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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Imperialism_in_Indian_Subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Portuguese Imperialism in Indian Subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Imperialism_in_Indian_Subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spanish America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_colonial_period_–_16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_colonial_period_–_16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early colonial period – 16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_colonial_period_–_16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuevo_León_(1590s_to_early_17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuevo_León_(1590s_to_early_17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nuevo León (1590s to early 17th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuevo_León_(1590s_to_early_17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_New_Spain_territories_in_the_United_States,_17th–18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_New_Spain_territories_in_the_United_States,_17th–18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Former New Spain territories in the United States, 17th–18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_New_Spain_territories_in_the_United_States,_17th–18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Elsewhere in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_crypto-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_crypto-Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable crypto-Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_crypto-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crypto-Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="يهود متخفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود متخفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptoiudaizm" title="Kriptoiudaizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kriptoiudaizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Криптоюдаизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Криптоюдаизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptojudaisme" title="Criptojudaisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Criptojudaisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptojuden" title="Kryptojuden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kryptojuden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptojuda%C3%ADsmo" title="Criptojudaísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criptojudaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptojudismo" title="Kriptojudismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kriptojudismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%81%DB%8C" title="یهودیت مخفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیت مخفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-juda%C3%AFsme" title="Crypto-judaïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crypto-judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripto-giudaismo" title="Cripto-giudaismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cripto-giudaismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripto-djudaizmo" title="Kripto-djudaizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kripto-djudaizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptojodendom" title="Cryptojodendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cryptojodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="درپردہ یہودیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="درپردہ یہودیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptojudaizm" title="Kryptojudaizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryptojudaizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptojuda%C3%ADsmo" title="Criptojudaísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criptojudaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Криптоиудаизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Криптоиудаизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripto-judaizam" title="Kripto-judaizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kripto-judaizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptojuutalaiset" title="Kryptojuutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kryptojuutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மறைவான யூதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைவான யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripto-Yahudilik" title="Kripto-Yahudilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kripto-Yahudilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="در پردہ یہودیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="در پردہ یہودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/250px-Judaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/375px-Judaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Judaica.jpg/500px-Judaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Judaica (clockwise from top): <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> candlesticks, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">handwashing cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah</a> <a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">pointer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">etrog</a> box.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crypto-Judaism</b> is the secret adherence to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek <i>kryptos</i> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κρυπτός</span></span>, 'hidden').<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is especially applied historically to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who outwardly professed <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i>, or the <i><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></i>. The phenomenon is especially associated with medieval Spain, following the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsion of the Jews in 1492</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1492 in Spain and 1497 in Portugal, officially they no longer existed. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> were established to monitor converted Jews and Muslims and their descendants for their continued adherence to Christian faith and practice, with severe penalties for those convicted of secretly continuing to practice their original beliefs. Information about secretly observant Jews largely survives in Inquisition cases against individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, Jews who converted in Spain during the 14th and 15th centuries were known as <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian"><i>Cristianos Nuevos</i></a> (New Christians) but were commonly called <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a></i> (converts to Christianity). Spain and Portugal issued edicts restricting their rights in the mother countries of Spain and Portugal and Spanish and Portuguese overseas territories in the Americas. </p><p>Although only <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Christian" title="Old Christian">Cristianos Viejos</a></i> (Old Christians) who could prove <i><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a></i> ("cleanliness or purity of blood") descended from Christian Iberian European ancestry only, without "tainting" of any Jewish ancestry