CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Zombie - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"72b211fd-96e7-457f-9b11-482e668e7071","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Zombie","wgTitle":"Zombie","wgCurRevisionId":1258763274,"wgRevisionId":1258763274,"wgArticleId":9810476,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from September 2022", "Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text","Articles containing Kongo-language text","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2013","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from June 2020","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing Japanese-language text","1810s neologisms","African mythology","Bantu religion","Caribbean legendary creatures","Corporeal undead","Culture-bound syndromes","Fictional cannibals","Fictional diseases and disorders","Fictional monsters","Fictional zombies","Culture of Haiti","Haitian Vodou","Horror fiction","Literary characters introduced in 1929","Stock characters","Topics in culture", "Zombies in popular culture","Zombies","Body horror","Haitian mythology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Zombie","wgRelevantArticleId":9810476,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9406","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1657"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png/800px-Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1105"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png/640px-Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="884"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Zombie - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Zombie rootpage-Zombie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zombie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zombie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zombie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zombie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Folk beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kongo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kongo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kongo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kongo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_hypotheses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin hypotheses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chemical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_archetype_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_archetype_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern archetype evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_archetype_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Depictions in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depictions in popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-George_A._Romero_(1968–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_A._Romero_(1968–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>George A. Romero (1968–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_A._Romero_(1968–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_Western_decline_(1985–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_Western_decline_(1985–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Relative Western decline (1985–1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_Western_decline_(1985–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Asian_films_(1985–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Asian_films_(1985–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Early Asian films (1985–1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Asian_films_(1985–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far_East_revival_(1996–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far_East_revival_(1996–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Far East revival (1996–2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far_East_revival_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_film_revival_(2001–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_film_revival_(2001–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Global film revival (2001–2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_film_revival_(2001–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spillover_to_television_(2008–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spillover_to_television_(2008–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Spillover to television (2008–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spillover_to_television_(2008–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_decline_(2015–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_decline_(2015–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Return to decline (2015–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_decline_(2015–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocalypse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocalypse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Apocalypse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocalypse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subtext" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtext"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Subtext</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtext-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Story_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Story elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_and_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_and_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Anime and manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_and_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_and_performance_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_and_performance_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Video and performance art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_and_performance_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>American government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_academic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_academic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theoretical academic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_academic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zombie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%93ag_(F%C5%ABd%C5%AB)" title="Drēag (Fūdū) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Drēag (Fūdū)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="زومبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زومبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زامبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زامبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="জম্বি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জম্বি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Зомбі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зомбі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombi" title="Sombi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sombi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Ζόμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζόμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombio" title="Zombio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zombio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonbi" title="Zonbi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zonbi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زامبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زامبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombi" title="Sombi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sombi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somby" title="Somby – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Somby" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomba%C3%AD" title="Zombaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zombaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%80%EB%B9%84" title="좀비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="좀비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Զոմբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զոմբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="ज़ोंबी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ोंबी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppvakningur" title="Uppvakningur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppvakningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99" title="זומבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זומבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზომბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზომბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonbi" title="Zonbi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zonbi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombijs" title="Zombijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zombijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombis" title="Zombis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zombis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3mbie" title="Zómbie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zómbie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B4mby" title="Zômby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zômby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="സൊംബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൊംബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93" title="ゾンビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゾンビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbi" title="Zumbi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Zumbi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ហ្សមប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្សមប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbi" title="Zumbi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zumbi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi_(m%C5%95tvola)" title="Zombi (mŕtvola) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zombi (mŕtvola)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زۆمبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زۆمبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிணன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிணன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Зомби – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зомби" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="ซอมบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอมบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombi" title="Zombi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zombi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Зомбі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зомбі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2y_ma" title="Thây ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thây ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zombie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A7%E5%B0%B8" title="丧尸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丧尸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E5%B1%8D" title="喪屍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喪屍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AA%E5%B1%8D" title="喪屍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喪屍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Zombie" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zombie"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zombie"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Zombie" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Zombie" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&oldid=1258763274" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Zombie&id=1258763274&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZombie"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZombie"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zombie&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zombie&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zombies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9406" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Undead creature from Haitian folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zombie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zombie (disambiguation)">Zombie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png/224px-Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png/337px-Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png/449px-Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of a zombie at twilight in a field of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>zombie</b> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">zombi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">zonbi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kikongo</a>: <i>zumbi</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mythological_creature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological creature">mythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corporeal" class="extiw" title="wikt:corporeal">corporeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a> created through the <a href="/wiki/Reanimation_(horror)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reanimation (horror)">reanimation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpse</a>. In modern popular culture, zombies are most commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Horror_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror genre">horror genre</a> works. The term comes from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti#Folklore_and_mythology" title="Culture of Haiti">Haitian folklore</a>, in which a <i>zombie</i> is a dead body reanimated through various methods, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magical practices</a> in religions like <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a>. Modern media depictions of the reanimation of the dead often do not involve magic but rather science fictional methods such as <a href="/wiki/Zombie_ant_fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie ant fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257745262">.mw-parser-output .zombies .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .zombies .sidebar-heading{background-color:lightgray}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks zombies"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/220px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/330px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/440px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_walk" title="Zombie walk">Zombie walk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> In media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_short_films_and_undead-related_projects" title="List of zombie short films and undead-related projects">Short films and nominal zombie films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_short_films_and_undead-related_projects#TV_Series" title="List of zombie short films and undead-related projects">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_video_games" title="List of zombie video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombies_in_Resident_Evil" title="Zombies in Resident Evil"><i>Resident Evil</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_novels" title="List of zombie novels">Novels</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zombies" title="Template:Zombies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zombies" title="Template talk:Zombies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zombies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zombies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English word "zombie" was first recorded in 1819 in a history of Brazil by the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, in the form of "zombi".<sup id="cite_ref-Zombie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zombie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dictionaries trace the word's origin to African languages, relating to words connected to gods, ghosts and souls. One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the voodoo zombie was <a href="/wiki/William_Seabrook" title="William Seabrook">W. B. Seabrook</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Island" title="The Magic Island">The Magic Island</a></i> (1929), the account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and their resurrected thralls. </p><p>A new version of the zombie, distinct from that described in Haitian folklore, emerged in popular culture during the latter half of the 20th century. This interpretation of the zombie, as an undead person that attacks and eats the flesh of living people, is drawn largely from <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was partly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Legend_(novel)" title="I Am Legend (novel)">I Am Legend</a></i> (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stokes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>zombie</i> is not used in <i>Night of the Living Dead</i>, but was applied later by fans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the release of such <a href="/wiki/Zombie_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie films">zombie films</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Living_Dead" title="The Return of the Living Dead">The Return of the Living Dead</a></i> (1985)—the latter of which introduced the concept of zombies that eat brains—as well as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s music video <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a></i> (1983), the genre waned for some years. </p><p>The mid-1990s saw the introduction of <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">The House of the Dead</a></i>, two break-out successes of video games featuring zombie enemies which would later go on to become highly influential and well-known. These games were initially followed by a wave of low-budget Asian zombie films such as the <a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">zombie comedy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bio_Zombie" title="Bio Zombie">Bio Zombie</a></i> (1998) and action film <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(2000_film)" title="Versus (2000 film)">Versus</a></i> (2000), and then a new wave of popular Western zombie films in the early 2000s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead#Film_adaptations" title="The House of the Dead"><i>House of the Dead</i></a> films, the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)"><i>Dawn of the Dead</i> remake</a>, and the British zombie comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i> (2004). The "<a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">zombie apocalypse</a>" concept, in which the civilized world is brought low by a global zombie infestation, has since become a staple of modern zombie media, seen in such media as <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(franchise)" title="The Walking Dead (franchise)"><i>The Walking Dead</i> franchise</a>. </p><p>The late 2000s and 2010s saw the humanization and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_human%E2%80%93zombie_romance" title="Category:Fiction about human–zombie romance">romanticization of the zombie archetype</a>, with the zombies increasingly portrayed as friends and love interests for humans. Notable examples of the latter include movies <i><a href="/wiki/Warm_Bodies_(film)" title="Warm Bodies (film)">Warm Bodies</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zombies_(2018_film)" title="Zombies (2018 film)">Zombies</a></i>, novels <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Generation_Dead" title="Generation Dead">Generation Dead</a></i> by Daniel Waters, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_Song" title="Bone Song">Bone Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Meaney" title="John Meaney">John Meaney</a>, animated movie <i><a href="/wiki/Corpse_Bride" title="Corpse Bride">Corpse Bride</a></i>, TV series <i><a href="/wiki/IZombie_(TV_series)" title="IZombie (TV series)">iZombie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Diet" title="Santa Clarita Diet">Santa Clarita Diet</a></i>, manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Sankarea:_Undying_Love" title="Sankarea: Undying Love">Sankarea: Undying Love</a></i>, and the light novel <i><a href="/wiki/Is_This_a_Zombie%3F" title="Is This a Zombie?">Is This a Zombie?</a></i> In this context, zombies are often seen as stand-ins for discriminated groups struggling for equality, and the human–zombie romantic relationship is interpreted as a metaphor for sexual liberation and taboo breaking (given that zombies are subject to wild desires and free from social conventions).<sup id="cite_ref-Szanter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szanter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGlotten_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGlotten-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeHughes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeHughes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moreman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Haitian folklore</a>, a <i>zombie</i> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">zombi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">zonbi</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">animated corpse</a> raised by magical means, such as <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word "zombie" is first recorded in 1819, in a history of Brazil by the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, in the form of "zombi", actually referring to the Afro-Brazilian rebel leader named <a href="/wiki/Zumbi" title="Zumbi">Zumbi</a> and the etymology of his name in "nzambi".<sup id="cite_ref-Zombie_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zombie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> gives the origin of the word as <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> and compares it to the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> words "<span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">nzambi</i></span>" (god) and "<span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">zumbi</i></span>" (fetish).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu">Kimbundu</a>-to-Portuguese dictionary from 1903 defines the related word <i><span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">nzumbi</i></span></i> as soul,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a later Kimbundu–Portuguese dictionary defines it as being a "spirit that is supposed to wander the earth to torment the living".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How the creatures in contemporary zombie films came to be called "zombies" is not fully clear. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968) made no spoken reference to its undead antagonists as "zombies", describing them instead as "<a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">ghouls</a>" (though ghouls, which derive from Arabic folklore, are demons, not undead). Although <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a> used the term "ghoul" in his original scripts, in later interviews he used the term "zombie". The word "zombie" is used exclusively by Romero in his script for his sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a></i> (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including once in dialog. According to Romero, film critics were influential in associating the term "zombie" to his creatures, and especially the French magazine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma" title="Cahiers du Cinéma">Cahiers du Cinéma</a></i></span>. He eventually accepted this linkage, even though he remained convinced at the time that "zombies" corresponded to the undead slaves of Haitian voodoo as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(film)" title="White Zombie (film)">White Zombie</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_beliefs">Folk beliefs</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3></div> <p>Zombies are featured widely in Haitian rural folklore as dead persons physically revived by the act of <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a> of a <i><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">bokor</a></i>, a sorcerer or witch. The <i>bokor</i> is opposed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">houngan</a></i> (priest) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">mambo</a></i> (priestess) of the formal voodoo religion. A zombie remains under the control of the <i>bokor</i> as a personal slave, having no will of its own. </p><p>The Haitian tradition also includes an incorporeal type of zombie, the "zombie <a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">astral</a>", which is a part of the human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. A <i>bokor</i> can capture a zombie astral to enhance his spiritual power. A zombie astral can also be sealed inside a specially decorated bottle by a <i>bokor</i> and sold to a client to bring luck, healing, or business success. It is believed that God eventually will reclaim the zombie's soul, so the zombie is a temporary spiritual entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two types of zombie reflect <a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">soul dualism</a>, a belief of <a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Bakongo religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian voodoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each type of legendary zombie is therefore missing one half of its soul (the flesh or the spirit).