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id="toc-Claim_to_a_Jewish_demographic_majority_and_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claim_to_a_Jewish_demographic_majority_and_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Claim to a Jewish demographic majority and a Jewish state in Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claim_to_a_Jewish_demographic_majority_and_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_concept_of_"transfer"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_concept_of_"transfer""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 The concept of "transfer" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_concept_of_"transfer"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism,_antisemitism_and_an_"existential_need"_for_self-determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism,_antisemitism_and_an_"existential_need"_for_self-determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Zionism, antisemitism and an "existential need" for self-determination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism,_antisemitism_and_an_"existential_need"_for_self-determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Race and genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Conquest of labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation_of_the_life_in_the_Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation_of_the_life_in_the_Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Negation of the life in the Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation_of_the_life_in_the_Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zionism_and_secular_Jewish_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_and_secular_Jewish_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Zionism and secular Jewish identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_and_secular_Jewish_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Revival of the Hebrew language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_and_religious_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_religious_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Historical and religious background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_religious_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forerunners_of_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners_of_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Forerunners of Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners_of_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Zionist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Zionist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Establishment of the Zionist movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Zionist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_nationalism_and_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_nationalism_and_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Jewish nationalism and emancipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_nationalism_and_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodor_Herzl_and_the_birth_of_modern_political_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodor_Herzl_and_the_birth_of_modern_political_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Theodor Herzl and the birth of modern political Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodor_Herzl_and_the_birth_of_modern_political_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Success_and_stumbles_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success_and_stumbles_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Success and stumbles in Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success_and_stumbles_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_considered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_considered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Territories considered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories_considered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Zionist_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Zionist_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early Zionist settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Zionist_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Second_Aliyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_Aliyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 The Second Aliyah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_Aliyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Balfour_Declaration_and_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Balfour_Declaration_and_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 The Balfour Declaration and World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Balfour_Declaration_and_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_Mandate_and_development_of_the_Zionist_quasi-state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Mandate_and_development_of_the_Zionist_quasi-state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 The British Mandate and development of the Zionist quasi-state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_Mandate_and_development_of_the_Zionist_quasi-state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_policies_and_the_development_of_Zionist_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_policies_and_the_development_of_Zionist_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 British policies and the development of Zionist institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_policies_and_the_development_of_Zionist_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_policies_and_the_1936-1939_Arab_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_policies_and_the_1936-1939_Arab_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Zionist policies and the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_policies_and_the_1936-1939_Arab_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Peel_Commission_transfer_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Peel_Commission_transfer_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 The Peel Commission transfer proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Peel_Commission_transfer_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism,_World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism,_World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Nazism, World War II and the Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism,_World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Mandate_and_expulsion_of_the_Palestinians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Mandate_and_expulsion_of_the_Palestinians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 End of the Mandate and expulsion of the Palestinians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Mandate_and_expulsion_of_the_Palestinians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebraization_of_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebraization_of_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Hebraization of names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebraization_of_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Post-World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism_and_the_Six-Day_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism_and_the_Six-Day_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Religious Zionism and the Six-Day War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism_and_the_Six-Day_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labor_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Labor Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Liberal Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisionist_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisionist_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Revisionist Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisionist_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Religious Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Jewish_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Jewish_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Non-Jewish support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Jewish_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Jewish support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Jewish_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_support_for_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_support_for_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Christian support for Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_support_for_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_support_for_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_support_for_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Muslim support for Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_support_for_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_support_for_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_support_for_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hindu support for Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_support_for_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Anti-Zionism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-Zionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-Zionism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_and_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_and_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Catholic Church and Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_and_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization_as_colonialist_and_racist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization_as_colonialist_and_racist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Characterization as colonialist and racist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characterization_as_colonialist_and_racist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haredi_Judaism_and_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haredi_Judaism_and_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Haredi Judaism and Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haredi_Judaism_and_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Zionism_or_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Zionism_or_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Anti-Zionism or antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Zionism_or_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_and_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_and_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Zionism and colonialism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zionism_and_colonialism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Zionism and colonialism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Zionism_and_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_as_settler_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Zionism as settler colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_as_settler_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zionism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionismus" title="Zionismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zionismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صهيونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صهيونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চিয়োনবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিয়োনবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismu" title="Sionismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sionismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizm" title="Sionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জায়নবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জায়নবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-an-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Sek-an-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-an-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сіянізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сіянізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сіянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ционизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ционизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizam" title="Cionizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cionizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionouriezh" title="Sionouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sionouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonismo" title="Siyonismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siyonismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismus" title="Sionismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seioniaeth" title="Seioniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seioniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zionisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionismus" title="Zionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σιωνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιωνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionismo" title="Cionismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cionismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="صهیونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صهیونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisma" title="Sionisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sionisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seionaght" title="Seionaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Seionaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="시온주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시온주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սիոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="यहूदीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizam" title="Cionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionismo" title="Cionismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cionismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADonismi" title="Zíonismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Zíonismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ציונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zionisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სიონიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიონიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyon%C3%AEzm" title="Siyonîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siyonîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionizmo" title="Zionizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Zionizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismus" title="Sionismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sionismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionisms" title="Cionisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cionisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizmas" title="Sionizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sionizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sionism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizmus" title="Cionizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cionizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ционизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ционизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi%C3%B4nisma" title="Ziônisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ziônisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സയണിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സയണിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="ज्यूवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यूवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="صهيونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صهيونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="صهیونیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صهیونیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="シオニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シオニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sionisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizm" title="Sionizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sionizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="صیہونیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صیہونیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سهيونېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سهيونېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sionism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syjonizm" title="Syjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sionism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismu" title="Sionismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sionismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizmi" title="Sionizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sionizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zionism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="صيهونيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صيهونيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizmus" title="Sionizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sionizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizem" title="Sionizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sionizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="زایۆنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زایۆنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ционизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ционизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizam" title="Cionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismi" title="Sionismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீயோனிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீயோனிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ขบวนการไซออนิสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขบวนการไซออนิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonizm" title="Siyonizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyonizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сионизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сионизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сіонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіонізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="صہیونیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صہیونیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_ph%E1%BB%A5c_qu%E1%BB%91c_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Chủ nghĩa phục quốc Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa phục quốc Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonisse" title="Siyonisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Siyonisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo" title="Sionismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sionismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="锡安主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锡安主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ציוניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ציוניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="錫安主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錫安主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonizm" title="Siyonizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Siyonizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="錫安主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="錫安主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement supporting a Jewish state in Palestine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zionism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zionism (disambiguation)">Zionism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Herzl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theodor_Herzl.jpg/220px-Theodor_Herzl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theodor_Herzl.jpg/330px-Theodor_Herzl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Theodor_Herzl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> was the founder of the modern Zionist movement. In his 1896 pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a>, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Zionism<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnocultural nationalist</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> movement that emerged in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789–1914)" title="History of Europe">Europe</a> in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland for the Jewish people</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> an area roughly corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> and of central importance in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>. Zionists wanted to create a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in Palestine with as much land, as many <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and as few <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian Arabs</a> as possible.<a href="#cite_note-ZionistLandJewsArabs-6">[4]</a> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, Zionism became Israel's <a href="/wiki/State_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="State ideology">national or state ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Zionism initially emerged in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> nationalist movement in the late 19th century, in reaction to newer waves of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and in response to the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>, or Jewish Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> During this period, as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a> in Europe was progressing, some Jewish intellectuals framed assimilation as a humiliating negation of Jewish cultural distinctiveness. The development of Zionism and other Jewish nationalist movements grew out of these sentiments, which began to emerge even before the appearance of modern antisemitism as a major factor. Assimilation progressed more slowly in Tsarist Russia where pogroms and official Russian policies led to the emigration of three million Jews between 1882 and 1914, only 1% of which went to Palestine. Those who went to Palestine were driven primarily by a sense of self-determination and Jewish identity, rather than in response to pogroms or economic insecurity. The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine during this period is widely seen as the start of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. The Zionist claim to Palestine was based on the notion that the Jews' historical right to the land outweighed that of the Arabs. In 1884, proto-Zionist groups established the <a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion" title="Lovers of Zion">Lovers of Zion</a>, and in 1897 the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">first Zionist Congress</a> was organized. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of Jews immigrated first to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. The support of a Great Power was seen as fundamental to the success of Zionism and in 1917 the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> established Britain's support for the movement. In 1922, the British Mandate for Palestine would explicitly privilege the Jewish settlers over the local Palestinian population. The British would assist in the establishment and development of Zionist institutions and a Zionist quasi-state which operated in parallel to the British mandate government. After over two decades of British support for the movement, Britain restricted Jewish immigration with the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a> in an attempt to ease local tensions. Despite the White Paper, Zionist immigration and settlement efforts continued during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>. While immigration had previously been selective, once the details of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Holocaust">Nazi Holocaust</a> reached Palestine in 1942, selectivity was abandoned. The Zionist war effort focused on the survival and development of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, with little Zionist resources being deployed in support of European Jews. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> would be established in 1948 over 78% of mandatory Palestine following a <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">Arab-Israeli war</a>. Primarily due to expulsions by Zionist forces, and later the Israeli army, only a Palestinian minority would remain in the land over which Israel was established. The Zionist mainstream has historically included <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Zionism">liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">revisionist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">cultural Zionism</a>, while groups like <a href="/wiki/Brit_Shalom_(political_organization)" title="Brit Shalom (political organization)">Brit Shalom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ihud" title="Ihud">Ihud</a> have been dissident factions within the movement.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[8]</a> Differences within the mainstream Zionist groups lie primarily in their presentation and ethos, having in some cases adopted similar strategies to achieve their goals, such as violence or compulsory transfer to deal with the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> is a variant of Zionist ideology which brings together secular nationalism and religious conservatism. Advocates of Zionism have viewed it as a national <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a> (which were subject to <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> and share a <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> through <a href="/wiki/National_identity#National_consciousness" title="National identity">national consciousness</a>), to the <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> as noted in <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Similarly, anti-Zionism has many aspects, which include criticism of Zionism as a <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CHARCOL-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zionist_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist racism">racist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CHARRAS-16">[14]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Exceptionalist">exceptionalist</a> ideology or as a <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialist</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Some proponents of Zionism accept the characterization of Zionism as settler-colonial or exceptionalist.<a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> The term "Zionism" is derived from the word <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: ציון, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Tzi-yon) or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, a hill in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, widely symbolizing the Land of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Mount Zion is also a term used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Throughout eastern Europe in the late 19th century, numerous grassroots groups promoted the national resettlement of the Jews in their homeland,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> as well as the revitalization and cultivation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>. These groups were collectively called the "<a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion" title="Lovers of Zion">Lovers of Zion</a>" and were seen as countering a growing Jewish movement toward assimilation. The first use of the term is attributed to the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Birnbaum" title="Nathan Birnbaum">Nathan Birnbaum</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kadimah_(student_association)" title="Kadimah (student association)">Kadimah</a> nationalist Jewish students' movement; he used the term in 1890 in his journal Selbst-Emancipation (Self-Emancipation),<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> itself named almost identically to <a href="/wiki/Leon_Pinsker" title="Leon Pinsker">Leon Pinsker</a>'s 1882 book <a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Auto-Emancipation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claim_to_a_Jewish_demographic_majority_and_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine">Claim to a Jewish demographic majority and a Jewish state in Palestine</h3></div> Fundamental to Zionism is the belief that Jews constitute a nation and have a moral and historic right and need for self-determination in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[d]</a> This belief developed out of the experiences of European Jewry, which the early Zionists believed demonstrated the danger inherent to their status as a minority. In contrast to the Zionist notion of nationhood, the Judaic sense of being a nation was rooted in religious beliefs of unique chosenness and divine providence, rather than in ethnicity. Daily prayers emphasized distinctiveness from other nations; a connection to <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Israel">Eretz Israel</a> and the anticipation of restoration were based on messianic beliefs and religious practices, not material nationalistic conceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a> The Zionist claim to Palestine was based on the notion that Jews had a historical right to the land which outweighed the rights of the Arabs, which were "of no moral or historical significance."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1992-29">[26]</a> According to Israeli historian Simha Flapan, the view expressed by the proclamation "<a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">there was no such thing as Palestinians</a>" was a cornerstone of Zionist policy initiated by Ben-Gurion, Weizmann and continued by their successors. Flapan further writes that the non-recognition of Palestinians remains a basic tenet of Israeli policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> This perspective was also shared by those on the far-left of the Zionist movement, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> and other members of Brit Shalom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017274-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[f]</a> British officials supporting the Zionist effort also held similar beliefs regarding Jewish and Arab rights in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-39">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2006-38">[32]</a> Unlike other forms of nationalism, the Zionist claim to Palestine was aspirational and required a mechanism by which the claim could be realized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar20231–2-42">[34]</a> The territorial concentration of Jews in Palestine and the subsequent goal of establishing a Jewish majority there was the main mechanism by which Zionist groups sought to realize this claim.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Arab_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Arab Revolt">1936 Arab Revolt</a>, the political differences between the various Zionist groups had shrunk further, with almost all Zionist groups seeking a Jewish state in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987Introduction,_Chapter_8-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> While not every Zionist group openly called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, every group in the Zionist mainstream was wedded to the idea of establishing a Jewish demographic majority there.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_concept_of_"transfer"">The concept of "transfer"</h4></div> In order to achieve a Jewish demographic majority, the Zionist movement was faced with a problem, namely the presence of the local Arab (and primarily non-Jewish) population. The practical issue of establishing a Jewish state in a majority non-Jewish region was an issue of fundamental practical importance for the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Chapter_1-48">[40]</a> Zionists used the term "transfer" as a euphemism for the removal, or ethnic cleansing, of the Arab Palestinian population. The concept of "transfer" had a long pedigree in Zionist thought, with moral considerations rarely entering into the discussions of what was viewed as a logical solution-opposition to transferring the Arab population outside Palestine was typically expressed on practical, rather than moral grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999Conclusions-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-26-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1-51">[43]</a> The concept of forcibly removing the non-Jewish population from Palestine was a notion that garnered support across the entire spectrum of Zionist groups, including its farthest left factions, from early on in the movement's development. "Transfer" was not only seen as desirable but also as an ideal solution by the Zionist leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-26-50">[42]</a> The notion of forcible transfer was so appealing to the movement's leaders that it was considered the most attractive provision in the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-52">[44]</a> Indeed, this sentiment was deeply ingrained to the extent that <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion">Ben Gurion's</a> acceptance of partition was contingent upon the removal of the Palestinian population.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> He would go as far as to say that transfer was such an ideal solution that it "must happen some day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha1992The_Emerging_Consensus-54">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zionism,_antisemitism_and_an_"existential_need"_for_self-determination">Zionism, antisemitism and an "existential need" for self-determination</h4></div> From the perspective of the early Zionist thinkers, Jews living amongst non-Jews are abnormal and suffer from impediments which can only be addressed by rejecting the Jewish identity which developed <a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">while living amongst non-Jews</a>. Accordingly, the early Zionists sought to develop a nationalist Jewish political life in a territory where Jews constitute a demographic majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[i]</a> The early Zionist thinkers saw the integration of Jews into non-Jewish society as both unrealistic (or insufficient to address the deficiencies associated with the demographic minority status of the Jews in Europe) and undesirable, since assimilation was accompanied by the dilution of Jewish cultural distinctiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>, a leading precursor of Zionism, commented on the perceived insufficiency of assimilation: "The German hates the Jewish race more than the religion; he objects less to the Jews' peculiar beliefs than to their peculiar noses." Prominent leaders of the Zionist movement expressed an "understanding" of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, echoing its beliefs: <blockquote>Anti-Semitism is not a psychosis... nor is it a lie. Anti-Semitism is a necessary outcome of a collision between two kinds of selfhood [or 'essence']. Hate is dependent upon the amount of 'agents of fermentation' that are pushed into the general organism [i.e., the non-Jewish group], whether they are active in it and irritate it, or are neutralized in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">[47]</a></blockquote> In this sense, Zionism did not seek to challenge anti-semitism, but rather accepted it as a reality. The Zionist solution to the perceived deficiencies of diasporic life (or the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a>") was dependent on the territorial concentration of Jews in Palestine, with the longer-term goal of establishing a Jewish demographic majority there.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_genetics">Race and genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_conceptions_of_Jewish_identity_in_Zionism" title="Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism">Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism</a></div> Early Zionists were the primary Jewish supporters of the idea that Jews are a race, as it "offered scientific 'proof' of the <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a> myth of common descent".<a href="#cite_note-59">[50]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Falk_(geneticist)" title="Raphael Falk (geneticist)">Raphael Falk</a>, as early as the 1870s Zionist and pre-Zionist thinkers conceived of Jews as belonging to a distinct biological group.<a href="#cite_note-Falk-2014-60">[51]</a> This re-conceptualization of Jewishness cast the "<a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">volk</a>" of the Jewish community as a nation-race, in contrast to centuries-old conceptions of the Jewish people as a religious socio-cultural grouping.<a href="#cite_note-Falk-2014-60">[51]</a> The Jewish historians Heinrich Graetz and Simon Dubnow are largely credited with this creation of Zionism as a nationalist project. They drew on religious Jewish sources and non-Jewish texts in reconstructing a national identity and consciousness. This new Jewish historiography divorced from and, at times at odds with, traditional Jewish collective memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1-51">[43]</a> It was particularly important in early nation building in Israel, because Jews in Israel are ethnically diverse and the origins of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> were not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle202135_(c.f._p.52-53_of_PhD)-61">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a> Notable proponents of this racial idea included <a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Max Nordau</a>, Herzl's co-founder of the original <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, the prominent architect of early statist Zionism and the founder of what became Israel's <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2017100-102-63">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ruppin" title="Arthur Ruppin">Arthur Ruppin</a>, considered the "father of Israeli sociology".<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a> Birnbaum, who is widely attributed with the first use of the term "Zionism" in reference to a political movement, viewed race as the foundation of nationality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2007252,_255-65">[56]</a> Jabotinsky wrote that Jewish national integrity relies on "racial purity",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2017100-102-63">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[j]</a> and that "(t)he feeling of national self-identity is ingrained in the man's 'blood', in his physical-racial type, and only in it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk201762-67">[57]</a> According to Hassan S. Haddad, the application of the Biblical concepts of <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>" in Zionism, particularly to secular Jews, requires the belief that modern Jews are the primary descendants of biblical Jews and Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> This is considered important to the State of Israel, because its founding narrative centers around the concept of an "<a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Ingathering of the exiles</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a>", on the assumption that all modern Jews are the direct lineal descendants of the biblical Jews.<a href="#cite_note-McGonigle_2021-69">[59]</a> The question has thus been focused on by supporters of Zionism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionists</a> alike,<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a> as in the absence of this biblical primacy, "the Zionist project falls prey to the pejorative categorization as 'settler colonialism' pursued under false assumptions, playing into the hands of Israel's critics and fueling the indignation of the displaced and stateless Palestinian people,"<a href="#cite_note-McGonigle_2021-69">[59]</a> whilst right-wing Israelis look for "a way of proving the occupation is legitimate, of authenticating the ethnos as a natural fact, and of defending Zionism as a return".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle2021(c.f._p.218-219_of_PhD)-71">[61]</a> A Jewish "biological self-definition" has become a standard belief for many Jewish nationalists, and most Israeli population researchers have never doubted that evidence will one day be found, even though so far proof for the claim has "remained forever elusive".<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_labor">Conquest of labor</h3></div> With the arrival in Palestine of more ideologically motivated settlers after the turn of the century, the Zionist movement began to emphasize the importance of the productivization of Jewish society and the so-called "conquest of labor," the belief that the employment of exclusively Jewish labour was the pre-condition for the development of an independent Jewish society in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The Zionist movement sought to build a "pure Jewish settlement" in Palestine on the basis of "100 per cent Jewish labor" and the claim to an exclusively Jewish economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> The Zionist leadership aimed to establish a fully autonomous and independent Jewish economic sector to create a new type of Jewish society. This new society was intended to reverse the traditional economic structure seen in the Jewish Diaspora, characterized by a high number of middlemen and a scarcity of productive workers. By developing fundamental sectors such as industry, agriculture, and mining, the goal was to "normalize" Jewish life which had grown "abnormal" as a result of living amongst non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> Most of the Zionist leadership saw it as imperative to employ strictly Jewish workers in order to ensure the Jewish character of the colonies; indeed they sought to minimize mixing with Arabs to, amongst other reasons, avoid the passing of "Arab values" into Zionist society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> The employment of exclusively Jewish labor was also intended to avoid the development of a national conflict in conjunction with a class-based conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmog1983-76">[66]</a> The Zionist leadership believed that by excluding Arab workers they would stimulate class conflict only within Arab society and prevent the Jewish-Arab national conflict from attaining a class dimension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1996-77">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] While the Zionist settlers of the first aliyah had ventured to create a "pure Jewish settlement," they did grow to rely on Arab labor due to the lack of availability of Jewish laborers during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> With the arrival of the more ideologically driven settlers of the second aliyah, the idea of "avoda ivrit" would become more central. The future leaders of the Zionist movement saw an existential threat in the employment of Arab labor-the fear that the "half-wild natives" would rise up against their "Jewish masters" motivated the movement on a practical level to work towards a society based on purely Jewish labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation_of_the_life_in_the_Diaspora">Negation of the life in the Diaspora</h3></div> Zionism rejected traditional Judaic definitions of what it means to be Jewish, but struggled to offer a new interpretation of Jewish identity independent of rabbinical tradition. Jewish religion is viewed as an essentially negative factor, even in religious Zionist ideology, and seen as responsible for the diminishing status of Jews living as a minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Zionism,_Jewish_“Religion,”_and_Secularism-79">[69]</a> Responding to the challenges of modernity, Zionism sought to replace religious and community institutions with secular-nationalistic ones, defining Judaism in "Christian terms."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> Indeed, Zionism maintained primarily the outward symbols of Jewish tradition, redefining them in a nationalistic context. It adapted traditional Jewish religious concepts, such as the devotion to the God of Israel, reverence for the biblical Land of Israel, and the belief in a future Jewish return during the messianic era, into a modern nationalist framework. To be sure, the yearning for a return to the land of Israel "was entirely quietistic" and the daily prayers of a return to Zion were all accompanied by an appeal to God, rather than a call to Jews to take it upon themselves to appropriate the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202318–23-81">[71]</a> Zionism saw itself as bringing Jews into the modern world by redefining what it means to be Jewish in terms of identification with a sovereign state, rather than Judaic faith and tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zionism_and_secular_Jewish_identity">Zionism and secular Jewish identity</h4></div> Zionism sought to reconfigure Jewish identity and culture in nationalist and secular terms. This new identity would be based on a rejection of the life of exile. Zionism portrayed the Diaspora Jew as mentally unstable, physically frail, and prone to engaging in transient businesses like peddling or acting as intermediaries. They were seen as detached from nature, purely materialistic, and focused solely on their personal gains. In contrast, the vision for the new Jew was radically different: an individual of strong moral and aesthetic values, not shackled by religion, driven by ideals and willing to challenge degrading circumstances; a liberated, dignified person eager to defend both personal and national pride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> The Zionist goal of reframing of Jewish identity in secular-nationalist terms meant primarily the decline of the status of religion in the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">[47]</a> Prominent Zionist thinkers frame this development as nationalism serving the same role as religion, functionally replacing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> Zionism sought to make Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic-nationalism</a> the distinctive trait of Jews rather than their commitment to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> Zionism instead adopted a racial understanding of Jewish identity, which paradoxically mirrored anti-Semitic views by suggesting that Jewishness is an inherent, unchangeable trait found in one's "blood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">[47]</a> Framed this way, Jewish identity is only secondarily a matter of tradition or culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2020-82">[72]</a> Zionist nationalism embraced pan-Germanic ideologies, which stressed the concept of das <a href="/wiki/Volkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkish">völk</a>: people of shared ancestry should pursue separation and establish a unified state. Zionist thinkers view the movement as a "revolt against a tradition of many centuries" of living parasitically at the margins of Western society. Indeed, Zionism was uncomfortable with the term "Jewish," associating it with passivity, spirituality and the stain of "galut". Instead, Zionist thinkers preferred the term "Hebrew" to describe their identity which they associated with the healthy and modern sabra. In Zionist thought, the new Jew would be productive and work the land, in contrast to the diaspora Jew who, mirroring the anti-semitic portrayals, was depicted as lazy and parasitic on society. Zionism linked the term "Jewish" with these negative characteristics prevalent in European anti-Semitic stereotypes, which Zionists believed could be remedied only through sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a> Israeli-Irish scholar <a href="/wiki/Ronit_Lentin" title="Ronit Lentin">Ronit Lentin</a> has argued that the construction of Zionist identity as a militarized nationalism arose in contrast to the imputed identity of the Diaspora Jew as a "feminised" <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>. She describes this as a relationship of contempt towards the previous identity of the Jewish Diaspora viewed as unable to resist antisemitism and the Holocaust. Lentin argues that Zionism's rejection of this "feminised" identity and its obsession with constructing a nation is reflected in the nature of the symbolism of the movement, which are drawn from modern sources and appropriated as Zionist, instancing the fact that the melody of the <a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a> anthem drew on the version composed by the Czech composer <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a> The rejection of life in the diaspora was not limited to secular Zionism; many religious Zionists shared this opinion, but not all religious Zionism did. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>, considered one of the most important religious Zionist thinkers, characterized the diaspora as a flawed and alienated existence marked by decline, narrowness, displacement, solitude, and frailty. He believed that the diasporan way of life is diametrically opposed to a "national renaissance," which manifests itself not only in the return to Zion but also in the return to nature and creativity, revival of heroic and aesthetic values, and the resurgence of individual and societal power.