or Muslim Berber/Arab ancestry, were allowed to officially migrate to the New World Spanish possessions, many Christian <i>conversos</i> with Jewish antecedents went to the Spanish possessions, using forged <i>limpieza de sangre</i> documents, or they entered the Spanish possessions via Portuguese Brazil, particularly 1580-1640 when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch. The entry requirements to the Portuguese colony of Brazil were more lax and also less rigorously enforced. </p><p>Despite the dangers of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> in Iberia and the Inquisitions established in Mexico City; Lima, Peru; and Cartagena de Indias in what is now Colombia, many <i>conversos</i> continued to secretly and discreetly practice Jewish rituals in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra decree">Alhambra decree</a> of March 1492, which mandated conversion to Christianity or exile for Jews, numerous <i>conversos</i>, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></i> (or Chueta) in the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> ruled by Spain, publicly professed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> but privately adhered to Judaism, even throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Belmonte_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmonte Jews">Belmonte Jews</a>" of Portugal, dating from the 12th century, maintained strong secret traditions for centuries. A whole community survived in secrecy by maintaining a tradition of endogamous marriage and hiding all external signs of their faith. They and their practices were discovered only in the 20th century. Their rich Sephardic tradition of crypto-Judaism is unique. Some now profess Orthodox Judaism, although many still retain their centuries-old traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Maimonides">Role of Maimonides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of Maimonides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As one of the towering figures in Judaism and the author of the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> also issued a landmark doctrinal response to the forced conversions of Jews in the Iberian peninsula by the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>In his <i>Epistle on Martyrdom,</i> however, Maimonides suggested that the persecuted Jew should publicly adopt Islam while maintaining crypto-Judaism and not seek martyrdom unless forced to transgress Jewish commandments in public. He also excoriated one writer, who advocated martyrdom, for "long-winded foolish babbling and nonsense" and for misleading and hurting the Jews. In a sweeping view of the Jewish past, Maimonides marshals examples of heretics and sinners from the Bible to show that even oppressors of Israel were rewarded by God for a single act of piety or respect. How much greater then, he argues, will be the reward of the Jews "who despite the exigencies of forced conversion perform commandments secretly."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Maimonides championed rationalism over the then-accepted practice of martyrdom when facing religious adversity. This consequently legitimized crypto-Judaism by the religion's standards and provided doctrinal backing for Jews during the centuries of the Spanish Inquisition (1478–1834). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Spanish_Inquisition">Before the Spanish Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the Spanish Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anusim_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anusim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several incidents of forced conversions happened prior to 1492 and outside of Iberia. One of the earliest conversions happened a century after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">Fall of Rome</a> and was in <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>. After a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community in Clermont-Ferrand became a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> and was persecuted by other members of the community for doing so, the cavalcade in which he was marching persecuted his persecutors in turn: </p> <blockquote><p>The participants in the procession then made an attack "which destroyed [the synagogue] completely, razing it to the grounds." Subsequently, Bishop *Avitus directed a letter to the Jews in which he disclaimed the use of compulsion to make them adopt Christianity, but announced at the end of the missive: "Therefore if ye be ready to believe as I do, be one flock with us, and I shall be your pastor; but if ye be not ready, depart from this place." The community hesitated for three days before making a decision. Finally the majority, some 500, accepted Christianity. The Christians in Clermont greeted the event with rejoicing: "Candles were lit, the lamps shone, the whole city radiated with the light of the snow-white flock" (i.e., the forced converts). The Jews who preferred exile left for *Marseilles (Gregory of Tours, Histories, 5:11). The poet Venantius Fortunatus composed a poem to commemorate the occasion. In 582 the Frankish king Chilperic compelled numerous Jews to adopt Christianity. Again the anusim were not wholehearted in their conversion, for "some of them, cleansed in body but not in heart, denied God, and returned to their ancient perfidy, so that they were seen keeping the Sabbath, as well as Sunday" (ibid., 6:17).</p></blockquote> <p>The Clermont-Ferrand conversions preceded the first forced conversions in Iberia by 40 years. Forced baptisms of Jews took place in Iberia in 616 at the insistence of Visigoth monarch <a href="/wiki/Sisibut" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisibut">Sisibut</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Persistent attempts to enforce conversion were made in the seventh century by the Visigoths in Spain after they had adopted the Roman Catholic faith. Comparatively mild legal measures were followed by the harsh edict issued by King Sisibut in 616, ordering the compulsory baptism of all Jews. After conversion, however, the anusim evidently maintained their Jewish cohesion and religious life. It was undoubtedly this problem that continued to occupy Spanish sovereigns at the successive Councils of Toledo representing both the ecclesiastical and secular authorities...Thus, steps were taken to secure that the children of converts had a Christian religious education as well as to prevent the older generation from continuing to observe the Jewish rites or from failing to observe the Catholic ones. A system of strict supervision by the clergy over the way of life and movements of the anusim was imposed...</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neofiti">Neofiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neofiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a> were a group of crypto-Jews living in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, which included all of Southern Italy from the 13th to the 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susiti">Susiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Susiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestral line <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%9F" title="Süß">Sus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susskind" title="Susskind">Süßkind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindauer</a> was a crypto-Jewish susitic ancestral line that settled in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and lived as Catholic or Protestant crypto-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary lineages of the <a href="/wiki/Lindauer_(surname)" title="Lindauer (surname)">Lindauer</a> are: Lindauere, Lindouer, Lindaer, Linduaer, Lindeaur, Lindeauer, Lindhauer, Linndauer, Lindayer as well as Lindaurr.