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The zombie belief has its roots in traditions brought to Haiti by enslaved Africans and their subsequent experiences in the New World. It was thought that the voodoo deity <a href="/wiki/Baron_Samedi" title="Baron Samedi">Baron Samedi</a> would gather them from their grave to bring them to a heavenly afterlife in Africa ("<a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea</a>"), unless they had offended him in some way, in which case they would be forever a slave after death, as a zombie. A zombie could also be saved by <a href="/wiki/Salt#In_religion" title="Salt">feeding them salt</a>. English professor <a href="/wiki/Amy_Wilentz" title="Amy Wilentz">Amy Wilentz</a> has written that the modern concept of Zombies was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haitian slavery</a>. Slave drivers on the plantations, who were usually slaves themselves and sometimes voodoo priests, used the fear of zombification to discourage slaves from committing suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most scholars have associated the Haitian zombie with African cultures, a connection has also been suggested to the island's indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno people</a>, partly based on an early account of native <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanist</a> practices written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Pan%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Pané (page does not exist)">Ramón Pané</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Pan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="es:Ramón Pané">es</a>]</span>, a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymite</a> religious order and companion of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haitian zombie phenomenon first attracted widespread international attention during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934), when a number of case histories of purported "zombies" began to emerge. The first popular book covering the topic was <a href="/wiki/William_Seabrook" title="William Seabrook">William Seabrook</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Island" title="The Magic Island">The Magic Island</a></i> (1929). Seabrooke cited Article 246 of the Haitian <a href="/wiki/Criminal_code" title="Criminal code">criminal code</a>, which was passed in 1864, asserting that it was an official recognition of zombies. This passage was later used in promotional materials for the 1932 film <i>White Zombie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Also shall be qualified as attempted murder the employment which may be made by any person of substances which, without causing actual death, produce a lethargic coma more or less prolonged. If, after the administering of such substances, the person has been buried, the act shall be considered murder no matter what result follows.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Code pénal<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1937, while researching folklore in Haiti, <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a> encountered the case of a woman who appeared in a village. A family claimed that she was Felicia Felix-Mentor, a relative, who had died and been buried in 1907 at the age of 29. The woman was examined by a doctor; X-rays indicated that she did not have a leg fracture that Felix-Mentor was known to have had.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurston pursued rumors that affected persons were given a powerful <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a>, but she was unable to locate individuals willing to offer much information. She wrote: "What is more, if science ever gets to the bottom of Vodou in Haiti and Africa, it will be found that some important medical secrets, still unknown to medical science, give it its power, rather than gestures of ceremony."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kongo">Kongo</h3></div> <p>A Central African origin for the Haitian zombie has been postulated based on two etymologies in the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo language</a>, <i>nzambi</i> ("god") and <i>zumbi</i> ("fetish"). This root helps form the names of several deities, including the Kongo creator deity <a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi Mpungu</a> and the Louisiana serpent deity <a href="/wiki/Li_Grand_Zombi" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Grand Zombi">Li Grand Zombi</a> (a local version of the Haitian <a href="/wiki/Damballa" title="Damballa">Damballa</a>), but it is in fact a generic word for a divine spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common African conception of beings under these names is more similar to the incorporeal "zombie astral",<sup id="cite_ref-Bottle_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the Kongo <a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a> spirits. </p><p>A related, but also often incorporeal, undead being is the <a href="/wiki/Jumbee" title="Jumbee">jumbee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">English-speaking Caribbean</a>, considered to be of the same etymology;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> also, local "zombies" are recognized, but these are of a more general spirit nature.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>The idea of physical zombie-like creatures is present in some South African cultures, where they are called <i>xidachane</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> and <i>maduxwane</i> in <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>. In some communities, it is believed that a dead person can be zombified by a small child.<sup id="cite_ref-Marinovich84_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinovich84-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that the spell can be broken by a powerful enough <a href="/wiki/Sangoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangoma">sangoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marinovich98_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinovich98-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also believed in some areas of South Africa that <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> can zombify a person by killing and possessing the victim's body to force it into slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Niehaus_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niehaus-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After rail lines were built to transport migrant workers, stories emerged about "witch trains". These trains appeared ordinary, but were staffed by zombified workers controlled by a witch. The trains would abduct a person boarding at night, and the person would then either be zombified or beaten and thrown from the train a distance away from the original location.<sup id="cite_ref-Niehaus_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niehaus-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_hypotheses">Origin hypotheses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3></div> <p>Several decades after Hurston's work, <a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Wade Davis</a>, a Harvard <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnobotanist">ethnobotanist</a>, presented a pharmacological case for zombies in a 1983 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ethnopharmacology" title="Journal of Ethnopharmacology">Journal of Ethnopharmacology</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in two popular books: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_and_the_Rainbow_(book)" title="The Serpent and the Rainbow (book)">The Serpent and the Rainbow</a></i> (1985) and <i>Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie</i> (1988). </p><p>Davis traveled to Haiti in 1982 and, as a result of his investigations, claimed that a living person can be turned into a zombie by two special powders being introduced into the bloodstream (usually through a wound). The first, French: <i lang="fr">coup de poudre</i> ("powder strike"), includes <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> (TTX), a powerful and frequently fatal <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> found in the flesh of the <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">pufferfish</a> (family Tetraodontidae). The second powder consists of <a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">deliriant drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">datura</a>. Together these powders were said to induce a deathlike state, in which the will of the victim would be entirely subjected to that of the bokor. Davis also popularized the story of <a href="/wiki/Clairvius_Narcisse" title="Clairvius Narcisse">Clairvius Narcisse</a>, who was claimed to have succumbed to this practice. The most ethically questioned and least scientifically explored ingredient of the powders is part of a recently buried child's brain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hines_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hines-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The process described by Davis was an initial state of deathlike <a href="/wiki/Suspended_animation" title="Suspended animation">suspended animation</a>, followed by re-awakening — typically <i>after</i> being buried — into a psychotic state. The psychosis induced by the drug and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesised</a> by Davis to reinforce culturally learned beliefs and to cause the individual to reconstruct their identity as that of a zombie, since they "knew" that they were dead and had no other role to play in the Haitian society. Societal reinforcement of the belief was hypothesized by Davis to confirm for the zombie individual the zombie state, and such individuals were known to hang around in graveyards, exhibiting attitudes of low <a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">affect</a>. </p><p>Davis's claim has been criticized, particularly the suggestion that Haitian witch doctors can keep "zombies" in a state of pharmacologically induced trance for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrodotoxin poisoning">TTX poisoning</a> range from numbness and nausea to paralysis — particularly of the muscles of the diaphragm — unconsciousness, and death, but do not include a stiffened gait or a deathlike trance. According to psychologist <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a>, the scientific community dismisses tetrodotoxin as the cause of this state, and Davis' assessment of the nature of the reports of Haitian zombies is viewed as overly credulous.<sup id="cite_ref-hines_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hines-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3></div> <p>Scottish psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a> highlighted the link between social and cultural expectations and compulsion, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and other mental illness, suggesting that schizogenesis may account for some of the psychological aspects of zombification.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, this suggests cases where schizophrenia manifests a state of <a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">catatonia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roland_Littlewood" title="Roland Littlewood">Roland Littlewood</a>, professor of anthropology and psychiatry, published a study supporting a social explanation of the zombie phenomenon in the medical journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social explanation sees observed cases of people identified as zombies as a <a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">culture-bound syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_variations_in_adoption" title="Cultural variations in adoption">particular cultural form of adoption</a> practiced in Haiti that unites the <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_and_mental_health" title="Homelessness and mental health">homeless and mentally ill</a> with grieving families who see them as their "returned" lost loved ones, as Littlewood summarizes his findings in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I came to the conclusion that although it is unlikely that there is a single explanation for all cases where zombies are recognised by locals in Haiti, the mistaken identification of a wandering mentally ill stranger by bereaved relatives is the most likely explanation in many cases. People with a chronic schizophrenic illness, brain damage or learning disability are not uncommon in rural Haiti, and they would be particularly likely to be identified as zombies.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_archetype_evolution">Modern archetype evolution</h2></div> <p>Pulliam and Fonseca (2014) and Walz (2006) trace the zombie lineage back to ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PulliamFonseca2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PulliamFonseca2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bishop2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Descent of Ishtar</i>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> threatens:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>If you do not open the gate for me to come in,<br /> I shall smash the door and shatter the bolt,<br /> I shall smash the doorpost and overturn the doors,<br /> I shall raise up the dead and they shall eat the living:<br /> And the dead shall outnumber the living! </p> </div></blockquote> <p>She repeats this same threat in a slightly modified form in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the voodoo zombie was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Island" title="The Magic Island">The Magic Island</a></i> (1929) by <a href="/wiki/William_Seabrook" title="William Seabrook">W. B. Seabrook</a>. This is the sensationalized account of a narrator who encounters <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">voodoo</a> cults in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and their resurrected thralls. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> commented that the book "introduced 'zombi' into U.S. speech".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zombies have a complex literary heritage, with antecedents ranging from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> drawing on European folklore of the undead. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Halperin" title="Victor Halperin">Victor Halperin</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(film)" title="White Zombie (film)">White Zombie</a></i> (1932), a horror film starring <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>. Here zombies are depicted as mindless, unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician. Zombies, often still using this voodoo-inspired rationale, were initially uncommon in cinema, but their appearances continued sporadically through the 1930s to the 1960s, with films including <i><a href="/wiki/I_Walked_with_a_Zombie" title="I Walked with a Zombie">I Walked with a Zombie</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Outer_Space" title="Plan 9 from Outer Space">Plan 9 from Outer Space</a></i> (1959). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg/220px-Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg/330px-Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg/440px-Frankenstein_Cooke_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="3311" /></a><figcaption>The actor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooke_(actor)" title="Thomas Cooke (actor)">T. P. Cooke</a> as Frankenstein's Monster in an 1823 stage production of the novel</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, while not a zombie novel <i>per se</i>, foreshadows many 20th century ideas about zombies in that the resurrection of the dead is portrayed as a scientific process rather than a mystical one and that the resurrected dead are degraded and more violent than their living selves. <i>Frankenstein</i>, published in 1818, has its roots in European folklore, whose tales of the vengeful dead also informed the evolution of the modern conception of the <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later notable 19th century stories about the avenging undead included <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Halpin_Frayser" title="The Death of Halpin Frayser">The Death of Halpin Frayser</a>" and various <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Romanticism">Gothic Romanticism</a> tales by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. Though their works could not be properly considered zombie fiction, the supernatural tales of Bierce and Poe would prove influential on later writers such as <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, by Lovecraft's own admission.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the 1920s and early 1930s, Lovecraft wrote several novellae that explored the undead theme. "<a href="/wiki/Cool_Air" title="Cool Air">Cool Air</a>", "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Vault" title="In the Vault">In the Vault</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Outsider_(short_story)" title="The Outsider (short story)">The Outsider</a>" all deal with the undead, but Lovecraft's "<a href="/wiki/Herbert_West%E2%80%93Reanimator" title="Herbert West–Reanimator">Herbert West–Reanimator</a>" (1921) "helped define zombies in popular culture".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This series of short stories featured <a href="/wiki/Herbert_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert West">Herbert West</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a>, who attempts to revive human corpses, with mixed results. Notably, the resurrected dead are uncontrollable, mostly mute, primitive and extremely violent; though they are not referred to as zombies, their portrayal was prescient, anticipating the modern conception of zombies by several decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> similarly depicted animated corpses in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_on_Venus" title="Lost on Venus">second book</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Amtor" title="Amtor">Venus series</a>, again without using the terms "zombie" or "undead".</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/300px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/450px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg/600px-Zombies_NightoftheLivingDead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968) is considered a progenitor of the fictional zombie of modern culture.</figcaption></figure><p>Avenging zombies would feature prominently in the early 1950s <a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a>, which <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a> would later claim as an influence. The comics, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_(comics)" title="Tales from the Crypt (comics)">Tales from the Crypt</a></i>, <i>The Vault of Horror</i> and <i>Weird Science</i>, featured avenging undead in the Gothic tradition quite regularly, including adaptations of Lovecraft's stories, which included "In the Vault", "Cool Air" and "Herbert West–Reanimator".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a>'s 1954 novel <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Legend_(novel)" title="I Am Legend (novel)">I Am Legend</a></i>, although classified as a vampire story, had a great impact on the zombie genre by way of <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>. The novel and its 1964 film adaptation, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_on_Earth_(1964_film)" title="The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)">The Last Man on Earth</a></i>, which concern a lone human survivor waging war against a world of vampires, would by Romero's own admission greatly influence his 1968 low-budget film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i>, a work that was more influential on the concept of zombies than any literary or cinematic work before it.<sup id="cite_ref-Clasen_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clasen-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biodrowsk_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biodrowsk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monsters in the film and its sequels, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_(1985_film)" title="Day of the Dead (1985 film)">Day of the Dead</a></i> (1985), as well as the many <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie films</a> it inspired, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Living_Dead" title="The Return of the Living Dead">The Return of the Living Dead</a></i> (1985) and <i><a href="/wiki/Zombi_2" title="Zombi 2">Zombi 2</a></i> (1979), are usually hungry for human flesh, although <i>Return of the Living Dead</i> introduced the popular concept of zombies eating human brains. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tor_Johnson.jpg/220px-Tor_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tor_Johnson.jpg/330px-Tor_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tor_Johnson.jpg/440px-Tor_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tor_Johnson" title="Tor Johnson">Tor Johnson</a> as a zombie with his victim in the cult movie <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Outer_Space" title="Plan 9 from Outer Space">Plan 9 from Outer Space</a></i> (1959)</figcaption></figure> <p>There has been an evolution in the zombie archetype from supernatural to scientific themes. <i>I Am Legend</i> and <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> began the shift away from Haitian dark magic, though did not give scientific explanations for zombie origins. A more decisive shift towards scientific themes came with the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> video game series in the late 1990s, which gave more realistic scientific explanations for zombie origins while drawing on modern science and technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Biological_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weaponry">biological weaponry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic manipulation">genetic manipulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>. This became the standard approach for explaining zombie origins in popular fiction that followed <i>Resident Evil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has also been shift towards an action approach, which has led to another evolution of the zombie archietype, the "fast zombie" or running zombie. In contrast to Romero's classic slow zombies, "fast zombies" can run, are more aggressive and are often more intelligent. This type of zombie has origins in 1990s <a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a> video games. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival horror</a> video game <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a></i> featured zombie dogs that run towards the player. Later the same year, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade</a> shooter <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(video_game)" title="The House of the Dead (video game)">The House of the Dead</a></i> introduced running human zombies, who run towards the player and can also jump and swim. The running human zombies introduced in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">The House of the Dead</a></i> video games became the basis for the "fast zombies" that became popular in zombie films during the early 21st century, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/28_Days_Later" title="28 Days Later">28 Days Later</a></i> (2002), the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">House of the Dead</a></i> films and the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)"><i>Dawn of the Dead</i></a> remake. These films also adopted an action approach to the zombie concept, which was also influenced by the <i>Resident Evil</i> and <i>House of the Dead</i> video games.<sup id="cite_ref-josh_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_popular_culture">Depictions in popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie film</a></div> <p>Films featuring zombies have been a part of cinema since the 1930s. <i><a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(film)" title="White Zombie (film)">White Zombie</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Halperin" title="Victor Halperin">Victor Halperin</a> in 1932) and <i><a href="/wiki/I_Walked_with_a_Zombie" title="I Walked with a Zombie">I Walked with a Zombie</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur" title="Jacques Tourneur">Jacques Tourneur</a>; 1943) were early examples.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968), the zombie <a href="/wiki/Trope_(cinema)" title="Trope (cinema)">trope</a> began to be increasingly linked to consumerism and consumer culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, zombie films are released with such regularity (at least 50 films were released in 2014 alone)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they constitute a separate subgenre of horror film.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voodoo-related zombie themes have also appeared in espionage or adventure-themed works outside the horror genre. For example, the original <i><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Quest" title="Jonny Quest">Jonny Quest</a></i> series (1964) and the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(novel)" title="Live and Let Die (novel)">Live and Let Die</a></i> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">film adaptation</a> both feature Caribbean villains who falsely claim the voodoo power of zombification to keep others in fear of them. </p><p>Romero's modern zombie archetype in <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> was influenced by several earlier zombie-themed films, including <i>White Zombie</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Zombies" title="Revolt of the Zombies">Revolt of the Zombies</a></i> (1936) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_of_the_Zombies" title="The Plague of the Zombies">The Plague of the Zombies</a></i> (1966). Romero was also inspired by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Legend_(novel)" title="I Am Legend (novel)">I Am Legend</a></i> (1954), along with its film adaptation, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_on_Earth_(1964_film)" title="The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)">The Last Man on Earth</a></i> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_A._Romero_(1968–1985)"><span id="George_A._Romero_.281968.E2.80.931985.29"></span>George A. Romero (1968–1985)</h4></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Zombie</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> (1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alias</th><td class="infobox-data">"Romero zombie"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> (influenced by Haitian Zombie), <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Living_Dead" title="Living Dead">Living Dead</a></div><p>The modern conception of the zombie owes itself almost entirely to <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s 1968 film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulliamchapter_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulliamchapter-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his films, Romero "bred the zombie with the vampire, and what he got was the hybrid vigour of a ghoulish plague monster".