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language">Revival of the Hebrew language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> (1858–1922), founder and leader of the movement to <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revive the Hebrew language</a>, is considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> The revival of the Hebrew language in Eastern Europe as a secular literary medium marked a significant cultural shift among Jews, who per Judaic tradition used Hebrew only for religious purposes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This secularization of Hebrew, which included its use in novels, poems, and journalism, was met with resistance from rabbis who viewed it as a desecration of the sacred language. While some rabbinical authorities did support the development of Hebrew as a common vernacular, they did so on the basis of nationalistic ideas, rather than on the basis of Jewish tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben Yehuda</a>, a key figure in the revival, envisioned Hebrew as serving a "national spirit" and cultural renaissance in the Land of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006Chapter_2-86">[76]</a> The primary motivator for establishing modern Hebrew as a national language was the sense of legitimacy it gave the movement, by suggesting a connection between the Jews of ancient Israel and the Jews of the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003104-87">[77]</a> These developments are seen in Zionist historiography as a revolt against tradition, with the development of Modern Hebrew providing the basis on which a Jewish cultural renaissance might develop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a> Zionists generally preferred to speak <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a> which flourished as a spoken language in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdoms of Israel and Judah">Kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a> during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> and continued to be used in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> and up until 200 CE. It is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, central texts in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Hebrew was largely preserved throughout later history as the main <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of Judaism. Zionists worked to modernize Hebrew and adapt it for everyday use. They sometimes refused to speak <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, a language they thought had developed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">European persecution</a>. Once they moved to Israel, many Zionists refused to speak their (diasporic) mother tongues and <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">adopted new, Hebrew names</a>. Hebrew was preferred not only for ideological reasons, but also because it allowed all citizens of the new state to have a common language, thus furthering the political and cultural bonds among Zionists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of the Hebrew language</a> and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> is most closely associated with the linguist <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> and the Committee of the Hebrew Language (later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_religious_background">Historical and religious background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel</a></div> The transformation of a religious and primarily passive connection between Jews and Palestine into an active, secular, nationalist movement arose in the context of ideological developments within modern European nations in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">concept of the "return"</a> remained a powerful symbol within religious Jewish belief which emphasized that their return should be determined by Divine Providence rather than human action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> Leading Zionist historian <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri" title="Shlomo Avineri">Shlomo Avineri</a> describes this connection: "Jews did not relate to the vision of the Return in a more active way than most Christians viewed the Second Coming." The religious Judaic notion of being a nation was distinct from the modern European notion of nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> Ultra-Orthodox Jews strongly opposed collective Jewish settlement in Palestine,<a href="#cite_note-90">[k]</a> viewing it as a violation of the three oaths sworn to God: not to force their way into the homeland, not to hasten the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a>, and not to <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_peace" title="Judaism and peace">rebel against other nations</a>. They believed that any attempt to achieve redemption through human actions, rather than divine intervention and the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, constituted a rebellion against divine will and a dangerous heresy.<a href="#cite_note-91">[l]</a> The cultural memory of Jews in the diaspora revered the Land of Israel. Religious tradition held that a future <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age#Judaism" title="Messianic Age">messianic age</a> would usher in their return as a people.,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197110,_11-92">[80]</a> a 'return to Zion' commemorated particularly at <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> prayers. In late medieval times, there arose among the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> an augury—"<a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">Next year in Jerusalem</a>—which was then included in the thrice-daily <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> (Standing prayer).<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> The biblical prophecy of <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, the ingathering of exiles in the Land of Israel as foretold by the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a>, became a central idea in Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunners_of_Zionism">Forerunners of Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah#Middle_Ages" title="Aliyah">Aliyah § Middle_Ages</a></div> The forerunners of Zionism, rather than being causally connected to the later development of Zionism, are thinkers and activists who expressed some notion of Jewish national consciousness or advocated for the migration of Jews to Palestine. These attempts were not continuous as national movements typically are.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202325-97">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2-98">[86]</a> The most notable precursors to Zionism were thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Judah_Alkalai" title="Judah Alkalai">Judah Alkalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer" title="Zvi Hirsch Kalischer">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a> (who were both rabbinical figures), as well as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a> who is regarded as the first modern Jewish nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003Political_Beginnings_of_Zionism-99">[87]</a> Hess advocated for the establishment of an independent Jewish state in pursuit of the economic and social normalization of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESela2002Zionism-100">[88]</a> Hess believed that emancipation alone was not a sufficient solution to the problems faced by European Jewry; he perceived a shift of anti-Jewish sentiment from a religious to a racial basis. For Hess, religious conversion would not fix this anti-Jewish hostility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2-98">[86]</a> In contrast to Hess, Alkalai and Kalischer developed their ideas as a reinterpretation of Messianism along traditionalist lines in which human intervention would prepare (and specifically only prepare) for the final redemption. Accordingly, the Jewish immigration in this vein was intended to be selective, involving only the most devout Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003Political_Beginnings_of_Zionism-99">[87]</a> Their idea of Jews as a collective was strongly tied to religious notions distinct from the secular movement referred to as Zionism which developed at the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327–29-101">[89]</a> Christian restorationist ideas promoting the migration of Jews to Palestine contributed to the ideological and historical context that gave a sense of credibility to these pre-Zionist initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2-98">[86]</a> Restorationist ideas were a prerequisite for the success of Zionism, since although it was created by Jews, from the beginning Zionism was dependent on support from Christians, although it is unclear how much Christian ideas influenced the early Zionists. Zionism was also dependent on the thinkers of the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> or Jewish enlightenment, such as <a href="/wiki/Peretz_Smolenskin" title="Peretz Smolenskin">Peretz Smolenskin</a> in 1872, although it often depicted it as its opponent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327-102">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_expulsion_from_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish expulsion from Spain">Jewish expulsion from Spain</a> led to some Jewish refugees fleeing to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Palestine</a>. In 1564, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nasi" title="Joseph Nasi">Joseph Nasi</a>, with the support of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, attempted to create a Jewish province in the Galilee, but he died in 1579 and his plans weren't completed. However, the community in <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> continued as did small-scale <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> into the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Edelheit-2019-103">[91]</a> In the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> (1626–1676) announced himself as the Messiah and gained many Jews to his side, forming a base in Salonika. He first tried to establish a settlement in Gaza, but moved later to <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>. After deposing the old rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lapapa" title="Aaron Lapapa">Aaron Lapapa</a> in the spring of 1666, the Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Avignon,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon, France">Avignon, France</a>, prepared to emigrate to the new kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edelheit-2019-103">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Zionist">proto-Zionist</a> figures include the rabbis <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bibas" title="Yehuda Bibas">Yehuda Bibas</a> (1789–1852), <a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Kalischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzvi Kalischer">Tzvi Kalischer</a> (1795–1874), and <a href="/wiki/Judah_Alkalai" title="Judah Alkalai">Judah Alkalai</a> (1798–1878).<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Zionist_movement">Establishment of the Zionist movement</h3></div> The idea of returning to Palestine was rejected by the conferences of rabbis held in that epoch. Individual efforts supported the emigration of groups of Jews to Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Aliyah#19th_century" title="Aliyah">pre-Zionist Aliyah</a>, even before the <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a> in 1897, the year considered as the start of practical Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jews</a> rejected this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of rabbis held at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> over July 15–28, 1845, deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia Conference, 1869, followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic hope of Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the confession of the unity of God". In 1885 the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Platform" title="Pittsburgh Platform">Pittsburgh Conference</a> reiterated this interpretation of the Messianic idea of Reform Judaism, expressing in a resolution that "we consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community; and we therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning a Jewish state".<a href="#cite_note-109">[97]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine,_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/220px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/330px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/440px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>"Memorandum to the Protestant Powers of the North of Europe and America", published in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Times" title="Colonial Times">Colonial Times</a> (Hobart, Tasmania, Australia), in 1841</figcaption></figure>Jewish settlements were proposed for establishment in the upper Mississippi region by W.D. Robinson in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Moral but not practical efforts were made in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> to organize a Jewish emigration, by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Benisch" title="Abraham Benisch">Abraham Benisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a> in 1835. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah" title="Mordecai Manuel Noah">Mordecai Noah</a> attempted to establish a Jewish refuge opposite <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, on Grand Isle, 1825. These early Jewish nation building efforts of Cresson, Benisch, Steinschneider and Noah failed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a>, famous for his intervention in favor of Jews around the world, including the attempt to rescue <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Mortara" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgardo Mortara">Edgardo Mortara</a>, established a colony for Jews in Palestine. In 1854, his friend <a href="/wiki/Judah_Touro" title="Judah Touro">Judah Touro</a> bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building in 1860 the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem—today known as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author)" title="Laurence Oliphant (author)">Laurence Oliphant</a> failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_nationalism_and_emancipation">Jewish nationalism and emancipation</h4></div> Ideas of Jewish cultural unity developed a specifically political expression in the 1860s as Jewish intellectuals began promoting the idea of Jewish nationalism. Zionism would be just one of several Jewish national movements which would develop, others included diaspora nationalist groups such as <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">the Bund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003-113">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Zionism emerged towards the end of the "best century"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> for Jews who for the first time were allowed as equals into European society. During this time, Jews would have equality before the law and gain access to schools, universities, and professions which were previously closed to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> By the 1870s, Jews had achieved almost complete <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">civic emancipation</a> in all the states of western and central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> By 1914, a century after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">the beginnings of emancipation</a>, Jews had moved from the margins to the forefront of European society. In the urban centers of Europe and America, Jews played an influential role in professional and intellectual life, considered in proportion to their numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> During this period as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a> was still progressing most promisingly, some Jewish intellectuals and religious traditionalists framed assimilation as a humiliating negation of Jewish cultural distinctiveness. The development of Zionism and other Jewish nationalist movements grew out of these sentiments, which began to emerge even before the appearance of modern antisemitism as a major factor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> In this sense, Zionism can be read as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Haskala" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskala">Haskala</a> and the challenges of modernity and liberalism, rather than purely a response to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> Emancipation in Eastern Europe progressed more slowly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2009-114">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] to the point that Deickoff writes "social conditions were such that they made the idea of individual assimilation pointless." Antisemitism, pogroms and official policies in Tsarist Russia led to the emigration of three million Jews in the years between 1882 and 1914, only 1% of which went to Palestine. Those who went to Palestine were driven primarily by ideas of self-determination and Jewish identity, rather than as a response to pogroms or economic insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a> Zionism's emergence in the late 19th century was among assimilated Central European Jews who, despite their formal emancipation, still felt excluded from high society. Many of these Jews had moved away from traditional religious observances and were largely secular, mirroring a broader trend of secularization in Europe. Despite their efforts to integrate, the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe were frustrated by continued lack of acceptance by the local national movements which tended toward intolerance and exclusivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">[27]</a> For the early Zionists, if nationalism posed a challenge to European Jewry, it also proposed a solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theodor_Herzl_and_the_birth_of_modern_political_Zionism">Theodor Herzl and the birth of modern political Zionism</h4></div> In the wake of the 1881 Russian pogroms, Leo Pinsker, who was previously an assimilationist, came to the conclusion that the root of the Jewish problem was that Jews formed a distinctive element which could not be assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> For Pinsker, emancipation could not resolve the problems of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESela2002-116">[104]</a> In Pinsker's analysis, Judeophobia was the cause of antisemitism and was primiarily driven by Jews' lack of a homeland. The solution Pinsker proposed in his pamphlet, <a href="/wiki/Autoemancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoemancipation">Autoemancipation</a>, was for Jews to become a "normal" nation and acquire a homeland over which Jews would have sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESela2002-116">[104]</a> Pinsker primarily viewed Jewish emigration a solution for dealing with the "surplus of Jews, the inassimilable residue" from Eastern Europe who had arrived in Germany in response to the pogroms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[m]</a> The pogroms motivated a small number of Jews to establish various groups in the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> and Poland aimed at supporting Jewish emigration to Palestine. The publication of Autoemancipation provided these groups with an ideological charter around which they would be confederated into Hibbat Zion in 1887 where Pinsker would take a leading role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> The settlements established by Hibbat Zion lacked sufficient funds and were ultimately not very successful but are seen as the first of several aliyahs, or waves of settlement, that lead to the eventual establishment of the state of Israel.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[8]</a> The conditions in Eastern Europe would eventually provide Zionism with a base of Jews seeking to overcome the challenges of external ostracism, from the Tsarist regime, and internal changes within the Jewish communities there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200350-118">[105]</a> The groups which formed Hibbat Zion included the <a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a> group which began its settlements in 1882. Shapira describes the Bilu as serving the role of a prototype for the settlement groups that followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014-78">[68]</a> At the end of the 19th century, Jews remained a small minority in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001-119">[106]</a> At this point, Zionism remained a scattered movement. In the 1890s, Theodor Herzl (the father of political Zionism) infused Zionism with a practical urgency and would work to unify the various strands of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2018-120">[107]</a> His efforts would lead to the <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 1897, which created the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> (ZO), renamed in 1960 as <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> (WZO).<a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> The World Zionist Organization was to be the main administrative body of the movement and would go on to establish the Jewish Colonial Trust whose objectives were to encourage European Jewish emigration to Palestine and to assist with the economic development of the colonies. The first Zionist Congress would also adopt the official objective of establishing a legally recognized home for the Jewish people in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2018-120">[107]</a> The title of Herzl's 1896 manifesto providing the ideological basis for Zionism, <a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a>, is typically translated as The Jewish State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003-113">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Herzl sought to establish a state where Jews would be the majority and as a result, politically dominant. Ahad Ha'am, the founder of cultural Zionism criticized the lack of Jewish cultural activity and creativity in Herzl's envisioned state which Ha'am referred to as "the state of the Jews." Specifically, Ha'am points to the envisioned European and German culture of the state where Jews were simply the transmitters of imperialist culture rather than producers or creators of culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a> Like Pinsker, Herzl saw antisemitism as a reality that could only be addressed by the territorial concentration of Jews in a Jewish state. He wrote in his diary: "I achieved a freer attitude toward anti-Semitism, which I now began to understand historically and to pardon. Above all, I recognized the emptiness and futility of trying to 'combat' anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a> Herzl's project was purely secular, the selection of Palestine, after considering other locations, was motivated by the credibility the name would give to the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2018-120">[107]</a> From early on, Herzl recognized that Zionism could not succeed without the support of a Great Power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> His view was that this Judenstaat would serve the interests of the Great Powers, and would "form part of a defensive wall for Europe in Asia, an outpost of civilization against barbarism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> In 1902, Herzl published <a href="/wiki/The_Old_New_Land" title="The Old New Land">Altneuland</a>, a utopian novel which portrays a Jewish state where Jews and Arabs live together. In the novel, Jewish immigration had not forced the Arabs to leave, orange exports had multiplied tenfold, and Arab landowners profited from selling land to the Jews. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> describes Herzl in real life as emphasizing the importance of close relationships between Jews and Muslims on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2009210–211-123">[110]</a> Altneuland also reflected Herzl's belief in the importance of technology and progress. The Jewish state in the novel is a highly advanced society, where scientific and technological innovation is celebrated and valued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-124">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Success_and_stumbles_in_Russia">Success and stumbles in Russia</h4></div> Before World War I, although led by Austrian and German Jews, Zionism was primarily composed of Russian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-125">[112]</a> Initially, Zionists were a minority, both in Russia and worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-126">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[116]</a> Russian Zionism quickly became a major force within the movement, making up about half the delegates at Zionist Congresses.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-1986-130">[117]</a> Despite its success in attracting followers, Russian Zionism faced fierce opposition from the Russian intelligentsia across the political spectrum and socioeconomic classes. It was condemned by different groups as reactionary, messianic, and unrealistic, arguing that it would isolate Jews and exacerbate their circumstances rather than integrate them into European societies.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-1986-130">[117]</a> Religious Jews such as Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum viewed in Zionism a desecration of their sacred beliefs and a Satanic plot, while others hardly thought it deserved serious attention.<a href="#cite_note-Waxman-1987-131">[118]</a> For them, Zionism was seen as an attempt to defy the divine order to await the coming of the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-132">[119]</a> However, many of these religious Jews still believed in the Messiah coming soon. For example, Rabbi Israel Meir Kahan "was so convinced of the imminent arrival of the Messiah that he urged his students to study the laws of the priesthood so that the priests would be prepared to carry out their duties when the Temple in Jerusalem was rebuilt."<a href="#cite_note-Waxman-1987-131">[118]</a> Criticism was not limited to religious Jews. <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">Bundist socialists</a> and liberals of the Voskhod newspaper attacked Zionism for distracting from class struggle and blocking the path to Jewish emancipation in Russia, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-1986-130">[117]</a> Figures like historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a> saw potential value in Zionism promoting Jewish identity but fundamentally rejected a Jewish state as messianic and unfeasible.<a href="#cite_note-133">[120]</a> They provided alternative emancipatory solutions, such as assimilation, emigration, and Diaspora nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-134">[121]</a> The opposition to Zionism, rooted in the intelligentsia's rationalist worldview, weakened its appeal among potential adherents like the Jewish working class and intelligentsia.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-1986-130">[117]</a> Ultimately, the Russian intelligentsia was united in the view that Zionism was an aberrant ideology that ran counter to their beliefs in Jewish assimilation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewishChronicle1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JewishChronicle1896.jpg/250px-JewishChronicle1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JewishChronicle1896.jpg/375px-JewishChronicle1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/JewishChronicle1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a>, January 17, 1896, showing an article by Theodor Herzl, a month prior to the publication of his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>The delegates at the First Zionist Congress, held in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland (1897)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territories_considered">Territories considered</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_territorialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish territorialism">Jewish territorialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">Proposals for a Jewish state</a></div> Throughout the first decade of the Zionist movement, there were several instances where some Zionist figures, including Herzl, considered a Jewish state in places outside Palestine, such as <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Scheme" title="Uganda Scheme">"Uganda"</a> (actually parts of <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> today in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[122]</a> Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, was initially content with any Jewish self-governed state.<a href="#cite_note-136">[123]</a> Jewish settlement of Argentina was the project of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Maurice_de_Hirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Maurice de Hirsch">Maurice de Hirsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazony2000150-137">[124]</a> It is unclear if Herzl seriously considered this alternative plan,<a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a> however he later reaffirmed that Palestine would have greater attraction because of the historic ties of Jews with that area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzl189629_(31)-139">[126]</a> A major concern and driving reason for considering other territories was the Russian pogroms, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev</a> massacre, and the resulting need for quick resettlement in a safer place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazony2000369-140">[127]</a> However, other Zionists emphasized the memory, emotion and tradition linking Jews to the Land of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-141">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Zion</a> became the name of the movement, after the place where King David established his kingdom, following his conquest of the Jebusite fortress there (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%205:7&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 5:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%208:1&version=nrsv">1 Kings 8:1</a>). The name Zion was synonymous with Jerusalem. Palestine only became Herzl's main focus after his Zionist manifesto '<a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a>' was published in 1896, but even then he was hesitant to focus efforts solely on resettlement in Palestine when speed was of the essence.<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> In 1903, British Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> offered Herzl 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2) in the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a> for Jewish settlement in Great Britain's East African colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff-2005-143">[130]</a> Herzl accepted to evaluate Joseph Chamberlain's proposal,<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a>: 55–56  and it was introduced the same year to the World Zionist Organization's Congress at its <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Zionist_Congress" title="Sixth Zionist Congress">sixth</a> meeting, where a fierce debate ensued. Some groups felt that accepting the scheme would make it more difficult to establish a Jewish state in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, the African land was described as an "<a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">ante-chamber</a> to the Holy Land". It was decided to send a commission to investigate the proposed land by 295 to 177 votes, with 132 abstaining. The following year, Congress sent a delegation to inspect the plateau. A temperate climate due to its high elevation, was thought to be suitable for European settlement. However, the area was populated by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>, who did not seem to favour an influx of Europeans. Furthermore, the delegation found it to be filled with <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and other animals. After Herzl died in 1904, the Congress decided in July 1905 to decline the British offer and to "direct all future settlement efforts solely to Palestine."<a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff-2005-143">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rovner-2014-145">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorialist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Territorialist Organization">Jewish Territorialist Organization</a> aimed for a Jewish state anywhere, having been established in 1903 in response to the Uganda Scheme. It was supported by a number of the Congress's delegates. Following the vote, which had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Max Nordau</a>, Zangwill charged Nordau that he "will be charged before the bar of history," and his supporters blamed the Russian voting bloc of <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Ussishkin" title="Menachem Ussishkin">Menachem Ussishkin</a> for the outcome of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Rovner-2014-145">[132]</a> The subsequent departure of the JTO from the Zionist Organization had little impact.<a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff-2005-143">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Zionist Socialist Workers Party">Zionist Socialist Workers Party</a> was also an organization that favored the idea of a Jewish territorial autonomy outside of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a> According to Elaine Hagopian, in the early decades it foresaw the homeland of the Jews as extending not only over the region of Palestine, but into Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt, with its borders more or less coinciding with the major riverine and water-rich areas of the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Zionist_settlement">Early Zionist settlement</h3></div> In the early twentieth century, Zionism advanced by establishing towns, colonies, and an independent monetary system to channel Jewish capital into Palestine. Due to the unstable local economy and fluctuating currency values under Ottoman rule, Zionists created their own financial institutions, including the first locally headquartered bank and credit cooperative societies. Despite their small numbers, the Zionists instilled a fear of territorial displacement and dispossession in the local Palestinian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> This fear would be the main driver of antagonism from the Arabs,<a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a> leading to physical resistance and the eventual use of military force by settlers. Initially, the impact on rural Palestinians was minimal, with only a few villages encountering Jewish colonies. However, after World War I and as Zionist land purchase increased, the rural population began to experience dramatic changes. From almost the beginning of Zionist settlement, the Palestinians viewed Zionism as an expansionist endeavor. According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, Zionism was inherently expansionist and always had the goal of turning the entirety of Palestine into a Jewish state. In addition, Morris describes the Zionists as intent on politically and physically dispossessing the Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999Conclusions-49">[41]</a> Early warnings from local leaders in the 1880s about the destabilizing effects of Jewish immigration went largely unheeded until these later developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> By the early 20th century, there were fourteen Zionist settlements in Palestine, established through land purchases from both local and external landowners. These were the Zionists of the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> From the outset, the Zionist leadership saw land acquisition as essential to achieving their goal of establishing a Jewish state. This acquisition was strategic, aiming to create a continuous area of Jewish land. The World Zionist Organization established the Jewish National Fund in 1901, with the stated goal "to redeem the land of Palestine as the inalienable possession of the Jewish people." The notion of land "redemption" entailed that the land could not be sold and could not be leased to a non-Jew nor should the land be worked by Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley2005-152">[139]</a> The land purchased was primarily from absentee landlords, and upon purchase of the land, the tenant farmers who traditionally had rights of usufruct were often expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2010-153">[140]</a> Herzl publicly opposed this dispossession, but wrote privately in his diary: "We must expropriate gently... We shall try to spirit the penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while denying it any employment in our country... Both the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly." Support for expulsion of the Arab population in Palestine was one of the main currents in Zionist ideology from the movement's inception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession would be the main driver of Arab antagonism to Zionism for the next several decades. In 1903, 'the Eretz Israel assembly' was held and chaired by Menachem Ussishkin, a committed Zionist and Russian Jew in his early forties, this assembly marked the beginning of a more formalized Zionist colonization effort. Under his leadership, both professional and political organizations were established, paving the way for a sustained Zionist presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> Ussishkin delineated three methods for the Zionist movement to acquire land: by force and conquest, by expropriation via governmental authority, and by purchase. The only option available to the movement at the moment in his perspective was the last one, "until at some point we become rulers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Second_Aliyah">The Second Aliyah</h4></div> The second wave of Zionist settlement came with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">second aliyah</a> starting in 1904. The settlers of the Second Aliyah laid the foundational elements for the Jewish society in Palestine envisioned by the Zionist movement. They established the first two political parties, the socialist <a href="/wiki/Po%27alei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Po'alei Zion">Po'alei Zion</a> and the non-socialist <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Hatzair" title="Hapoel Hatzair">Ha-Po'el Ha-Tza'ir</a> and initiated the first collective agricultural settlements known as kibbutzim, which were fundamental in the formation of the Israeli state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> They also formed the first underground military group, Ha-Shomer, which later evolved into the Haganah and eventually became the core of the Israeli army. Many leaders of the Zionist national movement, including <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berl_Katznelson" title="Berl Katznelson">Berl Katznelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Sharett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Levi Eshkol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Sprinzak" title="Yosef Sprinzak">Yosef Sprinzak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Tabenkin" title="Yitzhak Tabenkin">Yitzhak Tabenkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aharon_David_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aharon David Gordon">Aharon David Gordon</a>, were products of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The Zionists of the second aliyah were also more ideologically motivated than those of the first aliyah. In particular, they sought the "<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Labor">conquest of labor</a>" which entailed the exclusion of Arabs from the labor market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Balfour_Declaration_and_World_War_I">The Balfour Declaration and World War I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/220px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/330px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png/440px-Palestine_claimed_by_WZO_1919.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Palestine as claimed by the World Zionist Organization in 1919 at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a></figcaption></figure> At the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the war</a>, the Zionist leadership initiated attempts to persuade the British government of the benefits of sponsoring a Jewish colony in Palestine. Their main initial success was in establishing a lobbying group centered around the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>, largely driven by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> with official negotiations beginning in 1916. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Balfour_declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour declaration">Balfour declaration</a> came shortly afterwards in November 1917. In it, Britain formally declared its commitment to establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The declaration was largely motivated by war-time considerations and antisemitic preconceptions about the putative influence Jews had on the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist government</a> and in the shaping of American policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> Though his decision was also motivated by religious convictions,<a href="#cite_note-155">[n]</a> Balfour himself had passed the <a href="/wiki/Aliens_Act_1905" title="Aliens Act 1905">Aliens Act 1905</a> which aimed to keep Eastern European Jews out of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-156">[o]</a> More decisive were Britain's colonial and imperial geopolitical goals in the region, specifically in retaining control over the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> by establishing a pro-British state in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> Weizmann's role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration led to his election as the Zionist movement's leader. He remained in that role until 1948, and then was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a> after the nation gained independence. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg/220px-King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg/330px-King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg/440px-King_Crane_Commission_1919_Summary_of_Arguments_Presented_to_the_Commission_For_and_Against_Zionism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/1919_Paris_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Paris Peace Conference">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>, an <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">Inter-Allied Commission</a> was sent to Palestine to assess the views of the local population; the report summarized the arguments received from petitioners for and against Zionism.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_Mandate_and_development_of_the_Zionist_quasi-state">The British Mandate and development of the Zionist quasi-state</h3></div> After the war, the plan for a greater Arab kingdom under the Hashemite family was abandoned when King Feisal was expelled from Damascus by the French in 1920. In parallel, the Zionist demand for a clear British acknowledgment of the entirety of Palestine as the Jewish national home was rejected. Instead, Britain committed only to establishing a Jewish national home "in Palestine" and promised to facilitate this without prejudicing the rights of existing "non-Jewish communities". These qualifying statements aroused the concern of Zionist leaders at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The British mandate over Palestine, established in 1922, was based on the Balfour declaration, explicitly privileging the Jewish minority over the Arab majority. In addition to declaring British support for the establishment of a "Jewish national home" in Palestine, the mandate included provisions facilitating Jewish immigration, and granting the Zionist movement the status of representing Jewish national interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> In particular, the Jewish Agency, the embodiment of the Zionist movement in Palestine, was made a partner of the mandatory government, acquiring international diplomatic status and representing Zionist interests before the League of Nations and other international venues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> The British mandate effectively established a Jewish quasi-state in Palestine, lacking only full sovereignty, which was held by the British High Commissioner. This lack of sovereignty was crucial for Zionism at this early stage, as the Jewish population was too small to defend itself against the Arabs of Palestine. The British presence provided a necessary safeguard for Jewish nationalism. To achieve political independence, Jews needed Britain's support, particularly in land purchase and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff20037-8,_42-159">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_policies_and_the_development_of_Zionist_institutions">British policies and the development of Zionist institutions</h4></div> British policies supporting these efforts were pursued at the expense of the socioeconomic development of the Arab sector. For example, the taxation system imposed by the mandatory government extracted greater relative costs (as well as in absolute numbers) from the Arab population. At the same time, the main British mandatory expenditures from 1933 to 1937 were for economic development and security expenses, in support of the Jewish population. In this sense, the growth of the Jewish economic sector came at the expense of the Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201640-160">[145]</a> British policies encouraged the proletarianization of the Arab peasantry and reinforced the wage gap between Jewish and Arab laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> The mandate also included an article describing self-governing institutions intended only for the Jewish population of Palestine. No similar support or recognition was provided to the Palestinian majority at any point during the time of the mandate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> In contrast to the Jewish population, the Arabs did not benefit from any government protections such as social security, employment benefits, trade union protection, job security and training opportunities. Arab wages were one third of their Jewish counterparts (including when paid by the same employer).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> By enabling the Zionist institutions to serve as a parallel government to the Mandate, the British facilitated the separation of the economy and legitimized their quasi-state status. Accordingly, these institutions, which purported to act in the interests of Jews everywhere, were able to funnel resources into the Jewish sector in Palestine, heavily subsidizing the dominate Jewish economy; for example, over 80% of the JNF's income came from contributions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> Following the Balfour declaration, Jewish immigration to Palestine would grow from 9,149 immigrants in 1921 to 33,801 in 1925—by the end of the mandate period, the Jewish population in Palestine would have nearly tripled, eventually reaching one third of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> The nucleus of the Jewish quasi-state was the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a>, established in 1920 as an independent social, political and economic institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[p]</a> The Histadrut also developed a military arm, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, which evolved into a permanent underground reserve army with a command structure integrated into the Jewish community's political institutions. Although the British authorities disapproved of the Haganah, particularly its method of stealing arms from British bases, they did not disband it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> The Histadrut operated as a completely independent entity, without interference from the British mandate authorities. Ben-Gurion saw the Histadrut's detachment from socialist ideology to be one of its key strengths; indeed it was the General Organization of Workers in Israel. In particular, the Histadrut worked towards national unity and aimed to dominate the capitalist system en route to gaining political power, not to create a socialist utopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a> As secretary general of the Histadrut and leader of the Zionist labor movement, Ben-Gurion adopted similar strategies and objectives as Weizmann during this period, disagreeing primarily on issues of specific tactical moves up until 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> The middle class grew dramatically in size with the arrival of the fourth aliyah in 1924, motivating a political shift within the labor movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200391-163">[147]</a> It was during this period that the political strategy of the labor movement would solidify.