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_and_Asia">Mediterranean and Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mediterranean and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several communities of crypto-Jews in Muslim lands. The ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Daggatun" title="Daggatun">Daggatuns</a> in Morocco are thought to have kept up their Jewish practices a long time after their nominal adoption of Islam. In Iran, a large community of crypto-Jews lived in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorassan</a>, where they were known as <i>"Jedid al-Islam"</i>; they were mass-converted to Islam around 1839 after the <a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> events. Most of this community left for Israel in 1946. Some converted to Islam and remained in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-JedidAlIslam_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JedidAlIslam-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nissimi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissimi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Imperialism_in_Indian_Subcontinent">Portuguese Imperialism in Indian Subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portuguese Imperialism in Indian Subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1494, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, authorized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, Portugal was given the right to found colonies in the Eastern Hemisphere. In his lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Sanjay Subrahmanyam</a>, Chair in Social Sciences at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, explains that crypto-Jews were especially attracted to India because not only was it a center of trade, but India had established ancient Jewish settlements along its Western coast. The presence of these communities meant that crypto-Jews, who had been forced to accept <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> but did not want to emigrate to tolerant countries (e.g. Morocco, Poland, Ottoman Empire, etc.), could operate within the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> with the full freedom of Catholic subjects but away from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a> while collaborating with existing Jewish communities to hide their true beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of crypto-Jews in Goa angered the Archbishop of Goa, Dom <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Jorge_de_Le%C3%A3o_Pereira" title="Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira">Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira</a>, and other Europeans like <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> who wrote polemics and letters to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> urging that the Inquisition be brought to Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crypto-Jews presented a security threat to the Kingdom of Portugal, because Sephardic Jews had an established reputation in Iberia for joining forces with <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> to overthrow Christian rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth1994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a> commenced in 1560 and ended in 1812. It targeted crypto-Jews, <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Islam" title="Crypto-Islam">crypto-Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism" title="Crypto-Hinduism">crypto-Hindus</a>. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition reveal that a total of 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_America">Spanish America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crypto-Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Crypto-Judaism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Crypto-Judaism was documented chiefly in Spanish-held colonial territories in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Mexico</a>. Numerous conversos joined Spanish and Portuguese expeditions, believing there was an economic opportunity in the new lands, and that they would have more freedom at a distance far from Iberia. Different situations developed in the early colonial period of Mexico, the frontier province of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, the later northern frontier provinces, and the colonial experience of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>. The crypto-Jewish traditions have complex histories and are typically embedded in an amalgam of syncretic Roman Catholic and Judaic traditions. In many ways resurgent Judaic practices mirrored indigenous peoples' maintaining their traditions practiced loosely under a Roman Catholic veil. In addition, Catholicism was syncretic, absorbing other traditions and creating a new creole religion. </p><p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Santa_Esterica" title="Festival of Santa Esterica">Festival of Santa Esterica</a> was preserved among the Conversos who migrated to the New World and is still practiced today among their descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_colonial_period_–_16th_century"><span id="Early_colonial_period_.E2.80.93_16th_century"></span>Early colonial period – 16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early colonial period – 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain went to Portugal, but in 1497 that country effectively converted all remaining Jewish children, making them wards of the state unless the parents also converted. Therefore, many of the early crypto-Jewish migrants to Mexico in the early colonial days were technically first to second-generation Portuguese with Spanish roots before that. The number of such Portuguese migrants was significant enough that Spanish colonists began to use "Portuguese" as a synonym for "Jewish" for their settlers. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration to Mexico</a> offered lucrative trade possibilities in a well-populated colony with nascent Spanish culture. Some migrants believed that this region would be more tolerant since the lands were overwhelmingly populated by non-Christian indigenous peoples and it was far removed from the metropole.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial officials believed that many crypto-Jews were going to Mexico during the 16th century and complained in written documents to Spain that Spanish society in Mexico would become significantly Jewish. Officials found and condemned clandestine synagogues in Mexico City. At this point, colonial administrators instituted <a href="/wiki/Cleanliness_of_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleanliness of blood">the Law of the Pure Blood</a>, which prohibited migration to Mexico for <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> (Cristiano Nuevo), i.e. anyone who could not prove to be Old Christians for at least the last three generations. In addition, the administration initiated the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a> to ensure the Catholic orthodoxy of all migrants to Mexico. The Mexico Inquisition was also deployed in the traditional manner to ensure orthodoxy of converted indigenous peoples. The first victims of burnings (or <a href="/wiki/Auto_de_Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto de Fe"><i>autos de fé</i></a>) of the Mexican Inquisition were indigenous converts convicted of heresy or crypto-Jews convicted of relapsing into their ancestral faith.