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entailed an apocalyptic vision of monsters that have come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Living_Dead#Romero's_versus_O'Bannon's_zombies" title="Living Dead">Romero zombies</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i> chided theater owners and parents who allowed children access to the film. "I don't think the younger kids really knew what hit them", complained Ebert, "They were used to going to movies, sure, and they'd seen some horror movies before, sure, but this was something else." According to Ebert, the film affected the audience immediately:<sup id="cite_ref-Ebertreview_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebertreview-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The kids in the audience were stunned. There was almost complete silence. The movie had stopped being delightfully scary about halfway through, and had become unexpectedly terrifying. There was a little girl across the aisle from me, maybe nine years old, who was sitting very still in her seat and crying. </p> </blockquote><p>Romero's reinvention of zombies is notable in terms of its thematics; he used zombies not just for their own sake, but as a vehicle "to criticize real-world social ills—such as government ineptitude, bioengineering, slavery, greed and exploitation—while indulging our post-apocalyptic fantasies".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Night</i> was the first of six films in Romero's <a href="/wiki/Living_Dead#Romero's_Dead_series" title="Living Dead"><i>Living Dead</i> series</a>. Its first sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a></i>, was released in 1978. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Fulci" title="Lucio Fulci">Lucio Fulci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zombi_2" title="Zombi 2">Zombi 2</a></i> was released just months after <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> as an ersatz sequel (<i>Dawn of the Dead</i> was released in several other countries as <i>Zombi</i> or <i>Zombie</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> was the most commercially successful zombie film for decades, up until the zombie revival of the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Booker_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hell_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Hell of the Living Dead">Hell of the Living Dead</a></i> referenced a mutagenic gas as a source of zombie contagion: an idea also used in <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Bannon" title="Dan O'Bannon">Dan O'Bannon</a>'s 1985 film <i><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Living_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Return of the Living Dead">Return of the Living Dead</a></i>. <i>Return of the Living Dead</i> featured zombies that hungered specifically for human brains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_Western_decline_(1985–1995)"><span id="Relative_Western_decline_.281985.E2.80.931995.29"></span>Relative Western decline (1985–1995)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg/220px-Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg/330px-Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg/440px-Girl_zombie_eating_her_victim_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A young zombie (Kyra Schon) feeding on human flesh, from <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> (1968)</figcaption></figure> <p>Zombie films in the 1980s and 1990s were not as commercially successful as <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Booker_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-1980s produced few zombie films of note. Perhaps the most notable entry, the <i><a href="/wiki/Evil_Dead" title="Evil Dead">Evil Dead</a></i> trilogy, while highly influential, are not technically zombie films, but films about <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a>, despite the presence of the undead. 1985's <i><a href="/wiki/Re-Animator" title="Re-Animator">Re-Animator</a></i>, loosely based on the Lovecraft story, stood out in the genre, achieving nearly unanimous critical acclaim<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and becoming a modest success, nearly outstripping Romero's <i><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_(1985_film)" title="Day of the Dead (1985 film)">Day of the Dead</a></i> for box office returns. </p><p>After the mid-1980s, the subgenre was mostly relegated to the underground. Notable entries include director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s ultra-gory film <i><a href="/wiki/Braindead_(film)" title="Braindead (film)">Braindead</a></i> (1992) (released as <i>Dead Alive</i> in the U.S.), <a href="/wiki/Bob_Balaban" title="Bob Balaban">Bob Balaban</a>'s comic 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/My_Boyfriend%27s_Back_(1993_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Boyfriend's Back (1993 film)">My Boyfriend's Back</a></i>, where a self-aware high-school boy returns to profess his love for a girl and his love for human flesh, and Michele Soavi's <i><a href="/wiki/Dellamorte_Dellamore" class="mw-redirect" title="Dellamorte Dellamore">Dellamorte Dellamore</a></i> (1994) (released as <i>Cemetery Man</i> in the U.S.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Asian_films_(1985–1995)"><span id="Early_Asian_films_.281985.E2.80.931995.29"></span>Early Asian films (1985–1995)</h4></div> <p>In 1980s <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong cinema">Hong Kong cinema</a>, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jiangshi" title="Jiangshi">jiangshi</a>, a zombie-like creature dating back to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> era <a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">jiangshi fiction</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries, were featured in a wave of <a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangshi film">jiangshi films</a>, popularised by <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Vampire" title="Mr. Vampire">Mr. Vampire</a></i> (1985). Hong Kong jiangshi films were popular in the Far East from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. </p><p>Prior to the 1990s, there were not many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese film">Japanese films</a> related to what may be considered in the West as a zombie film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discarnates" title="The Discarnates">The Discarnates</a></i> (1988) feature little gore and no cannibalism, but it is about the dead returning to life looking for love rather than a story of apocalyptic destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest Japanese zombie films with considerable gore and violence was <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Girl:_The_Living_Dead_in_Tokyo_Bay" title="Battle Girl: The Living Dead in Tokyo Bay">Battle Girl: The Living Dead in Tokyo Bay</a></i> (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Far_East_revival_(1996–2001)"><span id="Far_East_revival_.281996.E2.80.932001.29"></span>Far East revival (1996–2001)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_Movies" title="Nightmare Movies">Nightmare Movies</a></i> (2011), the "zombie revival began in the Far East" during the late 1990s, largely inspired by two Japanese zombie games released in 1996:<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a></i>, which started the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil"><i>Resident Evil</i> video game series</a> that went on to sell 24 million copies worldwide by 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s arcade shooter <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">House of the Dead</a></i>. The success of these two 1996 zombie games inspired a wave of Asian zombie films.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 1990s, zombies experienced a renaissance in low-budget <a href="/wiki/Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian cinema">Asian cinema</a>, with a sudden spate of dissimilar entries, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bio_Zombie" title="Bio Zombie">Bio Zombie</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Zero" title="Wild Zero">Wild Zero</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Junk_(film)" title="Junk (film)">Junk</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(2000_film)" title="Versus (2000 film)">Versus</a></i> (2000) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stacy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stacy (film)">Stacy</a></i> (2001). </p><p>Most Japanese zombie films emerged in the wake of <i>Resident Evil</i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_(2000_film)" title="Versus (2000 film)">Versus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Zero" title="Wild Zero">Wild Zero</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Junk_(film)" title="Junk (film)">Junk</a></i>, all from 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zombie films released after <i>Resident Evil</i> behaved similarly to the zombie films of the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006115_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006115-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except that they were influenced by zombie video games, which inspired them to dwell more on the action compared to the older Romero films.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_film_revival_(2001–2008)"><span id="Global_film_revival_.282001.E2.80.932008.29"></span>Global film revival (2001–2008)</h4></div> <p>The zombie revival, which began in the Far East, eventually went global, following the worldwide success of the Japanese zombie games <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">The House of the Dead</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Resident Evil</i> in particular sparked a revival of the zombie genre in popular culture, leading to a renewed global interest in zombie films during the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being adapted into the <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(film_series)" title="Resident Evil (film series)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Dead_(film)" title="House of the Dead (film)">House of the Dead</a></i> films from 2002 onwards, the original video games themselves also inspired zombie films such as <i><a href="/wiki/28_Days_Later" title="28 Days Later">28 Days Later</a></i> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-28days_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28days-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the revival of zombie films in global popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28days_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28days-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turn of the millennium coincided with a decade of box office successes in which the zombie subgenre experienced a resurgence: the <i>Resident Evil</i> movies (2002–2016), the British films <i>28 Days Later</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/28_Weeks_Later" title="28 Weeks Later">28 Weeks Later</a></i> (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)"><i>Dawn of the Dead</i> remake</a> (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the comedies <i>Shaun of the Dead</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Dead_(film)" title="Dance of the Dead (film)">Dance of the Dead</a></i> (2008). The new interest allowed Romero to create the fourth entry in his zombie series: <i><a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Dead" title="Land of the Dead">Land of the Dead</a></i>, released in the summer of 2005. Romero returned to the series with the films <i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_the_Dead" title="Diary of the Dead">Diary of the Dead</a></i> (2008) and <i><a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_Dead" title="Survival of the Dead">Survival of the Dead</a></i> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-PM_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the zombies in these shows are the <a href="/wiki/Living_Dead#Romero's_versus_O'Bannon's_zombies" title="Living Dead">slow, lumbering and unintelligent kind</a>, first made popular in <i>Night of the Living Dead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engine_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engine-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Resident Evil</i> films, <i>28 Days Later</i> and the <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> remake all set box office records for the zombie genre, reaching levels of commercial success not seen since the original <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Booker_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motion pictures created in the 2000s, like <i>28 Days Later</i>, the <i>House of the Dead</i> and <i>Resident Evil</i> films, and the <i>Dawn of the Dead</i> remake,<sup id="cite_ref-josh_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have featured zombies that are more agile, vicious, intelligent, and stronger than the traditional zombie.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new type of zombies, the fast zombie or running zombie, have origins in video games, with <i>Resident Evil</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s running zombie dogs and especially <i>The House of the Dead</i> game's running human zombies.<sup id="cite_ref-josh_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spillover_to_television_(2008–2015)"><span id="Spillover_to_television_.282008.E2.80.932015.29"></span>Spillover to television (2008–2015)</h4></div> <p>The success of <i>Shaun of the Dead</i> led to more successful zombie comedies during the late 2000s to early 2010s, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zombieland" title="Zombieland">Zombieland</a></i> (2009) and <i><a href="/wiki/Cockneys_vs_Zombies" title="Cockneys vs Zombies">Cockneys vs Zombies</a></i> (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2011, the <i>Resident Evil</i> film adaptations had also become the highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_video_games" title="List of films based on video games">film series based on video games</a>, after they grossed more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">$1 billion</span> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)" title="AMC (TV channel)">AMC</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> had the highest audience ratings in the United States for any show on broadcast or cable with an average of 5.6 million viewers in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandni_Doulatramani_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandni_Doulatramani-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/World_War_Z_(film)" title="World War Z (film)">World War Z</a></i> became the highest-grossing zombie film, and one of the highest-grossing films of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, starting from the mid-2000s, a new type of zombie film has been growing in popularity: the one in which zombies are portrayed as humanlike in appearance and behavior, retaining the personality traits they had in life, and becoming friends or even romantic partners for humans rather than a threat to humanity. Notable examples of human–zombie romance include the stop-motion animated movie <i><a href="/wiki/Corpse_Bride" title="Corpse Bride">Corpse Bride</a></i>, live-action movies <i><a href="/wiki/Warm_Bodies_(film)" title="Warm Bodies (film)">Warm Bodies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camille_(2008_film)" title="Camille (2008 film)">Camille</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Beth" title="Life After Beth">Life After Beth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Burying_the_Ex" title="Burying the Ex">Burying the Ex</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nina_Forever" title="Nina Forever">Nina Forever</a></i>, and TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Pushing_Daisies" title="Pushing Daisies">Pushing Daisies</a></i> and <i>Babylon Fields</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Szanter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szanter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to zombie scholar Scott Rogers, "what we are seeing in <i>Pushing Daisies</i>, <i>Warm Bodies</i>, and <i>iZombie</i> is in many ways the same transformation [of the zombies] that we have witnessed with vampires since the 1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a></i> represented Dracula as essentially human—a significant departure from the monstrous representation in the 1922 film <i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i>". Rogers also notes the accompanying visual transformation of the living dead: while the "traditional" zombies are marked by noticeable disfigurement and decomposition, the "romantic" zombies show little or no such traits.<sup id="cite_ref-Szanter_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szanter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_decline_(2015–present)"><span id="Return_to_decline_.282015.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Return to decline (2015–present)</h4></div> <p>In the late 2010s, zombie films began declining in popularity, with <a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">elevated horror</a> films gradually taking their place, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(2015_film)" title="The Witch (2015 film)">The Witch</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Out" title="Get Out">Get Out</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Quiet Place (film)">A Quiet Place</a></i> (2018) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_(film)" title="Hereditary (film)">Hereditary</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is the low-budget Japanese zombie comedy <i><a href="/wiki/One_Cut_of_the_Dead" title="One Cut of the Dead">One Cut of the Dead</a></i> (2017), which became a sleeper hit in Japan, and it made box office history by earning over a thousand times its budget.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>One Cut of the Dead</i> also received worldwide acclaim, with <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> stating that it "reanimates the moribund zombie genre with a refreshing blend of formal daring and clever satire".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "romantic zombie" angle still remains popular, however: the late 2010s and early 2020s saw the release of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)" title="American Gods (TV series)">American Gods</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/IZombie_(TV_series)" title="IZombie (TV series)">iZombie</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Diet" title="Santa Clarita Diet">Santa Clarita Diet</a></i>, as well as the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_Original_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Channel Original Movie">Disney Channel Original Movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Zombies_(2018_film)" title="Zombies (2018 film)">Zombies</a></i> and sequels <i><a href="/wiki/Zombies_2" title="Zombies 2">Zombies 2</a></i> (2020) and <i><a href="/wiki/Zombies_3" title="Zombies 3">Zombies 3</a></i> (2022). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></div> <p>Intimately tied to the concept of the modern zombie is that of the "zombie apocalypse": the breakdown of society as a result of an initial zombie outbreak that spreads quickly. This <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> has emerged as a prolific subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">apocalyptic fiction</a> and has been portrayed in many zombie-related media after <i>Night of the Living Dead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paffenroth_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paffenroth-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a zombie apocalypse, a widespread (usually global) rise of zombies hostile to human life engages in a general assault on civilization. Victims of zombies may become zombies themselves. This causes the outbreak to become an exponentially growing crisis: the spreading phenomenon swamps normal military and law-enforcement organizations, leading to the panicked collapse of civilized society until only isolated pockets of survivors remain, scavenging for food and supplies in a world reduced to a pre-industrial hostile wilderness. Possible causes for zombie behavior in a modern population can be attributed to viruses, bacteria or other phenomena that reduce the mental capacity of humans, causing them to behave in a very primitive and destructive fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subtext">Subtext</h4></div> <p>The usual subtext of the zombie apocalypse is that civilization is inherently vulnerable to the unexpected, and that most individuals, if desperate enough, cannot be relied on to comply with the author's ethos. The narrative of a zombie apocalypse carries strong connections to the turbulent social landscape of the United States in the 1960s, when <i>Night of the Living Dead</i> provided an indirect commentary on the dangers of conformity, a theme also explored in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatchers" title="The Body Snatchers">The Body Snatchers</a></i> (1954) and associated film <i><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a></i> (1956).<sup id="cite_ref-Rockoff_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockoff-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many also feel that zombies allow people to deal with their own anxieties about the end of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar concluded that "more than any other monster, zombies are fully and literally apocalyptic ... they signal the end of the world as we have known it".<sup id="cite_ref-Paffenroth_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paffenroth-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While zombie apocalypse scenarios are secular, they follow a religious pattern based on Christian ideas of an end-times war and messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pegg" title="Simon Pegg">Simon Pegg</a>, who starred in and co-wrote the 2004 zombie comedy film <i><a href="/wiki/Shaun_of_the_Dead" title="Shaun of the Dead">Shaun of the Dead</a></i>, wrote that zombies were the "most potent metaphorical monster". According to Pegg, whereas <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a> represent sex, zombies represent death: "Slow and steady in their approach, weak, clumsy, often absurd, the zombie relentlessly closes in, unstoppable, intractable." He expressed his dislike for the trend for fast zombies, and argued that they should be slow and inept; just as a healthy diet and exercise can delay death, zombies are easy to avoid, but not forever. He also argued that this was essential for making them "oddly sympathetic... to create tragic anti-heroes... to be pitied, empathised with, even rooted for. The moment they appear angry or petulant, the second they emit furious velociraptor screeches (as opposed to the correct mournful moans of longing), they cease to possess any ambiguity. They are simply mean."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Story_elements">Story elements</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG/220px-John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG/330px-John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG/440px-John_A._Russo_as_zombie_in_Night_of_the_Living_Dead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_A._Russo" title="John A. Russo">John A. Russo</a> portrays a zombie in <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a>.</i></figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Initial contacts with zombies are extremely dangerous and traumatic, causing shock, panic, disbelief and possibly denial, hampering survivors' ability to deal with hostile encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-surviving_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surviving-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The response of authorities to the threat is slower than its rate of growth, giving the zombie plague time to expand beyond containment. This results in the collapse of the given society. Zombies take full control, while small groups of the living must fight for their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-surviving_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surviving-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The stories usually follow a single group of survivors, caught up in the sudden rush of the crisis. The narrative generally progresses from the onset of the zombie plague, then initial attempts to seek the aid of authorities, the failure of those authorities, through to the sudden catastrophic collapse of all large-scale organization and the characters' subsequent attempts to survive on their own. Such stories are often squarely focused on the way their characters react to such an extreme catastrophe, and how their personalities are changed by the stress, often acting on more primal motivations (fear, self-preservation) than they would display in normal life.