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a> The founding of the Mapai party unified the labor movement, making it the dominant force. The labor party saw economic control as essential to facilitating Zionist settlement and achieving political power: "the economic question is not one of class; it is a national question."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a> Indeed, the Mapai prioritized nationalism over socialism to the extent that the "only qualification required for membership in Mapai was not ideological commitment but possession of a Histadrut membership card."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a> For Ben-Gurion, the transformation from "working class to nation" was intertwined with his rejection of diaspora life, as he would declare: the "weak, unproductive, parasitical Jewish masses" must be converted "to productive labor" in service of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200389-95-164">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_policies_and_the_1936-1939_Arab_Revolt">Zionist policies and the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt</h3></div> For the Zionist movement, economic development and policies were a mechanism by which political aims could be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">[146]</a> A new economic sector exclusively for Jews, controlled by the Labor Zionist movement, was established with support from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (JNF) and the agricultural workers' Histadrut. The JNF and Histadrut aimed to remove land and labor from the market, effectively excluding Palestinian Arabs. Despite the universalist ideals of Zionist pioneering, this new Jewish economic sector was fundamentally based on exclusionary practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> Throughout the duration of the British Mandate, the labor movement was largely driven by the goal of achieving "100 percent of Hebrew labour." This was primary driver of the territorial, economic and social separation between Jews and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> The Zionist economic platform was partially based on the assumption (eventually demonstrated incorrect<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan197919-165">[149]</a>) that economic benefits to the Arabs of Palestine would pacify opposition to the movement. For the Zionist leadership, the economic status and development of the Arabs of Palestine should be compared with Arabs of other countries, rather than with the Jews of Palestine. Accordingly, disproportionate gains in Jewish development were be acceptable as long as the status of the Arab sector did not worsen. While British support for Zionist aspirations in Palestine established the parameters within which the Arab economy could develop, Zionist policies reinforced these limitations. Most notable are the exclusion of Arab labor from Jewish enterprise and the expulsion of Arab peasants from Jewish owned land. Both of these had limited impact in scope but reinforced the structural limitations put in place by British policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> With the rise to power of the Nazis in 1933, the Jewish community was increasingly persecuted and driven out. The discriminatory immigration laws of the US, UK and other countries preferable to German Jews, led to, for example, in 1935 alone more than 60,000 Jews arriving in Palestine (more than the total number of Jews in Palestine as of the establishment of the Balfour declaration in 1917). Ben-Gurion would subsequently declare that immigration at this rate would allow for the maximalist Zionist goal of a Jewish state in all of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> The Arab community openly pressured the mandatory government to restrict Jewish immigration and land purchases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> Sporadic attacks in the country-side (described by Zionists and the British as "banditry") reflected widespread anger over the Zionist land purchases that displaced local peasants. Meanwhile, in urban areas, protests against British rule and the increasing influence of the Zionist movement intensified and became more militant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> The British appointed a <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">commission of inquiry in 1937</a> in response to the revolt which recommended the partition of the land: annexation of most of Palestine to Transjordan and the designation of a small portion of land for a future Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Peel_Commission_transfer_proposal">The Peel Commission transfer proposal</h4></div> At this point, Jews owned 5.6% of the land in Palestine; the land allocated to the Jewish state would contain 40 percent of the country's fertile land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">[142]</a> The commission also recommended the expulsion (or the euphemistic "compulsory transfer") of the Palestinian population from the land designated for the Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> For Ben-Gurion, the transfer proposal was the most appealing recommendation put forward by the commission; he would write in his diary: <blockquote> The compulsory transfer of the Arabs from the valleys of the proposed Jewish state could give us something which we never had, even when we stood on our own during the days of the First and Second Temples.… We are being given an opportunity which we never dared to dream of in our wildest imaginings. This is more than a state, government and sovereignty—this is national consolidation in a free homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> </blockquote> Much of the Zionist leadership spoke in strong support of the transfer plan, including Ussishkin, Ruppin and Katznelson. In giving their support for compulsory transfer, they asserted their stance that there is nothing immoral about it.<a href="#cite_note-166">[q]</a> Within the Zionist movement, two perspectives developed with respect to the partition proposal; the first was a complete rejection of partition, the second was acceptance of the idea of partition on the basis that it would eventually allow for expansion to all territories within "the boundaries of Zionist aspirations.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky1999-167">[150]</a> The revolt was inflamed by the partition proposal and continued until 1939 when it was forcefully suppressed by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Arab_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Arab revolt">1936 Arab revolt</a>, almost all groups within the Zionist movement wanted a Jewish state in Palestine, "whether they declared their intent or preferred to camouflage it, whether or not they perceived it as a political instrument, whether they saw sovereign independence as the prime aim, or accorded priority to the task of social construction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The main debates within the movement at this time were concerning partition of Palestine and the nature of the relationship with the British. The dominant feeling within the movement was that Jewish considerations took precedance over those of the Arabs and the Zionist movement was in a struggle for survival. From this perspective, the leadership believed that the movement could not afford to compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> According to Zionist historian Yosef Gorny, these considerations would drive the Zionist belief in the necessity of the use of force against the Arabs whose motives "were of no moral or historical significance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The intensity of the revolt, Britain's ambiguous support for the movement and the increasing threat against European Jewry during this period motivated the Zionist leadership to prioritize immediate considerations. The movement ultimately favored the notion of partition, primarily out of practical considerations and partially out of a belief that establishing a Jewish state over all of Palestine would remain an option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> At the 1937 Zionist congress, the Zionist leadership adopted the stance that the land allocated to the Jewish state by the partition plan was inadequate—effectively rejecting the partition plan which faded away in the face of both Arab and Zionist opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism,_World_War_II_and_the_Holocaust">Nazism, World War II and the Holocaust</h3></div> In 1939, a <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">British White Paper</a> would recommend limiting Jewish immigration and land purchase with the objective of maintaining the status quo while the threat of war loomed in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> This planned to allow no more than 75,000 additional Jewish migrants over a five-year period. With Nazi expansionism in Europe, the limits on immigration prompted further militarization, land takeover and illegal immigration efforts by the Zionist movement. The second world war broke out as the Zionists were developing their campaign against the White Paper—unable to accept the White Paper or to side against the British, the Zionist movement would ultimately support the British war effort while working to upend the White Paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[r]</a> From the start of the second world war, the Zionists pressured the British to organize and train a Jewish "army," culminating in the establishment of a Jewish Brigade and accompanying blue and white flag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The development of this force would further train and enable the already substantial Zionist military capacity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> The Haganah was allowed by the British to openly acquire weapons and worked with the British to prepare for a possible Axis invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> Despite the White Paper, Zionist immigration and settlement efforts continued during the war period. While immigration had previously been selective, once the details of the holocaust reached Palestine in 1942, selectivity was abandoned. The Zionist war effort focused on the survival and development of the Yishuv, with little Zionist resources being deployed in support of European Jews. Ben-Gurion in particular was primarily concerned with the impact the holocaust had on the Yishuv rather than on European Jewry.<a href="#cite_note-169">[s]</a> Many of those fleeing Nazi terror in Europe preferred to leave for the United States, however, strict American immigration policies and Zionist efforts led to 10% of the 3 million Jews leaving Europe to settle in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltmore Program">Biltmore Program</a> of 1942, the Zionist movement would openly declare for the first time its goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> At this point, the United States, with its growing economy and unprecedented military force, became a focal point of Zionist political activity which engaged with the American electorate and politicians. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">US President Truman</a> supported the Biltmore program for the duration of his time in office, largely motivated by humanitarian concerns and the growing influence of the Zionist lobby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:16px;"> <caption>Population of Palestine by ethno-religious groups, excluding nomads, from the 1946 Survey of Palestine<a href="#cite_note-170">[151]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50px;">Year </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Muslims</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Jews</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christians</a> </th> <th style="width:60px;">Others </th> <th style="width:50px;">Total Settled </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1922 </td> <td>486,177 (74.9%) </td> <td>83,790 (12.9%) </td> <td>71,464 (11.0%) </td> <td>7,617 (1.2%) </td> <td>649,048 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1931 </td> <td>693,147 (71.7%) </td> <td>174,606 (18.1%) </td> <td>88,907 (9.2%) </td> <td>10,101 (1.0%) </td> <td>966,761 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1941 </td> <td>906,551 (59.7%) </td> <td>474,102 (31.2%) </td> <td>125,413 (8.3%) </td> <td>12,881 (0.8%) </td> <td>1,518,947 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1946 </td> <td>1,076,783 (58.3%) </td> <td>608,225 (33.0%) </td> <td>145,063 (7.9%) </td> <td>15,488 (0.8%) </td> <td>1,845,559 </td></tr></tbody></table> During World War II, as the horrors of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> became known, the Zionist leadership formulated the <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a>, a reduction from Ben-Gurion's previous target of two million immigrants. Following the end of the war, many <a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">stateless refugees</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>, began <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">migrating to Palestine</a> in small boats in defiance of British rules. The Holocaust united much of the rest of world Jewry behind the Zionist project.<a href="#cite_note-171">[152]</a> The British either <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_internment_camps" title="Cyprus internment camps">imprisoned these Jews in Cyprus</a> or <a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus">sent them</a> to the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">Allied Occupation Zones in Germany</a>. The British, having faced Arab revolts, were now facing opposition by <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Zionist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="British–Zionist conflict">Zionist groups in Palestine</a> for subsequent restrictions on Jewish immigration. In January 1946 the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, a joint <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">British and American</a> committee, was tasked to examine political, economic and social conditions in Mandatory Palestine and the well-being of the peoples now living there; to consult representatives of Arabs and Jews, and to make other recommendations 'as necessary' for an interim handling of these problems as well as for their eventual solution.<a href="#cite_note-172">[153]</a> Following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="London Conference of 1946–47">1946–47 London Conference on Palestine</a>, at which the United States refused to support the British leading to both the <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a> being rejected by all parties, the British decided to refer the question to the UN on February 14, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-173">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[fn 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Mandate_and_expulsion_of_the_Palestinians">End of the Mandate and expulsion of the Palestinians</h3></div> Towards the end of the war, the Zionist leadership was motivated more than ever to establish a Jewish state. Since the British were no longer sponsoring its development, many Zionists considered it would be necessary to <a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">establish the state by force</a> by upending the British position in Palestine. In this the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA's tactics</a> against Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> served as a both a model and source of inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-176">[t]</a> The Irgun, the military arm of the revisionist Zionists, led by <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Gang">Stern Gang</a>, which at one point sought an alliance with the Nazis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> would lead a series of terrorist attacks against the British starting in 1944. This included the <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">King David Hotel bombing</a>, British immigration and tax offices and police stations. It was only by the war's end that the Haganah joined in the sabotage against the British. The combined impact of US opinion and the attacks on British presence eventually led the British to refer the situation to the United Nations in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> The UNSCOP found that Jews were a minority in Palestine, owning 6% of the total land. The urgency of the condition of the Jewish refugees in Europe motivated the committee to unanimously vote in favor of terminating the British mandate in Palestine. The disagreement came with regards to whether Palestine should be partitioned or if it should constitute a federal state. American lobbying efforts, pressuring UN delegates with the threat of withdrawal of US aid, eventually secured the General Assembly votes in favor of the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states which was passed 29 November 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010World_War_II_and_the_Birth_of_the_State_of_Israel-177">[156]</a> Outbursts of violence slowly grew into a wider civil war between the Arabs and Zionist militias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004118-119-178">[157]</a> By mid-December, the Haganah had shifted to a more "aggressive defense", abandoning notions of restraint it had espoused from 1936 to 1939. The Haganah reprisal raids were often disproportionate to the initial Arab offenses, which led to the spread of violence to previously unaffected areas. The Zionist militias, employed terror attacks against Arab civilian and militia centers. In response, Arabs planted bombs in Jewish civilian areas, particularly in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> The first expulsion of Palestinians began 12 days after the adoption of the UN resolution, and the first Palestinian village was eliminated a month later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004118-119-178">[157]</a> In March 1948, Zionist forces began implementing Plan D, which warranted the expulsion of civilians and the destruction of Arab towns and villages in pursuit of eliminating potentially hostile Arab elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004120-179">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2004-180">[159]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> Zionist forces committed 24 massacres of Palestinians in the ensuing war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008404–406-181">[160]</a> in part as a form of psychological warfare, the most notorious of which is the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a>. Between 1948 and 1949, 750,000 Palestinians would be driven out of their homes, primarily as a result of these expulsions and massacres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The British left Palestine (having done little to maintain order) on May 14 as planned. The British did not facilitate a formal transfer of power;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> a fully functioning Jewish quasi-state had already been operating under the British for the past several decades.<a href="#cite_note-182">[161]</a> The same day, Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of the state of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010-122">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of Israel">Declaration of Independence of Israel</a> described a democracy with equality of social and political rights for all citizens, and extended a peace offering to neighboring states and their Arab citizens. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2012180-183">[162]</a> Masalha notes that the declaration states equality on the basis of citizenship but not nationality.<a href="#cite_note-184">[u]</a> The establishment of the State of Israel on 78% of historic Palestine, instead of the 55% outlined in the UN partition plan, resulted in the destruction of much of Palestinian society and the Arab landscape. This war, led by the Zionist Yishuv was framed by its leaders in biblical and messianic terms as a 'miraculous clearing of the land,' akin to the biblical War of Joshua. Masalha writes that it is not clear who the Yishuv was declaring independence from, as it was neither from the British colonial rule, which facilitated Jewish settlement against Palestinian wishes, nor from the land's indigenous inhabitants, who had long cultivated and owned it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1-51">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebraization_of_names">Hebraization of names</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></div> As part of the effort to consolidate its new ownership over the land it had taken over in the 1948 war, the Israeli state worked towards "erasing all traces of its former owners."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248-185">[163]</a> The project of "Hebraization" of the map, for which the JNF Naming Committee was established,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012The_Zionist_Superimposing_of_Hebrew_Toponymy-186">[164]</a> aimed to replace what remained of the Arab towns and villages with newly named Israeli settlements. These names were often based on the Arab names but with a "Hebrew pronunciation" or based on old Hebrew biblical names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248-185">[163]</a> This effort also sought to demonstrate continuous Jewish ownership over the land to ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248-185">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a> would later speak to the appropriation of Arab place names: <blockquote> Jewish villages were built in the place of Arab villages. You do not even know the names of these villages, and I do not blame you because geography books no longer exist. Not only do the books not exist, the Arab villages are not there either. Nahlal arose in the place of Mahlul; Kibbutz Gvat in the place of Jibta; Kibbutz Sarid in the place of Hunefis; and Kefar Yehoshua in the place of Tal al-Shuman. There is not a single place built in this country that didn’t have a former Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012The_Zionist_Superimposing_of_Hebrew_Toponymy-186">[164]</a> </blockquote> Prior to 1948, the Zionist movement had limited authority over the use of place names in Palestine. After 1948, the Zionist movement systematically eliminated mention of "Palestine" from the names of its organizations; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency for Palestine">Jewish Agency for Palestine</a>, which played a critical role in the founding of the Israeli state in 1948 was renamed to the "Jewish Agency for Israel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg/220px-1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg/330px-1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg/440px-1948_Arab_Israeli_War_-_May_15-June_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Arab offensive at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli war">1948 Arab-Israeli war</a></figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the USSR</a> in 1941, Stalin reversed his long-standing opposition to Zionism, and tried to mobilize worldwide Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. A Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was set up in Moscow. Many thousands of Jewish refugees fled the Nazis and entered the Soviet Union during the war, where they reinvigorated Jewish religious activities and opened new synagogues.<a href="#cite_note-187">[165]</a> In May 1947 Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> told the United Nations that the USSR supported the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. The USSR formally voted that way in the UN in November 1947.<a href="#cite_note-188">[166]</a> However once Israel was established, Stalin reversed positions, favoured the Arabs, arrested the leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, and launched attacks on Jews in the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-189">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> proclaiming Israel's establishment beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl</figcaption></figure> In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Special Committee on Palestine">UN Special Committee on Palestine</a> recommended that western Palestine should be partitioned into a Jewish state, an Arab state and a UN-controlled territory, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">Corpus separatum, around Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[168]</a> This <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">partition plan</a> was adopted on November 29, 1947, with UN GA Resolution 181, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote led to celebrations in Jewish communities and protests in Arab communities throughout Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-191">[169]</a> Violence throughout the country, previously an <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency against the British</a>, Jewish-Arab <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a>, spiralled into the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_estimates_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="List of estimates of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">According to various assessments of the UN</a>, the conflict led to an <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">exodus</a> of 711,000 to 957,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian Arabs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[170]</a> outside of Israel's territories. More than a quarter had already fled during the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_laws_in_Israel#The_'Absentees_Property_Law'" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property laws in Israel">a series of laws</a> passed by the first Israeli government prevented <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">displaced Palestinians</a> from claiming private property or returning on the state's territories. They and many of their descendants remain <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">refugees</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Op_Magic_Carpet_(Yemenites).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg/220px-Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg/330px-Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg/440px-Op_Magic_Carpet_%28Yemenites%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Yemenite Jews on their way to Israel during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Operation Magic Carpet</a></figcaption></figure> Since the creation of the State of Israel, the World Zionist Organization has functioned mainly as an organization dedicated to assisting and encouraging Jews to migrate to Israel. It has provided political support for Israel in other countries but plays little role in internal Israeli politics. The movement's major success since 1948 was in providing logistical support for Jewish migrants and refugees and, most importantly, in assisting <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jews">Soviet Jews</a> in their struggle with the authorities over the right to leave the USSR and to practice their religion in freedom, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands">exodus of 850,000 Jews</a> from the Arab world, mostly to Israel. In 1944–45, Ben-Gurion described the <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a> to foreign officials as being the "primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacohen1991262_#2-195">[173]</a> The immigration restrictions of the British White Paper of 1939 meant that such a plan could not be put into large scale effect until the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. The new country's immigration policy had some opposition within the new Israeli government, such as those who argued that there was "no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200346-196">[174]</a> as well as those who argued that the absorption process caused "undue hardship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003246–247-197">[175]</a> However, the force of Ben-Gurion's influence and insistence ensured that his immigration policy was carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200347-198">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003247-199">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Zionism_and_the_Six-Day_War">Religious Zionism and the Six-Day War</h3></div> The 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> was followed by the emergence of "<a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">religious Zionism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001Chapter_14-200">[178]</a> The Israeli conquest of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, referred to by Zionists as <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea and Samaria">Judea and Samaria</a>, indicated to religious Zionists that they were living in a <a href="/wiki/Messianic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic era">messianic era</a>. For them, the war was a demonstration of the work of the Divine Hand and the "beginning of redemption." The rabbis following in this line of thought immediately began to venerate the land as sacred, making its sanctity a core principle of religious Zionism. Consequently, anyone willing to cede parts of this land was seen as a traitor to the Jewish people. This belief contributed to the religiously motivated assassination of <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, which was carried out with the approval of some Orthodox rabbis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Kook" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Kook">Rabbi Kook</a>, a main religious Zionist leader and thinker, would declare in 1967 following the Six Day War in the presence of Israeli leadership including the president, ministers, members of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, judges, chief rabbis and senior civil servants: <blockquote> I tell you explicitly... that there is a prohibition in the Torah against giving up even an inch of our liberated land. There are no conquests here and we are not occupying foreign land; we are returning to our home, to the inheritance of our forefathers. There is no Arab land here, only the inheritance of our God—the more the world gets used to this thought the better it will be for it and for all of us.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2014-201">[179]</a> </blockquote> For the religious Zionists, secular Zionism and secular state policies were holy: "The spirit of Israel... is so closely linked to the spirit of God that a Jewish nationalist, no matter how secularist his intention may be, is, despite himself, imbued with the divine spirit even against his own will."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2009-114">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Religious Zionists view the settlement of the West Bank as a commandment of God, necessary for the redemption of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict">Role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h2></div> The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine in the late 19th century is widely seen as the start of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha201270-202">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20081-204">[182]</a> Zionists wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many Jews, and as few Palestinian Arabs as possible.<a href="#cite_note-ZionistLandJewsArabs-6">[4]</a> In response to Ben-Gurion's 1938 quote that "politically we are the aggressors and they [the Palestinians] defend themselves", Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> says, "Ben-Gurion, of course, was right. Zionism was a colonizing and expansionist ideology and movement", and that "Zionist ideology and practice were necessarily and elementally expansionist." Morris describes the Zionist goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine as necessarily displacing and dispossessing the Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001-119">[106]</a> The practical issue of establishing a Jewish state in a majority non-Jewish and Arab region was a fundamental issue for the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001-119">[106]</a> Zionists used the term "transfer" as a euphemism for the removal, or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, of the Arab Palestinian population.<a href="#cite_note-205">[fn 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-2012-206">[183]</a> According to Benny Morris, "the idea of transferring the Arabs out... was seen as the chief means of assuring the stability of the 'Jewishness' of the proposed Jewish State".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001-119">[106]</a> In fact, the concept of forcibly removing the non-Jewish population from Palestine was a notion that garnered support across the entire spectrum of Zionist groups, including its farthest left factions<a href="#cite_note-207">[fn 3]</a>, from early on in the movement's development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725–26-208">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Introduction-213">[189]</a> The concept of transfer was not only seen as desirable but also as an ideal solution by the Zionist leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Chapter_1-48">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1992The_Shift_to_an_Offensive_Ethos-214">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987The_Decisive_Years,_1939-–948-215">[191]</a> The notion of forcible transfer was so appealing to this leadership that it was considered the most attractive provision in the Peel Commission. Indeed, this sentiment was deeply ingrained to the extent that Ben Gurion's acceptance of partition was contingent upon the removal of the Palestinian population. He would go as far as to say that transfer was such an ideal solution that it "must happen some day". It was the right wing of the Zionist movement that put forward the main arguments against transfer, their objections being primarily on practical rather than moral grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979The_Arab_Revolt_of_1936-216">[192]</a> According to Morris, the idea of ethnically cleansing the land of Palestine was to play a large role in Zionist ideology from the inception of the movement. He explains that "transfer" was "inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism" and that a land which was primarily Arab could not be transformed into a Jewish state without displacing the Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-217">[fn 4]</a> Further, the stability of the Jewish state could not be ensured given the Arab population's fear of displacement. He explains that this would be the primary source of conflict between the Zionist movement and the Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-2012-206">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Types of Zionism</a></div> From the turn of the century until the Arab revolt of 1936, there was room for political flexibility within the Zionist movement. Even so, the ideological framework within which the movement operated constrained the political moves made by groups within the movement. A key tenant of this framework involved seeking the support of a Great Power through which to achieve the acquiescence of the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> As head of the World Zionist Organization, Weizmann's policies had a sustained impact on the Zionist movement, with Abba Eban describing him as the dominant figure in Jewish life during the interwar period. According to Zionist Israeli historian Simha Flapan, the essential assumptions of Weizmann's strategy were later adopted by Ben-Gurion and subsequent Zionist (and Israeli) leaders. By replacing 'Great Britain' with 'United States' and 'Arab National Movement' with 'Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,' Weizmann's strategic concepts can be seen as reflective of Israel's current foreign policy. A key aspect of this strategy is the consistent non-recognition of the national rights of the Palestinian people as a basic element of Zionist policy towards the Arab issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> Weizmann's ultimate goal was the establishment of a Jewish state, even beyond the borders of "Greater Israel." For Weizmann, Palestine was a Jewish and not an Arab country. The state he sought would contain the east bank of the Jordan River and extend from the Litani River (in present-day Lebanon). Weizmann's strategy involved incrementally approaching this goal over a long period, establishing "facts on the ground" as "faits accomplis" in the form of settlement expansion and land acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">[28]</a> Weizmann was open to the idea of Arabs and Jews jointly running Palestine through an elected council with equal representation, but he did not view the Arabs as equal partners in negotiations about the country's future. In particular, he was steadfast in his view of the "moral superiority" of the Jewish claim to Palestine over the Arab claim and believed these negotiations should be conducted solely between Britain and the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> Ze'ev Jabotinsky founded the Revisionist Party in 1925 which took on a more militant ethos and openly maximalist agenda. Jabotinsky rejected Weizmann's strategy of incremental state building, instead preferring to immediately declare sovereignty over the entire region, which extended to both the East and West bank of the Jordan river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> Like Weizmann and Herzl, Jabotinsky also believed that the support of a great power was essential to the success of Zionism. From early on, Jabotinksy openly rejected the possibility of a "voluntary agreement" with the Arabs of Palestine. He instead believed in building an "iron wall" of Jewish military force to break Arab resistance to Zionism, at which point an agreement could be established. The labor Zionists promoted immigration and settlement, establishing "facts", as the main path towards statebuilding. Later, Ben-Gurion would recognize the national character of Arab rejection of Zionism and concluded that only war, not an agreement, would resolve the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001-115">[103]</a> In the same year Brit-Shalom was established, an ultimately marginal group which promoted Arab-Jewish cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_Zionism">Labor Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg/170px-Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg/255px-Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg/340px-Amos_Oz_1965-12-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Israeli author <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a>, who today is described as the 'aristocrat' of Labor Zionism<a href="#cite_note-218">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> In Labor Zionist thought, a revolution of the Jewish soul and society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Labor Zionists established rural communes in Israel called "<a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>"<a href="#cite_note-219">[194]</a> which began as a variation on a "national farm" scheme, a form of cooperative agriculture where the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> hired Jewish workers under trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> in that they put great emphasis on communalism and egalitarianism, representing <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a> to a certain extent. Furthermore, they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an essential aspect of Labor Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-220">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[196]</a> Traditionalist Israeli historian Anita Shapira describes labor Zionism's use of violence against Palestinians for political means as essentially the same as that of radical conservative Zionist groups. For example, Shapira notes that during the <a href="/wiki/1936_Palestine_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Palestine revolt">1936 Palestine revolt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irgun_Zvai_Leumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Irgun Zvai Leumi">Irgun Zvai Leumi</a> engaged in the "uninhibited use of terror", "mass indiscriminate killings of the aged, women and children", "attacks against British without any consideration of possible injuries to innocent bystanders, and the murder of British in cold blood". Shapira argues that there were only marginal differences in military behavior between the Irgun and the labor Zionist <a href="/wiki/Palmah" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmah">Palmah</a>. In following with policies laid out by Ben-Gurion, the prevalent method among field squads was that if an Arab gang had used a village as a hideout, it was considered acceptable to hold the entire village collectively responsible. The lines delineating what was acceptable and unacceptable while dealing with these villagers were "vague and intentionally blurred". As Shapira suggests, these ambiguous limits practically did not differ from those of the openly terrorist group, Irgun.<a href="#cite_note-222">[197]</a> Labor Zionism became the dominant force in the political and economic life of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> and was the dominant ideology of the political establishment in Israel until the <a href="/wiki/1977_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1977 Israeli legislative election">1977 election</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israeli Labor Party</a> was defeated. The Israeli Labor Party continues the tradition, although the most popular party in the kibbutzim is <a href="/wiki/Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[198]</a> Labor Zionism's main institution is the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> (general organisation of labor unions), which began by providing strikebreakers against a Palestinian worker's strike in 1920 and until 1970s was the largest employer in Israel after the Israeli government.<a href="#cite_note-224">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Zionism">Liberal Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General Zionists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG/220px-Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG/330px-Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mishmar_HaEmek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Kibbutznikiyot (female Kibbutz members) in <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> is the historical heartland of Labor Zionism.</figcaption></figure> General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend within the Zionist movement from the First Zionist Congress in 1897 until after the First World War. General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle class to which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> aspired. Liberal Zionism, although not associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong trend in Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy and adherence to human rights. Their political arm was one of the ancestors of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a>, the main centrist party during the 2000s that split from Likud and is now defunct, however, did identify with many of the fundamental policies of Liberal Zionist ideology, advocating among other things the need for Palestinian statehood in order to form a more democratic society in Israel, affirming the free market, and calling for equal rights for Arab citizens of Israel. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Ari_Shavit" title="Ari Shavit">Ari Shavit</a> suggested that the success of the then-new <a href="/wiki/Yesh_Atid" title="Yesh Atid">Yesh Atid</a> party (representing secular, middle-class interests) embodied the success of "the new General Zionists."<a href="#cite_note-225">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Strenger" title="Carlo Strenger">Carlo Strenger</a> describes a modern-day version of Liberal Zionism (supporting his vision of "Knowledge-Nation Israel"), rooted in the original ideology of Herzl and <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>, that stands in contrast to both the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> of the right and the Netzah Yisrael of the ultra-Orthodox. It is marked by a concern for democratic values and human rights, freedom to criticize government policies without accusations of disloyalty, and rejection of excessive religious influence in public life. "Liberal Zionism celebrates the most authentic traits of the Jewish tradition: the willingness for incisive debate; the contrarian spirit of davka; the refusal to bow to authoritarianism."<a href="#cite_note-226">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[202]</a> Liberal Zionists see that "Jewish history shows that Jews need and are entitled to a nation-state of their own. But they also think that this state must be a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, which means that there must be strict equality before the law independent of religion, ethnicity or gender."<a href="#cite_note-228">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisionist_Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg/170px-Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg/255px-Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Zeev_Jabotinsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, founder of Revisionist Zionism</figcaption></figure> Revisionist Zionists, led by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, believed that a Jewish state must expand to both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, i.e. taking <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> in addition to all of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-229">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[205]</a> The movement developed what became known as Nationalist Zionism, whose guiding principles were outlined in the 1923 essay <a href="/wiki/Iron_Wall_(essay)" title="Iron Wall (essay)">Iron Wall</a>, a term denoting the force needed to prevent Palestinian resistance against colonization.<a href="#cite_note-231">[206]</a> Jabotinsky wrote that<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Zionism is a colonising adventure and it therefore stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is important to build, it is important to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be able to shoot—or else I am through with playing at colonization.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zeev Jabotinsky<a href="#cite_note-232">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[208]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Historian <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a> describes Jabotinsky's perspective<a href="#cite_note-234">[209]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Although the Jews originated in the East, they belonged to the West culturally, morally, and spiritually. Zionism was conceived by Jabotinsky not as the return of the Jews to their spiritual homeland but as an offshoot or implant of Western civilization in the East. This worldview translated into a geostrategic conception in which Zionism was to be permanently allied with European colonialism against all the Arabs in the eastern Mediterranean.</blockquote> In 1935 the Revisionists left the WZO because it refused to state that the creation of a Jewish state was an objective of Zionism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Israeli historian Yosef Gorny, the Revisionists remained within the ideological mainstream of the Zionist movement even after this split.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">[63]</a> The Revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration. Supporters of Revisionist Zionism developed the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> Party in Israel, which has dominated most governments since 1977. It advocates Israel's maintaining control of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and takes a hard-line approach in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2005, the Likud split over the issue of creation of a Palestinian state in the occupied territories. Party members advocating peace talks helped form the Kadima Party.