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Except for those allowed to settle the province of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo Leon">Nuevo Leon</a> under an exemption from the Blood Purity Laws, the number of conversos migrating to the New World was reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuevo_León_(1590s_to_early_17th_century)"><span id="Nuevo_Le.C3.B3n_.281590s_to_early_17th_century.29"></span>Nuevo León (1590s to early 17th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuevo León (1590s to early 17th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonization of New Spain took place as a northward expansion over increasingly harsh geography, in regions that were occupied by tribes angered at the encroachment; they formed loose confederations of indigenous peoples to resist the settlers. Spain financed the expansion by exploiting mineral wealth, enslaving, or forcing indigenous peoples to labor in mines. It established <a href="/wiki/Encomiendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Encomiendas">encomiendas</a> for raising livestock, thereby displacing the local people. The indigenous peoples of the North-Eastern quadrant of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Nueva España) proved particularly resistant to colonial pressures. The <a href="/wiki/Chichimec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichimec">Chichimec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, and other tribes resisted conversion to Christianity and avoided being impressed as laborers or slaves on Spanish ranches and in mines. The Spanish believed such peoples made the frontier (<i>frontera</i>) a lawless region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva</a>, a royal accountant, was a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a>. He received a royal charter from the Spanish Crown to settle <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, a large expanse of land in the hostile frontier. Because of the dangers and difficulties of this region, Carvajal y de la Cueva received an exemption in his charter from the usual requirement that he prove that all new settlers were "Old Christians" (<a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">of at least three generations</a>) rather than recently converted Jews or Muslims. This exemption allowed people to go to Nuevo León who were legally barred from entering <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvajal was authorized to bring 100 soldiers and 60 laborers to New Spain; many have been documented as crypto-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG/250px-MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG/375px-MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG/500px-MusMetHistoricalRoom16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Jewish religious items at the Metropolitan Museum of <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With Carvajal as governor, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> was established as the center (now in the state of Nuevo León). Within a few years, some people reported to authorities in Mexico City that Jewish rites were being performed in the Northern Province and efforts to convert heathen indigenous peoples were lax.<sup id="cite_ref-flint_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flint-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal economic activity of Carvajal and his associates seems to have been capturing <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indians</a> and selling them into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-flint_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flint-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvajal's Lieutenant Governor, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a>, led a large expedition to <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in 1591 in an effort to establish a colony. Castaño was arrested for this unauthorized expedition and sentenced to exile in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The sentence was later reversed, but he had already been killed in the <a href="/wiki/Molucca_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Molucca Islands">Molucca Islands</a> when the Chinese slaves on his ship mutinied.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor Carvajal, his immediate family members, and others of his entourage were called to appear before the Inquisition in Mexico City. They were arrested and jailed. The governor subsequently died in jail, prior to a sentence of exile. His niece Isabel Carvajal had been tortured and implicated all the family in so-called charges. They were all executed by <a href="/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning at the stake">burning at the stake</a> for relapsing into Judaism, except for one nephew who escaped arrest by fleeing to Italy, and one nephew who was a Dominican friar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nephew, also named <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_the_Younger" title="Luis de Carvajal the Younger">Luis</a>, wrote the earliest-known writings by a Jew in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Carvajal was in office, the city of Monterrey became a destination for other crypto-Jews who wanted to escape the Mexican Inquisition in the south of the territory. Thus, Nuevo León and the founding of Monterrey are significant as they attracted crypto-Jewish migrants from all parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. They created one of the earliest Jewish-related communities in Mexico. (The Jewish communities in modern Mexico, which practice their Judaism openly, were not established until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after considerable immigration of Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> from Turkey and Syria.