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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Civil rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Power_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Power_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Black Power movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Power_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Black theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Womanist_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womanist_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Womanist theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Womanist_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_neighborhood_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_neighborhood_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As neighborhood institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_neighborhood_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Methodist-Holiness_connexions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Methodist-Holiness_connexions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Other Methodist-Holiness connexions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Methodist-Holiness_connexions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Baptist_Convention,_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Baptist_Convention,_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>National Baptist Convention, USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Baptist_Convention,_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Baptist_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Baptist_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Other Baptist denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Baptist_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_of_God_in_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_God_in_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Church of God in Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_God_in_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Pentecostal_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Pentecostal_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Other Pentecostal denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Pentecostal_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Black Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian congregations in the U.S. that minister predominantly to African Americans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the collection of Black Christian congregations in the US. For the Transylvanian Saxon cathedral in Brașov, see <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Neagr%C4%83" title="Biserica Neagră">Biserica Neagră</a>. For the church in Dublin, see <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Dublin_(chapel_of_ease)" title="St Mary's, Dublin (chapel of ease)">St Mary's, Dublin (chapel of ease)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg/220px-Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg/330px-Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg/440px-Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_Palatka04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Bethel AME Church in <a href="/wiki/Palatka,_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka, Florida</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Black church</b> (sometimes termed <b>Black Christianity</b> or <b>African American Christianity</b>) is the faith and body of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregations</a> in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as these churches' collective traditions and members. </p><p>Black churches primarily arose in the 19th century, during a time when race-based <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> were both commonly practiced in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Blacks</a> generally searched for an area where they could independently express their faith, find leadership, and escape from inferior treatment in white dominated churches. </p><p>Throughout many African American houses, churches reflect a deep cultural emphasis on community and shared spiritual experience.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For African Americans, the church is a dynamic, living body of believers whose collective faith and fellowship are central, regardless of the physical space.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference highlights the unique cultural and historical significance that the African American community places on the act of gathering and the people themselves, rather than the location.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Black churches in the United States is substantial. According to the Pew Research Center in 2005, there were approximately 25,000 Black churches across the country, encompassing a wide range of denominations and independent congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of African American congregations are affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a> denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME), the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> (COGIC), or the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="National Baptist Convention (disambiguation)">National Baptist Convention and related churches</a>, some of them are affiliated with predominantly <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> Protestant denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (which developed from the Congregational Church of New England), integrated denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God</a>, others are independent congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Black Catholic</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many major cities, Black and predominantly white churches often exist within close proximity to each other, however, they remain segregated by race, a division which was shaped by deep historical, cultural, and social factors, including <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">racism</a>. During the eras of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, African Americans were largely excluded from white churches, which often upheld <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_of_churches_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation of churches in the United States">racial hierarchies and discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exclusion led to the creation of Black churches, which became vital spaces for community support, activism, and spiritual freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_266–268_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_266–268-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after formal segregation ended, white churches frequently resisted integration, preferring to maintain homogenous congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the first Black congregations and churches which were formed before 1800 were founded by <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>—for example, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Baptist_Church_(Augusta,_Georgia)" title="Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia)">Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-library.vcu.edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.vcu.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest black <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> church in Kentucky, and third oldest Black Baptist church in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="First African Baptist Church (Lexington, Kentucky)">First African Baptist Church</a>, was founded about 1790 by the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Durrett" title="Peter Durrett">Peter Durrett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest Black Catholic church, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St. Augustine</a> in New Orleans, was founded by freedmen in 1841. However, Black religious orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a> in Baltimore have existed since the 1820s. </p><p>After the American Civil War, many white Protestant ministers moved to the South to establish churches where both Black and white congregants could worship together.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these efforts were often met with resistance, particularly from white Southerners who opposed racial integration. Despite these initial efforts toward inclusive worship, most integrated churches did not survive long due to racial tensions, societal segregation, and differing cultural and religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Black church emerged as a vital and independent institution for African Americans, offering not only spiritual sustenance but also a space for community organization and social activism, distinct from the predominantly white congregations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Wesleyan-Holiness</a> denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God</a>, the belief that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church" was taught, with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the country, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Black and white Catholics had worshiped together for almost 150 years before the American Civil War—albeit without full equality and primarily under <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish</a> rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <p>During the era of slavery in the United States, many slave owners strategically used Black churches and Black preachers to propagate messages of obedience, submission, and compliance among enslaved people. This was part of a larger system of control that sought to use religion as a tool to maintain the institution of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Select_Parts_of_the_Holy_Bible_for_the_use_of_the_Negro_Slaves_in_the_British_West-India_Islands" title="Select Parts of the Holy Bible for the use of the Negro Slaves in the British West-India Islands">Select Parts of the Holy Bible</a> for the use of the Negro Slaves</i>, sometimes referred to as the <i>Slave Bible</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> and is an abbreviated version of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> specifically made for teaching a pro-slavery version of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave owners often introduced Christianity to enslaved Africans, selectively emphasizing biblical teachings that they believed justified slavery and encouraged submission to masters. Scriptures such as Eph 6:5 ("Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear...") and Col 3:22 were frequently cited to reinforce the idea that slavery was divinely sanctioned.