<a href="#cite_note-235">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Zionism">Religious Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Category:Conservatism in Israel">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious conservatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_conceptions_of_Jewish_identity_in_Zionism" title="Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_Zionism" title="Nietzschean Zionism">Nietzschean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">Anti-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Hebrew revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christianity">Judeo-Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacism">Jewish supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah#Zionist_aliyah_(1882_on)" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begin_Doctrine" title="Begin Doctrine">Begin Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadna_(Israel)" title="Gadna (Israel)">Gadna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism#Judaism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Oaths" title="Three Oaths">Three Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Eldad" title="Israel Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh" title="Yitzchak Ginsburgh">Ginsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ha'am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klein" title="Aaron Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Levin" title="Yuval Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ruppin" title="Arthur Ruppin">Ruppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samson_(rabbi)" title="David Samson (rabbi)">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Talmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Yosef</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effi_Eitam" title="Effi Eitam">Eitam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Peretz" title="Rafi Peretz">Peretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked" title="Ayelet Shaked">Shaked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Smotrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehavam_Ze%27evi" title="Rehavam Ze'evi">Ze'evi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Iron_Wall_(essay)" title="Iron Wall (essay)">Iron Wall</a>" (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Israel" title="The Case for Israel">The Case for Israel</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Identity" title="Defending Identity">Defending Identity</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Nationalism" title="The Virtue of Nationalism">The Virtue of Nationalism</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_A_Rediscovery" title="Conservatism: A Rediscovery">Conservatism: A Rediscovery</a> (2022)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party%E2%80%93Religious_Zionism" title="National Religious Party–Religious Zionism">National Religious Party–Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Israel)" title="New Hope (Israel)">New Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Israel)" title="New Right (Israel)">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_(political_party)" title="Ahi (political party)">Ahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael_Shelanu" title="Eretz Yisrael Shelanu">Eretz Yisrael Shelanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatikva_(political_party)" title="Hatikva (political party)">Hatikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzohar" title="Hatzohar">Hatzohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moledet" title="Moledet">Moledet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehiya" title="Tehiya">Tehiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_(Israel)" title="National Unity (Israel)">National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right-Wing_Parties" title="Union of Right-Wing Parties">Union of Right-Wing Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamina" title="Yamina">Yamina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Youth" title="Hilltop Youth">Hilltop Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im_Tirtzu" title="Im Tirtzu">Im Tirtzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Internet_Defense_Force" title="Jewish Internet Defense Force">Jewish Internet Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohelet_Policy_Forum" title="Kohelet Policy Forum">Kohelet Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon_Meir" title="Machon Meir">Machon Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercaz_Olami" title="Mercaz Olami">Mercaz Olami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Israel" title="My Israel">My Israel</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhigut_Yehudit" title="Manhigut Yehudit">Manhigut Yehudit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Sheva" title="B'Sheva">B'Sheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_14_(Israel)" title="Channel 14 (Israel)">Channel 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaTzofe" title="HaTzofe">HaTzofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I24NEWS_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="I24NEWS (Israeli TV channel)">i24NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makor_Rishon" title="Makor Rishon">Makor Rishon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mida_(website)" title="Mida (website)">Mida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism in Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_from_military_service_in_Israel" title="Exemption from military service in Israel">Non-conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torato_Umanuto" title="Torato Umanuto">Torato Umanuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel" title="Far-right politics in Israel">Far-right politics in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a></li> <li>Immigration to Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_tag_attack_policy" title="Price tag attack policy">Price tag attack policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_camp" title="National camp">National camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">One-state solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torat_Eretz_Yisrael" title="Torat Eretz Yisrael">Torat Eretz Yisrael</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Template:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Religious Zionism is a variant of Zionist ideology that combines religious conservatism and secular nationalism into a theology with patriotism as its basis. In this vein, Religious Zionism reinvents the meaning of Jewish traditions in service of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Main_Zionist_Streams_and_Jewish_Traditions-236">[211]</a> Before the establishment of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. One of the core ideas in Religious Zionism is the belief that the ingathering of exiles in the Land of Israel and the establishment of Israel is <a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a> ("the beginning of the redemption"), the initial stage of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">geula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[212]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and the capture of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, a territory referred to in Jewish terms as <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea and Samaria">Judea and Samaria</a>, right-wing components of the Religious Zionist movement integrated nationalist revindication and evolved into what is sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a>. Their ideology revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the People of Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-238">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Jewish_support">Non-Jewish support</h2></div> The French government, through Minister M. Cambon, formally committed itself to "... the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that Land from which the people of Israel were exiled so many centuries ago."<a href="#cite_note-239">[214]</a> In China, top figures of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist government</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, expressed their sympathy with the aspirations of the Jewish people for a National Home.<a href="#cite_note-240">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_support_for_Zionism">Christian support for Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom">Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom</a></div> Christian Zionism is primarily driven by the belief that the return of Jews to the Holy Land will either lead to their conversion to Christianity or their destruction. This belief is criticized by Gershom Gorenberg in his book "The End of Days," where he highlights the troubling aspect of this messianic scenario—the disappearance of Jews. Evangelical figures like Jerry Falwell believe the establishment of Israel is a pivotal event signaling the Second Coming of Christ and the eventual End of the World. As a result, Christian Zionists have significantly contributed politically and financially to Israeli nationalist forces, with the understanding that Israel's role is to facilitate the Second Coming of Christ and the elimination of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-241">[216]</a> Some Christians actively supported the return of Jews to Palestine even prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as subsequently. <a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Anita Shapira</a>, a history professor emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggests that evangelical Christian restorationists of the 1840s "passed this notion on to Jewish circles".<a href="#cite_note-242">[217]</a> Evangelical Christian anticipation of and political lobbying within the UK for <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom">Restorationism</a> was widespread in the 1820s and common beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-243">[218]</a> It was common among the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> to anticipate and frequently to pray for a Jewish return to their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-244">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[221]</a> One of the principal <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> teachers who promoted the biblical doctrine that the Jews would return to their national homeland was <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>. His doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a> is credited with promoting Zionism, following his 11 lectures on the hopes of the church, the Jew and the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> given in Geneva in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-247">[222]</a> However, others like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">C H Spurgeon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horatius_Bonar" title="Horatius Bonar">both Horatius</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Murray_M%27Cheyne" title="Robert Murray M'Cheyne">Robert Murray M'Chyene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._C._Ryle" title="J. C. Ryle">J C Ryle</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[226]</a> were among a number of prominent proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return, who were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionist views were embraced by many <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a> and also affected international foreign policy. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> ideologue <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_Lutostansky" title="Hippolytus Lutostansky">Hippolytus Lutostansky</a>, also known as the author of multiple <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> tracts, insisted in 1911 that Russian Jews should be "helped" to move to Palestine "as their rightful place is in their former kingdom of Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-252">[227]</a> Notable early supporters of Zionism include British Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, American President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>, whose activities in support of Zionism led the British Army to ban him from ever serving in Palestine. According to Charles Merkley of Carleton University, Christian Zionism strengthened significantly after the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> of 1967, and many dispensationalist and non-dispensationalist evangelical Christians, especially Christians in the United States, now strongly support Zionism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the last years of his life, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, declared, "the time for Jews to return to the land of Israel is now." In 1842, Smith sent <a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Orson Hyde</a>, an Apostle of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a>, to Jerusalem to dedicate the land for the return of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-253">[228]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> publicly supporting Israel include US author <a href="/wiki/Nonie_Darwish" title="Nonie Darwish">Nonie Darwish</a>, and former Muslim <a href="/wiki/Magdi_Allam" title="Magdi Allam">Magdi Allam</a>, author of Viva Israele,<a href="#cite_note-254">[229]</a> both born in Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Brigitte Gabriel</a>, a Lebanese-born Christian US journalist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Congress_for_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="American Congress for Truth">American Congress for Truth</a>, urges Americans to "fearlessly speak out in defense of America, Israel and Western civilization".<a href="#cite_note-255">[230]</a> The largest Zionist organisation is <a href="/wiki/Christians_United_for_Israel" title="Christians United for Israel">Christians United for Israel</a>, which has 10 million members and is led by <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_support_for_Zionism">Muslim support for Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/375px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to '<a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> Zionist' movements.<a href="#cite_note-Ashkenazi-2005-259">[234]</a></figcaption></figure> Muslims who have publicly defended Zionism include <a href="/wiki/Tawfik_Hamid" title="Tawfik Hamid">Tawfik Hamid</a>, Islamic thinker and reformer<a href="#cite_note-260">[235]</a> and former member of <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a>, an Islamist militant group that is designated as a terrorist organization by the European Union<a href="#cite_note-261">[236]</a> and United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-262">[237]</a> Sheikh Prof. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_Palazzi" title="Abdul Hadi Palazzi">Abdul Hadi Palazzi</a>, Director of the Cultural Institute of the Italian Islamic Community<a href="#cite_note-263">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashbih_Sayyed" title="Tashbih Sayyed">Tashbih Sayyed</a>, a Pakistani-American scholar, journalist, and author.<a href="#cite_note-264">[239]</a> While most Israeli Druze identify as ethnically <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[240]</a> today, tens of thousands of Israeli Druze belong to "Druze Zionist" movements.<a href="#cite_note-Ashkenazi-2005-259">[234]</a> During the Palestine Mandate era, <a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Shukeiri" title="As'ad Shukeiri">As'ad Shukeiri</a>, a Muslim scholar ('alim) of the Acre area, and the father of <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shukeiri" title="Ahmad Shukeiri">Ahmad Shukeiri</a>, rejected the values of the Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-266">[241]</a> He met routinely with Zionist officials and had a part in every pro-Zionist Arab organization from the beginning of the British Mandate, publicly rejecting <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a>'s use of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to attack Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-267">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_support_for_Zionism">Hindu support for Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">India–Israel relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></div> After Israel's creation in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> government opposed Zionism. Some writers have claimed that this was done in order to get more Muslim votes in India (where Muslims numbered over 30 million at the time).<a href="#cite_note-268">[243]</a> Zionism, seen as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of the Jewish people to their homeland then under British colonial rule, appealed to many <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Nationalist">Hindu nationalists</a>, who viewed their struggle for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">independence from British rule</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> as national liberation for <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">long-oppressed Hindus</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An international opinion survey has shown that India is the most pro-Israel country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-269">[244]</a> In more current times, conservative Indian parties and organizations tend to support Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-270">[245]</a> This has invited attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> movement by parts of the Indian left opposed to Zionism, and allegations that Hindus are conspiring with the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Lobby">Jewish Lobby</a>."<a href="#cite_note-271">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anti-Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Anti-Zionism">Timeline of Anti-Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Antisemitism">New Antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Israeli government">Criticism of the Israeli government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/300px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/450px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/600px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a> newspaper featuring a caricature on its June 18, 1936, edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "Don't be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...".<a href="#cite_note-272">[247]</a></figcaption></figure> Zionism has been opposed by a wide variety of organizations and individuals. In 1919, the US-based <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a> found that the subjection of Palestinians to Zionist rule was a violation of the principle of self-determination. The report stated that "The initial claim, often submitted by Zionist representatives, that they have a 'right' to Palestine based on occupation of two thousand years ago, can barely be seriously considered."<a href="#cite_note-273">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[249]</a> Today, opponents include <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalists</a>, several states of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, some secular, <a href="/wiki/Satmar" title="Satmar">Satmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a> Jews.<a href="#cite_note-275">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[253]</a> Reasons for opposing Zionism have been varied, and they include: fundamental disagreement that foreign born Jews have rights of resettlement, the perception that land confiscations are unfair; expulsions of Palestinians; violence against Palestinians; and alleged <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[256]</a> Arab states in particular have historically strongly opposed Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-282">[257]</a> The preamble of the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>, which has been ratified by 53 African countries as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&action=edit">[update]</a>, includes an undertaking to eliminate Zionism together with other practices including <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, "aggressive foreign military bases" and all forms of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[259]</a> In 1945 US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> met with King <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud pointed out that it was Germany who had committed crimes against the Jews and so Germany should be punished. Palestinian Arabs had done no harm to European Jews and did not deserve to be punished by losing their land. Roosevelt on return to the US concluded that Israel "could only be established and maintained by force."<a href="#cite_note-285">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church_and_Zionism">Catholic Church and Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism#Roman_Catholicism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism § Roman Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christianity and antisemitism</a></div> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a>, the semi-official Vatican periodical (edited by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>) <a href="/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Civiltà Cattolica">Civiltà Cattolica</a> gave its biblical-theological judgement on political Zionism: "1827 years have passed since the prediction of Jesus of Nazareth was fulfilled ... that [after the destruction of Jerusalem] the Jews would be led away to be slaves among all the nations and that they would remain in the dispersion [diaspora, galut] until the end of the world."<a href="#cite_note-Rosen-2015-286">[261]</a> The Jews should not be permitted to return to Palestine with sovereignty: "According to the Sacred Scriptures, the Jewish people must always live dispersed and vagabondo [vagrant, wandering] among the other nations, so that they may render witness to Christ not only by the Scriptures ... but by their very existence".<a href="#cite_note-Rosen-2015-286">[261]</a> Nonetheless, Theodor Herzl travelled to Rome in late January 1904, after the sixth Zionist Congress (August 1903) and six months before his death, looking for support. On January 22, Herzl first met the Papal Secretary of State, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a>. According to Herzl's private diary notes, the Cardinal's interpretation of the history of Israel was the same as that of the Catholic Church, but he also asked for the conversion of the Jews to Catholicism. Three days later, Herzl met Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a>, who replied to his request of support for a Jewish return to Israel in the same terms, saying that "we are unable to favor this movement. We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction it ... The Jews have not recognized our Lord, therefore we cannot recognize the Jewish people." In 1922, the same periodical published a piece by its Viennese correspondent, "anti-Semitism is nothing but the absolutely necessary and natural reaction to the Jews' arrogance... Catholic anti-Semitism—while never going beyond the moral law—adopts all necessary means to emancipate the Christian people from the abuse they suffer from their sworn enemy".<a href="#cite_note-287">[262]</a> This initial attitude changed over the next 50 years, until 1997, when at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> symposium of that year, Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> rejected the Christian roots of antisemitism, stating that "... the wrong and unjust interpretations of the New Testament relating to the Jewish people and their supposed guilt [in Christ's death] circulated for too long, engendering sentiments of hostility toward this people."<a href="#cite_note-288">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characterization_as_colonialist_and_racist">Characterization as colonialist and racist</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Zionism" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel § Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest,_Washington,_DC_USA_01929_(33670862035).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg/300px-2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg/450px-2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg/600px-2017.03.26_Anti-Israel_Protest%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_01929_%2833670862035%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4193" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Palestinian protest with placards demanding the US to stop funding of "Israeli apartheid" in Washington, DC, 2017</figcaption></figure> Zionism is often considered to be an example of a colonial<a href="#cite_note-CHARCOL-15">[13]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a><a href="#cite_note-CHARRAS-16">[14]</a> movement. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>, throughout its history up to present day, Zionism "is replete with manifestations of deep hostility and contempt towards the indigenous population." Shlaim balances this by pointing out that there have always been individuals within the Zionist movement that have criticized such attitudes. He cites the example of <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>, who after visiting Palestine in 1891, published a series of articles criticizing the aggressive behaviour and political ethnocentrism of Zionist settlers. Ha'am reportedly wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> "behave towards the Arabs with hostility and cruelty, trespass unjustly upon their boundaries, beat them shamefully without reason and even brag about it, and nobody stands to check this contemptible and dangerous tendency" and that they believed that "the only language that the Arabs understand is that of force."<a href="#cite_note-289">[264]</a> Some criticisms of Zionism claim that Judaism's notion of the "<a href="/wiki/Jews_as_a_chosen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews as a chosen people">chosen people</a>" is the source of racism in Zionism,<a href="#cite_note-290">[265]</a> despite, according to <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Perednik" title="Gustavo Perednik">Gustavo Perednik</a>, that being a religious concept unrelated to Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-291">[266]</a> This characterization of Zionism as a colonialism has been made by, among others, Gershon Shafir, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)" title="Michael Prior (theologian)">Michael Prior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Baruch Kimmerling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHARCOL-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, John P. Quigly, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Cheryl Rubenberg</a> have criticized Zionism, saying that it unfairly confiscates land and expels Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-292">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> has called Israelis the 'Prussians of the Middle East', who have achieved a 'totsieg', a 'victorious rush into the grave' as a result of dispossessing 1.5 million Palestinians. Israel had become the 'last remaining colonial power' of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-293">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Abdel_Jawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh Abdel Jawad">Saleh Abdel Jawad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)" title="Michael Prior (theologian)">Michael Prior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a>, and John Rose have criticized Zionism for having been responsible for violence against Palestinians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)" title="Michael Prior (theologian)">Michael Prior</a> claim that the notion of expelling the Palestinians was an early component of Zionism, citing Herzl's diary from 1895 which states "we shall endeavour to expel the poor population across the border unnoticed—the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly."<a href="#cite_note-295">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Derek Penslar</a> says that Herzl may have been considering either South America or Palestine when he wrote the diary entry about expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-296">[271]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, although many Zionists proposed transfer, it was never official Zionist policy and in 1918 Ben-Gurion "emphatically rejected" it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2009231–232-297">[272]</a> The exodus of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Palestinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Palestinians">Arab Palestinians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 war</a> has been controversially described as having involved <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[274]</a> According to a growing consensus between '<a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">new historians</a>' in Israel and Palestinian historians, expulsion and destruction of villages played a major role in creating the Palestinian refugee problem.<a href="#cite_note-300">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[276]</a> While some traditionalist scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a> state that most of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs (and that Israel attempted to convince them to stay),<a href="#cite_note-302">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[278]</a> the scholarly consensus now dismisses this claim,<a href="#cite_note-304">[279]</a> and as such, Benny Morris concurs that Arab instigation was not the major cause of the refugees' flight,<a href="#cite_note-305">[280]</a> and state that the major cause of Palestinian flight was instead military actions by the Israeli Defence Force and fear of them and that Arab instigation can only explain a small part of the exodus and not a large part of it.<a href="#cite_note-306">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a> said that Zionism resulted in ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006-307">[282]</a> This view diverges from other <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, such as Benny Morris, who place the Palestinian exodus in the context of war, not ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-308">[283]</a> When Benny Morris was asked about the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle</a>, he responded "There are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing."<a href="#cite_note-309">[284]</a> In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> said in the letter "The Jews", that the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine must be performed by non-violence against the Arabs, comparing it to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> into Hindu and Muslim countries. He proposed to the Jews to "offer themselves to be shot or thrown into the Dead Sea without raising a little finger against them".<a href="#cite_note-310">[285]</a> He expressed his "sympathy" for the Jewish aspirations, but said: "The cry for the national home for the Jews does not make much appeal to me. The sanction for it is sought in the Bible and the tenacity with which the Jews have hankered after return to Palestine. Why should they not, like other peoples of the earth, make that country their home where they are born and where they earn their livelihood?"<a href="#cite_note-311">[286]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and warned them against violence: "It is wrong and inhuman to impose the Jews on the Arabs ... Surely it would be a crime against humanity to reduce the proud Arabs so that Palestine can be restored to the Jews partly or wholly as their national home ... They can settle in Palestine only by the goodwill of the Arabs. They should seek to convert the Arab heart".<a href="#cite_note-312">[287]</a> Gandhi later told American journalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a> in 1946 that "Jews have a good case in Palestine. If the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim".<a href="#cite_note-313">[288]</a> He expressed himself again in 1946, nuancing his views: "Hitherto I have refrained practically from saying anything in public regarding the Jew-Arab controversy. I have done so for good reasons. That does not mean any want of interest in the question, but it does mean that I do not consider myself sufficiently equipped with knowledge for the purpose". He concluded: "If they were to adopt the matchless weapon of non-violence ... their case would be the world's and I have no doubt that among the many things that the Jews have given to the world, this would be the best and the brightest".<a href="#cite_note-314">[289]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In December 1973, the UN passed a series of resolutions condemning South Africa and included a reference to an "unholy alliance between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> and Zionism."<a href="#cite_note-315">[290]</a> At the time there was little cooperation between <a href="/wiki/Israel_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel – South Africa relations">Israel and South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[291]</a> although the two countries would develop a close relationship during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-317">[292]</a> Parallels have also been drawn between aspects of South Africa's apartheid regime and certain Israeli policies toward the Palestinians, which are seen as manifestations of racism in Zionist thinking.<a href="#cite_note-318">[293]</a> In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> passed Resolution 3379, which said "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". According to the resolution, "any doctrine of racial differentiation of superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust, and dangerous." The resolution named the occupied territory of Palestine, Zimbabwe, and South Africa as examples of racist regimes. Resolution 3379 was pioneered by the Soviet Union and passed with numerical support from Arab and African states amidst accusations that Israel was supportive of the apartheid regime in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-319">[294]</a> In 1991 the resolution was repealed with <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[295]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] after Israel declared that it would only participate in the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference of 1991</a> if the resolution were revoked.<a href="#cite_note-321">[296]</a> Arab countries sought to associate Zionism with racism in connection with a <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">2001 UN conference on racism</a>, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-322">[297]</a> which caused the United States and Israel to walk away from the conference as a response. The final text of the conference did not connect Zionism with racism. A human rights forum arranged in connection with the conference, on the other hand, did equate Zionism with racism and censured Israel for what it called "racist crimes, including acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing".<a href="#cite_note-323">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haredi_Judaism_and_Zionism">Haredi Judaism and Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism</a></div> Haredi Jews number some 2,100,000 world-wide, constituting 14% of the total Jewish population in the world.<a href="#cite_note-324">[299]</a> Most accept the secular Israeli state.<a href="#cite_note-325">[300]</a> A small number of Orthodox organizations among these Haredi reject Zionism as they view it as a <a href="/wiki/Secular_movement" title="Secular movement">secular movement</a> and reject <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as a doctrine. in Jerusalem, certain <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> groups, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> Hasidim, as well as the larger movement they are part of, the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a>, are opposed to its ideology for religious reasons. Despite having his life saved by a leader of the Zionist movement in 1944, one of the best known Hasidic opponents of political Zionism was <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[301]</a> Although this group of ultra-observant Jews do not support or identify with Zionism as a movement or ideology, in a poll taken in February 2024, 83% said they have a "very strong emotional connection" to Israel, only a small percentage less than the 87% of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> Jews who reported having those same feelings.<a href="#cite_note-327">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_(52032176719).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg/220px-Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg/330px-Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg/440px-Judaism_condemns_Israel%27s_atrocities_-6_%2852032176719%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5844" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a> holding Palestinian flags and placards saying that "Judaism condemns the state of Israel and its atrocities" in London, 2022</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a>, a tiny Orthodox Haredi sect, is considered "the most radical of the Extreme Orthodox groups", which overall have a membership in Israel of 10,000 to 12,000 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-328">[303]</a> Some of its members have said that Israel is a "racist regime",<a href="#cite_note-329">[304]</a> compared Zionists to <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[305]</a> claimed that Zionism is contrary to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[306]</a> or accused it of promoting antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-332">[307]</a> According to the Jewish Chronicle, their approximately 5,000 members worldwide make up about 0.03 percent of the world's Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-333">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Zionism_or_antisemitism">Anti-Zionism or antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Anti-Zionism_and_antisemitism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism § Anti-Zionism and antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Antisemitism">New Antisemitism</a></div> Critics of anti-Zionism have argued that opposition to Zionism can be hard to distinguish from antisemitism,<a href="#cite_note-334">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[310]</a> and that criticism of Israel may be used as an excuse to express viewpoints that might otherwise be considered antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-336">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[312]</a> In discussion of the relationship between antisemitism and anti-Zionism, "one theory holds that anti-Zionism is no more than veiled anti-Semitism". This is contrasted with the theory "that criticism of Israeli politics has been discredited as anti-Zionism, and thus linked with anti-Semitism, in order to prevent such criticism".<a href="#cite_note-338">[313]</a> According to Thomas Mitchell, the terms Jewish and Zionist are at times used interchangeably by some Arab leadership, a perspective that has been influenced by the introduction of European antisemitism into the Arab world in the 1930s and 1940s by the Axis powers. The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) has always positioned itself as being anti-Zionist rather than antisemitic, although its leadership have in a few instances used the terms interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-339">[314]</a> Anti-Zionist writers such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marder" title="Michael Marder">Michael Marder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> have argued that the characterization of anti-Zionism as antisemitic obscures legitimate <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">criticism of Israel</a>'s policies and actions, and that it is used as a political ploy in order to stifle legitimate criticism of Israel. <ul><li>Jewish American linguist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> argues: "There have long been efforts to identify anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism in an effort to exploit anti-racist sentiment for political ends; 'one of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all,' Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/Abba_Eban" title="Abba Eban">Abba Eban</a> argued, in a typical expression of this intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now necessary to identify criticism of Israeli policies as anti-Semitism—or in the case of Jews, as 'self-hatred,' so that all possible cases are covered." – Chomsky, 1989 "Necessary Illusions</li> <li>Philosopher Michael Marder argues: "To deconstruct Zionism is ... to demand justice for its victims—not only for the Palestinians, who are suffering from it, but also for the anti-Zionist Jews, 'erased' from the officially consecrated account of Zionist history. By deconstructing its ideology, we shed light on the context it strives to repress and on the violence it legitimises with a mix of theological or metaphysical reasoning and affective appeals to historical guilt for the undeniably horrific persecution of Jewish people in Europe and elsewhere."<a href="#cite_note-340">[315]</a></li> <li>Jewish American political scientist Norman Finkelstein argues that anti-Zionism and often just criticism of Israeli policies have been conflated with antisemitism, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">new antisemitism</a> for political gain: "Whenever Israel faces a public relations débâcle such as the Intifada or international pressure to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict, American Jewish organizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn Jews into the victims, so that the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are being threatened by a new holocaust. It's a role reversal—the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the charge. It's no longer Israel that needs to leave the Occupied Territories; it's the Arabs who need to free themselves of the anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-341">[316]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionism_and_colonialism">Zionism and colonialism</h2></div> According to Joseph Massad, Zionism was connected with European colonial thought from early on in its development. Massad describes anti-semitism and a shared interest in the colonial project as the basis of the collaboration between Jewish and non-Jewish Zionists during the beginning of the movement's development. He argues that the collaboration between the Zionist movement and European imperialism was essential to the movement's development.<a href="#cite_note-343">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassad2006-342">[317]</a> In this vein, Gershon Shafir describes the use of violence by a colonial metropole as essential to settler colonization. Shafir defines settler-colonialism as the creation of a permanent home in which settlers benefit from privileges withheld from the indigenous population. He describes colonization, the establishment of settlements against the wishes of the indigenous people, as the distinctive characteristic of settler colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Shafir distinguishes between the pre-1948 era and the post-1967 era in the sense that after 1967, the Israeli state became the sponsor of the Zionist movement's colonial efforts, a role which had previously been played by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> For Shafir, Jerome Slater and Shlomo Ben-Ami, after the Israeli conquest of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, the Zionist movement more closely resembled other colonial movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020-345">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a> Similarly, Avi Shlaim describes 1967 as a milestone in the development of the "Zionist colonial project" rather than as a qualitative shift in its nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2023-346">[320]</a> Ze'ev Sternhell agrees that Zionism was a movement of "conquest" from the outset, but disagrees that Jews arriving in Palestine had a colonial mindset.<a href="#cite_note-348">[w]</a> The conquest of 1967 was, for Sternhell, the first time the Zionist movement created a "colonial situation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell2010-347">[321]</a> Israeli historian Yitzhak Sternberg cites Sivan, Halamish and Efrat as similarly describing 1967 as a turning point in which Zionism became involved in colonial efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg2016-349">[322]</a> Shafir and Morris both further distinguish between Zionist colonialism during the First Aliyah and following the arrival of the Second Aliyah. Shafir describes the First Aliyah as following the ethnic plantation colony model, exploiting low wage Palestinian workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Morris describes this relationship: <blockquote> These Jews were not colonists in the usual sense of sons or agents of an imperial mother country, projecting its power beyond the seas and exploiting Third World natural resources. But the settlements of the First Aliyah were still colonial, with white Europeans living amid and employing a mass of relatively impoverished natives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> </blockquote> The "pure settlement colonies" of the Second Aliyah and its exclusion of Palestinian labor, Shafir says "did not originate from opposition to colonialism," but instead out of a desire to secure employment for Jewish settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Similarly, Morris and traditionalist historian Anita Shapira describe the labor Zionist rejection of the ethnic plantation model as motivated by practical as well as moral justifications, stemming from their socialist outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2016-350">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[x]</a> For Shapira, studying Zionism as a colonial movement is "both legitimate and desirable," comparable to colonialism in North America and Australia. She argues that the settler-colonial framing may help "clarify the relations between the settling nation and the native one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2016-350">[323]</a> Sternberg argues that it is important to clearly distinguish between colonization and colonialism as concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg2016-349">[322]</a> For Shafir, "colonization, namely territorial dispossession and the settlement of immigrant populations," cannot happen without colonialism and "the means of violence of a colonial metropole." In contrast, Sternberg considers classical definitions of colonization as broad enough to include cases which did not require the dispossession of the native population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Tuvia Friling depicts the Zionist movement as operating differently from colonial movements in terms of land acquisition. Specifically, the Zionist movement acquired land in the early years by purchasing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriling2016-353">[325]</a> Sternberg in contrast explains that it was not unique for colonial movements to purchase land as part of land acquisition, pointing to similarities in North American colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg2016-349">[322]</a> Friling argues that in contrast to European colonial projects, the early Zionist leadership was dominated by the labor movement with a socialist ethos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriling2016-353">[325]</a> Shafir points to ideological drives in American and Rhodesian settler colonies which developed in service of the colonial project. Similarly, Shafir says, the Zionist labor movement used socialist ideals largely in service of the national movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Sternhell rejects the depiction of the Zionist settlers arriving in Palestine as colonialists. In response to the argument that Zionism could not be a colonial project, but should instead be described as a project of immigration, Shafir quotes Veracini "behind the persecuted, the migrant, even the refugee... behind his labor and hardship." Shafir goes on to characterize Zionism as not unique, in the sense that "[t]he ruthless ethnic cleanser is commonly hidden behind the peaceful settler who arrived in an 'empty land' to start a new life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">[318]</a> Alan Dowty describes the debate over the relationship between Zionism and colonialism as essentially a discussion of "semantics." He defines colonialism as the imposition of control by a "mother country" on another people, for economic gain or for the spreading of culture or religion. Dowty argues that Zionism does not fit this definition on the basis that "there was... no mother country" and that Zionism did not consider the local population in its plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2022-354">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[327]</a> Efraim Karsh adopts a similar definition and similarly concludes that Zionism is not colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh2000-356">[328]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Dowty elaborates that Zionism did not control the local population since it ultimately failed to remove the native people from Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2022-354">[326]</a> In his assessment of whether Zionism is colonialism, Penslar works with a broader definition of colonialism than Dowty, which allows for the country sponsoring the colonial enterprise to be different from the country of origin of the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202370–71,_82–83,_and_95-96-357">[329]</a> Zionism has also been framed as national liberation movement. Masalha cites the Zionist relationship with the British in arguing that Zionism could not be understood in terms of national liberation. Specifically, he says that despite the tensions between the Zionists and the British, "the State of Israel owes its very existence to the British colonial power in Palestine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2014-201">[179]</a> Shapira and Ben-Ami emphasize the importance of the Zionist ethos, describing Zionism as a national liberation movement that was "destined" or "forced" to use colonial methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2016-350">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a> In his work on Zionism, Edward Said described the movement as following the European colonial model. According to Said, Zionism's alliances with the Great Powers and its patronizing attitude toward the native Palestinian population, whom it regarded as backward, were consistent with other colonial projects. For Said, Zionists dismissed native resistance as either driven by primitive emotions or manipulated by elite figures, inherently refusing to recognize Palestinians as a people with their own desires and rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202369-358">[330]</a> In a similar vein, Penslar, who considers Zionism within the settler-colonial frame, writes that the clearest connection between Zionism and colonialism is in the perception of the Palestinians and the Zionist movement's practices towards them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202376-359">[331]</a> He also describes the Zionists as perceiving Palestinians as backward and primitive, seeing themselves as forming a "rampart of Europe against Asia, an outpost of civilization as opposed to barbarism."