Mawsili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mawsili">Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mawsili</a> in 734/35, and may have been the author of a truce concluded in 728. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6596)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6596)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochos_(strategos_of_Sicily)" title="Antiochos (strategos of Sicily)">Antiochos</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 760–763</span> (?) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> </td> <td>He was <i>strategos</i> of Sicily, and the chief imperial commander (<i>monostrategos</i>) in Italy, probably in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 760–763</span>, perhaps as late as 766. He also occupied the post of <i><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">logothetes tou dromou</a></i>, unusually in tandem with the post of <i>strategos</i>. He was implicated in a conspiracy of nineteen of the highest state officials, headed by the brothers <a href="/wiki/Strategios_Podopagouros" title="Strategios Podopagouros">Strategios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Podopagouros" title="Constantine Podopagouros">Constantine Podopagouros</a>, against Constantine V. After the plot's discovery, the conspirators were publicly paraded and humiliated at the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> on 25 August 766, following which Antiochos and most of the other conspirators were <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">blinded</a> and exiled. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107–114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107–114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZAntiochos_(#513);_Antiochos_(#518)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZAntiochos_(#513);_Antiochos_(#518)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elpidius_(rebel)" title="Elpidius (rebel)">Elpidios</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 778–780</span> (?)<br />781–782 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV the Khazar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> </td> <td>Appointed as <i>strategos</i> of Sicily in February 781 by Empress-regent Irene of Athens. He is noted to have held the office previously, most likely in the late 770s, so that Irene's appointment may simply have been a reconfirmation. He was soon accused of participating in the abortive conspiracy of the previous October to depose Irene and raise Leo IV's brother <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> to the throne. Irene sent an emissary to Sicily, but the locals refused to hand him over, so that the Empress had to dispatch an expedition against him in 782. Elpidios fled to the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, who crowned him Byzantine emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>). </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003114–117_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003114–117-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZElpidios_(#1515/corr.)_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZElpidios_(#1515/corr.)-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_(general_of_Irene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore (general of Irene) (page does not exist)">Theodore</a> </td> <td>782–788 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>, he was sent by Empress Irene to depose Elpidios. He remained in Sicily as the local <i>strategos</i> and was active in the affairs of Italy. He participated, under the command of the <i><a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">sakellarios</a></i> John, in the expedition in support of the former <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Lombards">King of the Lombards</a> <a href="/wiki/Adelchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelchis">Adelchis</a>, who intended to recover his realm from <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. The expedition was defeated by the Franks, and Theodore was executed "in cruel fashion". </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003117–122_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003117–122-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7578)_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7578)-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Monomachos" class="mw-redirect" title="Niketas Monomachos">Niketas Monomachos</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 797</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> </td> <td>Born in <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>, he was castrated as a child. He is attested as <i>strategos</i> of Sicily in 797, when he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a> in an embassy to Charlemagne. He remained in office until 798/9, when his successor is named. After 811 he became a monk and abbot, and a defender of the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> during the second period of iconoclasm. He died in 836 and is venerated as a saint. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003122–125_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003122–125-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZNiketas_(#5424)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZNiketas_(#5424)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Ganglianos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Ganglianos (page does not exist)">Michael Ganglianos</a></i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 798/9</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> </td> <td>Mentioned in Frankish sources as a former governor of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> (likely <i>strategos</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a>), who led an embassy to the court of Charlemagne along with the presbyter Theophilos in 798. He is equated by some scholars, notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Speck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Speck (page does not exist)">Paul Speck</a>, with the "<i>Michahel Siciliae praefectus</i>" mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_regni_Francorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales regni Francorum">Annales regni Francorum</a></i> as an envoy to Charlemagne in 799, as well as with the owner of a seal mentioning "Michael, <i>patrikios</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praipositos" class="mw-redirect" title="Praipositos">praipositos</a></i>, and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily". If so, the title of <i>praipositos</i> indicates that he was a eunuch. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003126–128_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003126–128-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZMichael_Ganglianos_(#5045);_Michael_(#5046)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZMichael_Ganglianos_(#5045);_Michael_(#5046)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Constantine </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 804/5</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> </td> <td>Constantine is only known from a letter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> from 813, as having concluded a ten-year truce with the Arabs (probably the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>) in spring 804, which was broken by the latter. He was probably sent to the island soon after the overthrow of Irene in October 802, to replace the governor appointed by her, hence in 803. A number of seals mentioning Constantine, <i>patrikios</i> and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily, are attributed to him, including one found on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, perhaps linked with the short-lived recovery of the island under Nikephoros I in 805–806. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003128–129_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003128–129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3917)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3917)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Theognostos</i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 812</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rhangabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I Rhangabe">Michael I Rhangabe</a> </td> <td>Mentioned as one of the envoys sent in 811/2 by Michael I to <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> to negotiate peace and arrange a marriage between his son <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> and a Frankish princess. Given the frequency with which the <i>strategoi</i> of Sicily were eomployed in such embassies, he may be the owner of an unpublished seal mentioning "Theognostos, <i>patrikios</i> and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily", which on stylistic grounds is to be dated in the early 9th century. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003129–131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003129–131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheognostos_(#8011)_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheognostos_(#8011)-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gregory </td> <td>813–821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V the Armenian</a> </td> <td>Mentioned in two letters by Pope Leo III in August and November 813. He led a fleet to Sicily to help repel an Arab attack, but soon concluded a truce with the Arabs of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. He restored imperial control over the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a>, installing his own nominees <a href="/wiki/Theoctistus_of_Naples" title="Theoctistus of Naples">Theoctistus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_II_of_Naples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore II of Naples (page does not exist)">Theodore</a> as dukes. After the murder of Leo V in December 820, he did not recognize his successor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_the_Amorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II the Amorian">Michael II the Amorian</a>, and was assassinated by local aristocrats under <a href="/wiki/Euphemius_(Sicily)" title="Euphemius (Sicily)">Euphemius</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003131_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003131-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZGregorios_(#2466)_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZGregorios_(#2466)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Soudas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Soudas (page does not exist)">Constantine Soudas</a> </td> <td>826 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_the_Amorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II the Amorian">Michael II the Amorian</a> </td> <td>Appointed by Michael II in 826, Constantine appointed Euphemius as his fleet commander, but was overthrown and executed by the latter, when orders came from Constantinople for his arrest. Facing resistance in the island, Euphemius turned to the Aghlabids for aid. The affair marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3928/corr.);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3928/corr.);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Palata or Balata</i> </td> <td>826–827 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_the_Amorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II the Amorian">Michael II the Amorian</a> </td> <td>Known only from Arabic sources, his actual name is unknown; <i>Palata</i> may be the corrupted form of a title (perhaps <i><a href="/wiki/Kouropalates" title="Kouropalates">kouropalates</a></i>). Initially a partisan of Euphemios, he turned against him and evicted him from Syracuse; alternatively he may have been a general sent from Constantinople. When Euphemios returned with Aghlabid troops, Palata, who was the <i>de facto</i> governor of Sicily, was defeated and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, where he died. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZBalāṭa_(#738);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZBalāṭa_(#738);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Photeinos_(strategos)" title="Photeinos (strategos)">Photeinos</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 826/7</span> (?) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_the_Amorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II the Amorian">Michael II the Amorian</a> </td> <td>As <i>strategos</i> of the Anatolic Theme, he led an expedition to recover Crete from the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> but was defeated. He was then appointed to command in Sicily. No details about his activities there are known. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPhoteinos_(#6241))_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPhoteinos_(#6241))-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Kontomytes" title="Constantine Kontomytes">Constantine Kontomytes</a> </td> <td>859 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> </td> <td>The <i>patrikios</i> Constantine Kontomytes was a former <i>strategos</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a> and relative by marriage to the Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Photios" class="mw-redirect" title="Photios">Photios</a>. In 859, Emperor Michael III sent him to Sicily at the head of 300 ships. The Byzantines were defeated by the Arabs under Abbas ibn Fad and forced back onto their ships. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Kontomytes_(#3929/corr.)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Kontomytes_(#3929/corr.)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eupraxios </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 880</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basil_I_the_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil I the Macedonian">Basil I the Macedonian</a> </td> <td>Mentioned only in the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_Logothete" class="mw-redirect" title="Symeon the Logothete">Symeon the Logothete</a> as governor of Sicily in 880, in connection with the dispatch of reinforcements under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokopios_(protovestiarios)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokopios (protovestiarios) (page does not exist)">Prokopios</a> to southern Italy. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEupraxios_(#21805)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEupraxios_(#21805)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barsakios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barsakios (page does not exist)">Barsakios</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basil_I_the_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil I the Macedonian">Basil I the Macedonian</a> </td> <td>Of Armenian origin, the imperial <i>protospatharios</i> and <i>strategos</i> Barsakios was defeated by the Aghlabid commander <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_al-Abbas" title="Al-Hasan ibn al-Abbas">al-Hasan ibn al-Abbas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> in spring 881 and recalled to Constantinople. Probably identical with the <i>patrikios</i> of the same name who in 894/5 became <i>strategos</i> of <a href="/wiki/Longibardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Longibardia">Longibardia</a> in southern Italy. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZBarsakios_(#20819)_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZBarsakios_(#20819)-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Polites</i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 884/5</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basil_I_the_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil I the Macedonian">Basil I the Macedonian</a> </td> <td>Name known only from Arabic sources. Either himself the governor, or, according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, the envoy of the governor, who negotiated a three-month truce and the ransoming of 300 Muslim prisoners, in exchange for Byzantine captives from Syracuse. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPolites_(#26710)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPolites_(#26710)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Karamallos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Karamallos (page does not exist)">Constantine Karamallos</a></i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 902</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> </td> <td>The <i>patrikios</i> Constantine Karamallos is attested as the commander of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">siege</a> by the Aghlabids in 902. He escaped its fall with the fleet, and went to Constantinople, where he was tried and condemned to death for negligence. He was pardoned and allowed to retire as a monk. Based on an inscription from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castel_Mola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castel Mola (page does not exist)">Castel Mola</a>, a fort near Taormina, mentioning a "Constantine, <i>patrikios</i> and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily", which stylistically belongs to the same period, he is identified as a <i>strategos</i>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Karamallos_(#23816)_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Karamallos_(#23816)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eustathios </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogennetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos">Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos</a> </td> <td>An imperial chamberlain (hence a eunuch), who negotiated a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Qurhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Qurhub">Ahmad ibn Qurhub</a>, in exchange for an annual tribute of 22,000 gold coins. His seal carries his titles as "<i><a href="/wiki/Primikerios" class="mw-redirect" title="Primikerios">primikerios</a></i>, imperial <i>protospatharios</i>, and <i>strategos</i> of Sicily"; in reality he was probably the first <i>strategos</i> of Calabria. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEustathios_(#21845)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEustathios_(#21845)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily_(theme)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily_(theme)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/malta_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/">"Malta"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia Italiana</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.atitle=Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmalta_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB"Sicily"_(A._Kazhdan),_pp._1891–1892_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Sicily" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1891–1892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199422-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199422_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994">Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1972">Oikonomides 1972</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199419,_22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199419,_22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994">Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994</a>, pp. 19, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952179-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952179_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertusi1952">Pertusi 1952</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2008457–459-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2008457–459_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2008">Brown 2008</a>, pp. 457–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351,_356-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1972351,_356_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1972">Oikonomides 1972</a>, pp. 351, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952178–180-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertusi1952178–180_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertusi1952">Pertusi 1952</a>, pp. 178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200398–99-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200398–99_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200399–101-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian200399–101_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheophylaktos_(#8270);_Theophylaktos_(#8291)-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheophylaktos_(#8270);_Theophylaktos_(#8291)_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Theophylaktos (#8270); Theophylaktos (#8291).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003101–103-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003101–103_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7521)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7521)_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Theodoros (#7521).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003103–105-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003103–105_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6594)-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6594)_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Sergios (#6594).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003105–106-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003105–106_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPaulos_(#5815)-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPaulos_(#5815)_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Paulos (#5815).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6596)-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZSergios_(#6596)_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Sergios (#6596).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107–114-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003107–114_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 107–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZAntiochos_(#513);_Antiochos_(#518)-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZAntiochos_(#513);_Antiochos_(#518)_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Antiochos (#513); Antiochos (#518).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003114–117-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003114–117_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 114–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZElpidios_(#1515/corr.)-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZElpidios_(#1515/corr.)_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Elpidios (#1515/corr.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003117–122-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003117–122_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 117–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7578)-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodoros_(#7578)_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Theodoros (#7578).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003122–125-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003122–125_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 122–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZNiketas_(#5424)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZNiketas_(#5424)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Niketas (#5424).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003126–128-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003126–128_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZMichael_Ganglianos_(#5045);_Michael_(#5046)-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZMichael_Ganglianos_(#5045);_Michael_(#5046)_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Michael Ganglianos (#5045); Michael (#5046).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003128–129-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003128–129_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3917)-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3917)_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Konstantinos (#3917).