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some slaves were already Christian before colonization, however, and some were Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves from the Congo coming to America were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this era, there is evidence of Christian practice and "specific dedicated places for worship[pers]" called <a href="/wiki/Praise_house" title="Praise house">praise houses</a> from before the first organized African American Christian denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelical <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> preachers traveled throughout <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> of the late 18th century. They appealed directly to slaves, and a few thousand slaves converted. Black individuals found opportunities to have active roles in new congregations, especially in the Baptist church, where slaves were appointed as leaders and preachers. They were excluded from such roles in the Anglican or Episcopal churches.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they listened to readings, slaves developed their own interpretations of the Scriptures and found inspiration in stories of deliverance, such as the Exodus out of Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a>, an enslaved Baptist preacher, was inspired to armed rebellion against slavery, in an uprising that killed about 50 white people in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doc_south_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc_south-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both free African Americans and the more numerous slaves participated in the earliest Black Baptist congregations founded near <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, before 1800. The slaves Peter Durrett and his wife founded the First African Church (now known as <a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="First African Baptist Church (Lexington, Kentucky)">First African Baptist Church</a>) in Lexington, Kentucky about 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church's trustees purchased its first property in 1815. The congregation numbered about 290 by the time of Durrett's death in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First African Baptist Church had its beginnings in 1817 when <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Peck" title="John Mason Peck">John Mason Peck</a> and the former enslaved <a href="/wiki/John_Berry_Meachum" title="John Berry Meachum">John Berry Meachum</a> began holding church services for African Americans in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meachum founded the <a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="First African Baptist Church (St. Louis, Missouri)">First African Baptist Church</a> in 1827. It was the first African American church west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Although there were ordinances preventing African Americans from assembling, the congregation grew from 14 people at its founding to 220 people by 1829. Two hundred of the parishioners were slaves, who could only travel to the church and attend services with the permission of their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-SHSMO_FABCH_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHSMO_FABCH-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolts</a> in the early 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> in 1831, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> passed a law requiring African American congregations to meet only in the presence of a white minister. Other states similarly restricted exclusively African American churches or the assembly of black Americans in large groups unsupervised by whites. Nevertheless, the Black Baptist congregations in the cities grew rapidly and their members numbered several hundred each before the American Civil War. While mostly led by freedmen, most of their members were slaves. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_Negro_camp_meeting_in_the_South_LCCN99614209.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>African American churches during slavery were held in secret locations called <a href="/wiki/Hush_harbor" title="Hush harbor">hush harbors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation</a> areas, slaves organized <a href="/wiki/Hush_harbor" title="Hush harbor">underground churches</a> and hidden religious meetings, the "<a href="/wiki/Invisible_churches" title="Invisible churches">invisible church</a>", where slaves were free to mix <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> with African beliefs and African rhythms. With the time, many incorporated Wesleyan Methodist hymns, gospel songs, and <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spirituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underground churches provided <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> refuge from the white world. The spirituals gave the church members a secret way to communicate and, in some cases, to plan a rebellion. </p><p>Slaves also learned about <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> by attending services led by a white preacher or supervised by a white person. Slaveholders often held prayer meetings at their plantations. In the South until the Great Awakening, most Christian slaveholders were Anglican. Although in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, Methodist and Baptist preachers argued for manumission of slaves and abolition, by the early decades of the 19th century, they often had found ways to support the institution. In settings where whites supervised worship and prayer, they used <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> stories that reinforced people's keeping to their places in society, urging slaves to be loyal and to obey their masters. In the 19th century, Methodist and Baptist chapels were founded among many of the smaller communities and common planters.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_H._Pinn_2002,_p._2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_H._Pinn_2002,_p._2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early decades of the 19th century, they used stories such as the <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> to justify slavery to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_H._Pinn_2002,_p._2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_H._Pinn_2002,_p._2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promoted the idea that loyal and hard-working slaves would be rewarded in the afterlife. Slaves who were literate tried to teach others to read, as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> did while still enslaved as a young man in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/300px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/450px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/600px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>"Wade in the water." A postcard of a river baptism in <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a>, North Carolina, around 1900.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_blacks">Free blacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Free blacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Free black Americans in both Northern and Southern U.S. cities formed their own congregations and churches before the end of the 18th century. They organized independent African American congregations and churches to practice religion apart from white oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-eblackstudies_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eblackstudies-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ame_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ame-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with white churches opposed to slavery, free blacks in Philadelphia provided aid and comfort to slaves who escaped and helped all new arrivals adjust to city life.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1787 in Philadelphia, the black church was born out of protest and revolutionary reaction to racism. Resenting being relegated to a segregated gallery at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_United_Methodist_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. George's United Methodist Church (Philadelphia)">St. George's Methodist Church</a>, Methodist preachers <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Jones" title="Absalom Jones">Absalom Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a>, and other black members, left the church and formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_African_Society" title="Free African Society">Free African Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_(DSC_3511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg/220px-Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg/330px-Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg/440px-Mother_Bethel_AME_Church_Historical_Marker_6th_and_Lombard_Sts_Philadelphia_PA_%28DSC_3511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mother_Bethel_A.M.E._Church" title="Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church">Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church</a> Philadelphia PA</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard Allen, a Methodist preacher, wanted to continue with the Methodist tradition. He built a congregation and founded the Bethel <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. By July 29, 1794, they also had a building ready for their worship. The church adopted the slogan: "To Seek for Ourselves." In recognition of his leadership and preaching, in 1799 Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> ordained Allen as a Methodist minister.