<a href="#cite_note-360">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_as_settler_colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></div> Beyond characterizing it as a colonial movement, Zionism has been more recently described as a form of settler colonialism, with proponents of this paradigm including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayegh" title="Fayez Sayegh">Fayez Sayegh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a>, George Jabbour, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abu-Lughod" title="Ibrahim Abu-Lughod">Ibrahim Abu-Lughod</a>, Baha Abu-Laban, Jamil Hilal, and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sayigh" title="Rosemary Sayigh">Rosemary Sayigh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section-361">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[334]</a> The settler colonial framework on the conflict emerged in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and re-emerged in Israeli academia in the 1990s led by Israeli and Palestinian scholars, particularly the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, who refuted some of Israel's foundational myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion-363">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[y]</a> It built on the work of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a>, an influential theorist of settler colonial studies who has defined settler colonialism as an ongoing "structure, not an event" aimed at replacing a native population rather than exploiting it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006-365">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[338]</a> Rachel Busbridge says the framework's subsequent popularity is inseparable from frustration at the stagnation of that process and resulting Western left-wing sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a>. Busbridge writes that while a settler colonial analysis "offers a far more accurate portrayal of the conflict than...has conventionally been painted", Wolfe's zero-sum approach is limited in practical application because almost all Israeli Jews naturally reject it, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> that denies their long-standing <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">history in the land of Israel</a> and aspirations for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98-369">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_Judaism" title="American Council for Judaism">American Council for Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanistan" title="Romanistan">Romanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> The reasons for this decision were explained by His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in a speech to the House of Commons on February 18, 1947, in which he said: "His Majesty's Government have been faced with an irreconcilable conflict of principles. There are in Palestine about 1,200,000 Arabs and 600,000 Jews. For the Jews the essential point of principle is the creation of a sovereign Jewish State. For the Arabs, the essential point of principle is to resist to the last establishment of Jewish sovereignty in any part of Palestine. The discussions of the last month have quite clearly shown that there is no prospect of resolving this conflict by any settlement negotiated between the parties. But if the conflict has to be resolved by an arbitrary decision, that is not a decision which His Majesty's Government are empowered, as Mandatory, to take. His Majesty's Government have of themselves no power, under the terms of the Mandate, to award the country either to the Arabs or to the Jews, or even to partition it between them." </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, p. 28): "In the 1930s and 1940s the Zionist leadership found it expedient to euphemise, using the term 'transfer' or ha'avarah—the Hebrew euphemism for ethnic cleansing—one of the most enduring themes of Zionist colonisation of Palestine." </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> On this topic, Ben-Ami writes: "This is how a Brit-Shalom Ihud, non-Zionist member of the Jewish Agency, Werner Senator, put it: 'If I weigh the catastrophe of five million Jews against the transfer of one million Arabs, then with a clean and easy conscience I can state that even more drastic acts are permissible.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2004) "Transfer was inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism—because it sought to transform a land which was 'Arab' into a 'Jewish' state and a Jewish state could not have arisen without a major displacement of Arab population; and because this aim automatically produced resistance among the Arabs which, in turn, persuaded the Yishuv's leaders that a hostile Arab majority or large minority could not remain in place if a Jewish state was to arise or safely endure." </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzaɪ.ənɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ZY-ə-niz-əm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: צִיּוֹנוּת, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Ṣīyyonūt, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[tsijoˈnut]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 'Zionism belongs to the category of ethnocultural nationalism, according to which groups sharing a common history and culture have fundamental and morally significant interests in adhering to their culture and in sustaining it for generations. Cultural nationalism holds that such interests warrant political recognition and support, primarily by the means of granting the groups in question the right to national self-determination or self-rule.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGans20083-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>): "For decades Zionists themselves used terms such as 'colonisation' (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "The basic assumption regarding the right of Jews to Palestine—a right that required no proof—was a fundamental component of all Zionist programs. In contrast with other prospective areas for Jewish settlement, such as Argentina or East Africa, it was generally believed that no one could deny the right of the Jews to their ancestral land. Even Ahad Ha-Am, the eternal skeptic, commented that this was 'a land to which our historical right is beyond doubt and has no need for farfetched proofs.' Others, such as Lilienblum, did not even think it necessary to dwell on this matter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1992-29">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "When faced with the apocalyptic dimensions of the Jewish catastrophe, the Holocaust, even Brit-Shalom Ihud moved to endorse first the necessity of demographic parity between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, and then, as 'a necessary evil', the idea of a Jewish independent state, that is the partition of Palestine. It was no longer thetime for moral scruples or guilt feelings towards the dispossessed Arab population. This is how a Brit-Shalom Ihud, non-Zionist member of theJewish Agency, Werner Senator, put it: 'If I weigh the catastrophe of five million Jews against the transfer of one million Arabs, then with a clean and easy conscience I can state that even more drastic acts are permissible.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Arthur Ruppin, co-founder of Brit-Shalom: "the British told us that there are some hundred thousand negroes [in Palestine] and for those there is no value"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012-36">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Lord Balfour would write, "Zionism, be it right or wrong, good or bad, is rooted in age-long traditions, in present needs, in future hopes, of far greater import than the desires and prejudices of the 700,000 Arabs who now inhabit that ancient land."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2006-38">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> While Secretary of State for the Colonies, Winston Churchill spoke to the Peel Commission: "I do not admit that the dog in the manger has the final right to the manger, even though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit, for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America, or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to those people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher grade race, or, at any rate, a more worldly-wise race, to put it that way, has come in and taken their place."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012-36">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "Unsatisfactory and simplistic as Pinsker's quasi-medical diagnosis may be, it does try to address itself to the exceptional conditions of Jewish existence. If Jews are a nation and they continue to exist as a nation despite the lack of the effective attributes of national life, this is an obvious anomaly, and an explanation has to be found. Krochmal and Graetz tried to explain this deviation from the norms of universal historical development by rearranging the conventional norms of universal history itself. Pinsker lacks this philosophical dimension of history, and he therefore limits himself to stating what he conceives as an anomaly and attempting to suggest a clinical diagnosis for it. Pinsker's diagnosis may appear irrelevant, but his cure is radical. If the nations of the world see the Jew as a soul without a body, a shadowless Ahasver, an eternal Wandering Jew, lacking real, corporeal existence, the cure surely has to be radical. If the Jews are hated because they have no homeland, normalization will become possible only if they acquire one. Were this to happen, then the nations of the world would view the Jews as normal human beings and would consequently lose their inordinate fear of them. No concrete, real attribute of the Jews causes Judeophobia; it is the abnormality of the Jews being somewhere between a national existence and a lack of a real foundation for that existence. For the Jews to appear like any other people they need a homeland, Pinsker argues: then everybody will relate to them as normal people and Judeophobia will wither away."<a href="#CITEREFAvineri2017">Avineri 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> '"A Jew brought up among Germans may assume German customs, German words. He may be wholly imbued with that German fluid but the nucleus of his spiritual structure will always remain Jewish, because his blood, his body, his physical-facial type are Jewish." (<a href="#CITEREFJabotinsky1961">Jabotinsky 1961</a>, pp. 37–49) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> "The Talmud does take up the right of individuals to settle in Israel, but there is a consensus against collective settlement.", "Several rabbinical sources through the centuries have interpreted these oaths to assert that even if all the nations were to encourage the Jews to settle in the Land of Israel, it would still be necessary to abstain from doing so, for fear of committing yet other sins and of being punished by an exile even cruder still." " Traditional Jewish culture discourages political and military activism of any variety, particularly in the Land of Israel... In the traditional view, settlement in the Land of Israel will be brought, about by the universal effect of good deeds rather than by m ilitary force or diplomacy... The Talmud (BT Ketubot, 111a) relates the three oaths sworn on the eve of the dispersal of what remained of the people of Israel to the fourcorners of the earth: not to return en masse and in an organized fashion to the Land of Israel; not to rebel against the nations; and that the nations do not subjugate Israel exceedingly... The idea of return to the Land of Israel achieved by political means is alien to the idea of salvation in Jewish tradition."<a href="#CITEREFRabkin2006">Rabkin 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "To ultra-Orthodox Jews, on the other hand, the idea of Jews returning to their homeland flew in the face of the fate decreed for them. To them such an act ran counter to the three oaths the Jewish people swore to the Almighty: not to storm the wall, not to rush the End, and not to rebel against the nations of the world, while the Almighty adjured the nations of the world not to destroy the Jewish people.4 They saw an attempt to bring about redemption by natural, man-made means as rebelling against divine decrees, as Jews taking their fate into their own hands and not waiting for the coming of the Messiah. Consequently ultra-Orthodox Jews vehemently opposed this perilous heresy" <a href="#CITEREFShapira2014">Shapira 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Pinsker wrote: "The fact that, as it seems, we can mix with the nations only in the smallest proportions, presents a further obstacle to the establishment of amicable relations. Therefore, we must see to it that the surplus of Jews, the inassimilable residue, is removed and provided for elsewhere. This duty can be incumbent upon no one but ourselves," Leo Pinsker, "Auto-Emancipation," in Hertzberg, 1959, p. 193. And Nordau wrote, in a otherwise sympathetic presentation of the Ostjuden, that: "'the contempt created by the impudent, crawling beggar in dirty caftan... falls back on all of us,'" quoted in Aschheim, 1982, p. 88.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> "The irony here is in the now well-documented understanding that Lord Balfour was himself deeply religious and that his thinking on the projected post-World War 1 fate of Palestine was influenced by his expectations of the fulfullment of biblical prophecy. What disappointed Balfour, <a href="/wiki/William_Hechler" title="William Hechler">Hechler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Kook</a> was that the secular Jewish settlers of British Mandate Palestine did not see divine Providence at work in international affairs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2009133-154">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Klug" title="Brian Klug">Brian Klug</a> states that "Keeping Jews out of Britain and packing them off to Palestine were just two sides of the same antisemitic coin"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> "The Histadrut is not a trade union, not a political party, not acooperative society, nor is it a mutual aid association, although it doesengage in trade union activity, in politics, cooperative organizationand mutual aid. But it is much more than that. The Histadrut is a covenant of builders of a homeland, founders of a state, renewers of anation, builders of an economy, creators of culture, reformers of a society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Various leaders spoke strongly in favor of transfer. Ussishkin said, “We cannot start the Jewish state with … half the population being Arab … Such a state cannot survive even half an hour.” There was nothing immoral about transferring sixty thousand Arab families: “It is most moral.… I am ready to come and defend … it before the Almighty.” Ruppin said: “I do not believe in the transfer of individuals. I believe in the transfer of entire villages.” Berl Katznelson, coleader with Ben-Gurion of Mapai, said the transfer would have to be by agreement with Britain and the Arab states: “But the principle should be that there must be a large agreed transfer.” Ben-Gurion summed up: “With compulsory transfer we [would] have a vast area [for settlement] …. I support compulsory transfer. I don’t see anything immoral in it.”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> David Ben Gurion famously would say: we shall "fight the White Paper as if there were no Hitler and fight Hitler as if there were no White Paper." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> "Ben-Gurion remarked in December 1938 (a month after the Nazis’ pogrom against Germany’s Jews, known as <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, but two years before the start of the Holocaust): “If I knew it was possible to save all the [Jewish] children of Germany by their transfer to England and only half of them by transferring them to Eretz-Yisrael, I would choose the latter—because we are faced not only with the accounting of these children but also with the historical accounting of the Jewish People.”3 Ben-Gurion viewed the Holocaust primarily through the prism of its effect on the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>. “The catastrophe of European Jewry is not, in a direct manner, my business,” he said in December 1942.4And, “The destruction of European Jewry is the death-knell of Zionism.” In the words of <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Gruenbaum" title="Yitzhak Gruenbaum">Yitzhak Gruenbaum</a> a member of the Jewish Agency Executive, “Zionism is above everything.”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> "that a small, determined group of revolutionaries representing a minority view within the wider population could achieve some success against the British Empire helped to convince Zionist radicals that they could be successful. Members of Jewish underground groups . .studied Irish rebels' victory over the superior might of Britain. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, leader of the Irgun, had travelled to ireland, meeting Irish Volunteer and IRA gunrunner <a href="/wiki/Robert_Briscoe_(politician)" title="Robert Briscoe (politician)">Robert Briscoe</a>, to discuss drilling, training and strategy in fighting the British and to 'learn all he could in order to form a physical force movement in Palestine on the same lines as the IRA'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConaghy2021482-175">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "In Israel, ‘“nationality” (Hebrew: ‘le’um’) and “citizenship” (Hebrew: “ezrahut”) are two separate, distinct statuses, conveying different rights and responsibilities’. Palestinians in Israel, as non-Jews, can be citizens, but never nationals, and are thus denied ‘rights and privileges’ enjoyed by those ‘who would qualify for Israeli citizenship under the 1950 Law of Return’."<a href="#CITEREFWhite2012">White 2012</a>, Spot the Difference </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Massad depicts the transition in the choice of terminology within the Zionist movement in the mid-20th century, as "colonialism" began to more broadly develop a negative association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassad2006-342">[317]</a> Khalidi writes: "In fact, Zionism—for two decades the coddled step-child of British colonialism—rebranded itself as an anticolonial movement"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">[143]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> "Berl Katznelson, the labour-movement ideologist, never thought there could be any doubt about it: 'The Zionist enterprise is an enterprise of conquest', he said in 1929. And in the same breath: 'It is not by chance that I use military terms when speaking of settlement.' In 1922 Ben-Gurion had already said the same: 'We are conquerors of the land facing an iron wall, and we have to break through it.'... [B]ut to claim that the arrivals were white settlers driven by a colonialist mind-set does not correspond to historical reality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell2010-347">[321]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Morris: "Though it inflamed Arab antagonism to Zionism, the socialists saw the fight over jobs as a struggle for survival, the social struggle meshing with the national one. But, in reality, rather than "meshing," the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos." (<a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> "The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm's reformulation.<a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, first section </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGans20083-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGans20083_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGans2008">Gans 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCollins2011">Collins 2011</a>, pp. 169–185: "and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBloom2011">Bloom 2011</a>, p. 2,13,49,132: "Dr. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ruppin" title="Arthur Ruppin">Arthur Ruppin</a> was sent to Palestine for the first time in 1907 by the heads of the German [World] Zionist Organization in order to make a pilot study of the possibilities for colonization. . . <a href="/wiki/Franz_Oppenheimer" title="Franz Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a> was a German sociologist and political economist. As a worldwide expert on colonization he became Herzl's advisor and formulated the first program for Zionist colonization, which he presented at the 6th Zionist Congress (Basel 1903) ..... <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> wrote that the group of Zionists who imagined themselves colonialists inclined to that persona "because such a representation was pivotal to the entire project of becoming 'white men'." Colonization was seen as a sign of belonging to western and modern culture;"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2013">Robinson 2013</a>, p. 18: "Never before", wrote Berl Katznelson, founding editor of the Histadrut daily, Davar, "has the white man undertaken colonization with that sense of justice and social progress which fills the Jew who comes to Palestine." <a href="/wiki/Berl_Katznelson" title="Berl Katznelson">Berl Katznelson</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAlroey2011">Alroey 2011</a>, p. 5: "<a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Herzl</a> further sharpened the issue when he tried to make diplomacy precede settlement, precluding any possibility of preemptive and unplanned settlement in the Land of Israel: "Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJabotinsky1923">Jabotinsky 1923</a>: "Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed.. .Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population". <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> quoted in Alan Balfour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7p9DwAAQBAJ">The Walls of Jerusalem: Preserving the Past, Controlling the Future,</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a> 2019 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18229-0">978-1-119-18229-0</a> p.59.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSafrai2018">Safrai 2018</a>, p. 76: "The preoccupation of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> in all its forms with the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, pp. 58–63: "Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">the Jordan</a>'s sources, the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litanni river</a> in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River#Biblical_Jabbok" title="Zarqa River">Yabok</a> rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz Railway">Hijaz Railway</a>..."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMotyl2001">Motyl 2001</a>, p. 604</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzl1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Herzl, Theodor</a> (1988) [1896]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40">"Biography, by Alex Bein"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC">Der Judenstaat</a> [The Jewish state]. Translated by Sylvie d'Avigdor (republication ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Courier Dover</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25849-2"><bdi>978-0-486-25849-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography%2C+by+Alex+Bein&rft.btitle=Der+Judenstaat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=republication&rft.pub=Courier+Dover&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25849-2&rft.aulast=Herzl&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3f4RFWkMeWoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZionistLandJewsArabs-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZionistLandJewsArabs_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZionistLandJewsArabs_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFManna2022">Manna 2022</a>, pp. 2 ("the principal objective of the Zionist leadership to keep as few Arabs as possible in the Jewish state"), 4 ("in the 1948 war, when it became clear that the objective that enjoyed the unanimous support of Zionists of all inclinations was to establish a Jewish state with the smallest possible number of Palestinians"), and 33 ("The Zionists had two cherished objectives: fewer Arabs in the country and more land in the hands of the settlers.");</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, p. 76: "The Nakba represented a watershed in the history of Palestine and the Middle East. It transformed most of Palestine from what it had been for well over a millennium—a majority Arab country—into a new state that had a substantial Jewish majority. This transformation was the result of two processes: the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Arab-inhabited areas of the country seized during the war; and the theft of Palestinian land and property left behind by the refugees as well as much of that owned by those Arabs who remained in Israel. There would have been no other way to achieve a Jewish majority, the explicit aim of political Zionism from its inception. Nor would it have been possible to dominate the country without the seizures of land.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, pp. 49 ("There were three arguments for the moral acceptability of some form of transfer. The main one—certainly for the Zionists but not only for them—was the alleged necessity of establishing a secure and stable Jewish state in as much of Palestine as was feasible, which was understood to require a large Jewish majority."), 81 ("From the outset of the Zionist movement all the major leaders wanted as few Arabs as possible in a Jewish state"), 87 ("The Zionist movement in general and David Ben-Gurion in particular had long sought to establish a Jewish state in all of “Palestine,” which in their view included the West Bank, Gaza, and parts of Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria."), and 92 ("As Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Sand" title="Shlomo Sand">Shlomo Sand</a> wrote: 'During every round of the national conflict over Palestine, which is the longest running conflict of its kind in the modern era, Zionism has tried to appropriate additional territory.'");</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSegev2019">Segev 2019</a>, p. 418, "the Zionist dream from the start—maximum territory, minimum Arabs";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCohen2017">Cohen 2017</a>, p. 78, "As was suggested by Masalha (1992), Morris (1987), and other scholars, many preferred a state without Arabs or with as small a minority as possible, and plans for population transfers were considered by Zionist leaders and activists for years.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLustickBerkman2017">Lustick & Berkman 2017</a>, pp. 47–48, "As Ben-Gurion told one Palestinian leader in the early 1930s, 'Our final goal is the independence of the Jewish people in Palestine, on both sides of the Jordan River, not as a minority, but as a community numbering millions" (Teveth 1985:130). Ipso facto, this meant Zionism's success would produce an Arab minority in Palestine, no matter what its geographical dimensions.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStanislawski2017">Stanislawski 2017</a>, p. 65, "The upper classes of Palestinian society quickly fled the fight to places of safety within the Arab world and outside of it; the lower classes were caught between the Israeli desire to have as few Arabs as possible remaining in their new state and the Palestinians’ desire to remain on the lands they regarded as their ancient national patrimony."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2014">Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2014</a>, p. 6, "It was obvious to most approaches within the Zionist movement—certainly to the mainstream as represented by Labor Zionism and its leadership headed by Ben Gurion, that a Jewish state would entail getting rid of as many of the Palestinian inhabitants of the land as possible ... Following Wolfe, we argue that the logic of demographic elimination is an inherent component of the Zionist project as a settler-colonial project, although it has taken different manifestations since the founding of the Zionist movement.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEngel2013">Engel 2013</a>, pp. 96 ("From the outset Zionism had been the activity of a loose coalition of individuals and groups united by a common desire to increase the Jewish population of Palestine ..."), 121 ("... the ZO sought ways to expand the territory a partitioned Jewish state might eventually receive ... Haganah undertook to ensconce small groups of Jews in parts of Palestine formerly beyond their sights ... their leaders had hoped for more expansive borders ..."), and 138 ("The prospect that Israel would have only the barest Jewish majority thus loomed large in the imagination of the state’s leaders. To be sure, until the late 1930s most Zionists would have been delighted with any majority, no matter how slim; the thought that Jews in Palestine would ever be more numerous than Arabs appeared a distant vision. But in 1937 the Peel Commission had suggested ... to leave both the Jewish state and Arab Palestine with the smallest possible minorities. That suggestion had fired Zionist imaginations; now it was possible to think of a future state as ‘Jewish’ not only by international recognition of the right of Jews to dominate its government but by the inclinations of virtually all of its inhabitants. Such was how the bulk of the Zionist leadership understood the optimal ‘Jewish state’ in 1948: non-Jews (especially Arabs) might live in it and enjoy all rights of citizenship, but their numbers should be small enough compared to the Jewish population that their impact on public life would be minimal. Israel’s leaders were thus not sad at all to see so many Arabs leave its borders during the fighting in 1947–48 ... the 150,000 who remained on Israeli territory seemed to many to constitute an unacceptably high proportion relative to the 650,000 Jews in the country when the state came into being. This perception not only dictated Israel’s adamant opposition to the return of Arab refugees, it reinforced the imperative to bring as many new Jewish immigrants into the country as possible, as quickly as possible, no matter how great or small their prospects for becoming the sort of ‘new Jews’ the state esteemed most.")</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, p. 38, "From the late nineteenth century and throughout the Mandatory period the demographic and land policies of the Zionist Yishuv in Palestine continued to evolve. But its demographic and land battles with the indigenous inhabitants of Palestine were always a battle for 'maximum land and minimum Arabs' (Masalha 1992, 1997, 2000).";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLentin2010">Lentin 2010</a>, p. 7, "'the Zionist leadership was always determined to increase the Jewish space ... Both land purchases in and around the villages, and military preparations, were all designed to dispossess the Palestinians from the area of the future Jewish state' (Pappe 2008: 94).";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShlaim2009">Shlaim 2009</a>, p. 56, "That most Zionist leaders wanted the largest possible Jewish state in Palestine with as few Arabs inside it as possible is hardly open to question.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 250, "In other words, hitkansut is the core of Zionism in a slightly different garb: to take over as much of Palestine as possible with as few Palestinians as possible.";</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>, p. 588, "But the displacement of Arabs from Palestine or from the areas of Palestine that would become the Jewish State was inherent in Zionist ideology and, in microcosm, in Zionist praxis from the start of the enterprise. The piecemeal eviction of tenant farmers, albeit in relatively small numbers, during the first five decades of Zionist land purchase and settlement naturally stemmed from, and in a sense hinted at, the underlying thrust of the ideology, which was to turn an Arab-populated land into a State with an overwhelming Jewish majority."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>: "The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography—ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible—and land."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFConforti2024">Conforti 2024</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeauchamp2018">Beauchamp 2018</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2024">Encyclopedia Britannica 2024</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFConforti2024">Conforti 2024</a>, p. 485: "The crisis in the Enlightenment movement in the late nineteenth century gave way to the rise of alternative ideologies, such as Jewish nationalism and socialism. Early Zionist thinkers, such as Peretz Smolenskin (1842–1885), sharply criticized the Enlightenment scholars and their universalist approach."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShillony2012">Shillony 2012</a>, p. 88:"[Zionism] arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLeVineMossberg2014">LeVine & Mossberg 2014</a>, p. 211: "The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism and nationalism. The ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and helping to set off the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>, or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a> movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> as a religion."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGelvin2014">Gelvin 2014</a>, p. 93: "The fact that <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other""</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1995" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Robin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi">The Cambridge Survey of World Migration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/504">504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7"><bdi>978-0-521-44405-7</bdi></a>. <q>Zionism Colonize palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Survey+of+World+Migration&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44405-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgesurveyo00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2007" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&q=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52">The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88835-6"><bdi>978-0-521-88835-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220003633/https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&lpg=PA52&dq=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88835-6&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FwAT5fx03IC%26q%3Dthe%2520Basel%2520program%2520colonisation%2520of%2520Palestine%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, pp. 10–11</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSternhell1999">Sternhell 1999</a>: "The difference between religious and secular Zionism, be- tween the Zionism of the Left and the Zionism of the Right, was merely a difference of form and not an essential difference."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>, p. 3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShapira1992">Shapira 1992</a>, Conclusion</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShlaim2001">Shlaim 2001</a>, Prologue</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami" title="Shlomo Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami, Shlomo</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Prophets Without Honor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-006047-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624173918/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+Without+Honor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006047-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnhXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul></div> |<a href="#CITEREFChomsky1999">Chomsky 1999</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroen2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">Troen, S. Ilan</a> (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Affairs (page does not exist)">Israel Affairs</a>. 13 (4: Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537120701445372">10.1080/13537120701445372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Affairs&rft.atitle=De-Judaizing+the+Homeland%3A+Academic+Politics+in+Rewriting+the+History+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4%3A+Postcolonial+Theory+and+the+Arab-Israel+Conflict&rft.pages=872-884&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537120701445372&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Aaronson, Ran (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og">"Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a>. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>: 214–229. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012913/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Settlement+in+Eretz+Israel+%E2%80%93+A+Colonialist+Enterprise%3F+%22Critical%22+Scholarship+and+Historical+Geography&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-229&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Aaronson&rft.aufirst=Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf%2B%26hl%3Den%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6%26sig%3DAHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Michael J. (2011). "Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine". Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture. 30 (2): 115–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13531042.2011.610119">10.1080/13531042.2011.610119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Israeli+History%3A+Politics%2C+Society%2C+Culture&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+British+imperialism+II%3A+Imperial+financing+in+Palestine&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-139&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13531042.2011.610119&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHARCOL-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHARCOL_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHARCOL_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHARCOL_15-2">c</a> <ul><li>Shafir, Gershon, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2002, pp. 37–38</li> <li>Bareli, Avi, "Forgetting Europe: Perspectives on the Debate about Zionism and Colonialism", in Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>, 2003, pp. 99–116</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Pappé Ilan</a>, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2006, pp. 72–121</li> <li>Prior, Michael, The Bible and colonialism: a moral critique, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997, pp. 106–215</li> <li>Shafir, Gershon, "Zionism and Colonialism", in The Israel / Palestinian Question, by <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>, 1999, pp. 72–85</li> <li>Lustick, Ian, For the Land and the Lord ...</li> <li>Zuriek, Elia, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism, Routledge & K. Paul, 1979</li> <li>Penslar, Derek J., "Zionism, Colonialism and Postcolonialism", in Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>, 2003, pp. 85–98</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2007">Masalha 2007</a>, p. 16</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Baylis (2011), The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance, <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>, p. 4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Zionism%3A+Israel%27s+Quest+for+Security+Through+Dominance&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Baylis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior1999" class="citation cs2">Prior, Michael (1999), Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry, Psychology Press, p. 240</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+State+of+Israel%3A+A+Moral+Inquiry&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHARRAS-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHARRAS_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHARRAS_16-1">b</a> <ul><li>Zionism, imperialism, and race, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Kayyālī (Eds), <a href="/wiki/Croom_Helm" class="mw-redirect" title="Croom Helm">Croom Helm</a>, 1979</li> <li>Gerson, Allan, "The United Nations and Racism: the Case of Zionism and Racism", in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, p. 68</li> <li>Hadawi, Sami, Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine, Interlink Books, 1991, p. 183</li> <li>Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession, Macmillan, 2008, pp. 131, 139, 151</li> <li>Dinstein, Yoram, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, pp. 31, 136</li> <li>Harkabi, Yehoshafat, Arab attitudes to Israel, pp. 247–248</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See for example: M. Shahid Alam (2010), Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism Paperback, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould-Wartofsky2010" class="citation news cs1">Gould-Wartofsky, Michael (June 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921234330/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html">"Through the Looking Glass: The Myth of Israeli Exceptionalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html?">the original</a> on September 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Through+the+Looking+Glass%3A+The+Myth+of+Israeli+Exceptionalism&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=Gould-Wartofsky&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmichael-gouldwartofsky%2Fthrough-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2007">Masalha 2007</a>, p. 314</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurthoysGanguly2007" class="citation book cs1">Curthoys, Ned; Ganguly, Debjani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315">Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual</a>. Academic Monographs. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85357-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85357-5"><bdi>978-0-522-85357-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112033221/https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Said%3A+The+Legacy+of+a+Public+Intellectual&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Academic+Monographs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85357-5&rft.aulast=Curthoys&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Debjani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrIxjc564_AC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKīfūrkiyān2009" class="citation book cs1">Kīfūrkiyān, Nādira Shalhūb (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9">Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88222-4"><bdi>978-0-521-88222-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502223201/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarization+and+Violence+Against+Women+in+Conflict+Zones+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+Palestinian+Case-Study&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88222-4&rft.aulast=K%C4%ABf%C5%ABrkiy%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=N%C4%81dira+Shalh%C5%ABb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ka2AmZw3YIC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchamSalemPogrund2005" class="citation book cs1">Scham, Paul; Salem, Walid; Pogrund, Benjamin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87">Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue</a>. Left Coast Press. pp. 87–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-013-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-013-4"><bdi>978-1-59874-013-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107235523/http://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Histories%3A+A+Palestinian-Israeli+Dialogue&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59874-013-4&rft.aulast=Scham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Salem%2C+Walid&rft.au=Pogrund%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-cviX0c63YC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "After two thousand years of struggle for survival, the reality of Israel is a colonial state.' <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a> cited <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/10/23/israel-the-alternative/">Israel:The Alternative</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a> 23 October 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 3: "But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.'"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJabotinsky1923">Jabotinsky 1923</a>, pp. 6–7: "It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2003">Finkelstein 2003</a>, p. 109: "The 'defensive ethos' was never the operative ideology of mainstream Zionism. From beginning to end, Zionism was a conquest movement. The subtitle of Shapira's study is 'The Zionist Resort to Force'. Yet, Zionism did not 'resort' to force. Force was—to use Shapira's apt phrase in her conclusion—'inherent in the situation' (p. 357). Gripped by messianism after the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Zionist movement sought to conquer Palestine with a Jewish Legion under the slogan 'In blood and fire shall Judea rise again' (pp. 83–98). When these apocalyptic hopes were dispelled and displaced by the mundane reality of the British Mandate, mainstream Zionism made a virtue of necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded to conquer Palestine 'dunum by dunum, goat by goat'. Force had not been abandoned, however. Shapira falsely counterposes settlement ('by virtue of labor') to force ('by dint of conquest'). Yet, settlement was force by other means. Its purpose, in Shapira's words, was to build a 'Jewish infrastructure in Palestine' so that 'the balance of power between Jews and Arabs had shifted in favor of the former' (pp. 121, 133; cf. p. 211). To the call of a Zionist leader on the morrow of Tel Hai that 'we must be a force in the land', Shapira adds the caveat: 'He was not referring to military might but, rather, to power in the sense of demography and colonization' (p. 113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses the basic point that 'demography and colonization' were equally force. Moreover, without the 'foreign bayonets' of the British Mandate, the Zionist movement could not have established even a toehold, let alone struck deep roots, in Palestine. Toward the end of the 1930s and especially after World War II, a concatenation of events—Britain's waning commitment to the Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arab resistance, the strengthening of the Yishuv, etc.—caused a consensus to crystallize within the Zionist movement that the time was ripe to return to the original strategy of conquering Palestine 'by blood and fire'." </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> This is Jerusalem, Menashe Harel, Canaan Publishing, Jerusalem, 1977, pp. 194–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPixner2010" class="citation book cs1">Pixner, Bargil (2010). Paths of the Messiah. Ignatius Pres. pp. 320–322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+the+Messiah&rft.pages=320-322&rft.pub=Ignatius+Pres&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Pixner&rft.aufirst=Bargil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1991" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (1991). An Introduction to Judaism – A Textbook Reader. Westminister Press. p. 469.