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_New_Spain_territories_in_the_United_States,_17th–18th_centuries"><span id="Former_New_Spain_territories_in_the_United_States.2C_17th.E2.80.9318th_centuries"></span>Former New Spain territories in the United States, 17th–18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former New Spain territories in the United States, 17th–18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the Inquisition activities in Nuevo León, many crypto-Jewish descendants migrated to frontier colonies further west, using the trade routes passing through the towns of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Chihuahua, Hermosillo and Cananea, and to the north on the trade route to <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">Paso del Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> (both cities in the colonial <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico">Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico</a>). Some even traveled to <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> on the Pacific Coast. </p><p>In the late 20th century, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> specifically <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, which was a former territory of New Spain, several <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a> have stated a belief that they are descended from crypto-Jews of the colonial period. While most maintain their Roman Catholic and Christian faiths, they often cite as evidence memories of older relatives practicing Jewish traditions. Since the 1990s, the crypto-Jews of New Mexico have been extensively studied and documented by several research scholars, including Stanley M. Hordes,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janet Liebman Jacobs,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulamith_Halevy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulamith Halevy (page does not exist)">Schulamith Halevy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Seth D. Kunin, who calls them <i>Hispanos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunin noted that most of this group in New Mexico has not formally embraced Judaism nor joined the organized Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some have been sceptical, such as Folklorist Judith Neulander arguing that people could be referring to traditions of modern <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> Jews migrants and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who purposely acquired and employed Jewish traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> have opened missionary groups aimed at cultivating evangelical doctrine in Southwestern American communities where crypto-Judaism had survived. The highly influential Hordes has been charged with "single-minded speculation based on largely ephemeral or highly ambiguous evidence" for his conclusion that modern-day Hispanos who claim crypto-Jewish roots are heirs to an unbroken chain of transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunin responded to some of this criticism in his book <i>Juggling Identities: Identity and Authenticity Among the Crypto-Jews</i>, in the response Kunin iterated that these scholars were misunderstanding New Mexican identity which, while authentically tied to Christian and Pueblo historicity, is in line with other Spanish <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the department of <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, as well as in the greater <a href="/wiki/Paisa_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa region">Paisa region</a>, some families also hold traditions and oral accounts of Jewish descent. In this population, Y-DNA genetic analysis has shown an origin of male founders predominantly from "southern Spain but also suggest that a fraction came from northern Iberia and that some possibly had a Sephardic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a> has a tradition of the <i>marranada</i>, where a <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a> is slaughtered, butchered and consumed on the streets of every neighborhood each <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. This custom has been interpreted as an annual affirmation of the rejection of Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A safe haven destination for <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">Conversos</a> during the Spanish colonial era was <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1557 many crypto-Jews joined <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uflo_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ñuflo de Chávez">Ñuflo de Chávez</a> and were among the pioneers who founded the city.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 16th century more crypto-Jews that faced persecution from the Inquisition and local authorities in nearby <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">La Plata</a> moved to Santa Cruz, as it was the most isolated urban settlement and because the Inquisition did not bother the <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">Conversos</a> there;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some settled in the city of Santa Cruz and its adjacent towns, including <a href="/wiki/Vallegrande" title="Vallegrande">Vallegrande</a>, Postrervalle, <a href="/wiki/Portachuelo" title="Portachuelo">Portachuelo</a>, Terevinto, <a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1,_Vallegrande" title="Pucará, Vallegrande">Pucará</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotoca" title="Cotoca">Cotoca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the oldest Catholic families in Santa Cruz are of Jewish ancestry; some families still practice certain traditions of Judaism. As recently as the 1920s, several families preserved seven-branched candlesticks and served dishes cooked with <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still customary among certain old families to light candles on Friday at sunset and to mourn the deaths of close relatives by sitting on the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After almost five centuries, some of the descendants of these families acknowledge having some Jewish ancestry, but practice Catholicism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_Latin_America">Elsewhere in Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to these communities, Roman Catholic-professing communities descended from male and female crypto-Jews are said to exist in <a href="/wiki/The_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominican Republic">the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, Puerto Rico<sup id="cite_ref-clara_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clara-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in various other countries of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (see Synagogue Kahal Zur Israel in Recife), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. From these communities comes the proverb, "Catholic by faith, Jewish by blood".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_crypto-Jews">Notable crypto-Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable crypto-Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fernandez_Carvajal" title="Antonio Fernandez Carvajal">Antonio Fernandez Carvajal</a> was a Portuguese merchant in London; "like other Marranos in London, Carvajal prayed at the Catholic chapel of the Spanish ambassador, while simultaneously playing a leading role in the secret Jewish community, which met at the clandestine synagogue at Creechurch Lane."<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a> was a Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer, who was born in Portugal but ultimately settled in Italy. For a time, he went by the name Fernando to evade the Inquisition. After finding safe haven in Verona, he openly embraced Judaism, becoming a leading scholar in Italy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_(Jews)" title="Chala (Jews)">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">Conversos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">Crypto-Christianity</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Islam" title="Crypto-Islam">Crypto-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism" title="Crypto-Hinduism">Crypto-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_mental_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of mental reservation">Doctrine of mental reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Conversorum" title="Domus Conversorum">Domus Conversorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_visibility" title="Jewish visibility">Jewish visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Limpieza de sangre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relapso" class="mw-redirect" title="Relapso">Relapso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Sephardic Jews in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_A_Jew%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Is A Jew?">Who Is A Jew?