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a> had two of the oldest black American congregations in the country, both organized before 1800 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>: First Baptist Church (1774) and Gillfield Baptist Church (1797). Each congregation moved from rural areas into Petersburg into their own buildings in the early 19th century. Their two Black Baptist congregations were the first of that denomination in the city and they grew rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-library.vcu.edu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.vcu.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boston.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, a Black Baptist congregation was organized by 1777, by <a href="/wiki/George_Liele" title="George Liele">George Liele</a>. A former slave, he had been converted by ordained Baptist minister Matthew Moore. His early preaching was encouraged by his master, Henry Sharp. Sharp, a Baptist deacon and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a>, freed Liele before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began. Liele had been preaching to slaves on plantations, but made his way to Savannah, where he organized a congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1782, when Liele left the city with the British, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bryan_(Baptist)" title="Andrew Bryan (Baptist)">Andrew Bryan</a> led what became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)">First African Baptist Church</a>. By 1800 the church had 700 members, and by 1830 it had grown to more than 2400 members. Soon it generated two new black congregations in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-d1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1850, First African Baptist in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a> grew to 1,820 members, making it the largest congregation in that state. This was under its second pastor, Rev. London Ferrill, a free black,<sup id="cite_ref-Nutter_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurred as Lexington was expanding rapidly as a city. First African Baptist was admitted to the Elkhorn Baptist Association in 1824, where it came somewhat under oversight of white congregations. In 1841, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">Saint Augustine Catholic Church</a> was established by the Creole community of New Orleans. This church is the oldest black Catholic parish in the United States. In 1856, First African Baptist built a large <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> church, which was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1861, the congregation numbered 2,223 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Black</a> communities in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York helped <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">freedom seekers</a> escape from slavery. Black Churches were stops on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, and Black communities in the North hid freedom seekers in their churches and homes. Historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche explained in her book, <i>Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance</i> that: "Blacks, enslaved and free, operated as the main actors in the central drama that was the Underground Railroad."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunday_in_Little_Rock,_Ark.,_1935._(3109755087).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg/300px-Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg/450px-Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg/600px-Sunday_in_Little_Rock%2C_Ark.%2C_1935._%283109755087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Outside of a black church in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1935.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County,..._(3110583408).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg/300px-During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg/450px-During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg/600px-During_the_church_service_at_a_Negro_church_in_Heard_County%2C..._%283110583408%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Church goers in <a href="/wiki/Heard_County,_Georgia" title="Heard County, Georgia">Heard County, Georgia</a>, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">emancipation</a>, Northern churches founded by free blacks, as well as those of predominantly white denominations, sent missions to the South to minister to newly freed slaves, including to teach them to read and write. For instance, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne" title="Daniel Payne">Daniel Payne</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">AME Church</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> in April 1865 with nine missionaries. He organized committees, associations and teachers to reach freedmen throughout the countryside. In the first year after the war, the African Methodist Episcopal Church gained 50,000 congregants.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of Reconstruction, AME congregations existed from Florida to Texas. Their missioners and preachers had brought more than 250,000 new adherents into the church. While it had a northern base, the church was heavily influenced by this growth in the South and incorporation of many members who had different practices and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, within the first decade, the independent <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">AME Zion</a> church, founded in New York, also gained tens of thousands of Southern members. These two independent black denominations attracted the most new members in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-docsouth.unc.edu_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870 in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson, Tennessee</a>, with support from white colleagues of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, more than 40 black Southern ministers, all freedmen and former slaves, met to establish the Southern-based <a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Colored Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (now Christian Methodist Episcopal Church), founded as an independent branch of Methodism. They took their mostly black congregations with them. They adopted the Methodist doctrine and elected their first two bishops, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Miles" title="William H. Miles">William H. Miles</a> of Kentucky and Richard H. Vanderhorst of South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-docsouth.unc.edu_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docsouth.unc.edu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within three years, from a base of about 40,000, they had grown to 67,000 members, and more than ten times that many in 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God</a>, with its beginnings in 1881, held that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church", with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">entirely sanctified</a> testified that they were "saved, sanctified, and prejudice removed."<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Church of God ministers, such as Lena Shoffner, visited the <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a> of other denominations, the rope in the congregation that separated whites and blacks was untied "and worshipers of both races approached the altar to pray".<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though outsiders would sometimes attack Church of God services and camp meetings for their stand for racial equality, Church of God members were "undeterred even by violence" and "maintained their strong interracial position as the core of their message of the unity of all believers".<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Black <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> churches, well-established before the American Civil War, continued to grow and add new congregations. With the rapid growth of black Baptist churches in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, in 1895 church officials organized a new Baptist association, the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a>. This was the unification of three national African American conventions, organized in 1880 and the 1890s. It brought together the areas of mission, education and overall cooperation. Despite founding of new black conventions in the early and later 20th century, this is still one of the largest black religious organizations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-doc_south_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc_south-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These churches blended elements from underground churches with elements from freely established black churches.<sup id="cite_ref-eblackstudies_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eblackstudies-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The postwar years were marked by a separatist impulse as blacks exercised the right to move and gather beyond white supervision or control. They developed black churches, benevolent societies, fraternal orders and fire companies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas they moved from farms into towns, as in middle Tennessee, or to cities that needed rebuilding, such as Atlanta. Black churches were the focal points of black communities, and their members' quickly seceding from white churches demonstrated their desire to manage their own affairs independently of white supervision. It also showed the prior strength of the "invisible church" hidden from white eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black preachers provided leadership, encouraged education and economic growth, and were often the primary link between the African American and white communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The black church established and/or maintained the first black schools and encouraged community members to fund these schools and other public services.