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism+%E2%80%93+A+Textbook+Reader&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Westminister+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2020" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Michael (2020). "The Jewish Problem in International Society". In Phillips, Andrew; Reus-Smit, Christian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/culture-and-order-in-world-politics/jewish-problem-in-international-society/7F2A8CDC25B68F01D773081D9A9FF1E4">Culture and Order in World Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 232–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108754613.011">10.1017/9781108754613.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48497-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48497-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214484283">214484283</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025447/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/culture-and-order-in-world-politics/jewish-problem-in-international-society/7F2A8CDC25B68F01D773081D9A9FF1E4">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Problem+in+International+Society&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Order+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=232-249&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214484283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108754613.011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48497-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fculture-and-order-in-world-politics%2Fjewish-problem-in-international-society%2F7F2A8CDC25B68F01D773081D9A9FF1E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühntopf-Gentz1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kühntopf-Gentz, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNcsAQAAIAAJ">Nathan Birnbaum: Biographie</a> [Nathan Birnbaum: Biography] (in German). Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163624/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNcsAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023. <q>Nathan Birnbaum wird immer wieder als derjenige erwähnt, der die Begriffe "Zionismus" und "zionistisch" eingeführt habe, auch sieht er es selbst so, obwohl er es später bereut und Bedauern darüber äußert, wie die von ihm geprägten Begriffe verwendet werden. Das Wort "zionistisch" erscheint bei Birnbaum zuerst in einem Artikel der "Selbst-Emancipation" vom 1 April 1890: "Es ist zu hoffen, dass die Erkenntnis der Richtigkeit und Durchführbarkeit der zionistischen Idee stets weitere Kreise ziehen und in der Assimilationsepoche anerzogene Vorurteile beseitigen wird"</q> [Nathan Birnbaum is repeatedly mentioned as the person who introduced the terms "Zionism" and "Zionist", and he himself sees it that way, although he later regrets it and expresses regret about how the terms he coined are used. The word "Zionist" first appears in Birnbaum's article in "Selbst-Emancipation" on April 1, 1890: "It is to be hoped that the recognition of the correctness and feasibility of the Zionist idea will continue to spread and eliminate prejudices acquired during the assimilation era."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nathan+Birnbaum%3A+Biographie&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Eberhard-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t+zu+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChntopf-Gentz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNcsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/cm/3092765">Selbst-Emancipation: Zeitschrift für die nationalen, socialen und politischen Interessen des jüdischen Stammes; Organ der Zionisten: (1.4.1890). 1890 Heft 1 (1.4.1890). Wien</a> [Self-Emancipation: Journal for the national, social and political interests of the Jewish tribe; Organ of the Zionists: (1.4.1890). 1890 Issue 1 (1.4.1890). Vienna] (in German). August 13, 1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708090145/https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/cm/3092765">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023 – via Digitale Sammlungen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selbst-Emancipation%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+nationalen%2C+socialen+und+politischen+Interessen+des+j%C3%BCdischen+Stammes%3B+Organ+der+Zionisten%3A+%281.4.1890%29.+1890+Heft+1+%281.4.1890%29.+Wien&rft.date=1890-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Fcm%2F3092765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1992-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira1992_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira1992_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira1992">Shapira 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006_31-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRabkin2006">Rabkin 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979_32-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlapan1979">Flapan 1979</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017274-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017274_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2017">Jacobs 2017</a>, p. 274: "In fact Buber also shared the common European Orientalist perspective, by which the local Arabs did not really have a national concern and may be appeased by the cultural and economic benefits that will accrue from Jewish immigration to Palestine." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami2007_34-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2012-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2012_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2012_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2012_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2012">White 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2006-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2006_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2006_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2017_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2017">Jacobs 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar20231–2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar20231–2_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, pp. 1–2, "Zionism, in turn, is the belief that Jews constitute a nation that has a right and need to pursue collective self-determination within historic Palestine ... Unlike other nationalisms, however, pre-1948 Zionism's claim on territory was aspirational, based in ancient memories and future hopes. Until well into the twentieth century, a negligible number of Jews lived in the Land of Israel ... It is a belief that Jews have a moral right and historic need for self-determination within historic Palestine." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>: "Zionism had always looked to the day when a Jewish majority would enable the movement to gain control over the country: The Zionist leadership had never posited Jewish statehood with a minority of Jews ruling over a majority of Arabs, apartheid style." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987Introduction,_Chapter_8-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987Introduction,_Chapter_8_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>, pp. Introduction, Chapter 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>: "Zionism is both a struggle for land and a demographic race; in essence, the aspiration for a territory with a Jewish majority...Zionist democratic diversity did not mean that there was no commonground between the major segments of the movement. Initially, Ben-Gurion preferred an 'iron wall of workers', namely settlements and Jewish infrastructure, on Jabotinsky's call for an iron wall of military might and deterrence... he even lashed out against what he defined as Jabotinsky's 'perverted national fanaticism', and against the Revisionists 'worthless prattle of sham heroes, whose lips becloud the moral purity of our national movement. . .' Eventually, however, under the growing chal-lenge of Arab nationalism and especially with the growth in the Yishuv of a collective mood of sacred Jewish nationalism following the Holocaust, the Labour Zionists, chief among them David Ben-Gurion, accepted forall practical purposes Jabotinsky's iron-wall strategy. The Jewish State could only emerge, and force the Arabs to accept it, if it erected around it an impregnable wall of Jewish might and deterrence." </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2003">Finkelstein 2003</a>: "Within the Zionist ideological consensus there coexisted three relatively distinct tendencies—political Zionism, labor Zionism and cultural Zionism. Each was wedded to the demand for a Jewish majority, but not for entirely the same reasons." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "Thus, the desire for a Jewish majority was the key issue in the implementation of Zionism, implying a basic change in the international standing of the Jewish people and marking a turning-point in their history. The significance of this demand, and of the untiring endeavour to realize it in various ways, lay in the annulling of the majority standing of the Arabs of Palestine." <a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Chapter_1-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Chapter_1_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Chapter_1_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2016">Finkelstein 2016</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999Conclusions-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999Conclusions_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999Conclusions_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>, Conclusions. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-26-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-26_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-26_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>, p. 25-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012Chapter_1_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Ben-Gurion declared unequivocally that sovereignty of the Jewish state, especially in matters of immigration and transfer of Arabs, were the two conditions sine qua non for his agreement to partition."<a href="#CITEREFFlapan1979">Flapan 1979</a>, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha1992The_Emerging_Consensus-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha1992The_Emerging_Consensus_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha1992">Masalha 1992</a>, The Emerging Consensus. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017_55-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadgar2017">Yadgar 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_57-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFShimoni1995">Shimoni 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2016">Finkelstein 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirsch2009">Hirsch 2009</a>, pp. 592–609 "The work of Jewish race scientists has been the subject of several recent studies (Efron 1994; R. Falk 2006; Hart 2000; Kiefer 1991; Lipphardt 2007; Y. Weiss 2002; see also Doron 1980). As these studies suggest, among Jewish physicians, anthropologists, and other 'men of science' in Central Europe, proponents of the idea that the Jews were a race were found mainly in the ranks of Zionists, as the idea implied a common biological nature of the otherwise geographically, linguistically, and culturally divided Jewish people, and offered scientific 'proof' of the ethno-nationalist myth of common descent (Doron 1980: 404; Y. Weiss 2002: 155). At the same time, many of these proponents agreed that the Jews were suffering a process of 'degeneration, and so their writings advanced the national project as a means of 'regeneration' and 'racial improvement' (R. Falk 2006; Hart 2000: 17)... In the Zionist case, the nation-building project was fused with a cultural project of Westernization. 'Race' was an integral concept in certain versions of nationalist thinking, and in Western identity (Bonnett 2003), albeit in different ways. In the discourse of Zionist men of science, 'race' served different purposes, according to the context in question. In some contexts 'race' was mainly used to establish Jewish unity, while in others it was used to establish diversity and hierarchy among Jews. The latter use was more common in texts which appeared in Palestine. It resulted from the encounter of European Zionists with Eastern Jews, and from the tension between the projects of nation-building and of Westernization in the context of Zionist settlement in the East." </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-2014-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falk-2014_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falk-2014_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Falk_(geneticist)" title="Raphael Falk (geneticist)">Falk, R.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301023">"Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Genetics">Frontiers in Genetics</a>. 5 (462): 462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00462">10.3389/fgene.2014.00462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301023">4301023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653666">25653666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+markers+cannot+determine+Jewish+descent&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=462&rft.pages=462&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4301023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25653666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00462&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4301023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle202135_(c.f._p.52-53_of_PhD)-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle202135_(c.f._p.52-53_of_PhD)_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGonigle2021">McGonigle 2021</a>, p. 35 (c.f. p.52-53 of PhD): "Here, the ethnic composition of Israel is crucial. Despite the ambiguity in respect of the legal, biological, and social 'nature' of 'Jewish genes' and their intermittent role in the reproduction of Jewish identity, Israel is an ethnically diverse country. Many Jewish immigrants have arrived from Eastern Europe, North Africa, France, India, Latin America, Yemen, Iraq, Ethiopia, the US, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and the ex-Soviet Union, not to mention Israel's indigenous Arab minority of close to 2 million people. And while Jewishness has often been imagined as a biological race—most notably, and to horrific ends, by the Nazis, but also later by Zionists and early Israelis for state-building purposes—the initial origins of the Ashkenazi Jews who began the Zionist movement in turn-of-the-century Europe remain highly debated and enigmatic." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu_El-Haj2012">Abu El-Haj 2012</a>, p. 98: "There is a "problem" regarding the origins of the Ashkenazim, which needs resolution: Ashkenazi Jews, who seem European—phenotypically, that is—are the normative center of world Jewry. No less, they are the political and cultural elite of the newly founded Jewish state. Given their central symbolic and political capital in the Jewish state and given simultaneously the scientific and social persistence of racial logics as ways of categorizing and understanding human groups, it was essential to find other evidence that Israel's European Jews were not in truth Europeans. The normative Jew had to have his/her origins in ancient Palestine or else the fundamental tenet of Zionism, the entire edifice of Jewish history and nationalist ideology, would come tumbling down. In short, the Ashkenazi Jew is the Jew—the Jew in relation to whose values and cultural practices the oriental Jew in Israel must assimilate. Simultaneously, however, the Ashkenazi Jew is the most dubious Jew, the Jew whose historical and genealogical roots in ancient Palestine are most difficult to see and perhaps thus to believe—in practice, although clearly not by definition." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2017100-102-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2017100-102_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2017100-102_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2017">Baker 2017</a>, p. 100-102. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Morris-Reich, Amos (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30245648">"Arthur Ruppin's Concept of Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a>. 11 (3). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>: 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.2006.11.3.1">10.2979/ISR.2006.11.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245648">30245648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144898510">144898510</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711081058/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245648">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Arthur+Ruppin%27s+Concept+of+Race&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144898510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.2006.11.3.1&rft.aulast=Morris-Reich&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2007252,_255-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2007252,_255_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2007">Olson 2007</a>, pp. 252, 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk201762-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk201762_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalk2017">Falk 2017</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad1974" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:حسني حداد">Haddad, Hassan S.</a> [in Arabic] (1974). "The Biblical Bases of Zionist Colonialism". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 3 (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, Institute for Palestine Studies: 98–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2535451">10.2307/2535451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535451">2535451</a>. <q>The Zionist moveinent remains firmly anchored on the basic principle of the exclusive right of the Jews to Palestine that is found in the Torah and in other Jewish religious literature. Zionists who are not religious, in the sense of following the ritual practices of Judaism, are still biblical in their basic convictions in, and practical application of the ancient particularism of the Torah and the other books of the Old Testament. They are biblical in putting their national goals on a level that goes beyond historical, humanistic or moral considerations... We can summarize these beliefs, based on the Bible, as follows. 1. The Jews are a separate and exclusive people chosen by God to fulfil a destiny. The Jews of the twentieth century have inherited the covenant of divine election and historical destiny from the Hebrew tribes that existed more than 3000 years ago. 2. The covenant included a definite ownership of the Land of Canaan (Palestine) as patrimony of the Israelites and their descendants forever. By no name, and under no other conditions, can any other people lay a rightful claim to that land. 3. The occupation and settlement of this land is a duty placed collectively on the Jews to establish a state for the Jews. The purity of the Jewishness of the land is derived from a divine command and is thus a sacred mission. Accordingly, settling in Palestine, in addition to its economic and political motivations, acquires a romantic and mythical character. That the Bible is at the root of Zionism is recognized by religious, secular, non-observant, and agnostic Zionists... The Bible, which has been generally considered as a holy book whose basic tenets and whose historical contents are not commonly challenged by Christians and Jews, is usually referred to as the Jewish national record. As a "sacrosanct title-deed to Palestine," it has caused a fossilization of history in Zionist thinking... Modern Jews, accordingly, are the direct descendants of the ancient Israelites, hence the only possible citizens of the Land of Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Bases+of+Zionist+Colonialism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=98-99&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2535451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2535451&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Hassan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGonigle_2021-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGonigle_2021_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGonigle_2021_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGonigle2021">McGonigle 2021</a>, p. 36 (c.f. p.54 of PhD): "The stakes in the debate over Jewish origins are high, however, since the founding narrative of the Israeli state is based on exilic 'return.' If European Jews have descended from converts, the Zionist project falls prey to the pejorative categorization as 'settler colonialism' pursued under false assumptions, playing into the hands of Israel's critics and fueling the indignation of the displaced and stateless Palestinian people. The politics of 'Jewish genetics' is consequently fierce. But irrespective of philosophical questions of the indexical power or validity of genetic tests for Jewishness, and indeed the historical basis of a Jewish population 'returning' to the Levant, the Realpolitik of Jewishness as a measurable biological category could also impinge on access to basic rights and citizenship within Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rich, Dave (January 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2017.1315682">"Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism, and Delegitimizing Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Journal_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs">Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</a>. 11 (1): 101–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2017.1315682">10.1080/23739770.2017.1315682</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9770">2373-9770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152132582">152132582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708194611/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2017.1315682">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Anti-Judaism%2C+Antisemitism%2C+and+Delegitimizing+Israel&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152132582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-9770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2017.1315682&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2017.1315682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle2021(c.f._p.218-219_of_PhD)-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGonigle2021(c.f._p.218-219_of_PhD)_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGonigle2021">McGonigle 2021</a>, p. (c.f. p.218-219 of PhD): "The [Israeli national] biobank stands for unmarked global modernity and secular technoscientific progress. It is within the other pole of the Israeli cultural spectrum that one finds right-wingers appropriating genetics as a way of imagining the tribal particularity of Jews, as a way of proving the occupation is legitimate, of authenticating the ethnos as a natural fact, and of defending Zionism as a return. It is across this political spectrum that the natural facts of genetics research discursively migrate and transform into the mythologized ethnonationalism of the bio-nation. However, Israel has also moved towards a market-based society, and as the majority of the biomedical research is moving to private biotech companies, the Israeli biobank is becoming underused and outmoded. The epistemics of Jewish genetics fall short of its mythic circulatory semiotics. This is the ultimate lesson from my ethnographic work in Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu_El-Haj2012">Abu El-Haj 2012</a>, p. 18: "What is evident in the work in Israeli population genetics is a desire to identify biological evidence for the presumption of a common Jewish peoplehood whose truth was hard to "see," especially in the face of the arrival of oriental Jews whose presumably visible civilizational and phenotypic differences from the Ashkenazi elite strained the nationalist ideology upon which the state was founded. Testament to the legacy of racial thought in giving form to a Zionist vision of Jewish peoplehood by the mid-twentieth century, Israeli population researchers never doubted that biological facts of a shared origin did indeed exist, even as finding those facts remained forever elusive... Looking at the history of Zionism through the lens of work in the biological sciences brings into focus a story long sidelined in histories of the Jewish state: Jewish thinkers and Zionist activists invested in race science as they forged an understanding of the Jewish people and fought to found the Jewish state. By the mid-twentieth century, a biological self-definition—even if not seamlessly a racial one, at least not as race was imagined at the turn of the twentieth century—had become common-sensical for many Jewish nationalists, and, in significant ways, it framed membership and shaped the contours of national belonging in the Jewish state." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987_73-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir1996-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir1996_74-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafir1996">Shafir 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1999-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1999_75-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmog1983-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmog1983_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlmog1983">Almog 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1996-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1996_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlapan1996">Flapan 1996</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFlapan1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014_78-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira2014">Shapira 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Zionism,_Jewish_“Religion,”_and_Secularism-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Zionism,_Jewish_“Religion,”_and_Secularism_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadgar2017">Yadgar 2017</a>, Zionism, Jewish “Religion,” and Secularism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_80-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvineri2017">Avineri 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202318–23-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202318–23_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, pp. 18–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2020-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2020_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadgar2020">Yadgar 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_83-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon-Yehiya1992" class="citation journal cs1">Don-Yehiya, Eliezer (1992). "The Negation of Galut in Religious Zionism". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Judaism" title="Modern Judaism">Modern Judaism</a>. 12 (2): 129–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F12.2.129">10.1093/mj/12.2.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114">0276-1114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396185">1396185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Negation+of+Galut+in+Religious+Zionism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-155&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0276-1114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F12.2.129&rft.aulast=Don-Yehiya&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2005" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, George (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)". Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture. Glenda Abramson (New ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29813-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29813-1"><bdi>978-0-415-29813-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57470923">57470923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ben-Yehuda%2C+Eliezer+%5BEliezer+Yizhak+Perelman%5D+%281858%E2%80%931922%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+modern+Jewish+culture&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57470923&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29813-1&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabkin2006Chapter_2-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabkin2006Chapter_2_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRabkin2006">Rabkin 2006</a>, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003104-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003104_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieckhoff2003">Dieckhoff 2003</a>, pp. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), p. 38, אור-עם, Tel-Aviv, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fellman, Jack (2011). The Revival of Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087910-0"><bdi>978-3-11-087910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089437441">1089437441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Classical+Tongue%3A+Eliezer+Ben+Yehuda+and+the+Modern+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089437441&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087910-0&rft.aulast=Fellman&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197110,_11-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197110,_11_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1971">Taylor 1971</a>, pp. 10, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> "Sound the great shofar for our freedom, raise the banner to gather our exiles and gather us together from the four corners of the earth (Isaiah 11:12) Blessed are you, O Lord, Who gathers in the dispersed of His people Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalamish2008" class="citation journal cs1">Halamish, Aviva (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725880802124164">"Zionist Immigration Policy Put to the Test: Historical analysis of Israel's immigration policy, 1948–1951"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Modern_Jewish_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Modern Jewish Studies (page does not exist)">Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</a>. 7 (2): 119–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725880802124164">10.1080/14725880802124164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-5886">1472-5886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143008924">143008924</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113034020/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725880802124164">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022. <q>A number of factors motivated Israel's open immigration policy. First of all, open immigration—the ingathering of the exiles in the historic Jewish homeland—had always been a central component of Zionist ideology and constituted the raison d'etre of the State of Israel. The ingathering of the exiles (kibbutz galuyot) was nurtured by the government and other agents as a national ethos, the consensual and prime focus that united Jewish Israeli society after the War of Independence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Zionist+Immigration+Policy+Put+to+the+Test%3A+Historical+analysis+of+Israel%27s+immigration+policy%2C+1948%E2%80%931951&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-134&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143008924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1472-5886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14725880802124164&rft.aulast=Halamish&rft.aufirst=Aviva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14725880802124164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohat2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shohat, Ella (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43731">"Rupture and Return: Zionist Discourse and the Study of Arab Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Text" title="Social Text">Social Text</a>. 21 (2): 49–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01642472-21-2_75-49">10.1215/01642472-21-2_75-49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1951">1527-1951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143908777">143908777</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304013021/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43731">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2022. <q>Central to Zionist thinking was the concept of Kibbutz Galuiot—the "ingathering of the exiles." Following two millennia of homelessness and living presumably "outside of history," Jews could once again "enter history" as subjects, as "normal" actors on the world stage by returning to their ancient birth place, Eretz Israel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Text&rft.atitle=Rupture+and+Return%3A+Zionist+Discourse+and+the+Study+of+Arab+Jews&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143908777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01642472-21-2_75-49&rft.aulast=Shohat&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F43731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Russell, C. T., Gordon, H. L., & America, P. P. F. O. (1917). Zionism in Prophecy. Reprinted in Pastor Russell's Sermons. Brooklyn, NY: International Bible Students Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202325-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202325_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995Chapter_2_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShimoni1995">Shimoni 1995</a>, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003Political_Beginnings_of_Zionism-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003Political_Beginnings_of_Zionism_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff2003Political_Beginnings_of_Zionism_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieckhoff2003">Dieckhoff 2003</a>, Political Beginnings of Zionism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESela2002Zionism-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESela2002Zionism_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSela2002">Sela 2002</a>, Zionism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327–29-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327–29_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, pp. 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202327_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, p. 27, "The Zionist movement was created by Jews, but from the start it was dependent on support from the Christian world. Restorationism was therefore a prerequisite for the success of Zionism. It is harder to establish, however, whether Christian ideas influenced the nineteenth-century Jews who championed a return to the Land of Israel. It is difficult indeed to trace any such external influences...it may be that direct influence was scant or nonexistent but that the men were all influenced by the dynamic spirit of the age..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelheit-2019-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edelheit-2019_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edelheit-2019_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelheit2019" class="citation book cs1">Edelheit, Hershel (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8PADwAAQBAJ&q=shabbetai">History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-70103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-70103-0"><bdi>978-0-429-70103-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Zionism%3A+A+Handbook+And+Dictionary&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-70103-0&rft.aulast=Edelheit&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds8PADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dshabbetai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13480-shabbethai-zebi-b-mordecai">"Shabbethai Ẓebi B. Mordecai"</a>. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032858/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13480-shabbethai-zebi-b-mordecai">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. 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"Great Power Rivalry in the Middle East". <a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a>. 25 (4): 1029–1038. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00021415">10.1017/S0018246X00021415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638650">2638650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162469637">162469637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Great+Power+Rivalry+in+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1029-1038&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162469637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00021415&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ellman, Michael (2007). "Another Forged 'Stalin Document'". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 59 (5): 869–872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130701377714">10.1080/09668130701377714</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451399">20451399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154952224">154952224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Another+Forged+%27Stalin+Document%27&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=869-872&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154952224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20451399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130701377714&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2019" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Gardner (2019). Legacy of empire: Britain, Zionism and the creation of Israel. London: Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-386-7"><bdi>978-0-86356-386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+empire%3A+Britain%2C+Zionism+and+the+creation+of+Israel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-386-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-1986-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-1986_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-1986_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-1986_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-1986_130-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1986" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, J. (October 1986). "The Attitude of the Jewish and the Russian Intelligentsia to Zionism in the Initial Period (1897–1904)". <a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a>. 64 (4): 546–556. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4209355">4209355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Attitude+of+the+Jewish+and+the+Russian+Intelligentsia+to+Zionism+in+the+Initial+Period+%281897%E2%80%931904%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546-556&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4209355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waxman-1987-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waxman-1987_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxman-1987_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman1987" class="citation journal cs1">Waxman, Chaim I. (May 1987). "Messianism, Zionism, and the State of Israel". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Judaism" title="Modern Judaism">Modern Judaism</a>. 7 (2): 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F7.2.175">10.1093/mj/7.2.175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114">0276-1114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396238">1396238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=Messianism%2C+Zionism%2C+and+the+State+of+Israel&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=1987-05&rft.issn=0276-1114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396238%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F7.2.175&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Chaim+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2021" class="citation web cs1">Shapira, Anita (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/01/herzl-was-the-new-jew/">"Herzl Was the New Jew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208173342/https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2021/01/herzl-was-the-new-jew/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=Herzl+Was+the+New+Jew&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fresponse%2Fisrael-zionism%2F2021%2F01%2Fherzl-was-the-new-jew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2006. pp. 305–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=305-306&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiemer1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wiemer, Reinhard (April 1987). "The Theories of Nationalism and of Zionism in the First Decade of the State of Israel". <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 23 (2): 172–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208708700698">10.1080/00263208708700698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283170">4283170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Theories+of+Nationalism+and+of+Zionism+in+the+First+Decade+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-187&rft.date=1987-04&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208708700698&rft.aulast=Wiemer&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovner2014" class="citation book cs1">Rovner, Adam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej_UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1748-1"><bdi>978-1-4798-1748-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117170246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej_UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. <q>European Jews swayed and prayed for Zion for nearly two millennia, and by the end of the nineteenth century their descendants had transformed liturgical longing into a political movement to create a Jewish national entity somewhere in the world. Zionism's prophet, Theodor Herzl, considered Argentina, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, Mozambique, and the Sinai Peninsula as potential Jewish homelands. It took nearly a decade for Zionism to exclusively concentrate its spiritual yearning on the spatial coordinates of Ottoman Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Zion%3A+Promised+Lands+Before+Israel&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-1748-1&rft.aulast=Rovner&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEj_UBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvivShneer2005" class="citation book cs1">Aviv, Caryn S.; Shneer, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda+argentina&pg=PA10">New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4017-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-4017-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181633/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda+argentina&pg=PA10#v=snippet&q=zionism%20uganda%20argentina&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jews%3A+The+End+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4017-0&rft.aulast=Aviv&rft.aufirst=Caryn+S.&rft.au=Shneer%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdBtob8RWEMC%26q%3Dzionism%2Buganda%2Bargentina%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazony2000150-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazony2000150_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazony2000">Hazony 2000</a>, p. 150: "Recalling his views when he had written "The Jewish State" eight years earlier, he [Herzl] pointed out that at the time, he had openly been willing to consider building on Baron de Hirsch's beginning and establishing the Jewish state in Argentina. But those days were long gone." </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2021" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Motti (2021). Theodor Herzl's Zionist Journey – Exodus and Return. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Herzl%27s+Zionist+Journey+%E2%80%93+Exodus+and+Return&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Motti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzl189629_(31)-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzl189629_(31)_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzl1896">Herzl 1896</a>, p. 29 (31). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazony2000369-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazony2000369_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazony2000">Hazony 2000</a>, p. 369: "Herzl decided to explore the East Africa proposal in the wake of the pogrom, writing to Nordau: "We must give an answer to Kishinev, and this is the only one...We must, in a word, play the politics of the hour."" </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvivShneer2005" class="citation book cs1">Aviv, Caryn S.; Shneer, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=Jews+should+be+able+to+live+anywhere+in+the+world+theodor+herzl&pg=PA10">New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4017-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-4017-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181736/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=Jews+should+be+able+to+live+anywhere+in+the+world+theodor+herzl&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Jews%20should%20be%20able%20to%20live%20anywhere%20in%20the%20world%20theodor%20herzl&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jews%3A+The+End+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4017-0&rft.aulast=Aviv&rft.aufirst=Caryn+S.&rft.au=Shneer%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdBtob8RWEMC%26q%3DJews%2Bshould%2Bbe%2Bable%2Bto%2Blive%2Banywhere%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Btheodor%2Bherzl%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilly_Weissbrod2014" class="citation book cs1">Lilly Weissbrod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2iAwAAQBAJ&q=and+even+then+he+was+hesitant.+After+weighing+in+the+pros+and+cons+of+Palestine+and+Argentina+he+decided+in+favor+of+the+former+because+of+its+historic+meaning+to+the+Jews&pg=PA13">Israeli Identity: In Search of a Successor to the Pioneer, Tsabar and Settler</a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-29386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-29386-4"><bdi>978-1-135-29386-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2iAwAAQBAJ&q=and+even+then+he+was+hesitant.+After+weighing+in+the+pros+and+cons+of+Palestine+and+Argentina+he+decided+in+favor+of+the+former+because+of+its+historic+meaning+to+the+Jews&pg=PA13#v=snippet&q=and%20even%20then%20he%20was%20hesitant.%20After%20weighing%20in%20the%20pros%20and%20cons%20of%20Palestine%20and%20Argentina%20he%20decided%20in%20favor%20of%20the%20former%20because%20of%20its%20historic%20meaning%20to%20the%20Jews&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Identity%3A+In+Search+of+a+Successor+to+the+Pioneer%2C+Tsabar+and+Settler&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-29386-4&rft.au=Lilly+Weissbrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DES2iAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dand%2Beven%2Bthen%2Bhe%2Bwas%2Bhesitant.%2BAfter%2Bweighing%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpros%2Band%2Bcons%2Bof%2BPalestine%2Band%2BArgentina%2Bhe%2Bdecided%2Bin%2Bfavor%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bformer%2Bbecause%2Bof%2Bits%2Bhistoric%2Bmeaning%2Bto%2Bthe%2BJews%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff-2005-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff-2005_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff-2005_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff-2005_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoffLittman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA240">A Concise History of the Jewish People</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 240–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4366-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-4366-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219222816/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=240-242&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4366-9&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi+E.