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA195">"Cripto-Jews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 195–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cripto-Jews&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=195-96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975927-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, J (2002). <i>Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews</i>. University of California Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23517-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23517-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48920842">48920842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Heritage%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Crypto-Jews&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+September+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28September+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48920842&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23517-5&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias1992" class="citation book cs1">Tobias, HJ (1992). <i>A History of the Jews in New Mexico</i>. University of New Mexico Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1390-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1390-4"><bdi>978-0-8263-1390-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36645510">36645510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+in+New+Mexico&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+September+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28September+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36645510&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-1390-4&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexy2003" class="citation book cs1">Alexy, T (2003). <i>The Marrano Legacy: A Contemporary Crypto-Jewish Priest Reveals Secrets of His Double Life</i>. University of New Mexico Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3055-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-3055-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51059087">51059087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Legacy%3A+A+Contemporary+Crypto-Jewish+Priest+Reveals+Secrets+of+His+Double+Life&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+September+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28September+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51059087&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-3055-0&rft.aulast=Alexy&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbassaRodrique,_A2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Benbassa" title="Esther Benbassa">Benbassa, Esther</a>; Rodrique, A (2000). <i>Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th–20th Centuries (Jewish Communities in the Modern World)</i>. University of Californida Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21822-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21822-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21822-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154877054">154877054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardi+Jewry%3A+A+History+of+the+Judeo-Spanish+Community%2C+14th%E2%80%9320th+Centuries+%28Jewish+Communities+in+the+Modern+World%29&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+September+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28September+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=University+of+Californida+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154877054&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21822-2&rft.aulast=Benbassa&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Rodrique%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1994" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, JS (1994). <i>Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience</i>. Free Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911574-9"><bdi>978-0-02-911574-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30339044">30339044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+of+Spain%3A+A+History+of+the+Sephardic+Experience&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+September+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28September+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30339044&rft.isbn=978-0-02-911574-9&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine Melammed, Renee. "Women in Medieval Jewish Societies," in <i>Women and Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship</i>. Ed. Frederick E. Greenspahn. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, Robert."New Christian, Marrano, Jew" in <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800</i>. Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghalm Books 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See David M. Gitlitz, <i>Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews</i> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Portuguese <i>conversos</i> in Rome see James Novoa, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcFMBAAAQBAJ">Being the Nação in the Eternal City: New Christian Lives in Sixteenth-Century Rome</a></i> (Peterborough: Baywolf Press, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocolovsky2003" class="citation web cs1">Socolovsky, J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034206/http://www.ourjerusalem.com/news/story/news20031018.html">"For Portugal's crypto-Jews, new rabbi tries to blend tradition with local custom"</a>. <i>Our Jerusalem</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourjerusalem.com/news/story/news20031018.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Jerusalem&rft.atitle=For+Portugal%27s+crypto-Jews%2C+new+rabbi+tries+to+blend+tradition+with+local+custom&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Socolovsky&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourjerusalem.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fnews20031018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1994" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Jane S (1994). <i>The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience</i>. New York: The Free Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029115749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029115749"><bdi>978-0029115749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Spain%3A+A+History+of+the+Sephardic+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0029115749&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Jane+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anusim-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anusim_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/barros-basto-arturo-carlos-de">"Anusim"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anusim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbarros-basto-arturo-carlos-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldes,_N.2003" class="citation book cs1">Zeldes, N. (2003). <i>The former Jews of this kingdom : Sicilian converts after the expulsion, 1492–1516</i>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anusim.org/AnusimMexico.pdf"><i>Descendants of the Anusim (Crypto-Jews) in Contemporary Mexico</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hebrew University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descendants+of+the+Anusim+%28Crypto-Jews%29+in+Contemporary+Mexico&rft.pub=Hebrew+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Halevy&rft.aufirst=Schulamith+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanusim.org%2FAnusimMexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kunin, Seth D. (2009). <i>Juggling Identities: Identity and Authenticity Among the Crypto-Jews</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231142182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231142182"><bdi>978-0231142182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juggling+Identities%3A+Identity+and+Authenticity+Among+the+Crypto-Jews&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0231142182&rft.aulast=Kunin&rft.aufirst=Seth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunin (2009), p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Ferry_and_Debbie_Nathan2000" class="citation web cs1">Barbara Ferry and Debbie Nathan (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2000/12/ferry.htm">"Mistaken Identity? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medell%C3%ADn+resplandece+en+diciembre&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rodas&rft.aufirst=Albeiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpasaportecolombiano.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F12%2F07%2Fmedellin-resplandece-en-diciembre-la-luciernaga-de-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Farewell España, The World The Sephardim Remembered", written by Howard Sachar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of the Jewish People", written by Eli Birnbaum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Storm Clouds over the Bolivian Refuge", written by Sherry Mangan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Los Judíos de Vallegrande", El Deber, written by Mario Rueda Peña, November 23, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clara-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clara_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg-Spitz1999" class="citation web cs1">Steinberg-Spitz, Clara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/037/6.html">"The Inquisition in the New World"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198614111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198614111"><bdi>978-0198614111</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166700558">166700558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166700558&rft.isbn=978-0198614111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0198613903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrypto-Judaism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Acevedo-Field, Rafaela. "Denunciation of Faith and Family: Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Mexico." PhD diss. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2012.</li> <li>Alberro, Solange. <i>Inquisición y sociedad en México, 1571–1700</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.</li> <li>Alberro, Solange. "Crypto-Jews and the Mexican Holy Office in the Seventeenth Century," in <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800</i>, eds. Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.</li> <li>Arbell, Mordechai. <i>The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas</i>. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.</li> <li>Beinart, Haim. <i>Conversos ante la inquisición</i>. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1965.</li> <li>Bocanegra, Matias de and Seymour Liebman, <i>Jews and the Inquisition of Mexico: The Great Auto de Fe of 1649</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1974.</li> <li>Bodian, Miriam. <i>Dying the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Böhm, Günter. "Crypto-Jews and New Christians in Colonial Peru and Chile." In <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800</i>, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 203–212. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.</li> <li>Cohen, Martin A. "The Letters and Last Will and Testament of Luis De Carvajal, the Younger." <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>, vol. 55, no. 4, 1966, pp. 451–520. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23873285">23873285</a>.</li> <li>Cohen, Martin A. 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"Some Misconceptions about the Crypto-Jews in Colonial Mexico." <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i> 61 (1972): 277–293. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23880521">23880521</a>.</li> <li>Chuchiak, John F. IV. <i>The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536–1820: A Documentary History</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Cohen, Martin A. "Antonio Díaz De Cáceres: Marrano Adventurer in Colonial Mexico." <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>, vol. 60, no. 2, 1970, pp. 169–184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23877946">23877946</a>.</li> <li>Corteguera, Luis R. <i>Death by Effigy: A Case from the Mexican Inquisition</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.</li> <li>Giles, Mary E. <i>Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Gitlitz, David. <i>Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews</i>, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2002</li> <li>Gojman Goldberg, Alicia. <i>Los conversos en la Nueva España</i>. Mexico City: Enep-Acatlan, UNAM, 1984.</li> <li>Gojman de Backal, Alicia. "Conversos" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 1, pp. 340–344. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.</li> <li>Greenleaf, Richard E. <i>The Mexican Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1969.</li> <li>Hordes, Stanley M. "The Inquisition as Economic and Political Agent: The Campaign of the Mexican Holy Office Against the Crypto-Jews in the Mid-Seventeenth Century." <i>The Americas</i> 39 no. 1 (1982) 2–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F981268">10.2307/981268</a>.</li> <li>Hordes, Stanley. <i>To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Israel, Jonathan I. <i>Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Empires (1540–1740)</i>. Leiden: Brill, 2002.</li> <li>Kagan Richard L., and Abigail Dyer, eds. <i>Inquisitorial Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews and Other Heretics</i> [2004]. 2nd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Kagan, Richard L., and Philip D. Morgan, "Preface." In <i>Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800</i>, edited by Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan, vii–xvii. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Kamen, Henry. <i>The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Kamen, Henry. <i>The Spanish Inquisition</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.