<sup id="cite_ref-surviving_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surviving-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg/220px-10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg/330px-10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg/440px-10.13.12ZombiePanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One of the various zombie panel discussion at the 2012 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con" title="New York Comic Con">New York Comic Con</a>, featuring writers who have worked in the genre (left to right): <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maberry" title="Jonathan Maberry">Jonathan Maberry</a>, Daniel Kraus, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Petrucha" title="Stefan Petrucha">Stefan Petrucha</a>, Will Hill, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Caine" title="Rachel Caine">Rachel Caine</a>, Chase Novak, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Krovatin" title="Christopher Krovatin">Christopher Krovatin</a>. Also present (but not visible in the photo) was <a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyga" title="Barry Lyga">Barry Lyga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_novels" title="List of zombie novels">List of zombie novels</a></div> <p>In the 1990s, zombie fiction emerged as a distinct literary subgenre, with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead_(anthology)" title="Book of the Dead (anthology)">Book of the Dead</a></i> (1990) and its follow-up <i>Still Dead: Book of the Dead 2</i> (1992), both edited by horror authors <a href="/wiki/John_Skipp" title="John Skipp">John Skipp</a> and Craig Spector. Featuring Romero-inspired stories from the likes of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, the <i>Book of the Dead</i> compilations are regarded as influential in the horror genre and perhaps the first true "zombie literature". Horror novelist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> has written about zombies, including his short story "<a href="/wiki/Home_Delivery_(short_story)" title="Home Delivery (short story)">Home Delivery</a>" (1990) and his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_(novel)" title="Cell (novel)">Cell</a></i> (2006), concerning a struggling young artist on a trek from Boston to <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in hopes of saving his family from a possible worldwide outbreak of zombie-like maniacs.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Brooks" title="Max Brooks">Max Brooks</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/World_War_Z" title="World War Z">World War Z</a></i> (2006) became a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_bestseller" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times bestseller">New York Times bestseller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks had previously authored <i><a href="/wiki/The_Zombie_Survival_Guide" title="The Zombie Survival Guide">The Zombie Survival Guide</a></i> (2003), a zombie-themed parody of pop-fiction survival guides.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks has said that zombies are so popular because "Other monsters may threaten individual humans, but the living dead threaten the entire human race...Zombies are slate wipers." <a href="/wiki/Seth_Grahame-Smith" title="Seth Grahame-Smith">Seth Grahame-Smith</a>'s mashup novel <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice_and_Zombies" title="Pride and Prejudice and Zombies">Pride and Prejudice and Zombies</a></i> (2009) combines the full text of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i> (1813) with a story about a zombie epidemic within the novel's <a href="/wiki/British_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="British Regency">British Regency</a> period setting.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Katy Hershbereger of <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a> stated: "In the world of traditional horror, nothing is more popular right now than zombies...The living dead are here to stay."<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2000s and 2010s were marked by a decidedly new type of zombie novel, in which zombies retain their humanity and become friends or even romantic partners for humans; critics largely attribute this trend to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a>'s vampire series <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)" title="Twilight (novel series)">Twilight</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodart_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodart-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most prominent examples is <i><a href="/wiki/Generation_Dead" title="Generation Dead">Generation Dead</a></i> by Daniel Waters, featuring undead teenagers struggling for equality with the living and a human protagonist falling in love with their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeHughes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeHughes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other novels of this period involving human–zombie romantic relationships include <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_Song" title="Bone Song">Bone Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Meaney" title="John Meaney">John Meaney</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Tides" title="Midnight Tides">Midnight Tides</a></i> by Steven Erikson, and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Plum" title="Amy Plum">Amy Plum</a>'s <i>Die for Me</i> series;<sup id="cite_ref-Bodart_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodart-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much earlier examples, dating back to the 1980s, are <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_on_a_Pedestal" title="Dragon on a Pedestal">Dragon on a Pedestal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Piers_Anthony" title="Piers Anthony">Piers Anthony</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Defiant" title="Conan the Defiant">Conan the Defiant</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Perry" title="Steve Perry">Steve Perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marowski_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marowski-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassiday_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassiday-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3></div> <p>There has been a growth in the number of zombie <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">mangas</a> in the first decade of the 21st century, and in a list of "10 Great Zombie Manga", <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>'s Jason Thompson placed <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_a_Hero" title="I Am a Hero">I Am a Hero</a></i> at number 1, considering it "probably the greatest zombie manga ever". In second place was <i>Living Corpse</i>, and in third was <i><a href="/wiki/Biomega_(manga)" title="Biomega (manga)">Biomega</a></i>, which he called "the greatest science-fiction virus zombie manga ever".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 2000s and early 2010s, there were several manga and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series that humanized zombies by presenting them as protagonists or love interests, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sankarea:_Undying_Love" title="Sankarea: Undying Love">Sankarea: Undying Love</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Is_This_a_Zombie%3F" title="Is This a Zombie?">Is This a Zombie?</a></i> (both debuted in 2009). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Z:_Zed" title="Z: Zed">Z ~Zed~</a></i> was adapted into a live action film in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_and_performance_art">Video and performance art</h3></div> <p>Artist <a href="/wiki/Jillian_McDonald" title="Jillian McDonald">Jillian McDonald</a> has made several works of video art involving zombies and exhibited them in her 2006 show "Horror Make-Up", which debuted on 8 September 2006 at Art Moving Projects, a gallery in, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg, Brooklyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artist Karim Charredib has dedicated his work to the zombie figure. In 2007, he made a video installation at Villa Savoye called "Them !!!", wherein zombies walked in the villa like tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_video_games" title="List of zombie video games">List of zombie video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zombies_in_Resident_Evil" title="Zombies in Resident Evil">Zombies in Resident Evil</a></div> <p>Zombies are a common undead creature type fantasy role playing games. In <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>, zombies are one of the basic <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a> creature types, based on the zombie from folklore as well as more contemporary entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-JG19_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG19-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zombies are generally portrayed as supernatural creations, with variations such as the Ju-ju, Sea Zombie, and Zombie Lord. The <i>Advanced Dungeons & Dragons</i> 2nd edition game, however, also incorporated a creature called the yellow musk creeper, a <a href="/wiki/Parthenocissus" title="Parthenocissus">creeping plant</a> that drains the intelligence of its victims, possibly turning them into "zombies" under the plant's control. Ben Woodard found this to be an expression of the "seemingly endless morphology of fungal creep and toxicological capacity" within the game.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In video games, the release of two 1996 horror games <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(video_game)" title="The House of the Dead (video game)">The House of the Dead</a></i> sparked an international craze for zombie games.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a> said that it was the video games <i>Resident Evil</i> and <i>House of the Dead</i> "more than anything else" that popularised zombies in early 21st century popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern fast-running zombies have origins in these games, with <i>Resident Evil</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s running zombie dogs and especially <i>House of the Dead</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s running human zombies, which later became a staple of modern zombie films.<sup id="cite_ref-josh_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zombies went on to become a popular theme for video games, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">stealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing game</a> genres. Important horror fiction media franchises in this area include <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead" title="The House of the Dead">The House of the Dead</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Hill" title="Silent Hill">Silent Hill</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Rising" title="Dead Rising">Dead Rising</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Island" title="Dead Island">Dead Island</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Left_4_Dead" title="Left 4 Dead">Left 4 Dead</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Light" title="Dying Light">Dying Light</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Decay_(video_game)" title="State of Decay (video game)">State of Decay</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Us" title="The Last of Us">The Last of Us</a></i> and the Zombies game modes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a></i> title series.<sup id="cite_ref-4dead_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4dead-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of games has also been released based on the widely popular TV show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game_series)" title="The Walking Dead (video game series)">The Walking Dead</a></i>, first aired in 2010. <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, first released in 2004, is an early example of a video game in which an individual zombie-like creature could be chosen as a player character (a previous game in the same series, <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Warcraft III">Warcraft III</a></i>, allowed a player control over an undead army).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/PopCap_Games" title="PopCap Games">PopCap Games</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_vs._Zombies" title="Plants vs. Zombies">Plants vs. Zombies</a></i>, a humorous <a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">tower defense</a> game, was an <a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">indie</a> hit in 2009, featuring in several best-of lists at the end of that year. The <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">massively multiplayer online role-playing game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Dead" title="Urban Dead">Urban Dead</a></i>, a free grid-based browser game where zombies and survivors fight for control of a ruined city, is one of the most popular games of its type.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/DayZ_(mod)" title="DayZ (mod)">DayZ</a></i>, a zombie-based <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival horror</a> <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">mod</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/ARMA_2" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMA 2">ARMA 2</a></i>, was responsible for over 300,000 unit sales of its parent game within two months of its release.<sup id="cite_ref-CinemaBlend_1Jul12_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CinemaBlend_1Jul12-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a year later, the developers of the mod created a <a href="/wiki/DayZ_(video_game)" title="DayZ (video game)">standalone version</a> of the same game, which was in early access on <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>, and so far has sold 3 million copies since its release in December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-gamasutra-sales2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamasutra-sales2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romero would later opine that he believes that much of the 21st century obsessions with zombies can be traced more towards video games than films, noting that it was not until the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/Zombieland" title="Zombieland">Zombieland</a></i> that a zombie film was able to gross more than 100 million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of video games, zombies frequently appear in <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">trading card games</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_Trading_Card_Game" title="Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game">Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game</a></i> (which even has a Zombie-Type for its "monsters"), as well as in role-playing games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie (Dungeons & Dragons)">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">tabletop games</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zombies!!!" title="Zombies!!!">Zombies!!!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_of_Winter:_A_Cross_Roads_Game" title="Dead of Winter: A Cross Roads Game">Dead of Winter: A Cross Roads Game</a></i>, and tabletop wargames, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhammer Fantasy Battle">Warhammer Fantasy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">40K</a></i>. The game <i><a href="/wiki/Humans_vs._Zombies" title="Humans vs. Zombies">Humans vs. Zombies</a></i> is a zombie-themed <a href="/wiki/Live-action_game" title="Live-action game">live-action game</a> played on college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, Kyle Hill praised the 2013 game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_Us" title="The Last of Us">The Last of Us</a></i> for its plausibility, basing its zombification process on a fictional strain of the parasitic <i><a href="/wiki/Cordyceps" title="Cordyceps">Cordyceps</a></i> fungus, a real-world genus whose members control the behavior of their <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> hosts in "zombielike" ways to reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the plausibility of this mechanism (also explored in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_with_All_the_Gifts" title="The Girl with All the Gifts">The Girl with All the Gifts</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_with_All_the_Gifts_(film)" title="The Girl with All the Gifts (film)">the film of the same name</a>), to date there have been no documented cases of <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">humans infected</a> by <i>Cordyceps</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zombie video games have remained popular in the late 2010s, as seen with the commercial success of the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_2_(2019_video_game)" title="Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game)"><i>Resident Evil 2</i> remake</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Days_Gone" title="Days Gone">Days Gone</a></i> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enduring popularity may be attributed, in part, to the fact that zombie enemies are not expected to exhibit significant levels of intelligence, making them relatively straightforward to program. However, less pragmatic advantages, such as those related to storytelling and representation, are increasingly important.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_government">American government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preparedness_101:_Zombie_Apocalypse" title="Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse">Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse</a></div> <p>On 18 May 2011, the United States' <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) published a graphic novel entitled <i>Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse</i>, providing tips to survive a zombie invasion as a "fun new way of teaching the importance of emergency preparedness".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC used the metaphor of a zombie apocalypse to illustrate the value of laying in water, food, medical supplies, and other necessities in preparation for any and all potential <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a>, be they hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, or hordes of zombies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the U.S. Department of Defense drafted <a href="/wiki/CONOP_8888" title="CONOP 8888">CONPLAN 8888</a>, a training exercise detailing a strategy to defend against a zombie attack.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s music video <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson%27s_Thriller_(music_video)" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)">Thriller</a></i> (1983), in which he dances with a troupe of zombies, has been preserved as a cultural treasure by the Library of Congress' <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mogk2011_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogk2011-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hombach_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hombach-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many instances of pop culture media have paid tribute to this video, including a gathering of 14,000 university students dressed as zombies in Mexico City,<sup id="cite_ref-Mogk2011_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogk2011-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,500 prisoners in orange jumpsuits recreating the zombie dance in <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(viral_video)" title="Thriller (viral video)">a viral video</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dendle2012_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dendle2012-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> hip hop trio <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Zombies" title="Flatbush Zombies">Flatbush Zombies</a> incorporate many tropes from zombie fiction and play on the theme of a zombie apocalypse in their music. They portray themselves as "living dead", describing their use of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelics" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics">psychedelics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a> as having caused them to experience <a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">ego death</a> and rebirth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_activism">Social activism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zombie_walk" title="Zombie walk">Zombie walk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zombie_Squad" title="Zombie Squad">Zombie Squad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png/220px-Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png/330px-Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png/440px-Zombie_walk_Pittsburgh_29_Oct_2006.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A zombie walk in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The zombie also appears as a metaphor in protest songs, symbolizing mindless adherence to authority, particularly that of law enforcement and the armed forces. Well-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>'s 1976 album <i><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(album)" title="Zombie (album)">Zombie</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cranberries" title="The Cranberries">the Cranberries</a>' 1994 single "<a href="/wiki/Zombie_(The_Cranberries_song)" title="Zombie (The Cranberries song)">Zombie</a>". </p><p>Organized <a href="/wiki/Zombie_walk" title="Zombie walk">zombie walks</a> have been staged, either as performance art or as part of protests that parody political extremism or apathy.<sup id="cite_ref-sosd_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sosd-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csl_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csl-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tor_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tor-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-star_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guin_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guin-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variation of the zombie walk is the zombie run. Here participants do a <a href="/wiki/5_km_run" class="mw-redirect" title="5 km run">5 km run</a> wearing a belt with several flag "lives". If the chasing zombies capture all of the flags, the runner becomes "infected". If he or she reaches the finish line, which may involve wide detours ahead of the zombies, then the participant is a "survivor". In either case, an appropriate participation medal is awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_academic_studies">Theoretical academic studies</h2></div> <p>Researchers have used theoretical zombie infections to test epidemiology modeling. One study found that all humans end up turned or dead. This is because the main epidemiological risk of zombies, besides the difficulties of neutralizing them, is that their population just keeps increasing; generations of humans merely "surviving" still have a tendency to feed zombie populations, resulting in gross outnumbering. The researchers explain that their methods of modelling may be applicable to the spread of political views or diseases with dormant infection.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adam Chodorow of the <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law" title="Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law">Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> investigated the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> implications of a zombie apocalypse under <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">United States federal</a> and state tax codes.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuroscientists Bradley Voytek and Timothy Verstynen have built a side career in extrapolating how ideas in neuroscience would theoretically apply to zombie brains. Their work has been featured in <i>Forbes</i>, <i>New York Magazine</i>, and other publications.