<sup id="cite_ref-eblackstudies_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eblackstudies-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most black leaders, the churches always were connected to political goals of advancing the race. There grew to be a tension between black leaders from the North and people in the South who wanted to run their churches and worship in their own way.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the male hierarchy denied them opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, middle-class women in the black church asserted themselves in other ways: they organized <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> societies to address social issues. These societies provided job training and <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading education</a>, worked for better living conditions, raised money for African missions, wrote religious periodicals, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> ideals of womanhood, respectability, and racial uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-doc_south_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc_south-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Abernathy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ralph_Abernathy.jpg/220px-Ralph_Abernathy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ralph_Abernathy.jpg/330px-Ralph_Abernathy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ralph_Abernathy.jpg/440px-Ralph_Abernathy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph David Abernathy</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> minister involved in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></div> <p>Black churches held a leadership role in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">American civil rights movement</a>. Their history as centers of strength for the black community made them natural leaders in this moral struggle. In addition they had often served as links between the black and white worlds. Notable minister-activists of the 1950s and 1960s included <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph David Abernathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fr. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hesburgh" title="Theodore Hesburgh">Ted Hesburgh</a>, who would later be recruited by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Johnson</a> to help craft the legislation that would later become the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964 Civil Rights Act.</a> During this movement, many African American Baptists split over using black churches as political centers alongside spiritual centers; this led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Power_movement">Black Power movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black Power movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic Movement</a></div> <p>After the assassination of Dr. King in 1968, by <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a>, African American Catholics began organizing en masse, beginning with <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Clergy_Caucus" title="National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus">the clergy</a> that April. A <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic revolution</a> soon broke out, fostering the <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">integration</a> of the traditions of the larger (Protestant) Black Church into Black Catholic parishes. Soon there were organizations formed for Black <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">religious sisters</a> (1968), permanent deacons, seminarians, and a brand-new <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a> organization in 1987, reviving the late 19th-century iteration of the same. This era saw a massive increase in Black priests, and the first crop of Black bishops and archbishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_theology">Black theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></div> <p>One formalization of theology based on themes of black liberation is the <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">black theology</a> movement. Its origins can be traced to July 31, 1966, when an <i>ad hoc</i> group of 51 black pastors, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen (NCNC), bought a full-page ad in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to publish their "Black Power Statement" which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating racism using the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black liberation theology was first systematized by <a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James Cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Hopkins" title="Dwight Hopkins">Dwight Hopkins</a>. They are considered the leading theologians of this system of belief, although now there are many scholars who have contributed a great deal to the field. In 1969, Cone published the seminal work that laid the basis for black liberation theology, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Theology_and_Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Theology and Black Power">Black Theology and Black Power</a></i>. In the book, Cone asserted that not only was black power not alien to the Gospel, it was, in fact, the Gospel message for all of 20th century America.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, approximately one quarter of African-American churches followed a <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theology was thrust into the national spotlight after a <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">controversy</a> arose related to preaching by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright" title="Jeremiah Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a>, former pastor to then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago</a>. Wright had built Trinity into a successful <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurch</a> following the theology developed by Cone, who has said that he would "point to [Trinity] first" as an example of a church's embodying his message.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have seen parallels between the Black church and the 21st Century <a href="/wiki/Black_Girl_Magic" title="Black Girl Magic">Black Girl Magic</a> movement, with social media interactions involving the Black Girl Magic hashtag seen as a modern extension of "[t]he Black church traditions of testimony, exhortation, improvisation, call and response, and song," which Black women can use to form a "cyber congregation."<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Womanist_theology">Womanist theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Womanist theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></div> <p>From the Black theology movement also came a more feminine form, in reaction to both the male-dominated nature of the field and the White-dominated nature of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>. Major figures in this reaction included Afro-Latino thinkers as well as Black women. Black Catholic womanists also played a major role, including Sr <a href="/wiki/Jamie_T._Phelps" title="Jamie T. Phelps">Jamie Phelps</a>, OP, <a href="/wiki/M._Shawn_Copeland" title="M. Shawn Copeland">M. Shawn Copeland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Hayes" title="Diana L. Hayes">Diana L. Hayes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_social_issues">Politics and social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics and social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The black church continues to be a source of support for members of the African American community, like encouragement to obtain <a href="/wiki/Immunizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunizations">immunizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Black_Church_Initiative_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Black_Church_Initiative-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When compared to American churches as a whole, predominantly African American churches tend to focus more on social issues such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drug use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">prison ministries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. A study in 1996 found that African American Christians were more likely to have heard about <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">health care reform</a> from their pastors than were white Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the National Black Church initiative had 27.7 million members in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Black_Church_Initiative_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Black_Church_Initiative-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most surveys indicate that while blacks tend to vote <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> in elections, members of traditionally African American churches are generally more socially conservative than white Protestants as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> issues have been among the leading causes for activism in some black churches;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a majority of black Protestants remained opposed to same-sex marriage as of 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support grew to a majority of both black Protestant and black Catholic respondents in later surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some denominations have been discussing