</li> <li>Lafaye, Jacques. <i>Cruzadas y Utopias: El judeocristianismo en las sociedades Ibéricas</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tate_Lanning" title="John Tate Lanning">Lanning, John Tate</a>. "Legitimacy and <i>Limpieza de Sangre</i> in the Practice of Medicine in the Spanish Empire." <i>Jahrbuch für Geschicte 4</i>, 1967.</li> <li>Lea, Henry Charles. <i>The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, and New Granada</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1908.</li> <li>Lewin, Boleslao. <i>Los criptojudíos: Un fenómeno religioso y social</i>. Buenos Aires: Milá, 1987.</li> <li>Liebman, Seymour. <i>The Jews in New Spain: Faith, Flame, and the Inquisition</i>. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1970.</li> <li>Liebman, Seymour B. "The Jews of Colonial Mexico." <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, vol. 43, no. 1, 1963, pp. 95–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510438">2510438</a>.</li> <li>Liebman, Seymour. <i>Los Judíos en México y en América Central</i>. Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1971.</li> <li>Martínez, Maria Elena. "Limpieza de Sangre" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 1, pp. 749–752. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.</li> <li>Martínez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Line: 'Purity of Blood,' the Inquisition, and Casta Categories" in <i>Religion in New Spain</i>, Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007.</li> <li>Martínez, Maria Elena. <i>Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico</i>. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Medina, José Toribio, <i>Historia del Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion de Cartagena de las Indias</i>. Santiago: Imprenta Elzeviriana, 1899.</li> <li>Medina, José Toribio. <i>Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en México.</i> 2nd edition. Mexico City, 1954.</li> <li>Parello, Vincent. "Inquisition and Crypto-Judaism: The 'Complicity' of the Mora Family of Quintanar de la Orden (1588–1592)." In <i>The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond</i>, Volume One: Departures and Change, edited by Kevin Ingram, 187–199. Leiden: Brill, 2009.</li> <li>Perelis, Ronnie. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'These Indians Are Jews!': Lost Tribes, Crypto-Jews, and Jewish Self-Fashioning in Antonio de Montezinos's Relación of 1644." In <i>Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism</i>, edited by Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan, 195–211. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Schaposchnik, Ana E. <i>The Lima Inquisition: The Plight of the Crypto-Jews in Seventeenth- Century Peru</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015.</li> <li>Schorsch, Jonathan. <i>Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians, and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century</i>, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009.</li> <li>Seed, Patricia. <i>To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574–1821</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicroff,_Albert_A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicroff, Albert A. (page does not exist)">Sicroff, Albert A.</a> <i>Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre</i>. Translated by Mauro Armiño. Madrid: Tauros, 1985.</li> <li>Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. <i>A Nation upon the Ocean Sea: Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. <i>La vida entre el judismo y el cristianismo en la Nueva España, 1580–1606</i>. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico, 1992.</li> <li>Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521–1660," in <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800</i>, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 1991.</li> <li>Uchmany, Eva Alexandra. <i>La vida entre el judaísmo y el cristianísmo en la Nueva España, 1580–1606</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992.</li> <li>Warshawsky, Matthew D. "Inquisitorial Prosecution of Tomás Treviño de Sobremontes, a Crypto-Jew in Colonial Mexico." <i>Colonial Latin American Review</i> 17, no 1 (2008) pp. 101–123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10609160802025516">10.1080/10609160802025516</a>.</li> <li>Wiznitzer, Arnold. "Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Sixteenth Century." <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>, vol. 51, no. 3, 1962, pp. 168–214. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23873766">23873766</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypto-Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061003195445/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=445&rsid=478">Resources > Medieval Jewish History > Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim</a> The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219185657/http://www.donagraciaproject.org/">Donagraciaproject.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jackwhite.net/iberia/">The Story of Secret and Forcibly Converted Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207164524/http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/bloom/carvajal.htm">Luis Carvajal's 400th Yartzheit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptojews.com/">Society for Crypto Judaic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History of the Jews in Greece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miriamherrera.com/crypto-jewishlinks">Crypto Jews/Anusim Resources </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shavei.org">Shavei Israel – a group that helps our lost brethren return</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224122737/http://bethaderech.com/category/anusim/">Beth HaDerech – Returning to Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018120802/http://www.chavurahzoharyisrael.com/crypto-jewish-outreach.html">Chavura Zohar Yisrael-Crypto Jewish Outreach</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptojewisheducation.com/">Crypto Jewish Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611180455/http://www.estudosjudaicos.ubi.pt/rsanches_obras/cristaosnovos_cristaosvelhos.pdf">New Christians and Old Christians in Portugal</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Nunes_Ribeiro_Sanches" title="António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches">António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches</a>, in 1748, in Portuguese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815065147/http://newensign.christsassembly.com/A%20History%20of%20The%20Marranos.pdf">A history of the Marranos</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/episdiosdram01baiuoft">Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 1, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/episdiosdram02baiuoft">Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 2, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialofgabrielde00granuoft">Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico</a>, 1642–1645, according to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>, 'it gives a remarkably graphic impression of a typical Inquisitional case'</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://henryabramson.com/2018/05/08/who-are-the-crypto-jews/">Who Are the Crypto-Jews?</a> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Henry Abramson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust 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