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zombies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zombies">Zombie</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies#Films" title="Nazi zombies">List of zombie Nazi films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_short_films_and_undead-related_projects" title="List of zombie short films and undead-related projects">List of zombie short films and undead-related projects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiocordyceps_unilateralis" title="Ophiocordyceps unilateralis">Ophiocordyceps unilateralis</a></i>, a fungus that creates so-called "zombie ants" or, more generally, <a href="/wiki/Behavior-altering_parasite" title="Behavior-altering parasite">behavior-altering parasites</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a>", a person without a consciousness, used in philosophical thought experiments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton (undead)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_zombie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphone zombie">Smombie</a> (a combination of "smartphone" and "zombie")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvius_Narcisse" title="Clairvius Narcisse">Clairvius Narcisse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaçek_III,_J._C.2012" class="citation web cs1">Maçek III, J. C. (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603020258/https://www.popmatters.com/159439-legacy-of-the-living-dead-2495844721.html">"The Zombification Family Tree: Legacy of the Living Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PopMatters" title="PopMatters">PopMatters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/pm/column/159439-legacy-of-the-living-dead/">the original</a> on 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PopMatters&rft.atitle=The+Zombification+Family+Tree%3A+Legacy+of+the+Living+Dead&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.au=Ma%C3%A7ek+III%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Fpm%2Fcolumn%2F159439-legacy-of-the-living-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Christie,_Sarah_Juliet_Lauro2011" class="citation book cs1">Deborah Christie, Sarah Juliet Lauro, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oZIlm84F2oC&pg=PA57"><i>Better Off Dead: The Evolution of the Zombie as Post-Human</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3447-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3447-9"><bdi>978-0-8232-3447-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+Off+Dead%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Zombie+as+Post-Human&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-3447-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oZIlm84F2oC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zombie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zombie_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zombie_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-www.oed.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/view/Entry/232982?redirectedFrom=zombie#eid">"Zombie"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> Online <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>, accessed 23 May 2014. The quotation cited is: "Zombi, the title whereby he [chief of Brazilian natives] was called, is the name for the Deity, in the Angolan tongue."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Christie, Sarah Juliet Lauro, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oZIlm84F2oC&pg=PA57">Better Off Dead: The Evolution of the Zombie as Post-Human</a>. Fordham University Press. p. 169. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-3447-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-3447-9">0-8232-3447-9</a>, 9780823234479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokes_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Stokes, Jasie (17 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2103/"><i>Ghouls, Hell and Transcendence: The Zombie in Popular Culture from 'Night of the Living Dead' to 'Shaun of the Dead'<span></span></i></a> (Master's thesis). Brigham Young University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ghouls%2C+Hell+and+Transcendence%3A+The+Zombie+in+Popular+Culture+from+%27Night+of+the+Living+Dead%27+to+%27Shaun+of+the+Dead%27&rft.inst=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jasie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fetd%2F2103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2010" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Annaliza (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/underwire/2010/06/george-a-romero-zombies/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Godfather of the Dead' George A. Romero Talks Zombies"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=%27Godfather+of+the+Dead%27+George+A.+Romero+Talks+Zombies&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Annaliza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Funderwire%2F2010%2F06%2Fgeorge-a-romero-zombies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szanter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szanter_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szanter_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szanter_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzanterRichards2017" class="citation book cs1">Szanter, Ashley; Richards, Jessica K. (24 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aX4yDwAAQBAJ"><i>Romancing the Zombie: Essays on the Undead as Significant 'Other'<span></span></i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476667423" title="Special:BookSources/9781476667423"><bdi>9781476667423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romancing+the+Zombie%3A+Essays+on+the+Undead+as+Significant+%27Other%27&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.isbn=9781476667423&rft.aulast=Szanter&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Richards%2C+Jessica+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaX4yDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGlotten-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGlotten_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlottenJones2014" class="citation book cs1">McGlotten, Shaka; Jones, Steve (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1WDBAAAQBAJ"><i>Zombies and Sexuality: Essays on Desire and the Living Dead</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786479078" title="Special:BookSources/9780786479078"><bdi>9780786479078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombies+and+Sexuality%3A+Essays+on+Desire+and+the+Living+Dead&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.isbn=9780786479078&rft.aulast=McGlotten&rft.aufirst=Shaka&rft.au=Jones%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1WDBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgeHughes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeHughes_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeHughes_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">George, Sam; Hughes, Bill (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TeiSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Open Graves, Open Minds: Representations of vampires and the Undead from the Enlightenment to the present day</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526102157" title="Special:BookSources/9781526102157"><bdi>9781526102157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Graves%2C+Open+Minds%3A+Representations+of+vampires+and+the+Undead+from+the+Enlightenment+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.isbn=9781526102157&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTeiSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moreman_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoremanRushton2011" class="citation book cs1">Moreman, Christopher M.; Rushton, Cory James (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR8mTnCFjwwC"><i>Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786488087" title="Special:BookSources/9780786488087"><bdi>9780786488087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombies+Are+Us%3A+Essays+on+the+Humanity+of+the+Walking+Dead&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.isbn=9780786488087&rft.aulast=Moreman&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnR8mTnCFjwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Zombie". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zombie&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Laws, <i>The Frighteners: Why We Love Monsters, Ghosts, Death & Gore</i>, Icon Books, 2018 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doris L Garraway, <i>The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira_Do_Nascimento1903" class="citation book cs1">Pereira Do Nascimento, Jose (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diccionarioport00nascgoog"><i>Diccionario Portuguez-Kimbundu</i></a>. Huilla: Typographia da Missão.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Portuguez-Kimbundu&rft.pub=Huilla%3A+Typographia+da+Miss%C3%A3o&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Pereira+Do+Nascimento&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiccionarioport00nascgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Assis_Junior" class="citation book cs1">de Assis Junior, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dicionriokimbu00assiuoft#page/378/search/nzumbi"><i>Diccionario Portuguez-Kimbundu</i></a>. Luanda Argente, Santos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Portuguez-Kimbundu&rft.pub=Luanda+Argente%2C+Santos&rft.aulast=de+Assis+Junior&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdicionriokimbu00assiuoft%23page%2F378%2Fsearch%2Fnzumbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George A. Romero, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horrorlair.com/scripts/dawnofthedead.txt"><i>Dawn of the Dead</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135234/http://www.horrorlair.com/scripts/dawnofthedead.txt">Archived</a> 8 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Working draft 1977), horrorlair.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0CFFRkLqrg&t=11m15s"><span class="plainlinks">JLSVT - George Romero</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bottle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bottle_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bottle_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister1995" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth (1995). "A Sorcerer's Bottle: The Visual Art of Magic in Haiti". In Cosentino, Donald J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-22"><i>Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou</i></a>. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 304–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930741471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0930741471"><bdi>978-0930741471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sorcerer%27s+Bottle%3A+The+Visual+Art+of+Magic+in+Haiti&rft.btitle=Sacred+Arts+of+Haitian+Vodou&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=304-321&rft.pub=UCLA+Fowler+Museum+of+Cultural+History&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0930741471&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.wesleyan.edu%2Fobject%2Frelifp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMazama2009" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B667ATiedQkC"><i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-3636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Religion&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3636-1&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Mazama%2C+Ama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB667ATiedQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2021" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Kyrah Malika (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/65306561">"Vodou harmonizes the head-pot, or, Haiti's multi-soul complex"</a>. <i>Religion</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-721X">0048-721X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Vodou+harmonizes+the+head-pot%2C+or%2C+Haiti%27s+multi-soul+complex&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.issn=0048-721X&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Kyrah+Malika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F65306561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1997" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Wade (1997). <i>The Serpent and the Rainbow</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684839295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684839295"><bdi>978-0684839295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+and+the+Rainbow&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0684839295&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2012" class="citation news cs1">Wilentz, Amy (26 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/opinion/a-zombie-is-a-slave-forever.html">"A Zombie Is a Slave Forever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Haiti<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Zombie+Is+a+Slave+Forever&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F31%2Fopinion%2Fa-zombie-is-a-slave-forever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2011" class="citation web cs1">Wilentz, Amy (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amywilentz.com/from-the-newsstands/response-to-i-walked-with-a-zombie/">"Response to "I Walked with a Zombie"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>amywilentz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amywilentz.com&rft.atitle=Response+to+%22I+Walked+with+a+Zombie%22&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famywilentz.com%2Ffrom-the-newsstands%2Fresponse-to-i-walked-with-a-zombie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPané" class="citation web cs1">Pané, Fray Ramón. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413002122/http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/BAKEWELL/texts/panerelacion.html">"The relación of Fray Ramón Pane <i>[sic]</i>"</a>. <i>faculty.smu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/BAKEWELL/texts/panerelacion.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.smu.edu&rft.atitle=The+relaci%C3%B3n+of+Fray+Ram%C3%B3n+Pane+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Fray+Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.smu.edu%2Fbakewell%2FBAKEWELL%2Ftexts%2Fpanerelacion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2011" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Neal L. (2011). <i>Of Cannibals and Kings: Primal Anthropology in the Americas</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 39–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Cannibals+and+Kings%3A+Primal+Anthropology+in+the+Americas&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Neal+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsGonzalez2010" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Ennis B.; Gonzalez, Michelle A. (2010). <i>Caribbean Religious History: An Introduction</i>. NYU Press. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Religious+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Ennis+B.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Michelle+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook1929" class="citation book cs1">Seabrook, William (1929). <i>The Magic Island</i>. Blue Ribbon Books. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Island&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Blue+Ribbon+Books&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/fr/hti/fr_hti_penal.html">"Code pénal"</a>. <i>www.oas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oas.org&rft.atitle=Code+p%C3%A9nal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fjuridico%2Fmla%2Ffr%2Fhti%2Ffr_hti_penal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMars1945" class="citation journal cs1">Mars, Louis P. (1945). "Media life zombies for the world". <i><a href="/wiki/Man_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (journal)">Man</a></i>. <b>45</b> (22): 38–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2792947">10.2307/2792947</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792947">2792947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Media+life+zombies+for+the+world&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=1945&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2792947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2792947&rft.aulast=Mars&rft.aufirst=Louis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurston1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston, Zora Neale</a> (1984) [1942]. <i>Dust Tracks on a Road</i> (2nd (1942) ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 205).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+Tracks+on+a+Road&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pages=205%29&rft.edition=2nd+%281942%29&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hurston&rft.aufirst=Zora+Neale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoremanRushton2011" class="citation book cs1">Moreman, Christopher M.; Rushton, Cory James (2011). <i>Race, Oppression and the Zombie: Essays on Cross-Cultural Appropriations of the Caribbean Tradition</i>. McFarland. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5911-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5911-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-5911-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Oppression+and+the+Zombie%3A+Essays+on+Cross-Cultural+Appropriations+of+the+Caribbean+Tradition&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5911-7&rft.aulast=Moreman&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1995" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Brian L. (1995). <i>Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900</i>. University of California Press. pp. 147–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Power%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Pluralism%3A+Colonial+Guyana%2C+1838%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayan1998" class="citation book cs1">Dayan, Joan (1998). <i>Haiti, History, and the Gods</i>. University of California Press. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%2C+History%2C+and+the+Gods&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dayan&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marinovich84-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marinovich84_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinovichSilva_Joao2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Marinovich" title="Greg Marinovich">Marinovich, Greg</a>; Silva Joao (2000). <i>The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War</i>. William Heinemann. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00733-2"><bdi>978-0-434-00733-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bang-Bang+Club+Snapshots+from+a+Hidden+War&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-434-00733-2&rft.aulast=Marinovich&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Silva+Joao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marinovich98-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marinovich98_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinovichSilva_Joao2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Marinovich" title="Greg Marinovich">Marinovich, Greg</a>; Silva Joao (2000). <i>The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War</i>. William Heinemann. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00733-2"><bdi>978-0-434-00733-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bang-Bang+Club+Snapshots+from+a+Hidden+War&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-434-00733-2&rft.aulast=Marinovich&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Silva+Joao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niehaus-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niehaus_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niehaus_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehaus2005" class="citation journal cs1">Niehaus, Isak (June 2005). "Witches and Zombies of the South African Lowveld: Discourse, Accusations and Subjective Reality". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 197–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00232.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00232.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Witches+and+Zombies+of+the+South+African+Lowveld%3A+Discourse%2C+Accusations+and+Subjective+Reality&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-198&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00232.x&rft.aulast=Niehaus&rft.aufirst=Isak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, E. W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2883%2990029-6">"The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombi"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 85–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2883%2990029-6">10.1016/0378-8741(83)90029-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6668953">6668953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+ethnobiology+of+the+Haitian+zombi&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-104&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-8741%2883%2990029-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6668953&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0378-8741%252883%252990029-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Wade (1985), <i>The Serpent and the Rainbow</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 92–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Wade (1988), <i>Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hines-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hines_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hines_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_Hines2008" class="citation web cs1">Terence Hines (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2008/05/zombies-and-tetrodotoxin/">"Zombies and Tetrodotoxin"</a>. Skeptical Inquirer (csicop.org)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zombies+and+Tetrodotoxin&rft.pub=Skeptical+Inquirer+%28csicop.org%29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Terence+Hines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2008%2F05%2Fzombies-and-tetrodotoxin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1988" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, W. (1988). "Voodoo Science". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>240</b> (4850): 274–277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...240..274B">1988Sci...240..274B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3353722">10.1126/science.3353722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3353722">3353722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Voodoo+Science&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=4850&rft.pages=274-277&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3353722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3353722&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...240..274B&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOswald2009" class="citation book cs1">Oswald, Hans Peter (2009). <i>Vodoo</i>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8370-5904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8370-5904-5"><bdi>978-3-8370-5904-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodoo&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-8370-5904-5&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewoodChavannes_Douyon1997" class="citation journal cs1">Littlewood, Roland; Chavannes Douyon (11 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)04449-8/fulltext">"Clinical findings in three cases of zombification"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>. <b>350</b> (9084): 1094–1096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2897%2904449-8">10.1016/s0140-6736(97)04449-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213568">10213568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38898590">38898590</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Clinical+findings+in+three+cases+of+zombification&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=9084&rft.pages=1094-1096&rft.date=1997-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38898590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2897%2904449-8&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Chavannes+Douyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2897%2904449-8%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDein2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dein, Simon (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206150301/http://www.wcprr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/jan065759.pdf">"Interview with Roland Littlewood on 5th December 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 57–59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcprr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/jan065759.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Cultural+Psychiatry+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Roland+Littlewood+on+5th+December+2005&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Dein&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcprr.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2Fjan065759.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood1997" class="citation news cs1">Littlewood, Roland (1 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/the-plight-of-the-living-dead/104813.article">"The plight of the living dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+plight+of+the+living+dead&rft.date=1997-12-01&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-plight-of-the-living-dead%2F104813.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PulliamFonseca2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PulliamFonseca2014_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulliamFonseca2014" class="citation book cs1">Pulliam, June Michele; Fonseca, Anthony J. (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52NyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Encyclopedia of the Zombie: The Walking Dead in Popular Culture and Myth: The Walking Dead in Popular Culture and Myth</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 113–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440803895" title="Special:BookSources/9781440803895"><bdi>9781440803895</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Zombie%3A+The+Walking+Dead+in+Popular+Culture+and+Myth%3A+The+Walking+Dead+in+Popular+Culture+and+Myth&rft.pages=113-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.isbn=9781440803895&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=June+Michele&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52NyBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2010" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Kyle William (26 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tr7-1NRbv1wC&pg=PA41"><i>American Zombie Gothic: The Rise and Fall (and Rise) of the Walking Dead in Popular Culture</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786455546" title="Special:BookSources/9780786455546"><bdi>9780786455546</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Zombie+Gothic%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+%28and+Rise%29+of+the+Walking+Dead+in+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.isbn=9780786455546&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Kyle+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTr7-1NRbv1wC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar+in+the+Epic+of+Gilgamesh"><i>Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283589-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26q%3DIshtar%2Bin%2Bthe%2BEpic%2Bof%2BGilgamesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar+in+the+Epic+of+Gilgamesh"><i>Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283589-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26q%3DIshtar%2Bin%2Bthe%2BEpic%2Bof%2BGilgamesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013053908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764649,00.html">"Books: Mumble-Jumble"</a>. TIME. 9 September 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764649,00.