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003129–131-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003129–131_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, pp. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheognostos_(#8011)-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheognostos_(#8011)_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Theognostos (#8011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003131-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigentNichanian2003131_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003">Prigent & Nichanian 2003</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZGregorios_(#2466)-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZGregorios_(#2466)_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Gregorios (#2466).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3928/corr.);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_(#3928/corr.);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Konstantinos (#3928/corr.); Euphemios (#1701/corr.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZBalāṭa_(#738);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZBalāṭa_(#738);_Euphemios_(#1701/corr.)_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Balāṭa (#738); Euphemios (#1701/corr.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPhoteinos_(#6241))-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPhoteinos_(#6241))_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Photeinos (#6241)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Kontomytes_(#3929/corr.)-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Kontomytes_(#3929/corr.)_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Konstantinos Kontomytes (#3929/corr.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEupraxios_(#21805)-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEupraxios_(#21805)_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Eupraxios (#21805).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZBarsakios_(#20819)-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZBarsakios_(#20819)_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Barsakios (#20819).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZPolites_(#26710)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZPolites_(#26710)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Polites (#26710).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Karamallos_(#23816)-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZKonstantinos_Karamallos_(#23816)_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Konstantinos Karamallos (#23816).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEustathios_(#21845)-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEustathios_(#21845)_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Eustathios (#21845).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicily_(theme)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas S. (2008). "Byzantine Italy (680–876)". In Sheppard, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehh6hiqpaDsC"><i>The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 433–464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Italy+%28680%E2%80%93876%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+c.+500%E2%80%931492&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=433-464&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83231-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dehh6hiqpaDsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODB" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"><i>Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</i></a> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit+Online.+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.+Nach+Vorarbeiten+F.+Winkelmanns+erstellt&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fdb%2Fpmbz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, John; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a>, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JcHD7HAA0cC"><i>Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 2: South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor</i></a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-226-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-226-9"><bdi>0-88402-226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Seals+at+Dumbarton+Oaks+and+in+the+Fogg+Museum+of+Art%2C+Volume+2%3A+South+of+the+Balkans%2C+the+Islands%2C+South+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-88402-226-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_JcHD7HAA0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOikonomides1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles</i></a> (in French). Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+listes+de+pr%C3%A9s%C3%A9ance+byzantines+des+IXe+et+Xe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Centre+National+de+la+Recherche+Scientifique&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Oikonomides&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertusi1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pertusi, A. (1952). <i>Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus</i> (in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantino+Porfirogenito%3A+De+Thematibus&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pertusi&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrigentNichanian2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prigent, Vivien; Nichanian, Mikaël (2003). "Les stratèges de Sicile. De la naissance du thème au règne de Léon V". <i>Revue des études byzantines</i> (in French). <b>61</b>: 97–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.2003.2273">10.3406/rebyz.2003.2273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=Les+strat%C3%A8ges+de+Sicile.+De+la+naissance+du+th%C3%A8me+au+r%C3%A8gne+de+L%C3%A9on+V&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=97-141&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.2003.2273&rft.aulast=Prigent&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Nichanian%2C+Mika%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicily+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/De_Thematibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Thematibus">De Thematibus</a></i> (c. 950)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Eastern or Asian themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(theme)" title="Cappadocia (theme)">Cappadocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charsianon" title="Charsianon">Charsianon</a>)</li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsician Theme</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Optimatoi" title="Optimatoi">Optimates</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarian Theme</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia_(theme)" title="Paphlagonia (theme)">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Koloneia_(theme)" title="Koloneia (theme)">Koloneia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Sebasteia_(theme)" title="Sebasteia (theme)">Sebasteia</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Lykandos" title="Lykandos">Lykandos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(theme)" title="Seleucia (theme)">Seleucia</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(theme)" title="Cyprus (theme)">Cyprus</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Western or European themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Strymon</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Peloponnese</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Cephallenia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li>10. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicily</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson/Klimata</a></li> <li>(omitted: <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(theme)" title="Dalmatia (theme)">Dalmatia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> Thrace and Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a 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