this issue. For example, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> prohibits its ministers from officiating same-sex weddings, but it does not have a clear policy on ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some African American clergy have not accepted same-sex marriage. A group known as the Coalition of African American Pastors (CAAP), maintains their opposition to gay marriage. The CAAP president, Reverend William Owens Sr., asserts that the marriage equality act will cause corruption within the United States. The organization insists that a real union is between a man and a woman. They also believe that the law prohibiting gay marriage should have been upheld. Other African American religious leaders that echoed Owens' position were Bishop Janice Hollis, presiding prelate for Covenant International Fellowship of Churches in Philadelphia; Bishop Charles G. Nauden of Holyway Church of God in Christ of Southern California; and the Reverend Dean Nelson, vice chairman of the Frederick Douglass Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CAAP members agree that the Supreme Court had no right to overturn the constitutional ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_neighborhood_institutions">As neighborhood institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As neighborhood institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although black urban neighborhoods in cities that have deindustrialized may have suffered from civic <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">disinvestment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with lower quality schools, less effective policing<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fire protection, there are institutions that help to improve the physical and social capital of black neighborhoods. In black neighborhoods the churches may be important sources of social cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some African Americans the kind of spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the corrosive forces of poverty and racism.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churches may also do work to improve the physical infrastructure of the neighborhood. Churches in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> have undertaken real estate ventures and renovated burnt-out and abandoned <a href="/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">brownstones</a> to create new housing for residents.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches have fought for the right to operate their own schools in place of the often inadequate <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a> found in many black neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Christmas play</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Nativity" title="Black Nativity">Black Nativity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. Productions can be found at black theaters and churches all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Wise Men</a> are typically played by prominent members of the black community. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watchnight service</a> held on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> in many Christian denominations, especially those of the Methodist and Moravian traditions, is widely attended by African American Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout U.S. history, religious preferences and racial segregation have fostered development of separate black church denominations, as well as black churches within white denominations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism_(inclusive_of_the_holiness_movement)"><span id="Methodism_.28inclusive_of_the_holiness_movement.29"></span>Methodism (inclusive of the holiness movement)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Methodism (inclusive of the holiness movement)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African Americans were drawn to <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> due to the father of Methodism, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>'s "opposition to the whole system of slavery, his commitment to Jesus Christ, and the evangelical appeal to the suffering and the oppressed."<sup id="cite_ref-Costen2004_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costen2004-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: African Methodist Episcopal Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Allen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Richard_Allen.JPG/220px-Richard_Allen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Richard_Allen.JPG/330px-Richard_Allen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Richard_Allen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Richard Allen</figcaption></figure> <p>The first of these churches was the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. In the late 18th century, former slave <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a>, a Methodist preacher, was an influential <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and elder at the integrated and affluent St. George's Methodist Church in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The charismatic Allen had attracted numerous new black members to St. George's. White members had become so uncomfortable that they relegated black worshipers to a segregated gallery. After white members of St. George's started to treat his people as second-class citizens, in 1787 Allen, <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Jones" title="Absalom Jones">Absalom Jones</a>, also a preacher; and other black members left St. George's.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They first established the non-denominational <a href="/wiki/Free_African_Society" title="Free African Society">Free African Society</a>, which acted as a mutual aid society. Religious differences caused Jones to take numerous followers to create an Episcopal congregation. They established the <a href="/wiki/African_Episcopal_Church_of_St._Thomas" title="African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas">African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas</a>, which opened its doors in 1794. Absalom Jones was later ordained by the bishop of the Philadelphia diocese as the first African-American priest in the Episcopal Church.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allen continued for some years within the Methodist denomination but organized a black congregation. By 1794 he and his followers opened the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Bethel_A.M.E._Church" title="Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church">Mother Bethel AME Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, Allen and others sought more independence from white supervision within the Methodist Church. In 1816 Allen gathered four other black congregations together in the mid-Atlantic region to establish the African Methodist Episcopal Church as an independent denomination, the first fully independent black denomination. The ministers consecrated Allen as their first bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-ame_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ame-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a></div> <p>The African Methodist Episcopal Zion or AME Zion Church, like the AME Church, is an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. Black members of the <a href="/wiki/John_Street_Methodist_Church" title="John Street Methodist Church">John Street Methodist Church</a> of New York City left to form their own church after several acts of overt discrimination by white members. In 1796, Black Methodists asked the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of the Methodist Episcopal Church to meet independently, though still to be part of that church and led by white preachers. This AME Church group built Zion chapel in 1800 and became incorporated in 1801, still subordinate to the Methodist Episcopal Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1884_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1884-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1820, AME Zion Church members began further separation from the Methodist Episcopal Church. By seeking to install black preachers and elders, they created a debate over whether blacks could be ministers. This debate ended in 1822 with the ordination of Abraham Thompson, Leven Smith, and <a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a>, the first superintendent (bishop) of the AME Zion Church. After the American Civil War, the denomination sent missionaries to the South and attracted thousands of new members, who shaped the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1884_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1884-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Methodist-Holiness_connexions">Other Methodist-Holiness connexions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other Methodist-Holiness connexions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.U.M.P._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="A.U.M.P. Church">African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Holiness)_U.S.A." title="Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.">Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church" title="Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church">Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptists">Baptists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Baptist_Convention,_USA"><span id="National_Baptist_Convention.2C_USA"></span>National Baptist Convention, USA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National Baptist Convention, USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.