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Books%3A+Mumble-Jumble&rft.date=1940-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C764649%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, Marina. <i>A forgotten gem: Das Gespensterbuch ('The Book of Ghosts'), An Introduction</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. P. Lovecraft, <i>Supernatural Horror in Literature</i> (1927, 1933–1935).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620020631/http://www.ugo.com/a/zombies-attack/?cur=favorite-zombies&content=reanimator">"When Zombies Attack!"</a>. UGO.com. 24 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugo.com/a/zombies-attack/?cur=favorite-zombies&content=reanimator">the original</a> on 20 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Zombies+Attack%21&rft.pub=UGO.com&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugo.com%2Fa%2Fzombies-attack%2F%3Fcur%3Dfavorite-zombies%26content%3Dreanimator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yankeeclassic.com/miskatonic/library/stacks/periodicals/comics/lovecraft/comics1.htm">"Miskatonic University library – H.P. Lovecraft in the Comics"</a>. Yankeeclassic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miskatonic+University+library+%E2%80%93+H.P.+Lovecraft+in+the+Comics&rft.pub=Yankeeclassic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yankeeclassic.com%2Fmiskatonic%2Flibrary%2Fstacks%2Fperiodicals%2Fcomics%2Flovecraft%2Fcomics1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clasen-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clasen_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasen2010" class="citation news cs1">Clasen, Mathias (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/philosophy_and_literature/v034/34.2.clasen.html">"Vampire Apocalypse: A Biocultural Critique of Richard Matheson's I Am Legend"</a>. <i>Philosophy and Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Vampire+Apocalypse%3A+A+Biocultural+Critique+of+Richard+Matheson%27s+I+Am+Legend&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Clasen&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fphilosophy_and_literature%2Fv034%2F34.2.clasen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biodrowsk-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biodrowsk_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biodrowski, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodgothique.com/nightofthelivingdead.html">"<i>Night of the Living Dead</i>: The classic film that launched the modern zombie genre"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Tanya Carinae Pell (15 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XENXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"From Necromancy to the Necrotrophic: Resident Evil's Influence on the Zombie Origin Shift from Supernatural to Science"</a>. In Farghaly, Nadine (ed.). <i>Unraveling Resident Evil: Essays on the Complex Universe of the Games and Films</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 7–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7291-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7291-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-7291-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Necromancy+to+the+Necrotrophic%3A+Resident+Evil%27s+Influence+on+the+Zombie+Origin+Shift+from+Supernatural+to+Science&rft.btitle=Unraveling+Resident+Evil%3A+Essays+on+the+Complex+Universe+of+the+Games+and+Films&rft.pages=7-18&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7291-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tanya+Carinae+Pell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXENXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josh-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josh_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josh_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josh_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josh_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2007" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Josh (19 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2180271/">"How did movie zombies get so fast?"</a>. Slate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+movie+zombies+get+so+fast%3F&rft.pub=Slate&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2180271%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2021" class="citation web cs1">Lodge, Guy (22 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/may/22/streaming-the-best-zombie-films-army-of-the-dead-zack-snyder">"Streaming: Army of the Dead and cinema's best zombie films"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Streaming%3A+Army+of+the+Dead+and+cinema%27s+best+zombie+films&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2021%2Fmay%2F22%2Fstreaming-the-best-zombie-films-army-of-the-dead-zack-snyder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernov2021" class="citation web cs1">Chernov, Matthew (21 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/shop/zombie-gifts-horror-fans-1234977962/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Walking Dead' Whiskey to Survival Kits: Gruesome Gift Ideas for Zombie Fans"</a>. Variety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Walking+Dead%27+Whiskey+to+Survival+Kits%3A+Gruesome+Gift+Ideas+for+Zombie+Fans&rft.pub=Variety&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Chernov&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2Fshop%2Fzombie-gifts-horror-fans-1234977962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912172727/http://www.best-horror-movies.com/review?name=white-zombie-1932-review">"White Zombie (1932) Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-horror-movies.com/review?name=white-zombie-1932-review">the original</a> on 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Zombie+%281932%29+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-horror-movies.com%2Freview%3Fname%3Dwhite-zombie-1932-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/fall_2002/harper.htm?pagewanted=all">"Zombies, Malls, and the Consumerism Debate: George Romero's Dawn of the Dead"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zombies%2C+Malls%2C+and+the+Consumerism+Debate%3A+George+Romero%27s+Dawn+of+the+Dead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpopularculture.com%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Ffall_2002%2Fharper.htm%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&keywords=zombie&sort=moviemeter,asc&title_type=feature&year=2014,2014">"IMDb: Most Popular "Zombie" Feature Films Released In 2014"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb%3A+Most+Popular+%22Zombie%22+Feature+Films+Released+In+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fsearch%2Ftitle%3Fat%3D0%26keywords%3Dzombie%26sort%3Dmoviemeter%2Casc%26title_type%3Dfeature%26year%3D2014%2C2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDendle2012" class="citation book cs1">Dendle, Peter (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMFGJbVpumQC&q=zombie+genre&pg=PP1"><i>The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, Volume 2: 2000–2010</i></a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786461639" title="Special:BookSources/9780786461639"><bdi>9780786461639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zombie+Movie+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2%3A+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.isbn=9780786461639&rft.aulast=Dendle&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMFGJbVpumQC%26q%3Dzombie%2Bgenre%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowlson2018" class="citation web cs1">Towlson, Jon (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/night-living-dead-george-romero">"Why Night of the Living Dead was a big-bang moment for horror movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=Why+Night+of+the+Living+Dead+was+a+big-bang+moment+for+horror+movies&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Towlson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fnight-living-dead-george-romero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Harper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/50/night.htm"><i>Night of the Living Dead: Reappraising an Undead Classic</i></a>. <i>Bright Lights Film Journal</i>, Issue 50, November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulliamchapter-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulliamchapter_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulliam2007" class="citation book cs1">Pulliam, June (2007). "The Zombie". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). <i>Icons of Horror and the Supernatural</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313337802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313337802"><bdi>978-0313337802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zombie&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Horror+and+the+Supernatural&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313337802&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchell1985" class="citation book cs1">Twitchell, James B. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreadfulpleasure0000twit"><i>Dreadful Pleasures: An Anatomy of Modern Horror</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195035667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195035667"><bdi>978-0195035667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreadful+Pleasures%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Modern+Horror&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0195035667&rft.aulast=Twitchell&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreadfulpleasure0000twit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebertreview-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebertreview_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Ebert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-night-of-the-living-dead-1968">review of <i>Night of the Living Dead</i></a>, Chicago <i>Sun-Times</i>, 5 January 1969; last accessed 8 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132607/http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/zombies1.jsp">"Zombies"</a>. GreenCine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/zombies1.jsp">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zombies&rft.pub=GreenCine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencine.com%2Fstatic%2Fprimers%2Fzombies1.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booker_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booker_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Booker, M. Keith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkJ0QJrEZ8C&pg=PA662"><i>Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels</i></a>. Vol. 1: A–L. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313357473" title="Special:BookSources/9780313357473"><bdi>9780313357473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Comic+Books+and+Graphic+Novels&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313357473&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbkJ0QJrEZ8C%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/reanimator/?critic=columns">"Re-Animator"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes. 18 October 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-Animator&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.date=1985-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Freanimator%2F%3Fcritic%3Dcolumns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006113_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalmain2006">Balmain 2006</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Kim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNMz3tGZVvAC&pg=PA559"><i>Nightmare Movies: Horror on Screen Since the 1960s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408805039" title="Special:BookSources/9781408805039"><bdi>9781408805039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nightmare+Movies%3A+Horror+on+Screen+Since+the+1960s&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781408805039&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNMz3tGZVvAC%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006115-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmain2006115_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalmain2006">Balmain 2006</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Kim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNMz3tGZVvAC&pg=PA560"><i>Nightmare Movies: Horror on Screen Since the 1960s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408805039" title="Special:BookSources/9781408805039"><bdi>9781408805039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nightmare+Movies%3A+Horror+on+Screen+Since+the+1960s&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781408805039&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNMz3tGZVvAC%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2014" class="citation web cs1">Barber, Nicholas (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20131025-zombie-nation">"Why are zombies still so popular?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Why+are+zombies+still+so+popular%3F&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20131025-zombie-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28days-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-28days_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28days_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2015" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Zaki (10 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/zaki-hasan/interview-director-alex-g_b_7038618.html">"INTERVIEW: Director Alex Garland on Ex Machina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=INTERVIEW%3A+Director+Alex+Garland+on+Ex+Machina&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Zaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fzaki-hasan%2Finterview-director-alex-g_b_7038618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/74230/12-killer-facts-about-shaun-dead">"12 Killer Facts About Shaun of the Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Floss" title="Mental Floss">Mental Floss</a></i>. 23 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=12+Killer+Facts+About+Shaun+of+the+Dead&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F74230%2F12-killer-facts-about-shaun-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hollywoodreporter-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hollywoodreporter_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/have-get-a-quiet-place-killed-zombie-genre-1121491">"How '28 Days Later' Changed the Horror Genre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=How+%2728+Days+Later%27+Changed+the+Horror+Genre&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fhave-get-a-quiet-place-killed-zombie-genre-1121491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermode2007" class="citation news cs1">Kermode, Mark (6 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2073292,00.html">"A capital place for panic attacks"</a>. London: Guardian News and Media Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+capital+place+for+panic+attacks&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.guardian.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturepages%2F0%2C%2C2073292%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113115333/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/stylus-magazines-top-10-zombie-films-of-all-time.htm">"Stylus Magazine's Top 10 Zombie Films of All Time"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/stylus-magazines-top-10-zombie-films-of-all-time.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stylus+Magazine%27s+Top+10+Zombie+Films+of+All+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylusmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fmovie_review%2Fstylus-magazines-top-10-zombie-films-of-all-time.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engine-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engine_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2008" class="citation web cs1">Cronin, Brian (3 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206015320/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/12/03/john-seaveys-storytelling-engines-george-romeros-dead-films/">"John Seavey's Storytelling Engines: George Romero's 'Dead' Films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/12/03/john-seaveys-storytelling-engines-george-romeros-dead-films/">the original</a> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Seavey%27s+Storytelling+Engines%3A+George+Romero%27s+%27Dead%27+Films&rft.pub=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodcomics.comicbookresources.com%2F2008%2F12%2F03%2Fjohn-seaveys-storytelling-engines-george-romeros-dead-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2004" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Josh (24 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2097751/">"Dead Run"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dead+Run&rft.pub=Slate&rft.date=2004-03-24&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2097751%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guinness-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guinness_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Reeves, Ben (30 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106132501/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/12/30/guinness-world-records-2012-gamer-s-edition-preview.aspx">"Guinness World Records 2012 Gamer's Edition Preview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/12/30/guinness-world-records-2012-gamer-s-edition-preview.aspx">the original</a> on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=Guinness+World+Records+2012+Gamer%27s+Edition+Preview&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fb%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2011%2F12%2F30%2Fguinness-world-records-2012-gamer-s-edition-preview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandni_Doulatramani-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandni_Doulatramani_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandni_Doulatramani2013" class="citation news cs1">Chandni Doulatramani (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amcnetworks-results-idUSBRE9480K120130509">"Walking Dead breathes life into AMC results"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Walking+Dead+breathes+life+into+AMC+results&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.au=Chandni+Doulatramani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-amcnetworks-results-idUSBRE9480K120130509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckhurst,_Roger2015" class="citation book cs1">Luckhurst, Roger (2015). <i>Zombies: A Cultural History</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235646" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235646"><bdi>9781780235646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombies%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780235646&rft.au=Luckhurst%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation news cs1">Nguyen, Hanh (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2018/12/amazon-one-cut-of-the-dead-zombie-bootleg-movie-pirated-1202031415/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One Cut of the Dead': A Bootleg of the Japanese Zombie Comedy Mysteriously Appeared on Amazon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=%27One+Cut+of+the+Dead%27%3A+A+Bootleg+of+the+Japanese+Zombie+Comedy+Mysteriously+Appeared+on+Amazon&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Hanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2018%2F12%2Famazon-one-cut-of-the-dead-zombie-bootleg-movie-pirated-1202031415%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_cut_of_the_dead">"One Cut of the Dead (Kamera o tomeru na!) (2017)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=One+Cut+of+the+Dead+%28Kamera+o+tomeru+na%21%29+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fone_cut_of_the_dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paffenroth-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paffenroth_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paffenroth_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaffenroth2006" class="citation book cs1">Paffenroth, Kim (2006). <i>Gospel of the Living Dead: George Romero's Visions of Hell on Earth</i>. Waco: Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932792652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932792652"><bdi>978-1932792652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+the+Living+Dead%3A+George+Romero%27s+Visions+of+Hell+on+Earth&rft.place=Waco&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1932792652&rft.aulast=Paffenroth&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rockoff-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rockoff_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Rockoff, Adam (2002). <i>Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1227-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-1227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+to+Pieces%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Slasher+Film%2C+1978%E2%80%931986&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1227-3&rft.aulast=Rockoff&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCluteGrant1999" class="citation book cs1">Clute, John; Grant, John, eds. (1999). "Zombie Movies". <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 1048. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19869-5"><bdi>978-0-312-19869-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zombie+Movies&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fantasy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1048&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19869-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCripps2006" class="citation news cs1">Cripps, Charlotte (1 November 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/preview-max-brooks-festival-of-the-living-dead-barbican-london-422481.html">"Preview: Max Brooks' Festival of the (Living) Dead! Barbican, London"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/preview-max-brooks-festival-of-the-living-dead-barbican-london-422481.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Preview%3A+Max+Brooks%27+Festival+of+the+%28Living%29+Dead%21+Barbican%2C+London&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Cripps&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilm-and-tv%2Ffeatures%2Fpreview-max-brooks-festival-of-the-living-dead-barbican-london-422481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister2012" class="citation journal cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925140229/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=elizabeth_mcalister">"Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies"</a>. <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 457–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.2012.0021">10.1353/anq.2012.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-1518">1534-1518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144725423">144725423</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=elizabeth_mcalister">the original</a> on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Cannibals%2C+and+Infected+Hyper-Whites%3A+The+Race+and+Religion+of+Zombies&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=457-486&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144725423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-1518&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fanq.2012.0021&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1049%26context%3Delizabeth_mcalister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegg2008" class="citation news cs1">Pegg, Simon (4 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/nov/04/television-simon-pegg-dead-set">"Simon Pegg on why the undead should never be allowed to run"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Simon+Pegg+on+why+the+undead+should+never+be+allowed+to+run&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2008%2Fnov%2F04%2Ftelevision-simon-pegg-dead-set&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-surviving-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-surviving_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-surviving_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-surviving_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenreck2008" class="citation web cs1">Kenreck, Todd (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203111109/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27770863">"Surviving a zombie apocalypse: 'Left 4 Dead' writer talks about breathing life into zombie genre"</a>. <i>Video game review</i>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27770863">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Video+game+review&rft.atitle=Surviving+a+zombie+apocalypse%3A+%27Left+4+Dead%27+writer+talks+about+breathing+life+into+zombie+genre&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Kenreck&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F27770863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaily" class="citation web cs1">Daily, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221073910/http://events.chicagoreader.com/events/Event?oid=852597">"Max Brooks"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.chicagoreader.com/events/Event?oid=852597">the original</a> on 21 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Max+Brooks&rft.aulast=Daily&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.chicagoreader.com%2Fevents%2FEvent%3Foid%3D852597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, 15 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Wilson, "Zombies lurch into popular culture via books, plays, more", <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, 9 April 2009, p. 1D (1st page of Life section, <a href="/wiki/Above_the_fold" title="Above the fold">above the fold</a>), found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2009-04-08-zombies-pop-culture_N.htm">Zombies lurch into popular culture article at USA Today</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2015" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Kyle William (17 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0ynCgAAQBAJ"><i>How Zombies Conquered Popular Culture: The Multifarious Walking Dead in the 21st Century</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786495412" title="Special:BookSources/9780786495412"><bdi>9780786495412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Zombies+Conquered+Popular+Culture%3A+The+Multifarious+Walking+Dead+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.isbn=9780786495412&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Kyle+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0ynCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodart-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodart_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodart_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodart2011" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, Joni Richards (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KjZyToS_kkC"><i>They Suck, They Bite, They Eat, They Kill: The Psychological Meaning of Supernatural Monsters in Young Adult Fiction</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810882270" title="Special:BookSources/9780810882270"><bdi>9780810882270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Suck%2C+They+Bite%2C+They+Eat%2C+They+Kill%3A+The+Psychological+Meaning+of+Supernatural+Monsters+in+Young+Adult+Fiction&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.isbn=9780810882270&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Joni+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KjZyToS_kkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marowski-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marowski_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarowskiStine1985" class="citation book cs1">Marowski, Daniel G.; Stine, Jean C. (15 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KjZyToS_kkC"><i>Contemporary literary criticism</i></a>. Vol. 35. Gale Research Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810344099" title="Special:BookSources/9780810344099"><bdi>9780810344099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+literary+criticism&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1985-10-15&rft.isbn=9780810344099&rft.aulast=Marowski&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rft.au=Stine%2C+Jean+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KjZyToS_kkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassiday-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassiday_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassiday1993" class="citation book cs1">Cassiday, Bruce (1 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZhZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Modern mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writers</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826405739" title="Special:BookSources/9780826405739"><bdi>9780826405739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+mystery%2C+fantasy%2C+and+science+fiction+writers&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1993-09-01&rft.isbn=9780826405739&rft.aulast=Cassiday&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZhZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Thompson2014" class="citation web cs1">Jason Thompson (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2014-01-09">"House of 1000 Manga – 10 Great Zombie Manga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=House+of+1000+Manga+%E2%80%93+10+Great+Zombie+Manga&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.au=Jason+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fhouse-of-1000-manga%2F2014-01-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-09/ring-0/orochi-tsuruta-directs-live-action-film-of-zombie-manga-z">"Ring 0/Orochi's Tsuruta Directs Live-Action Film of Zombie Manga Z"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Ring+0%2FOrochi%27s+Tsuruta+Directs+Live-Action+Film+of+Zombie+Manga+Z&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2014-04-09%2Fring-0%2Forochi-tsuruta-directs-live-action-film-of-zombie-manga-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKino2006" class="citation news cs1">Kino, Carol (30 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/arts/design/30kino.html?ex=1311912000&en=3989cf428a229b6f&ei=5088%22%02ner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Jillian Mcdonald, Performance Artist, Forsakes Billy Bob Thornton for Zombies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jillian+Mcdonald%2C+Performance+Artist%2C+Forsakes+Billy+Bob+Thornton+for+Zombies&rft.date=2006-07-30&rft.aulast=Kino&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F30%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F30kino.html%3Fex%3D1311912000%26en%3D3989cf428a229b6f%26ei%3D5088%2522%2502ner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308102601/http://cerap.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?page=expo-article&art=317&actu=1">"CERAP – Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Arts Plastiques"</a>. Cerap.univ-paris1.fr. 1 December 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerap.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?page=expo-article&art=317&actu=1">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CERAP+%E2%80%93+Centre+d%27Etudes+et+de+Recherches+en+Arts+Plastiques&rft.pub=Cerap.univ-paris1.fr&rft.date=1994-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcerap.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Fpage%3Dexpo-article%26art%3D317%26actu%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JG19-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JG19_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebey2019" class="citation web cs1">Grebey, James (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/how-dungeons-and-dragons-imagines-and-customizes-its-unique-monsters">"How Dungeons and Dragons reimagines and customizes iconic folklore monsters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SyfyWire" class="mw-redirect" title="SyfyWire">SyfyWire</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Dungeons+and+Dragons+reimagines+and+customizes+iconic+folklore+monsters&rft.pub=SyfyWire&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Grebey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syfy.com%2Fsyfywire%2Fhow-dungeons-and-dragons-imagines-and-customizes-its-unique-monsters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BW_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2012" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Ben (2012). <i>Slime Dynamics</i>. Winchester, Washington: <a href="/wiki/Zero_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Books">Zero Books</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-248-8"><bdi>978-1-78099-248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slime+Dynamics&rft.place=Winchester%2C+Washington&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-248-8&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2008" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Glenn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBfGajftevEC&pg=PA184"><i>Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press" title="Chicago Review Press">Chicago Review Press</a>. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569766835" title="Special:BookSources/9781569766835"><bdi>9781569766835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombie+Movies%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781569766835&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBfGajftevEC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeedon2017" class="citation web cs1">Weedon, Paul (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220182956/http://paulweedon.co.uk/george-romero-transcript/">"George A. Romero (interview)"</a>. <i>Paul Weedon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulweedon.co.uk/george-romero-transcript/">the original</a> on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+Weedon&rft.atitle=George+A.+Romero+%28interview%29&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Weedon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaulweedon.co.uk%2Fgeorge-romero-transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiver2017" class="citation news cs1">Diver, Mike (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d385da/gamings-greatest-romero-worthy-zombies">"Gaming's Greatest, Romero-Worthy Zombies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice (website)">Vice</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Gaming%27s+Greatest%2C+Romero-Worthy+Zombies&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Diver&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fd385da%2Fgamings-greatest-romero-worthy-zombies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4dead-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4dead_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_T._Fong2008" class="citation web cs1">Christopher T. Fong (2 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/12/01/DD4R14F77J.DTL">"Playing Games: Left 4 Dead"</a>. <i>Video game review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Video+game+review&rft.atitle=Playing+Games%3A+Left+4+Dead&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft.au=Christopher+T.+Fong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F12%2F01%2FDD4R14F77J.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surcentro.com/en/info/www.urbandead.com/">"Urbandead.com"</a>. Surcentro.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urbandead.com&rft.pub=Surcentro.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surcentro.com%2Fen%2Finfo%2Fwww.urbandead.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CinemaBlend_1Jul12-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CinemaBlend_1Jul12_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsher2012" class="citation news cs1">Usher, William (1 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemablend.com/games/DayZ-Helps-Arma-2-Rack-Up-More-Than-300-000-Sales-44161.html">"DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 in Sales"</a>. Cinema Blend<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DayZ+Helps+Arma+2+Rack+Up+More+Than+300%2C000+in+Sales&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemablend.com%2Fgames%2FDayZ-Helps-Arma-2-Rack-Up-More-Than-300-000-Sales-44161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamasutra-sales2-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gamasutra-sales2_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutt2015" class="citation web cs1">Nutt, Christian (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/234953/DayZ_hits_3_million_sales_after_13_months_in_Early_Access.php">"DayZ hits 3 million sales after 13 months in Early Access"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UBM_plc" title="UBM plc">UBM plc</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=DayZ+hits+3+million+sales+after+13+months+in+Early+Access&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Nutt&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F234953%2FDayZ_hits_3_million_sales_after_13_months_in_Early_Access.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobey2013" class="citation web cs1">Robey, Tim (8 November 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10436738/George-A-Romero-Why-I-dont-like-The-Walking-Dead.html">"George A Romero: Why I don't like The Walking Dead"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10436738/George-A-Romero-Why-I-dont-like-The-Walking-Dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=George+A+Romero%3A+Why+I+don%27t+like+The+Walking+Dead&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.aulast=Robey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2F10436738%2FGeorge-A-Romero-Why-I-dont-like-The-Walking-Dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler" class="citation news cs1">Wexler, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/11/ST2008041102658.html">"Commando Performance"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Commando+Performance&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F2008%2F04%2F11%2FST2008041102658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Kyle (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/but-not-simpler/the-fungus-that-reduced-humanity-to-the-last-of-us/">"The Fungus that Reduced Humanity to The Last of Us"</a>. Scientific American<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fungus+that+Reduced+Humanity+to+The+Last+of+Us&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fbut-not-simpler%2Fthe-fungus-that-reduced-humanity-to-the-last-of-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/BmGnZanLt2Y">"Is the Last of Us Killer Fungus Real? – Reality Check"</a>. GameSpot-YouTube. 14 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmGnZanLt2Y">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+the+Last+of+Us+Killer+Fungus+Real%3F+%E2%80%93+Reality+Check&rft.pub=GameSpot-YouTube&rft.date=2013-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBmGnZanLt2Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/days-gone-resident-evil-a-discussion-zombies-apocalypse-video-games-1205253">"A Discussion of Zombies and the Apocalypse in Video Games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. 27 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=A+Discussion+of+Zombies+and+the+Apocalypse+in+Video+Games&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fdays-gone-resident-evil-a-discussion-zombies-apocalypse-video-games-1205253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2019" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Matthew (17 July 2019). "Zombies, Again? A Qualitative Analysis of the Zombie Antagonist's Appeal in Game Design". <i>The Playful Undead and Video Games</i>. pp. 15–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315179490-2">10.4324/9781315179490-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315179490" title="Special:BookSources/9781315179490"><bdi>9781315179490</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181693024">181693024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zombies%2C+Again%3F+A+Qualitative+Analysis+of+the+Zombie+Antagonist%27s+Appeal+in+Game+Design&rft.btitle=The+Playful+Undead+and+Video+Games&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181693024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315179490-2&rft.isbn=9781315179490&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/socialmedia/zombies.asp">"Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse"</a>. Bt.cdc.gov. 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preparedness+101%3A+Zombie+Apocalypse&rft.pub=Bt.cdc.gov&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femergency.cdc.gov%2Fsocialmedia%2Fzombies.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173757/http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/documents/11_225700_A_Zombie_Final.pdf">"Preparedness 101 : Zombie Pandemic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cdc.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/phpr/documents/11_225700_A_Zombie_Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preparedness+101+%3A+Zombie+Pandemic&rft.pub=Cdc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphpr%2Fdocuments%2F11_225700_A_Zombie_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordstrom" class="citation web cs1">Nordstrom, David Sturt and Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidsturt/2014/05/29/a-u-s-government-zombie-plan">"A U.S. Government 'Zombie' Plan?"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forbes.com&rft.atitle=A+U.S.+Government+%27Zombie%27+Plan%3F&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.aufirst=David+Sturt+and+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidsturt%2F2014%2F05%2F29%2Fa-u-s-government-zombie-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mogk2011-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mogk2011_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mogk2011_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogk2011" class="citation book cs1">Mogk, Matt (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsGMxkRtEogC&pg=PA214"><i>Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Zombies</i></a>. Gallery Books. pp. 214–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451641578" title="Special:BookSources/9781451641578"><bdi>9781451641578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Ever+Wanted+to+Know+About+Zombies&rft.pages=214-&rft.pub=Gallery+Books&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.isbn=9781451641578&rft.aulast=Mogk&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsGMxkRtEogC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hombach-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hombach_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHombach" class="citation book cs1">Hombach, Jean-Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627024516/http://books.google.com/books?id=RkyOtwhcCy8C&pg=PT126"><i>Michael Jackson King of PoP</i></a>. epubli. pp. 126–. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkyOtwhcCy8C&pg=PT126">the original</a> on 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson+King+of+PoP&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=epubli&rft.aulast=Hombach&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkyOtwhcCy8C%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dendle2012-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dendle2012_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDendle2012" class="citation book cs1">Dendle, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DG6rK0PE2vIC&pg=PA256"><i>Zombie Movie Encyclopedia: 2000–2010</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 256–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786492886" title="Special:BookSources/9780786492886"><bdi>9780786492886</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombie+Movie+Encyclopedia%3A+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=256-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786492886&rft.aulast=Dendle&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDG6rK0PE2vIC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sosd-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sosd_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley,_Jenna" class="citation web cs1">Colley, Jenna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20070726-9999-1n26zombies.html">"Zombies haunt San Diego streets"</a>. signonsandiego.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zombies+haunt+San+Diego+streets&rft.pub=signonsandiego.com&rft.au=Colley%2C+Jenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2F20070726-9999-1n26zombies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csl-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csl_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemble,_Gary" class="citation web cs1">Kemble, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004113014/http://www.abc.net.au/news/arts/articulate/200604/s1627099.htm">"They came, they saw, they lurched"</a>. Australia: ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/arts/articulate/200604/s1627099.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=They+came%2C+they+saw%2C+they+lurched&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC&rft.au=Kemble%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Farts%2Farticulate%2F200604%2Fs1627099.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tor-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tor_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalgetty,_Greg" class="citation web cs1">Dalgetty, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906054540/http://www.pennyblood.com/zombiewalk1.html">"The Dead Walk"</a>. <i>Penny Blood magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennyblood.com/zombiewalk1.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penny+Blood+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Walk&rft.au=Dalgetty%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennyblood.com%2Fzombiewalk1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-star_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgen,_Tom" class="citation web cs1">Horgen, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/dining/31116719.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUt:aDyaEP:kD:aUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiU">"Nightlife: 'Dead' ahead"</a>. Star Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nightlife%3A+%27Dead%27+ahead&rft.pub=Star+Tribune&rft.au=Horgen%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdining%2F31116719.html%3Felr%3DKArksD%3AaDyaEP%3AkD%3AaUt%3AaDyaEP%3AkD%3AaUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaULPQL7PQLanchO7DiU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guin-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guin_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudiak,_Zandy" class="citation web cs1">Dudiak, Zandy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123041112/http://www.yourpenntrafford.com/penntraffordstar/article/guinness-certifies-record-second-annual-zombie-walk">"Guinness certifies record for second annual Zombie Walk"</a>. yourpenntrafford.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourpenntrafford.com/penntraffordstar/article/guinness-certifies-record-second-annual-zombie-walk">the original</a> on 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guinness+certifies+record+for+second+annual+Zombie+Walk&rft.pub=yourpenntrafford.com&rft.au=Dudiak%2C+Zandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourpenntrafford.com%2Fpenntraffordstar%2Farticle%2Fguinness-certifies-record-second-annual-zombie-walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zombierun.com/#!zombierunaboutus/c2414">"Zombie Run Homepage"</a>. <i>Zombie Run Homepage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zombie+Run+Homepage&rft.atitle=Zombie+Run+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zombierun.com%2F%23%21zombierunaboutus%2Fc2414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunzHudeaImadSmith?2009" class="citation book cs1">Munz, Philip; Hudea, Ioan; Imad, Joe; Smith?, Robert J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loe.org/images/content/091023/Zombie%20Publication.pdf"><i>When Zombies Attack!: Mathematical Modelling of an Outbreak of Zombie Infection</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Science Publishers, Inc.">Nova Science Publishers, Inc.</a> pp. 133–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60741-347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60741-347-9"><bdi>978-1-60741-347-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Zombies+Attack%21%3A+Mathematical+Modelling+of+an+Outbreak+of+Zombie+Infection&rft.pages=133-150&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60741-347-9&rft.aulast=Munz&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Hudea%2C+Ioan&rft.au=Imad%2C+Joe&rft.au=Smith%3F%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floe.org%2Fimages%2Fcontent%2F091023%2FZombie%2520Publication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchuencheChiyaka2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Tchuenche, J.M.; Chiyaka, C. (14 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/08/zombies/">"Mathematical Model for Surviving a Zombie Attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Mathematical+Model+for+Surviving+a+Zombie+Attack&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft.aulast=Tchuenche&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Chiyaka%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F08%2Fzombies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chodorow, Adam (7 May 2012). "Death and Taxes and Zombies". <i><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Law_Review" title="Iowa Law Review">Iowa Law Review</a></i>. <b>98</b>: 1207. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2045255">2045255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Death+and+Taxes+and+Zombies&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=1207&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2045255%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Chodorow&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMole2012" class="citation news cs1">Mole, Beth (23 July 2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Zombies-on-the-Brain/133043/">"Zombies on the Brain: Young Neuroscientists' Popular Zombie Study Frightens Their Advisers Most of All"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225034926/https://www.chronicle.com/article/young-neuroscientists-popular-zombie-study-frightens-their-advisers-most-of-all/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Zombies+on+the+Brain%3A+Young+Neuroscientists%27+Popular+Zombie+Study+Frightens+Their+Advisers+Most+of+All&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft.aulast=Mole&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FZombies-on-the-Brain%2F133043%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmain2006" class="citation book cs1">Balmain, Colette (2006). <i>Introduction to Japanese Horror Film</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903254417" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903254417"><bdi>978-1903254417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Japanese+Horror+Film&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1903254417&rft.aulast=Balmain&rft.aufirst=Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermannGauthier1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ackermann, H.W.; Gauthier, J. (1991). "The Ways and Nature of the Zombi". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_Folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of American Folklore">The Journal of American Folklore</a></i>. <b>104</b> (414): 466–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541551">10.2307/541551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541551">541551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Ways+and+Nature+of+the+Zombi&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=414&rft.pages=466-494&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F541551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ackermann&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.au=Gauthier%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Black, J. Anderson (2000) <i>The Dead Walk</i> Noir Publishing, Hereford, Herefordshire, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9536564-2-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9536564-2-X">0-9536564-2-X</a></li> <li>Curran, Bob (2006) <i>Encyclopedia of the Undead: A field guide to creatures that cannot rest in peace</i> New Page Books, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56414-841-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56414-841-6">1-56414-841-6</a></li> <li>Flint, David (2008) <i>Zombie Holocaust: How the living dead devoured pop culture</i> Plexus, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-397-8">978-0-85965-397-8</a></li> <li>Forget, Thomas (2007) <i>Introducing Zombies</i> Rosen Publishing, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4042-0852-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4042-0852-6">1-4042-0852-6</a>; (juvenile)</li> <li>Graves, Zachary (2010) <i>Zombies: The complete guide to the world of the living dead</i> Sphere, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84744-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84744-415-8">978-1-84744-415-8</a></li> <li>Hurston, Zora Neale (2009) <i>Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica</i>, Harper Perennial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06169-513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06169-513-1">978-0-06169-513-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMars1945" class="citation journal cs1">Mars, Louis P. (1945). "Media life zombies for the world". <i><a href="/wiki/Man_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (journal)">Man</a></i>. <b>45</b> (22): 38–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2792947">10.2307/2792947</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792947">2792947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Media+life+zombies+for+the+world&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2792947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2792947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mars&rft.aufirst=Louis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie" class="Z3988"></span> (Copy at <a href="/wiki/Webster_University" title="Webster University">Webster University</a>)</li> <li>McIntosh, Shawn and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Leverette" title="Marc Leverette">Leverette, Marc</a> (editors) (2008) <i>Zombie Culture: Autopsies of the Living Dead</i> Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6043-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6043-0">0-8108-6043-0</a>.</li> <li>Moreman, Christopher M., and Cory James Rushton (editors) (2011) <i>Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead</i>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5912-4">978-0-7864-5912-4</a>.</li> <li>Shaka McGlotten, and Jones, Steve (editors) (2014) <i>Zombies and Sexuality: Essays on Desire and the Living Dead</i>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7907-8">978-0-7864-7907-8</a>.</li> <li>Bishop, Kyle William (2015) <i>How Zombies Conquered Popular Culture: The Multifarious Walking Dead in the 21st Century</i>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2208-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2208-8">978-1-4766-2208-8</a>.</li> <li>Szanter, Ashley, and Richards, Jessica K. (editors) (2017) <i>Romancing the Zombie: Essays on the Undead as Significant "Other"</i>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6742-3">978-1-4766-6742-3</a>.</li> <li>Russell, Jamie (2005) <i>Book of the dead: the complete history of zombie cinema</i> FAB, Godalming, England, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903254-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-903254-33-7">1-903254-33-7</a></li> <li>Waller, Gregory A. (2010) <i>Living and the undead: slaying vampires, exterminating zombies</i> University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Indiana, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07772-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07772-2">978-0-252-07772-2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora_religions" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/30px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/45px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Americas">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Western occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bantu_religion_and_folklore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #bdfdfb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bantu" title="Template:Bantu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bantu" title="Template talk:Bantu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bantu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bantu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bantu_religion_and_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bantu religion and folklore</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #bdfdfb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #bdfdfb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_religion" title="Bantu religion">Bantu religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badimo" title="Badimo">Badimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dini_Ya_Msambwa" title="Dini Ya Msambwa">Dini Ya Msambwa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyau" title="Nyau">Nyau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> & <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akongo" title="Akongo">Akongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunzi" title="Bunzi">Bunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumba" title="Kalumba">Kalumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kianda" title="Kianda">Kianda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibuka_(deity)" title="Kibuka (deity)">Kibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebege" title="Mebege">Mebege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukasa_(deity)" title="Mukasa (deity)">Mukasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisa" title="Muisa">Muisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwari" title="Mwari">Mwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njambe_(god)" title="Njambe (god)">Njambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyambe" title="Nyambe">Nyambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambici" title="Nzambici">Nzambici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzame" title="Nzame">Nzame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetani" title="Shetani">Shetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%BBnga_Line" title="Kalûnga Line">Kalûnga Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyi" title="Okuyi">Okuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebola" title="Zebola">Zebola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #bdfdfb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimanaueze" title="Kimanaueze">Kimanaueze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwindo_epic" title="Mwindo epic">Mwindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwuetsi" title="Mwuetsi">Mwuetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambi_(mythology)" title="Nambi (mythology)">Nambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyongo_society" title="Nyongo society">Nyongo society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudika-mbambi" title="Sudika-mbambi">Sudika-mbambi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Legendary creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abada_(unicorn)" title="Abada (unicorn)">Abada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolakamba" title="Koolakamba">Koolakamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbwiri" title="Mbwiri">Mbwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokele-mbembe" title="Mokele-mbembe">Mokele-mbembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obambo" title="Obambo">Obambo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #bdfdfb;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Bantu diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat_bone" title="Black cat bone">Black cat bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Candomblé Bantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">USA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">Kumbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">Ring shout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6fefd;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boo_hag" title="Boo hag">Boo hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Square" title="Congo Square">Congo Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_Jack" title="Gullah Jack">Gullah Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Conqueror" title="John the Conqueror">John the Conqueror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #bdfdfb;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bantu_peoples" title="Category:Bantu peoples">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stock_characters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stock_characters" title="Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stock_characters" title="Template talk:Stock characters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stock_characters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stock_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_ethics_and_morality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By ethics and morality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Classic hero</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_hero" title="Action hero">Action hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_One_(trope)" title="The Chosen One (trope)">Chosen One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_hero" title="Legacy hero">Legacy hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_king" title="Mythological king">Mythological king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngest_son" title="Youngest son">Youngest son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_alone" title="Man alone">Man alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberhero" title="Cyberhero">Cyberhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soldier" title="Super soldier">Super soldier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tricky_slave" title="Tricky slave">Tricky slave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni">Zanni</a> (servants, clowns: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Villain#Sympathetic_villain" title="Villain">Antivillains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">False hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">Evil twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster" title="Bug-eyed monster">Bug-eyed monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_(monster)" title="Slime (monster)">Slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamp_monsters" title="List of swamp monsters">Swamp monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies" title="Nazi zombies">Nazi zombies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">Alazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">Miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecchio" title="Vecchio">Vecchio</a> (wealthy old men, <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_Dottore" title="Il Dottore">Il Dottore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Capitano" title="Il Capitano">Il Capitano</a> (self styled captain, braggart)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_sex_and_gender" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By sex and gender</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Love interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype" title="Blonde stereotype">Blonde stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_daughter" title="Farmer's daughter">Farmer's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_next_door" title="Girl next door">Girl next door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">Hooker with a heart of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosu_ponnu" title="Loosu ponnu">Loosu ponnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catgirl" title="Catgirl">Catgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl" title="Manic Pixie Dream Girl">Manic Pixie Dream Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(stock_character)" title="Vixen (stock character)">Vixen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_lady" title="Cat lady">Cat lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruffiana" title="La Ruffiana">La Ruffiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady" title="Dragon Lady">Dragon Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">Femme fatale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundere" title="Tsundere">Tsundere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_girl" title="Jungle girl">Jungle girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">Virago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen bee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">Princesse lointaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_girl" title="Valley girl">Valley girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotong" title="Laotong">Laotong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">Lady-in-waiting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy stereotype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geek_girl" title="Geek girl">Geek girl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamer_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamer girl">Gamer girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">Masculine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">Father figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">Wise old man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_martial_arts_master" title="Elderly martial arts master">Elderly martial arts master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Young</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_mappillai" title="American mappillai">American mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool" title="Ivan the Fool">Ivan the Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny" title="Little Johnny">Little Johnny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">Nice guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy stereotype">Nice Jewish boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluous_man" title="Superfluous man">Superfluous man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Primitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi#Seme_and_uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Seme and uke</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool_(stock_character)" title="Fool (stock character)">Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innamorati" title="Innamorati">Innamorati</a> ("The Lovers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_angel" title="Shoulder angel">Shoulder angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">Sidekick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-kun" title="Truck-kun">Truck-kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">Village idiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4407180-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001600">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zombis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120034050">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zombis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120034050">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zombie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph521124&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563592205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie&oldid=1258763274">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie&oldid=1258763274</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810s_neologisms" title="Category:1810s neologisms">1810s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_mythology" title="Category:African mythology">African mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bantu_religion" title="Category:Bantu religion">Bantu religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caribbean_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Caribbean legendary creatures">Caribbean legendary creatures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporeal_undead" title="Category:Corporeal undead">Corporeal undead</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture-bound_syndromes" title="Category:Culture-bound syndromes">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_cannibals" title="Category:Fictional cannibals">Fictional cannibals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_diseases_and_disorders" title="Category:Fictional diseases and disorders">Fictional diseases and disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_monsters" title="Category:Fictional monsters">Fictional monsters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_zombies" title="Category:Fictional zombies">Fictional zombies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Haiti" title="Category:Culture of Haiti">Culture of Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_Vodou" title="Category:Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_characters_introduced_in_1929" title="Category:Literary characters introduced in 1929">Literary characters introduced in 1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stock_characters" title="Category:Stock characters">Stock characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Topics_in_culture" title="Category:Topics in culture">Topics in culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zombies_in_popular_culture" title="Category:Zombies in popular culture">Zombies in popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zombies" title="Category:Zombies">Zombies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Body_horror" title="Category:Body horror">Body horror</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_mythology" title="Category:Haitian mythology">Haitian mythology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2022">Use dmy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text">Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kongo-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kongo-language text">Articles containing Kongo-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2013">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2020">Articles that may contain original research from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 14:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lljb8","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.775","walltime":"2.087","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13527,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":429445,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9351,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":537795,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1722.443 1 -total"," 40.25% 693.212 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.00% 241.148 45 Template:Cite_web"," 10.92% 188.070 47 Template:Cite_book"," 6.37% 109.797 16 Template:Navbox"," 5.76% 99.164 7 Template:Lang"," 5.55% 95.559 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.18% 89.202 1 Template:Zombies"," 5.08% 87.514 1 Template:Sidebar"," 4.94% 85.119 5 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.054","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18934715,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckermannGauthier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsanteMazama2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalmain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassiday1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandni_Doulatramani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChodorow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_T._Fong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClasen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCluteGrant1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColley,_Jenna\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCripps2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaily\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalgetty,_Greg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeborah_Christie,_Sarah_Juliet_Lauro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDendle2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDiver2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudiak,_Zandy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondsGonzalez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgeHughes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrebey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHombach\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorgen,_Tom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurston1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Thompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemble,_Gary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenreck2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKermode2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKino2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlewood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlewoodChavannes_Douyon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuckhurst,_Roger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinovichSilva_Joao2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarowskiStine1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMars1945\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaçek_III,_J._C.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlottenJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMogk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMole2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoremanRushton2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMunzHudeaImadSmith?2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiehaus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordstrom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNutt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOswald2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaffenroth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPané\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPegg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira_Do_Nascimento1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulliam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulliamFonseca2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockoff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrook1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzanterRichards2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchuencheChiyaka2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerence_Hines2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowlson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchell1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeedon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWexler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Assis_Junior\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 3,\n [\"Afro-American Religions\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bantu\"] = 1,\n [\"Better citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 45,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Zombie (fictional)\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doomsday\"] = 1,\n [\"Horror fiction\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox character\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stock characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n [\"Zombies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","26.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","23.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.4"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","3.6"],["safe_join \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:899\u003E","40","3.6"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","3.6"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["[others]","160","14.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4d6jn","timestamp":"20241124053303","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zombie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zombie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9406","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9406","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-02T16:56:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T14:07:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png","headline":"mythical undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse, or submitted person or entity"}</script> </body> </html>