</a></div> <p>The National Baptist Convention of the United States of America was first organized in 1880 as the Foreign Mission Baptist Convention in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Its founders, including <a href="/wiki/Elias_Camp_Morris" title="Elias Camp Morris">Elias Camp Morris</a>, stressed the preaching of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> as an answer to the shortcomings of a segregated church. In 1895, Morris moved to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, and founded the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., as a merger of the Foreign Mission Convention, the American National Baptist Convention, and the Baptist National Education Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Baptist_denominations">Other Baptist denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other Baptist denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel_Baptist_Church_Fellowship" title="Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship">Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America" title="National Missionary Baptist Convention of America">National Missionary Baptist Convention of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_God_in_Christ">Church of God in Christ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Church of God in Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></div> <p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a> formed the Church of God in Christ after his Baptist church and the Mississippi Convention of the NBC USA expelled him. Mason was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a> of the late 19th century. In 1906, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Upon his return to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, he began teaching the <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> message. However, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Price_Jones" title="Charles Price Jones">Charles Price Jones</a> and J. A. Jeter of the Wesleyan Holiness movement disagreed with Mason's teachings on the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism of the Holy Spirit</a>. </p><p>Jones changed the name of his COGIC church to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Holiness)_U.S.A." title="Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.">Church of Christ (Holiness) USA</a> in 1915. </p><p>At a conference in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, Mason reorganized the Church of God in Christ as a Holiness Pentecostal body.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headquarters of COGIC is <a href="/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. It is the site of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King</a>'s final sermon, "<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>", delivered the day before he was assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Pentecostal_denominations">Other Pentecostal denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other Pentecostal denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg/250px-WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg/375px-WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg/500px-WORSHIPPERS_AT_HOLY_ANGEL_CATHOLIC_CHURCH_ON_CHICAGO%27S_SOUTH_SIDE._IT_IS_THE_CITY%27S_LARGEST_BLACK_CATHOLIC_CHURCH...._-_NARA_-_556238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Worshippers at Holy Angels Catholic Church on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, by <a href="/wiki/John_H._White_(photojournalist)" title="John H. White (photojournalist)">John H. White</a>, 1973.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Holy_Church_of_America" title="United Holy Church of America">United Holy Church of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_Church_of_God" title="Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God">Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_Jesus_Christ_of_the_Apostolic_Faith" title="Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith">Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Baptized_Holiness_Church_of_God_of_the_Americas" title="Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas">Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Holy_Church_of_America" title="Mount Sinai Holy Church of America">Mount Sinai Holy Church of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_House_of_Prayer_for_All_People" title="United House of Prayer for All People">United House of Prayer for All People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God,_Incorporated" title="United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated">United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Catholicism">Black Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Black Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Black Catholicism</a></div> <p>Birthed from pre-U.S. communities in New Orleans, Baltimore, Florida, and California, the presence of African American Catholics in the United States territories constitute some of the earliest Black communities on the entire continent. Beginning in the early 19th century, Black Catholic religious sisters began forming congregations to serve their communities, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Mary Elizabeth Lange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Henriette DeLille</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family</a>, respectively. They were soon followed by the emergence of openly Black priests, the first being Fr <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a> in 1886.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Josephites)" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart (Josephites)">Society of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (aka the Josephites), a group of priests tasked with serving African-Americans specifically, were formed in 1893 and began ordaining Black men immediately—though in small numbers. They staffed and formed Black parishes throughout the country, and today continue to serve in the same way (as do the two aforementioned sisterhoods, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Handmaids_of_the_Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary">Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Civil Rights Movement, various new Black Catholic organizations were founded for Black priests, sisters, deacons, and seminarians, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a> arrived in 1987. African-American Catholic priests greatly increased in number and African-American bishops began being appointed, including archbishops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilton Gregory">Wilton Gregory</a>, the first African American cardinal was named in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_of_churches_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation of churches in the United States">Racial segregation of churches in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of black Americans">Religion in Black America</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Religious discrimination in the United States">Religious discrimination in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGecewicz2021" class="citation web cs1">Gecewicz, Besheer Mohamed, Kiana Cox, Jeff Diamant and Claire (2021-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/">"Faith Among Black Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Faith+Among+Black+Americans&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Gecewicz&rft.aufirst=Besheer+Mohamed%2C+Kiana+Cox%2C+Jeff+Diamant+and+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F02%2F16%2Ffaith-among-black-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincolnMamiya1990" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, C. Eric; Mamiya, Lawrence H. (1990). <i>The Black church in the African-American experience</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1057-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+church+in+the+African-American+experience&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1057-0&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=C.+Eric&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Lawrence+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboteau2004" class="citation book cs1">Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). <i>Slave religion: the "invisible institution" in the antebellum South</i> (Updated ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517413-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+religion%3A+the+%22invisible+institution%22+in+the+antebellum+South&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+New+York&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517413-7&rft.aulast=Raboteau&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Douglas (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110674">"Fortress Introduction to Black Church History. By Anne H. Pinn and Anthony B. Pinn. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2002. viii + 184 pp. $16.00 paper"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 416–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674">10.1017/s0009640700110674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Fortress+Introduction+to+Black+Church+History.+By+Anne+H.+Pinn+and+Anthony+B.+Pinn.+Minneapolis%2C+Minn.%3A+Fortress%2C+2002.+viii+%2B+184+pp.+%2416.00+paper.&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=416-417&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Douglas (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110674">"Fortress Introduction to Black Church History. By Anne H. Pinn and Anthony B. Pinn. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2002. viii + 184 pp. $16.00 paper"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 416–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674">10.1017/s0009640700110674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Fortress+Introduction+to+Black+Church+History.+By+Anne+H.+Pinn+and+Anthony+B.+Pinn.+Minneapolis%2C+Minn.%3A+Fortress%2C+2002.+viii+%2B+184+pp.+%2416.00+paper.&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=416-417&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation cs2">Jones, Ida E. (2005-05-19), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.44357">"Protestant Churches, Black"</a>, <i>African American Studies Center</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.44357">10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.44357</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530173-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+American+Studies+Center&rft.atitle=Protestant+Churches%2C+Black&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.44357&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530173-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ida+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.44357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander2011_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Estrelda Y. 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Campbell, <i>Songs of Zion</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, accessed 13 Jan 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607180155/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/players.htm">"We Shall Overcome: The Players"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/players.htm">the original</a> on 2007-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zion Church in America. Founded 1796, In the City of New York</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=What+Some+Black+Church+Leaders+Have+Wrong+About+Gay+Marriage+%E2%80%93+and+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.aulast=Baptiste&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Farticle%2Fwhat-some-black-church-leaders-have-wrong-about-gay-marriage-and-civil-rights%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Black_America#Further_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Black America">Religion in Black America § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Gilton, Donna.(1993). "This far by faith: Resources of the African-American Church. The Alert Collector Column. <i>RQ</i> 32: No. 4 (Summer): pp. 468–484.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Travis, Jamal Chanse (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/788"><i>The Political Power Of The Black Church</i></a> (PhD dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Political+Power+Of+The+Black+Church&rft.inst=University+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2015-08&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Jamal+Chanse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegrove.olemiss.edu%2Fetd%2F788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/aarsecretmeetings.htm/">On The Secret Religious Meetings of Enslaved Persons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/special-features/historic-african-american-churches/">Black Past: Historic African American Churches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/">Faith Among Black Americans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/">A Religious Portrait of African-Americans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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denominations">Historically African-American Christian denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clergy_of_historically_African-American_Christian_denominations" title="Category:Clergy of historically African-American Christian denominations">Clergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr._(Nebraska)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Adams Sr. (Nebraska)">John Adams Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Allen_(missionary)" title="Sarah Allen (missionary)">Sarah Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Arnett" title="Benjamin W. Arnett">Benjamin W. Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Blackwell" title="George Lincoln Blackwell">George Lincoln Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown" title="Morris Brown">Morris Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Bryant" title="John Richard Bryant">John Richard Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Cain" title="Richard H. Cain">Richard H. Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Carey_Jr." title="Archibald Carey Jr.">Archibald Carey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coker" title="Daniel Coker">Daniel Coker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James H. Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levert_Davis" title="James Levert Davis">James Levert Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orishatukeh_Faduma" title="Orishatukeh Faduma">Orishatukeh Faduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">Floyd Flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Tyler_Guidry" title="Carolyn Tyler Guidry">Carolyn Tyler Guidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_E._Gorham" title="Sarah E. Gorham">Sarah E. Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Heard_(ambassador)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Heard (ambassador)"> William H. Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Jackson_(bishop)" title="Reginald Jackson (bishop)">Reginald Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Phelps_Jeffries" title="Henrietta Phelps Jeffries">Henrietta Phelps Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absalom_Jones" title="Absalom Jones">Absalom Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kinchlow" title="Ben Kinchlow">Ben Kinchlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti_Murphy_McKenzie" title="Vashti Murphy McKenzie">Vashti Murphy McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mason" title="Biddy Mason">Biddy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Doolin_Mason" title="Lena Doolin Mason">Lena Doolin Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Meacham" title="Robert Meacham">Robert Meacham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_S._Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman S. Parks">Lyman S. Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne" title="Daniel Payne">Daniel Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Pearce" title="Charles H. Pearce">Charles H. Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementa_C._Pinckney" title="Clementa C. Pinckney">Clementa C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Quinn" title="William Paul Quinn">William Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Cassius_Ransom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverdy Cassius Ransom">Reverdy Cassius Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Singleton" title="Richard Henry Singleton">Richard Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer_Smith" title="Charles Spencer Smith">Charles Spencer Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Gould_Steward" title="Theophilus Gould Steward">Theophilus Gould Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McNeal_Turner" title="Henry McNeal Turner">Henry McNeal Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Vernon" title="William Tecumseh Vernon">William Tecumseh Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Ormonde_Walker" title="D. Ormonde Walker">D. Ormonde Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Woodson" title="Lewis Woodson">Lewis Woodson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Day" title="William H. Day">William H. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_A._J._Foote" title="Julia A. J. Foote">Julia A. J. Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walker_Hood" title="James Walker Hood">James Walker Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_T._Jones" title="Singleton T. Jones">Singleton T. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kinard" title="John Kinard">John Kinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Price" title="John E. Price">John E. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryan_Small" title="John Bryan Small">John Bryan Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_J._Small" title="Mary J. Small">Mary J. Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Tribble" title="Jeffery Tribble">Jeffery Tribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Walters" title="Alexander Walters">Alexander Walters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/A.U.M.P._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="A.U.M.P. Church">A.U.M.P. Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Spencer_(religious_leader)" title="Peter Spencer (religious leader)">Peter Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Yancy_Bell" title="William Yancy Bell">William Yancy Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Miles" title="William H. Miles">William H. Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baptist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="First African Baptist Church (Richmond, Virginia)">First African Baptist Church (Richmond, Virginia)</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Goode_Brooks" title="Lucy Goode Brooks">Lucy Goode Brooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/First_African_Baptist_Church_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)">First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel_Baptist_Church_Fellowship" title="Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship">Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Morton" title="Paul S. Morton">Paul S. Morton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Lott_Carey_Foreign_Mission_Convention" title="Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention">Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Caldwell_Boone" title="Clinton Caldwell Boone">Clinton Caldwell Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lott_Cary" title="Lott Cary">Lott Cary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Cleveland_Cureton" title="Stewart Cleveland Cureton">Stewart Cleveland Cureton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Jackson" title="Joseph H. Jackson">Joseph H. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_James_Jennings" title="Willie James Jennings">Willie James Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lyons" title="Henry Lyons">Henry Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Simmons_(teacher)" title="William J. Simmons (teacher)">W. J. Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Boyd" title="R. H. Boyd">R. H. Boyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America" title="National Missionary Baptist Convention of America">National Missionary Baptist Convention of America</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Lockridge" title="S. M. Lockridge">S. M. Lockridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptist Convention</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Jones_Jr." title="William Augustus Jones Jr.">William Augustus Jones Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_C._Taylor" title="Gardner C. Taylor">Gardner C. Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/United_American_Free_Will_Baptist_Church" title="United American Free Will Baptist Church">United American Free Will Baptist Church</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Randall" title="Benjamin Randall">Benjamin Randall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pentecostal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Assemblies_of_Christ" title="Apostolic Assemblies of Christ">Apostolic Assemblies of Christ</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Blake_Sr." title="Charles Edward Blake Sr.">Charles Edward Blake Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andra%C3%A9_Crouch" title="Andraé Crouch">Andraé Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Crouch" title="Sandra Crouch">Sandra Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michael_Franklin_Jr." title="Robert Michael Franklin Jr.">Robert Michael Franklin Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Green_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Green Jr.">Samuel Green Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins" title="Edwin Hawkins">Edwin Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._T._Jones_Sr." title="O. T. Jones Sr.">O. T. Jones Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kee" title="John P. Kee">John P. Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_David_Owens_Sr" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandler David Owens Sr">Chandler David Owens Sr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_E._Patterson" title="Gilbert E. Patterson">Gilbert E. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._O._Patterson_Jr." title="J. O. Patterson Jr.">J. O. Patterson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Perryman" title="Wayne Perryman">Wayne Perryman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Thomas_Sr." title="Ted Thomas Sr.">Ted Thomas Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Washington" title="F. D. Washington">F. D. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_Wells" title="Dickerson Wells">Dickerson Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Wright" title="Timothy Wright">Timothy Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Yearwood" title="Lennox Yearwood">Lennox Yearwood</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_Jesus_Christ_of_the_Apostolic_Faith" title="Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith">Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Lawson" title="Robert C. Lawson">Robert C. Lawson</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Universal_Triumph,_Dominion_of_God" title="Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God">Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/James_F._Jones_(minister)" title="James F. Jones (minister)">James F. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Schaffer">James Shaffer</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fire_Baptized_Holiness_Church_of_God_of_the_Americas" title="Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas">Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Holy_Church_of_America" title="Mount Sinai Holy Church of America">Mount Sinai Holy Church of America</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Robinson" title="Ida B. Robinson">Ida B. Robinson</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Churches_of_Christ" title="Pentecostal Churches of Christ">Pentecostal Churches of Christ</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/J._Delano_Ellis" title="J. Delano Ellis">J. Delano Ellis</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Zion_Union_Apostolic_Church" title="Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church">Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Triumph_the_Church_and_Kingdom_of_God_in_Christ" title="Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ">Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ</a></b> (Elias Dempsey Smith)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God,_Incorporated" title="United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated">United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Holy_Church_of_America" title="United Holy Church of America">United Holy Church of America</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Sabbath-Day_Adventist_Church" title="United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church">United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catholic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Black Catholicism</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Servant of God Mother Mary Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Delille" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette Delille">Venerable Mother Henriette DeLille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Augustine_Williams" title="William Augustine Williams">William Augustine Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Venerable Pierre Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Venerable Fr Augustus Tolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clements" title="George Clements">George Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ricard" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ricard">Bishop John Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Servant of God Julia Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Servant of God Sr Thea Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Phelps" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamie Phelps">Sr Jamie Phelps, OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rufus_J._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Rufus J. Rivers">Clarence Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Davis" title="Cyprian Davis">Fr Cyprian Davis, OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patterson_Lyke" title="James Patterson Lyke">Archbishop James Lyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Cardinal Wilton Gregory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_Orthodox_Church" title="African Orthodox Church">African Orthodox Church</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_McGuire" title="George Alexander McGuire">George Alexander McGuire</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Holiness)_U.S.A." title="Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.">Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Price_Jones" title="Charles Price Jones">Charles Price Jones</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America">Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">City of Refuge UCC</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Flunder" title="Yvette Flunder">Yvette Flunder</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Global_United_Fellowship" title="Global United Fellowship">Global United Fellowship</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Neil_Ellis_(bishop)" title="Neil Ellis (bishop)">Neil Ellis</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imani_Temple_African-American_Catholic_Congregation" title="Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation">Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Stallings_Jr." title="George Augustus Stallings Jr.">George Augustus Stallings Jr.</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_Theological_Center" title="Interdenominational Theological Center">Interdenominational Theological Center</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Israelite_School_of_Universal_Practical_Knowledge" title="Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge">Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge</a></b></li> <li>Love Center Church (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Hawkins" title="Walter Hawkins">Walter Hawkins</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Original_Church_of_God_or_Sanctified_Church" title="Original Church of God or Sanctified Church">Original Church of God or Sanctified Church</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Churches" title="Spencer Churches">Spencer Churches</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Spencer_(religious_leader)" title="Peter Spencer (religious leader)">Peter Spencer</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_House_of_Prayer_for_All_People" title="United House of Prayer for All People">United House of Prayer for All People</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Manuel_da_Gra%C3%A7a" title="Marcelino Manuel da Graça">Marcelino Manuel da Graça</a></li> <li>Walter McCollough</li> <li>Samuel C. Madison</li> <li>C.M. Bailey)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Charismatic_Orthodox_Churches" title="Union of Charismatic Orthodox Churches">Union of Charismatic Orthodox Churches</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Emilio_Alvarez_(bishop)" title="Emilio Alvarez (bishop)">Emilio Alvarez</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora_religions" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/30px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/45px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Americas">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Western occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4922295#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001817">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX729933">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000074617&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292793605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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