&rft.au=Littman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4eaj09hscAC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTessler1994" class="citation book cs1">Tessler, Mark A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0">A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20873-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20873-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 22, 2016. <q>The suggestion that Uganda might be suitable for Jewish colonization was first put forward by Joseph Chamberlain, the British colonial secretary, who said that he had thought about Herzl during a recent visit to the interior of British East Africa. Herzl, who at that time had been discussing with the British a scheme for Jewish settlement in Sinai, responded positively to Chamberlain's proposal, in part because of a desire to deepen Zionist-British cooperaion and, more generally to show that his diplomatic efforts were capable of bearing fruit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20873-6&rft.aulast=Tessler&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofisraeli00tess_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rovner-2014-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rovner-2014_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rovner-2014_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovner2014" class="citation book cs1">Rovner, Adam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej_UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1748-1"><bdi>978-1-4798-1748-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117170246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej_UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. <q>On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Congress a weary Nordau brought three resolutions before the delegates: (1) that the Zionist Organization direct all future settlement efforts solely to Palestine; (2) that the Zionist Organization thank the British government for its other of an autonomous territory in East Africa; and (3) that only those Jews who declare their allegiance to the Basel Program may become members of the Zionist Organization." Zangwill objected... When Nordau insisted on the Congress's right to pass the resolutions regardless, Zangwill was outraged. "You will be charged before the bar of history," he challenged Nordau... From approximately 1:30 p.m. on Sunday, July 30, 1905, a Zionist would henceforth he defined as someone who adhered to the Basel Program and the only "authentic interpretation" of that program restricted settlement activity exclusively to Palestine. Zangwill and his supporters could not accept Nordau's "authentic interpretation" which they believed would lead to an abandonment of the Jewish masses and of Herzl's vision. One territorialist claimed that Ussishkin's voting bloc had in fact "buried political Zionism".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Zion%3A+Promised+Lands+Before+Israel&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-1748-1&rft.aulast=Rovner&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEj_UBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Lawrence J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLxnCgAAQBAJ&q=uganda+zionist+maasai+lions&pg=PA97">The Dream of Zion: The Story of the First Zionist Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5467-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-5467-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181634/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLxnCgAAQBAJ&q=uganda+zionist+maasai+lions&pg=PA97#v=snippet&q=uganda%20zionist%20maasai%20lions&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved November 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+of+Zion%3A+The+Story+of+the+First+Zionist+Congress&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5467-1&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLxnCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Duganda%2Bzionist%2Bmaasai%2Blions%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Mendes-FlohrJehuda_Reinharz1995" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Mendes-Flohr; Jehuda Reinharz (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bu5GnLZCw0C&q=jewish+zionist+territorial+organization&pg=PA552">The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507453-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507453-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507453-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181911/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bu5GnLZCw0C&q=jewish+zionist+territorial+organization&pg=PA552#v=snippet&q=jewish%20zionist%20territorial%20organization&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jew+in+the+Modern+World%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=552&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507453-6&rft.au=Paul+R.+Mendes-Flohr&rft.au=Jehuda+Reinharz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Bu5GnLZCw0C%26q%3Djewish%2Bzionist%2Bterritorial%2Borganization%26pg%3DPA552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Ėstraĭkh, G. In Harness: Yiddish Writers' Romance with Communism. Judaic traditions in literature, music, and art. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>: Syracuse University Press, 2005. p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagopian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hagopian, Elaine C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0700">"The Primacy of Water in the Zionist Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab_Studies_Quarterly" title="Arab Studies Quarterly">Arab Studies Quarterly</a>. 38 (4): 700–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0700">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519">0271-3519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0700">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Primacy+of+Water+in+the+Zionist+Project&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=700-708&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0271-3519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0700&rft.aulast=Hagopian&rft.aufirst=Elaine+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Farabstudquar.38.4.0700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004_150-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2004">Pappé 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>: "The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuigley2005-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuigley2005_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuigley2005">Quigley 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2010-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2010_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2010">Khalidi 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman2009133-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman2009133_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2009">Goldman 2009</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016_157-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2020_158-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff20037-8,_42-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff20037-8,_42_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieckhoff2003">Dieckhoff 2003</a>, p. 7-8, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201640-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201640_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, pp. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1999-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell1999_161-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternhell1999">Sternhell 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200391-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200391_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieckhoff2003">Dieckhoff 2003</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200389-95-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieckhoff200389-95_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieckhoff2003">Dieckhoff 2003</a>, p. 89-95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan197919-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan197919_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlapan1979">Flapan 1979</a>, pp. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky1999-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky1999_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChomsky1999">Chomsky 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Survey of Palestine (1946), Vol I, Chapter VI, p. 141 and Supplement to Survey of Palestine (1947), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Paul (May 1998). "The Miracle". Commentary. 105: 21–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=The+Miracle&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angpre.asp">"Avalon Project – Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Preface"</a>. avalon.law.yale.edu. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185116/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angpre.asp">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+%E2%80%93+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry+%E2%80%93+Preface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fangpre.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavndal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ravndal, Ellen Jenny (2010). "Exit Britain: British Withdrawal From the Palestine Mandate in the Early Cold War, 1947–1948". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (3): 416–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508409">10.1080/09592296.2010.508409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2296">0959-2296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153662650">153662650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Exit+Britain%3A+British+Withdrawal+From+the+Palestine+Mandate+in+the+Early+Cold+War%2C+1947%E2%80%931948&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-433&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153662650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508409&rft.aulast=Ravndal&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConaghy2021482-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConaghy2021482_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcConaghy2021">McConaghy 2021</a>, p. 482. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcConaghy2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland2010World_War_II_and_the_Birth_of_the_State_of_Israel-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleveland2010World_War_II_and_the_Birth_of_the_State_of_Israel_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleveland2010">Cleveland 2010</a>, World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004118-119-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004118-119_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004118-119_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2004">Pappé 2004</a>, p. 118-119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2004120-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2004120_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPappé2004">Pappé 2004</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2004-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2004_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2004">Morris 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008404–406-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2008404–406_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, pp. 404–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> "When the British left Palestine in 1948, there was no need to create the apparatus of a Jewish state ab novo. That apparatus had in fact been functioning under the British aegis for decades. All that remained to make Herzl’s prescient dream a reality was for this existing para-state to flex its military muscle against the weakened Palestinians while obtaining formal sovereignty, which it did in May 1948. The fate of Palestine had thus been decided thirty years earlier, although the denouement did not come until the very end of the Mandate, when its Arab majority was finally dispossessed by force." <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2020">Khalidi 2020</a>, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2012180-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2012180_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira2012">Shapira 2012</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2014248_185-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira2014">Shapira 2014</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012The_Zionist_Superimposing_of_Hebrew_Toponymy-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012The_Zionist_Superimposing_of_Hebrew_Toponymy_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012The_Zionist_Superimposing_of_Hebrew_Toponymy_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, The Zionist Superimposing of Hebrew Toponymy. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroaki_Kuromiya2013" class="citation book cs1">Hiroaki Kuromiya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRV4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">Stalin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7"><bdi>978-1-317-86780-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181912/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRV4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86780-7&rft.au=Hiroaki+Kuromiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRV4AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Mendes2014" class="citation book cs1">P. Mendes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance</a>. Springer. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00830-5"><bdi>978-1-137-00830-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506225555/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+Left%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Political+Alliance&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00830-5&rft.au=P.+Mendes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSh2vAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Gabriel Gorodetsky, "The Soviet Union's role in the creation of the state of Israel." Journal of Israeli History 22.1 (2003): 4–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> United Nations Special Committee on Palestine; report to the General Assembly, A/364, September 3, 1947 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604204421/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,934119,00.html">"Extracts from Time Magazine of that time"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,934119,00.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+Time+Magazine+of+that+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C934119%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/93037E3B939746DE8525610200567883">General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the period from December 11, 1949 to October 23, 1950</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520201651/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/93037E3B939746DE8525610200567883">Archived</a> May 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (doc.nr. A/1367/Rev.1); October 23, 1950 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87">"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a>. January 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906121016/http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Relief+and+Works+Agency+for+Palestine+Refugees+in+the+Near+East&rft.pub=UNRWA&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fetemplate.php%3Fid%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacohen1991262_#2-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacohen1991262_#2_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHacohen1991">Hacohen 1991</a>, p. 262 #2:"In meetings with foreign officials at the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable one million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200346-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakohen200346_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakohen2003">Hakohen 2003</a>, p. 46: "After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years. This meant bringing in 600,000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150,000 per year. Absorbing 150,000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003246–247-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003246–247_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakohen2003">Hakohen 2003</a>, p. 246–247: "Both the immigrants' dependence and the circumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of the host society. The great wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur spontaneously: it was the result of a clear-cut foreign policy decision that taxed the country financially and necessitated a major organizational effort. Many absorption activists, Jewish Agency executives, and government officials opposed unlimited, nonselective immigration; they favored a gradual process geared to the country's absorptive capacity. Throughout this period, two charges resurfaced at every public debate: one, that the absorption process caused undue hardship; two, that Israel's immigration policy was misguided." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200347-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakohen200347_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakohen2003">Hakohen 2003</a>, p. 47: "But as head of the government, entrusted with choosing the cabinet and steering its activities, Ben-Gurion had tremendous power over the country's social development. His prestige soared to new heights after the founding of the state and the impressive victory of the IDF in the War of Independence. As prime minister and minister of defense in Israel's first administration, as well as the uncontested leader of the country's largest political party, his opinions carried enormous weight. Thus, despite resistance from some of his cabinet members, he remained unflagging in his enthusiasm for unrestricted mass immigration and resolved to put this policy into effect." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003247-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003247_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakohen2003">Hakohen 2003</a>, p. 247: "On several occasions, resolutions were passed to limit immigration from European and Arab countries alike. However, these limits were never put into practice, mainly due to the opposition of Ben-Gurion. As a driving force in the emergency of the state, Ben-Gurion—both prime minister and minister of defense—carried enormous weight with his veto. His insistence on the right of every Jew to immigrate proved victorious. He would not allow himself to be swayed by financial or other considerations. It was he who orchestrated the large-scale action that enabled the Jews to leave Eastern Europe and Islamic countries, and it was he who effectively forged Israel's foreign policy. Through a series of clandestine activities carried out overseas by the Foreign Office, the Jewish Agency, the Mossad le-Aliyah, and the Joint Distribution Committee, the road was paved for mass immigration." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001Chapter_14-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaim2001Chapter_14_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2001">Shlaim 2001</a>, Chapter 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2014-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2014_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2014_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2014">Masalha 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha201270-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha201270_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2009" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00dTMFWXAOIC&pg=PA">The Arab-Israeli Conflict</a>. Rosen Pub. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1842-0"><bdi>978-1-4042-1842-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011026/https://books.google.com/books?id=00dTMFWXAOIC&pg=PA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1842-0&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00dTMFWXAOIC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20081-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20081_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-2012-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein-2012_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein-2012_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w10uR-TeWnYC&pg=PA">Knowing Too Much</a>. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935928-77-5"><bdi>978-1-935928-77-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213232/https://books.google.com/books?id=w10uR-TeWnYC&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowing+Too+Much&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-935928-77-5&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw10uR-TeWnYC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725–26-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami200725–26_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Ami2007">Ben-Ami 2007</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_Slater2020" class="citation book cs1">Jerome Slater (2020). ""Transfer"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Mythologies Without End</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624173911/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Transfer%22&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.au=Jerome+Slater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha1992" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 2. <q>It should not be imagined that the concept of transfer was held only by maximalists or extremists within the Zionist movement. On the contrary, it was embraced by almost all shades of opinion, from the Revisionist right to the Labor left. Virtually every member of the Zionist pantheon of founding fathers and important leaders supported it and advocated it in one form or another, from Chaim Weizmann and Vladimir Jabotinsky to David Ben-Gurion and Menahem Ussishkin. Supporters of transfer included such moderates as the "Arab appeaser" Moshe Shertok and the socialist Arthur Ruppin, founder of Brit Shalom, a movement advocating equal rights for Arabs and Jews. More importantly, transfer proposals were put forward by the Jewish Agency itself, in effect the government of the Yishuv.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Concept+of+%22Transfer%22+in+Zionist+Political+Thought%2C+1882%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, p. 139: "For many Zionists, beginning with Herzl, the only realistic solution lay in transfer. From 1880 to 1920, some entertained the prospect of Jews and Arabs coexisting in peace. But increasingly after 1920, and more emphatically after 1929, for the vast majority a denouement of conflict appeared inescapable. Following the outbreak of 1936, no mainstream leader was able to conceive of future coexistence and peace without a clear physical separation between the two peoples—achievable only by way of transfer and expulsion. Publicly they all continued to speak of coexistence and to attribute the violence to a small minority of zealots and agitators. But this was merely a public pose, designed to calm the worried inhabitants and the troubled British: To speak out loud of inevitable bloodshed and expulsion could only have undermined both internal self-confidence and external support for their cause." </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2001" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (2001). One Palestine, Complete. New York: Picador. pp. 404–405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805065879" title="Special:BookSources/9780805065879"><bdi>9780805065879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=404-405&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780805065879&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Introduction-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein2016Introduction_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2016">Finkelstein 2016</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira1992The_Shift_to_an_Offensive_Ethos-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira1992The_Shift_to_an_Offensive_Ethos_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira1992">Shapira 1992</a>, The Shift to an Offensive Ethos. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorny1987The_Decisive_Years,_1939-–948-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorny1987The_Decisive_Years,_1939-–948_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorny1987">Gorny 1987</a>, The Decisive Years, 1939-–948. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979The_Arab_Revolt_of_1936-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlapan1979The_Arab_Revolt_of_1936_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlapan1979">Flapan 1979</a>, The Arab Revolt of 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> To Rule Jerusalem By Roger Friedland, Richard Hecht, University of California Press, 2000, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNear1986" class="citation journal cs1">Near, Henry (1986). "Paths to Utopia: The Kibbutz as a Movement for Social Change". <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Studies" title="Jewish Social Studies">Jewish Social Studies</a>. 48 (3/4): 189–206. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6704">0021-6704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467337">4467337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Paths+to+Utopia%3A+The+Kibbutz+as+a+Movement+for+Social+Change&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=189-206&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4467337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6704&rft.aulast=Near&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternhellMaisel1998" class="citation book cs1">Sternhell, Zeev; Maisel, David (1998). The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00967-4"><bdi>978-0-691-00967-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sdts">j.ctt7sdts</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Myths+of+Israel%3A+Nationalism%2C+Socialism%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Jewish+State&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sdts%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00967-4&rft.aulast=Sternhell&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rft.au=Maisel%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/israel/11.htm">"Israel – Labor Zionism"</a>. countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123184510/https://countrystudies.us/israel/11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Israel+%E2%80%93+Labor+Zionism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fisrael%2F11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira1992">Shapira 1992</a>, pp. 247, 249, 251–252, 350, 365: "It is doubtful whether [the] external differences in framework and patterns of behavior were sufficient to create a different attitude toward fighting or to develop "civilian" barriers to military callousness and insensitivity...if a village had served as a hiding place for an Arab gang, it was permissible to place collective responsibility on the village." </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1997). Israel: A History. London: Mariner Books. pp. 594–607.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=594-607&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundlak2007" class="citation book cs1">Mundlak, Guy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fadingcorporatis00mund">Fading Corporatism: Israel's Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Transition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fadingcorporatis00mund/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4600-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4600-9</bdi></a>. <q>second largest employer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fading+Corporatism%3A+Israel%27s+Labor+Law+and+Industrial+Relations+in+Transition&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4600-9&rft.aulast=Mundlak&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffadingcorporatis00mund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit" class="citation news cs1">Shavit, Ari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2013-01-24/ty-article/.premium/ari-shavit-right-meet-center/0000017f-f41e-d47e-a37f-fd3e53e50000">"The Dramatic Headline of This Election: Israel Is Not Right Wing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033424/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2013-01-24/ty-article/.premium/ari-shavit-right-meet-center/0000017f-f41e-d47e-a37f-fd3e53e50000">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Dramatic+Headline+of+This+Election%3A+Israel+Is+Not+Right+Wing&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fopinion%2F2013-01-24%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fari-shavit-right-meet-center%2F0000017f-f41e-d47e-a37f-fd3e53e50000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenger" class="citation news cs1">Strenger, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2010-05-26/ty-article/liberal-zionism/0000017f-dbef-df9c-a17f-ffffd5e30000">"Liberal Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033424/https://www.haaretz.com/2010-05-26/ty-article/liberal-zionism/0000017f-dbef-df9c-a17f-ffffd5e30000">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Liberal+Zionism&rft.aulast=Strenger&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2010-05-26%2Fty-article%2Fliberal-zionism%2F0000017f-dbef-df9c-a17f-ffffd5e30000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenger2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Strenger, Carlo (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023322/http://azure.org.il/download/magazine/Az39%20Strenger.pdf">"Knowledge-Nation Israel: A New Unifying Vision"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Azure_(magazine)" title="Azure (magazine)">Azure</a>. No. 39. pp. 35–57. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azure.org.il/download/magazine/Az39%20Strenger.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azure&rft.atitle=Knowledge-Nation+Israel%3A+A+New+Unifying+Vision&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=35-57&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Strenger&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazure.org.il%2Fdownload%2Fmagazine%2FAz39%2520Strenger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenger" class="citation news cs1">Strenger, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2014-03-07/ty-article/.premium/israel-today-a-society-without-a-center/0000017f-f7c8-d887-a7ff-ffec82200000">"Israel Today: A Society Without a Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.haaretz.com/2014-03-07/ty-article/.premium/israel-today-a-society-without-a-center/0000017f-f7c8-d887-a7ff-ffec82200000">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Today%3A+A+Society+Without+a+Center&rft.aulast=Strenger&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2014-03-07%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fisrael-today-a-society-without-a-center%2F0000017f-f7c8-d887-a7ff-ffec82200000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZouplna2008" class="citation cs2">Zouplna, Jan (2008), "Revisionist Zionism: Image, Reality and the Quest for Historical Narrative", <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a>, 44 (1): 3–27, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200701711754">10.1080/00263200701711754</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144049644">144049644</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisionist+Zionism%3A+Image%2C+Reality+and+the+Quest+for+Historical+Narrative&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-27&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200701711754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144049644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zouplna&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shlaim, Avi (1996). "The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism". <a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a>. 1 (2): 278–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.1996.1.2.278">10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245501">30245501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Likud+in+Power%3A+The+Historiography+of+Revisionist+Zionism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-293&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.1996.1.2.278&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJabotinsky1923">Jabotinsky 1923</a>: "Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population. Which means that it can proceed and develop only under the protection of a power that is independent of the native population—behind an iron wall, which the native population cannot breach." </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenni_Brenner" title="Lenni Brenner">Lenni Brenner</a>, The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism from Jabotinsky to Shamir, <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a> 1984, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Beit-Hallahmi" title="Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi">Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin</a> (1993). Original Sins: Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel. Olive Branch Press. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Sins%3A+Reflections+on+the+History+of+Zionism+and+Israel&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Beit-Hallahmi&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/shlaim-wall.html">"The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World since 1948"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007202053/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/shlaim-wall.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Iron+Wall%3A+Israel+and+the+Arab+World+since+1948&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fs%2Fshlaim-wall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauseRazMedding2005" class="citation news cs1">Vause, John; Raz, Guy; Medding, Shira (November 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/11/21/israel.politics/">"Sharon shakes up Israeli politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331162557/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/11/21/israel.politics/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Sharon+shakes+up+Israeli+politics&rft.date=2005-11-22&rft.aulast=Vause&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Raz%2C+Guy&rft.au=Medding%2C+Shira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F11%2F21%2Fisrael.politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Main_Zionist_Streams_and_Jewish_Traditions-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadgar2017Main_Zionist_Streams_and_Jewish_Traditions_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYadgar2017">Yadgar 2017</a>, Main Zionist Streams and Jewish Traditions. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsscher2021" class="citation journal cs1">Asscher, Omri (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1075837ar">"Exporting political theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox consumption"</a>. Meta. 65 (2): 292–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1075837ar">10.7202/1075837ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1492-1421">1492-1421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234914976">234914976</a>. <q>Highlighting and infusing the unsolved tension between religion and nationality rooted in Israeli Jewish identity, the father of religious Zionism Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935), and his son and most influential interpreter Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook (1891–1982), assigned primary religious significance to settling the (Greater) Land of Israel, sacralising Israel's national symbols, and, more generally, perceiving the contemporary historical period of statehood as Atchalta De'Geulah [the beginning of the redemption]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meta&rft.atitle=Exporting+political+theology+to+the+diaspora%3A+translating+Rabbi+Abraham+Isaac+Kook+for+Modern+Orthodox+consumption&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-311&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234914976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1492-1421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1075837ar&rft.aulast=Asscher&rft.aufirst=Omri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1075837ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2004" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Adriana (2004). Israelis in Conflict: Hegemonies, Identities and Challenges. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 314–315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelis+in+Conflict%3A+Hegemonies%2C+Identities+and+Challenges&rft.pages=314-315&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gold, Dore (2017). "The Historical Significance of the Balfour Declaration". <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Political_Studies_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Political Studies Review">Jewish Political Studies Review</a>. 28 (1/2): 8–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44510469">44510469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Significance+of+the+Balfour+Declaration&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=8-13&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44510469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Jonathan (1999), "The Republic of China and Israel", in Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.), China and Israel, 1948–1998: A Fifty Year Retrospective, Westport, Conn. and London: Praeger, pp. 1–39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Republic+of+China+and+Israel&rft.btitle=China+and+Israel%2C+1948%E2%80%931998%3A+A+Fifty+Year+Retrospective&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+and+London&rft.pages=1-39&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> "The massive support extended to the State of Israel by the millions of Christian supporters of Zionism is overtly motivated by a single consideration: that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land will be a prelude to their acceptance of Christ or, for those who fail to do so, to their physical destruction. In his book, The End o f Days, Gershom Gorenberg, a religious Jewish author, deplores the messianic scenario dear to many Christian Zionists, which includes the conversion to Christianity of great numbers of Jews and the destruction of those who refuse. In his view, "the evangelical scenario is a drama in five acts, where the Jews disappear in the fourth” (Cypel).For the evangelical preacher Jerry Falwell, the founding of the State of Israel in 1948 has been the most crucial event in history since the ascension of Jesus to heaven, and "proof that the second coming of Jesus Christ is nigh.... W ithout a State of Israel in the Holy Land, there cannot be the second coming of Jesus Christ, nor can there be a Last Judgement, nor the End of the World” (Tremblay, 118).These groups have provided massive political and financial assistance to the most resolute nationalist forces in Israeli society. In their view, the principal function of the State of Israel is to prepare for the Second Coming of Christ and to eliminate Judaism and those who profess it. This would explain why Christian Zionists have come to play an increasingly significant role in the financial and political support of the State of Israel." <a href="#CITEREFRabkin2006">Rabkin 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2014" class="citation book cs1">Shapira, Anita (2014). Israel a history. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-87158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-87158-3"><bdi>978-0-297-87158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+a+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-297-87158-3&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Donald (2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support For A Jewish Homeland. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63196-0"><bdi>978-1-107-63196-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+Lord+Shaftesbury+And+Evangelical+Support+For+A+Jewish+Homeland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-63196-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2014" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Iain (2014). the Puritan Hope. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84871-478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84871-478-6"><bdi>978-1-84871-478-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Puritan+Hope&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84871-478-6&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629204443/http://www.cwi.org.uk/library/articles/HAPH.htm">"The Puritan Hope and Jewish Evangelism"</a>. Herald Magazine, Christian Witness to Israel. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwi.org.uk/library/articles/HAPH.htm">the original</a> on June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Magazine%2C+Christian+Witness+to+Israel&rft.atitle=The+Puritan+Hope+and+Jewish+Evangelism&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwi.org.uk%2Flibrary%2Farticles%2FHAPH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629204142/http://americanvision.org/1715/john-macarthur-israel-calvinism-postmillennialism-part-2/">"John MacArthur, Israel, Calvinism, and Postmillennialism"</a>. American Vision. July 3, 2007. 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Retrieved March 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+Israel+Reborn%3A+From+Catastrophe+to+Sovereignty&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06378-7&rft.aulast=Penkower&rft.aufirst=Monty+Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImbmtqZQ6QEC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-2015-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen-2015_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen-2015_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2015" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, David (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbidavidrosen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Fundamental-Agreement-the-culmination-of-Nostra-Aetate-NA-50th-Conference-Tel-Aviv-Dec-15-2015.pdf">"The Fundamental Agreement – the culmination of Nostra Aetate"</a> (PDF). Tel Aviv. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129200031/https://www.rabbidavidrosen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Fundamental-Agreement-the-culmination-of-Nostra-Aetate-NA-50th-Conference-Tel-Aviv-Dec-15-2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fundamental+Agreement+%E2%80%93+the+culmination+of+Nostra+Aetate&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbidavidrosen.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FThe-Fundamental-Agreement-the-culmination-of-Nostra-Aetate-NA-50th-Conference-Tel-Aviv-Dec-15-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2001" class="citation book cs1">Kertzer, David (2001). Civiltà cattolica, 1922, IV, pp. 369–371, cited in Unholy War. London: Pan Books. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39049-1"><bdi>978-0-330-39049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilt%C3%A0+cattolica%2C+1922%2C+IV%2C+pp.+369%E2%80%93371%2C+cited+in+Unholy+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-330-39049-1&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStransky1999" class="citation web cs1">Stransky, Thomas F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521082933/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mag/MAen9901.html">"A Catholic Views – Zionism and the State of Israel"</a>. The Holy land. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mag/MAen9901.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+land&rft.atitle=A+Catholic+Views+%E2%80%93+Zionism+and+the+State+of+Israel&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stransky&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fmag%2FMAen9901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim1994" class="citation journal cs1">Shlaim, Avi (June 9, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n11/avi-shlaim/it-can-be-done">"It can be done"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 16 (11): 26–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083152/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n11/avi-shlaim/it-can-be-done">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=It+can+be+done&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=1994-06-09&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv16%2Fn11%2Favi-shlaim%2Fit-can-be-done&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <ul><li>Korey, William, Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology of Zionism, Psychology Press, 1995, pp. 33–34</li> <li>Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession, Macmillan, 2008, p. 139</li> <li>Shimoni, Gideon, Community and conscience: the Jews in apartheid South Africa, UPNE, 2003, p. 167</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerednik" class="citation web cs1">Perednik, Gustavo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728170359/http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Chapter%2014%3A%20Contemporary%20Anti-Zionism">"Judeophobia"</a>. The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Chapter%2014%3A%20Contemporary%20Anti-Zionism">the original</a> on July 28, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judeophobia&rft.pub=The+Coordination+Forum+for+Countering+Antisemitism&rft.aulast=Perednik&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antisemitism.org.il%2Feng%2FChapter%252014%253A%2520Contemporary%2520Anti-Zionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>"... This identity is often explicitly worded by its spokespersons. Thus, Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador to the UN, declared in 1973: "The Zionists have come forward with the theory of the Chosen People, an absurd ideology." (As it is well known, the biblical concept of "Chosen People" is part of Judaism; Zionism has nothing to do with it)."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalaita2006" class="citation book cs1">Salaita, Steven George (2006). The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan. Syracuse University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3109-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-3109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land+in+Transit%3A+Colonialism+and+the+Quest+for+Canaan&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3109-5&rft.aulast=Salaita&rft.aufirst=Steven+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHirst2003">Hirst 2003</a>, pp. 418–419</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldordersoldne0000chom/page/264">World Orders, Old and New</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldordersoldne0000chom/page/264">264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10157-8"><bdi>978-0-231-10157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Orders%2C+Old+and+New&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10157-8&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldordersoldne0000chom%2Fpage%2F264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialisraelpa00masa">Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialisraelpa00masa/page/n97">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1615-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-1615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Israel+and+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Politics+of+Expansion&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1615-4&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialisraelpa00masa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073344/http://www.atheistnexus.org/forum/topics/hitchens-dawkins-and-harris">"Essay by James M. Martin from "Atheist Nexus""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atheistnexus.org/forum/topics/hitchens-dawkins-and-harris">the original</a> on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essay+by+James+M.+Martin+from+%22Atheist+Nexus%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atheistnexus.org%2Fforum%2Ftopics%2Fhitchens-dawkins-and-harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley1990" class="citation book cs1">Quigley, John B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineisrael00john/page/176">Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice</a>. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineisrael00john/page/176">176–177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1023-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1023-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-1023-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+Israel%3A+A+Challenge+to+Justice&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1023-5&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineisrael00john%2Fpage%2F176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1999" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1999). Fateful Triangle: the United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (2nd Ed, revised). South End Press. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-601-2"><bdi>978-0-89608-601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Triangle%3A+the+United+States%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Palestinians+%282nd+Ed%2C+revised%29&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-601-2&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in Israel and the Palestinian Refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYishai1987" class="citation book cs1">Yishai, Yael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landorpeacewhith00yael/page/112">Land or Peace: Whither Israel?</a>. Hoover Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landorpeacewhith00yael/page/112">112–125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8521-9"><bdi>978-0-8179-8521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+or+Peace%3A+Whither+Israel%3F&rft.pages=112-125&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8521-9&rft.aulast=Yishai&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandorpeacewhith00yael%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Rubenberg, Cheryl</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube">The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7"><bdi>978-1-58826-225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians%3A+In+Search+of+a+Just+Peace&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-225-7&rft.aulast=Rubenberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestiniansinse0000rube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Geaves, Ron (2004). Islam and the West Post 9/11. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5005-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West+Post+9%2F11&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5005-8&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassim2000" class="citation book cs1">Kassim, Anis F. (2000). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, 1998–1999. Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1304-7"><bdi>978-90-411-1304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Yearbook+of+International+Law%2C+1998%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1304-7&rft.aulast=Kassim&rft.aufirst=Anis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Raphael Israeli, Palestinians Between Israel and Jordan, Prager, 1991, pp. 158–159, 171, 182.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (2003). The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihad and Modernity. Verso. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Fundamentalisms%3A+Crusades%2C+Jihad+and+Modernity&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <ul><li>Weisburd, David, Jewish Settler Violence, Penn State Press, 1985, pp. 20–52</li> <li>Lustick, Ian, "Israel's Dangerous Fundamentalists", Foreign Policy, 68 (Fall 1987), pp. 118–139</li> <li>Tessler, Mark, "Religion and Politics in the Jewish State of Israel", in Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, (Emile Sahliyeh, Ed)., SUNY Press, 1990, pp. 263–296.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Elliott S. (2006). Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 6–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12491-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reckless+rites%3A+Purim+and+the+legacy+of+Jewish+violence&rft.pages=6-11&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12491-9&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Elliott+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner1997" class="citation book cs1">Rayner, John D. (1997). An Understanding of Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-971-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-971-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-971-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Understanding+of+Judaism&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-971-0&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in Israel and the Palestinian refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78:</li></ul> <dl><dd>".. the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it necessary to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament prophecy, to justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the Palestinians. For example, the speeches and letter of Chaim Weizman, the secular Zionist leader, are filled with references to the biblical origins of the Jewish claim to Palestine, which he often mixes liberally with more pragmatic and nationalistic claims. By the use of this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists alleged that the Palestinians were usurpers in the Promised Land, and therefore their expulsion and death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan Kurzman, in his book Genesis 1948 ... describes the view of one of the Deir Yassin's killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the Bible more rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a thief be found ...' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was not really murder. And were not the enemies of Zionism thieves, who wanted to steal from the Jews what God had granted them?'"</dd></dl> <ul><li>Ehrlich, Carl. S., (1999) "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide", in Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Judit Targarona Borrás, Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (Eds). 1999, Brill. p. 117–124.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHirst2003">Hirst 2003</a>, p. 139</li> <li>Lorch, Netanel, The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947–1949, Putnam, 1961, p. 87</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, pp. 88</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward W. Said">Said, Edward</a>, The Edward Said Reader, Random House, Inc., 2000, pp. 128–129</li> <li>Prior, Michael P. Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry, Psychology Press, 1999, pp. 191–192</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Penslar, Derek</a>, Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 56.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> *<a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Penslar, Derek</a>, Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2009231–232-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur2009231–232_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur2009">Laqueur 2009</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2010" class="citation news cs1">Black, Ian (November 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/26/palestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict">"Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041903/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/26/palestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Memories+and+maps+keep+alive+Palestinian+hopes+of+return&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F26%2Fpalestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2004" class="citation web cs1">Shavit, Ari (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905113719/http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">"Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris"</a>. www.logosjournal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">the original</a> on September 5, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.logosjournal.com&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+Fittest%3F+An+Interview+with+Benny+Morris&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logosjournal.com%2Fmorris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal1997" class="citation news cs1">Vidal, Dominique (December 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/1997/12/palestine">"The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310045630/https://mondediplo.com/1997/12/palestine">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=The+expulsion+of+the+Palestinians+re-examined&rft.date=1997-12-01&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F1997%2F12%2Fpalestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082658/http://zochrot.org/en/content/were-they-expelled">"Were they expelled?"</a>. Zochrot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zochrot.org/en/content/were-they-expelled">the original</a> on August 19, 2014. <q>the important point is a growing consensus among Israeli and Palestinian historians about the Israeli expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948 (expulsion and the destruction of villages and towns) [...] The gist of the common ground is a consensus between the 'new historians' in Israel and many Palestinian historians that Israel bore the main responsibility for the making of the problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zochrot&rft.atitle=Were+they+expelled%3F&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzochrot.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fwere-they-expelled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2010" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2010). Palestine betrayed. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+betrayed&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeveth1990" class="citation journal cs1">Teveth, Shabtai (April 1990). "The Palestine Arab Refugee Problem and Its Origins". <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 26 (2): 214–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209008700816">10.1080/00263209008700816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283366">4283366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Arab+Refugee+Problem+and+Its+Origins&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-249&rft.date=1990-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209008700816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Teveth&rft.aufirst=Shabtai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Elizabeth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ubfEsbawzoC&pg=PA41">The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Parallel Discourses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-88432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-88432-0"><bdi>978-1-136-88432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+Parallel+Discourses&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-88432-0&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ubfEsbawzoC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapaport2005" class="citation news cs1">Rapaport, Miron (August 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507081443/http://www.editriceilponte.org/_files/HaaretzInterviewEnglish.pdf">"No Peaceful Solution"</a> (PDF). Haaretz Friday Supplement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editriceilponte.org/_files/HaaretzInterviewEnglish.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Peaceful+Solution&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.aulast=Rapaport&rft.aufirst=Miron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editriceilponte.org%2F_files%2FHaaretzInterviewEnglish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1988). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 286, 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem%2C+1947%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=286%2C+294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (October 1986). 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September 3, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523600.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+abandons+racism+summit&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1523600.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> L. Daniel Staetsky <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpr.org.uk/sites/default/files/attachments/haredi-Jews-around-the-world-jpr-2022_1.pdf">Haredi Jews around the world:Population trends and estimates,</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Jewish_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Jewish Policy Research">Institute for Jewish Policy Research</a> May 2022 p.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Fox, Mira (November 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007065050/https://forward.com/culture/570974/neturei-karta-orthodox-jewish-israel-palestine-protests/">"What is Neturei Karta, the Orthodox group at all the pro-Palestinian protests?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/570974/neturei-karta-orthodox-jewish-israel-palestine-protests/">the original</a> on October 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=What+is+Neturei+Karta%2C+the+Orthodox+group+at+all+the+pro-Palestinian+protests%3F&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Mira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F570974%2Fneturei-karta-orthodox-jewish-israel-palestine-protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Zvi Jonathan (2004). "Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, Zionism, and Hungarian Ultra-Orthodoxy". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Judaism" title="Modern Judaism">Modern Judaism</a>. 24 (2): 165–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjh012">10.1093/mj/kjh012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114">0276-1114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396525">1396525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Joel+Teitelbaum%2C+Zionism%2C+and+Hungarian+Ultra-Orthodoxy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-178&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0276-1114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjh012&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbluh2024" class="citation news cs1">Kornbluh, Jacob (February 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/fast-forward/584346/orthodox-jews-israel-zionism/">"New survey of Orthodox Jews shows vast differences in attitudes toward Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=New+survey+of+Orthodox+Jews+shows+vast+differences+in+attitudes+toward+Zionism&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.aulast=Kornbluh&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Ffast-forward%2F584346%2Forthodox-jews-israel-zionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeren-Kratz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keren-Kratz, Menachem (Winter 2016). "Westernization and Israelization within Israel's Extreme Orthodox Haredi Society". <a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies_Review" title="Israel Studies Review">Israel Studies Review</a>. 31 (2): 101–129 [103, 110]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fisr.2016.310207">10.3167/isr.2016.310207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Westernization+and+Israelization+within+Israel%27s+Extreme+Orthodox+Haredi+Society&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-129+103%2C+110&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fisr.2016.310207&rft.aulast=Keren-Kratz&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalfire.tv/nj/03en/jews/ttjews.htm">"We oppose the Zionists and their 'state'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515235351/http://globalfire.tv/nj/03en/jews/ttjews.htm">Archived</a> May 15, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> vigorously and we continue our prayers for the dismantlement of the Zionist 'state' and peace to the world." Rabbi E Weissfish, Neturei Karta, Representatives of Orthodox Jewry, US, London, Palestine and worldwide. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128090750/http://nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/greatgulf.cfm">"The Great Gulf Between Zionism and Judaism"</a>. www.nkusa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/greatgulf.cfm">the original</a> on November 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nkusa.org&rft.atitle=The+Great+Gulf+Between+Zionism+and+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkusa.org%2FAboutUs%2FZionism%2Fgreatgulf.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/zionism/whatis.cfm">"What is Zionism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114024502/http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/zionism/whatis.cfm">Archived</a> November 14, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jews against Zionism. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121839/http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/antisemitism/zionismpromotes.cfm">"Zionism promotes antisemitism"</a>. Jews against Zionism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/antisemitism/zionismpromotes.cfm">the original</a> on November 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jews+against+Zionism&rft.atitle=Zionism+promotes+antisemitism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewsagainstzionism.com%2Fantisemitism%2Fzionismpromotes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarman" class="citation news cs1">Sugarman, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/a-short-guide-to-neturei-karta-the-anti-zionists-favourite-fringe-jewish-sect-plivegmd">"Neturei Karta – the extreme Jewish fringe group beloved of many anti-Zionists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Neturei+Karta+%E2%80%93+the+extreme+Jewish+fringe+group+beloved+of+many+anti-Zionists&rft.aulast=Sugarman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Flets-talk%2Fa-short-guide-to-neturei-karta-the-anti-zionists-favourite-fringe-jewish-sect-plivegmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115102337/http://jcpa.org/phas/phas-wistrich-f04.htm">"Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism"</a>. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Fall 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/phas/phas-wistrich-f04.htm">the original</a> on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Anti-Zionism+and+Anti-Semitism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Fphas%2Fphas-wistrich-f04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, Kenneth L. (2007). "Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights Act of 1964". William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal. 15 (3): 837–891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Bill+of+Rights+Journal&rft.atitle=Anti-Zionism+as+Racism%3A+Campus+Anti-Semitism+and+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=837-891&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemko2006" class="citation news cs1">Temko, Ned (October 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/sep/03/religion.immigrationpolicy">"Critics of Israel 'fuelling hatred of British Jews'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042852/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/sep/03/religion.immigrationpolicy">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Critics+of+Israel+%27fuelling+hatred+of+British+Jews%27&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.aulast=Temko&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Fsep%2F03%2Freligion.immigrationpolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~antis/papers/jcr_antisemitism.pdf">"H-Antisemitism"</a> (PDF). H-Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084421/http://www.h-net.org/~antis/papers/jcr_antisemitism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H-Antisemitism&rft.pub=H-Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2F~antis%2Fpapers%2Fjcr_antisemitism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmannErb1997" class="citation book cs1">Bergmann, Werner; Erb, Rainer (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mc9wZPAky8C">Anti-semitism in Germany: the post-Nazi epoch since 1945</a>. Translated by Cooper, Belinda; Brown, Allison. Transaction Publishers. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1736-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-1736-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181915/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mc9wZPAky8C">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-semitism+in+Germany%3A+the+post-Nazi+epoch+since+1945&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1736-3&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Erb%2C+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Mc9wZPAky8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2000" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA48">Native vs. Settler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31357-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516124255/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015. <q>To most Arabs the terms Jew or Jewish and Zionist are interchangeable. After the introduction of European anti-Semitism into the Arab world in the thirties and forties through the Axis powers, Arab propaganda has displayed many classic Nazi anti-Semitic claims about the Jews. For public relations purposes the PLO has never wanted to be accused of being anti-Semitic but rather only of being anti-Zionist. Occasionally its leaders slip, as Arafat did when he referred to the "Jewish invasion" in his speech.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+vs.+Settler&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31357-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PNt46aB_sYC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVattimoMarder2013" class="citation book cs1">Vattimo, Gianni; Marder, Michael, eds. (2013). Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysics. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0594-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-0594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Zionism%3A+A+Critique+of+Political+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0594-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625165331/http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104">"ZNet – Beyond Chutzpah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104">the original</a> on June 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZNet+%E2%80%93+Beyond+Chutzpah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmag.org%2Fznet%2FviewArticle%2F5104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassad2006-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassad2006_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassad2006_342-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassad2006">Massad 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafir2016-344">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafir2016_344-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFShafir2016">Shafir 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2020_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaim2023-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaim2023_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlaim2023">Shlaim 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell2010-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell2010_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhell2010_347-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternhell2010">Sternhell 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg2016-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternberg2016_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternberg2016_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternberg2016_349-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternberg2016">Sternberg 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira2016-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2016_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2016_350-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira2016_350-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapira2016">Shapira 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> "The first colonists did exploit the cheap native labor, but subsequent generations of immigrants tried to avoid this, for reasons both of morality and expediency, aiming at an exclusive, separate Jewish economy as a basis for an autarchic society and state." (<a href="#CITEREFMorris1999">Morris 1999</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriling2016-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriling2016_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriling2016_353-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriling2016">Friling 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2022-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2022_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2022_354-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowty2022">Dowty 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> "They did not recognize the Arab population of Palestine as another people with their own collective claims..." (<a href="#CITEREFDowty2022">Dowty 2022</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh2000-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh2000_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarsh2000">Karsh 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202370–71,_82–83,_and_95-96-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202370–71,_82–83,_and_95-96_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, pp. 70–71, 82–83, and 95-96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202369-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202369_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenslar202376-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenslar202376_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenslar2023">Penslar 2023</a>, p. 76, quoting Herzl's <a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, first section. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawil-Souri2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tawil-Souri, Helga (2016). "Response to Elia Zureik's Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit". <a href="/wiki/Arab_Studies_Quarterly" title="Arab Studies Quarterly">Arab Studies Quarterly</a>. 38 (4): 683–687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519">0271-3519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683</a>. <q>Calling Israel a settler colonial regime is an argument increasingly gaining purchase in activist and, to a lesser extent, academic circles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Response+to+Elia+Zureik%27s+Israel%27s+Colonial+Project+in+Palestine%3A+Brutal+Pursuit&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-687&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0271-3519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683&rft.aulast=Tawil-Souri&rft.aufirst=Helga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, Conclusion. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfe2006">Wolfe 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe">"Forum on Patrick Wolfe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621043010/https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso+Books&rft.atitle=Forum+on+Patrick+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fblogs%2F3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developingeconomics.org/2020/10/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism/">"What is at Stake in the Study of Settler Colonialism?"</a>. Developing Economics. October 26, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125221504/https://developingeconomics.org/2020/10/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Developing+Economics&rft.atitle=What+is+at+Stake+in+the+Study+of+Settler+Colonialism%3F&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopingeconomics.org%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fwhat-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroen2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">Troen, S. Ilan</a> (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Affairs (page does not exist)">Israel Affairs</a>. 13 (4): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537120701445372">10.1080/13537120701445372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216148316">216148316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Affairs&rft.atitle=De-Judaizing+the+Homeland%3A+Academic+Politics+in+Rewriting+the+History+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=872-884&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537120701445372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216148316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2004" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Glenda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_FhfTvzjygC&pg=PA120">Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42865-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42865-6"><bdi>978-1-134-42865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Jewish+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42865-6&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_FhfTvzjygC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_El-Haj2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Abu_El_Haj" title="Nadia Abu El Haj">Abu El-Haj, Nadia</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DDXi4kWW4cC">The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology</a>. 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Jerusalem: Jerusalem: Historical Society of Israel: Zalman Shazar Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-227-010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-227-010-8"><bdi>978-965-227-010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Arabs&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Jerusalem%3A+Historical+Society+of+Israel%3A+Zalman+Shazar+Center&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-965-227-010-8&rft.aulast=Almog&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlroey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alroey, Gur (Fall 2011). ""Zionism without Zion"? 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Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20379-2"><bdi>978-90-04-20379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Ruppin+and+the+Production+of+Pre-Israeli+Culture&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20379-2&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Etan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2021" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Elise K. 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Vol. I: Israel's Transition from Community to State. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-29806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-29806-7"><bdi>978-1-135-29806-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+the+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-29806-7&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXnsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Falk_(geneticist)" title="Raphael Falk (geneticist)">Falk, Raphael</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4otDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7">Zionism and the Biology of Jews</a>. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57345-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57345-8"><bdi>978-3-319-57345-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163601/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4otDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Biology+of+Jews&rft.series=History%2C+Philosophy+and+Theory+of+the+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-57345-8&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4otDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC">Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-442-7"><bdi>978-1-85984-442-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726064009/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+and+reality+of+the+Israel-Palestine+conflict&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-442-7&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNb5VkyxDlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman G.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55NKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA">Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-458-4"><bdi>978-1-78478-458-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011030/https://books.google.com/books?id=55NKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+and+Reality+of+the+Israel-Palestine+Conflict&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-458-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55NKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlapan1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simha_Flapan" title="Simha Flapan">Flapan, Simha</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">Zionism and the Palestinians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croom_Helm" class="mw-redirect" title="Croom Helm">Croom Helm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492104-6"><bdi>978-0-06-492104-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011034/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Palestinians&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-492104-6&rft.aulast=Flapan&rft.aufirst=Simha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJRtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriling2016" class="citation book cs1">Friling, Tuvia (2016). "What Do Those Who Claim Zionism Is Colonialism Overlook?". In Weberling, Anne (ed.). Handbook of Israel: Major Debates. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110351637">10.1515/9783110351637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035163-7"><bdi>978-3-11-035163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Do+Those+Who+Claim+Zionism+Is+Colonialism+Overlook%3F&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Israel%3A+Major+Debates&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110351637&rft.isbn=978-3-11-035163-7&rft.aulast=Friling&rft.aufirst=Tuvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2008" class="citation book cs1">Gans, Chaim (2008). A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534068-6"><bdi>978-0-19-534068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Just+Zionism%3A+On+the+Morality+of+the+Jewish+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534068-6&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2014" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ">The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-47077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-47077-4"><bdi>978-1-107-47077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-47077-4&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDaZAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Shalom (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibbL2ow7gYoC">Zeal for Zion:Christians, Jews, & the Idea of the Promised Land</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-807-83344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-807-83344-5"><bdi>978-0-807-83344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeal+for+Zion%3AChristians%2C+Jews%2C+%26+the+Idea+of+the+Promised+Land&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-807-83344-5&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Shalom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibbL2ow7gYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorny1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Gorny" title="Yosef Gorny">Gorny, Yosef</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crHjZnRmWhgC">Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948: A Study of Ideology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822721-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822721-2"><bdi>978-0-19-822721-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011032/https://books.google.com/books?id=crHjZnRmWhgC&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2024. 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Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume VII: Jews and Messianism in the Modern Era: Metaphor and Meaning. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536198-8"><bdi>978-0-19-536198-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BenGurion+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Contemporary+Jewry%3A+Volume+VII%3A+Jews+and+Messianism+in+the+Modern+Era%3A+Metaphor+and+Meaning&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536198-8&rft.aulast=Hacohen&rft.aufirst=Dvorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Hakohen, Devorah (2003). Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2969-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-2969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+Turmoil%3A+Mass+Immigration+to+Israel+and+Its+Repercussions+in+the+1950s+and+After&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6&rft.aulast=Hakohen&rft.aufirst=Devorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazony2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazony, Yoram (2000). The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02902-0"><bdi>978-0-465-02902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+State%3A+The+Struggle+for+Israel%27s+Soul&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02902-0&rft.aulast=Hazony&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzl1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Herzl, Theodor</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/freimann/content/pageview/938004">"Palästina oder Argentinien?"</a> [Palestine or Argentina?]. Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State] (in German). sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de. p. 29 (31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825203024/http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/freimann/content/pageview/938004">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pal%C3%A4stina+oder+Argentinien%3F&rft.btitle=Der+Judenstaat&rft.pages=29+%2831%29&rft.pub=sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Herzl&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ffreimann%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F938004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hirsch, Dafna (2009). "Zionist eugenics, mixed marriage, and the creation of a 'new Jewish type'". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" title="Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute">Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</a>. 15 (3). Wiley: 592–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2009.01575.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01575.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-0987">1359-0987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40541701">40541701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Zionist+eugenics%2C+mixed+marriage%2C+and+the+creation+of+a+%27new+Jewish+type%27&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=592-609&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1359-0987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40541701%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2009.01575.x&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Dafna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hirst_(journalist)" title="David Hirst (journalist)">Hirst, David</a> (2003). The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East. 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Retrieved April 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall&rft.date=1923-11-04&rft.aulast=Jabotinsky&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.jabotinsky.org%2Fmedia%2F9747%2Fthe-iron-wall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabotinsky1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky, Ze'ev</a> (1961). Pedhazur, Elazar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infocenters.co.il/jabo/jabo_multimedia/Books/Nation%20and%20Society%20%D7%96%20190.pdf">Nation and Society: Selected articles</a> (PDF). Tel Aviv: Shilton Betar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+Society%3A+Selected+articles&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=Shilton+Betar&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jabotinsky&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infocenters.co.il%2Fjabo%2Fjabo_multimedia%2FBooks%2FNation%2520and%2520Society%2520%25D7%2596%2520190.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2017" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Jack (2017). Jews and Leftist Politics. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10757-0"><bdi>978-1-108-10757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Leftist+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10757-0&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5znEAAAQBAJ">The Iron Cage The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-899-6"><bdi>978-0-86154-899-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Cage+The+Story+of+the+Palestinian+Struggle+for+Statehood&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86154-899-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5znEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine%3A+A+History+of+Settler+Colonialism+and+Resistance%2C+1917%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-854-9&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXlwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2009" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (July 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEt5PWCTMJMC">A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-53085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-53085-1"><bdi>978-0-307-53085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zionism%3A+From+the+French+Revolution+to+the+Establishment+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-307-53085-1&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEt5PWCTMJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronit_Lentin" title="Ronit Lentin">Lentin, Ronit</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2W5DwAAQBAJ">Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-768-1"><bdi>978-1-84779-768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-memory+and+melancholia%3A+Israelis+memorialising+the+Palestinian+Nakba&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-768-1&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2W5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeVineMossberg2014" class="citation book cs1">LeVine, Mark; Mossberg, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustickBerkman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Lustick, Ian S.</a>; Berkman, Matthew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"Zionist Theories of Peace in the Pre-state Era: Legacies of Dissimulation and Israel's Arab Minority"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim N.</a>; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 39–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionist+Theories+of+Peace+in+the+Pre-state+Era%3A+Legacies+of+Dissimulation+and+Israel%27s+Arab+Minority&rft.btitle=Israel+and+its+Palestinian+Citizens%3A+Ethnic+Privileges+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=39-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04483-8&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rft.au=Berkman%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManna2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Manna" title="Adel Manna">Manna, Adel</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.129/">Nakba and Survival: The Story of Palestinians Who Remained in Haifa and the Galilee, 1948–1956</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.129">10.1525/luminos.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38936-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38936-6"><bdi>978-0-520-38936-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakba+and+Survival%3A+The+Story+of+Palestinians+Who+Remained+in+Haifa+and+the+Galilee%2C+1948%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.129&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38936-6&rft.aulast=Manna&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fluminosoa.org%2Fsite%2Fbooks%2Fm%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C">The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine–Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-761-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112015208/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Zionism%3A+Invented+Traditions%2C+Archaeology+and+Post-Colonialism+in+Palestine%E2%80%93Israel&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-761-9&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAUeWo8NDK4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px1jDgAAQBAJ">The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848139701" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848139701"><bdi>978-1848139701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Nakba%3A+Decolonising+History%2C+Narrating+the+Subaltern%2C+Reclaiming+Memory&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848139701&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx1jDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_b3oBAAAQBAJ">The Zionist Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54465-4"><bdi>978-1-317-54465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zionist+Bible&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54465-4&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_b3oBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2018). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786992727" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786992727"><bdi>978-1786992727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Four+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1786992727&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassad2006" class="citation book cs1">Massad, Joseph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_2SAgAAQBAJ">The Persistence of the Palestinian Question</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98841-8"><bdi>978-1-135-98841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+the+Palestinian+Question&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98841-8&rft.aulast=Massad&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_2SAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigle2021" class="citation book cs1">McGonigle, Ian V. 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Retrieved July 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genomic+Citizenship%3A+The+Molecularization+of+Identity+in+the+Contemporary+Middle+East&rft.pub=MIT+Press+%28originally+a+Harvard+PhD+Thesis%2C+published+March+2018%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-262-36669-4&rft.aulast=McGonigle&rft.aufirst=Ian+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1EYIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedoff1998" class="citation journal cs1">Medoff, Rafael (1998). "Review Essay: Recent Trends in the Historiography of American Zionism". <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_History" title="American Jewish History">American Jewish History</a>. 86: 117–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajh.1998.0002">10.1353/ajh.1998.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143834470">143834470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Review+Essay%3A+Recent+Trends+in+the+Historiography+of+American+Zionism&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajh.1998.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143834470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Medoff&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7tr9_rCwD0C">Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7"><bdi>978-0-679-74475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74475-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7tr9_rCwD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679744757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679744757"><bdi>978-0679744757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0679744757&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C">The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>. 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Motyl">Motyl, Alexander J.</a> (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Vol. II. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227230-1"><bdi>978-0-12-227230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227230-1&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Jess (November 2007). "The Late Zionism of Nathan Birnbaum: The Herzl Controversy Reconsidered". <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Jewish_Studies" title="Association for Jewish Studies">AJS Review</a>. 31 (2): 241–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0364009407000517">10.1017/S0364009407000517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27564291">27564291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161907484">161907484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJS+Review&rft.atitle=The+Late+Zionism+of+Nathan+Birnbaum%3A+The+Herzl+Controversy+Reconsidered&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-276&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161907484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27564291%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0364009407000517&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Jess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLw4ojx4NBUC">A History of Modern Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55632-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55632-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55632-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Palestine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55632-3&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLw4ojx4NBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pappe-ilan-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine/">The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-056-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-056-0&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpappe-ilan-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenslar2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Penslar, Derek J.</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJu-EAAAQBAJ">Zionism: An Emotional State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7611-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-7611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism%3A+An+Emotional+State&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7611-4&rft.aulast=Penslar&rft.aufirst=Derek+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJu-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Quigley" title="John B. 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Fernwood Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-171-0"><bdi>978-1-55266-171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Threat+from+Within%3A+A+Century+of+Jewish+Opposition+to+Zionism&rft.pub=Fernwood+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55266-171-0&rft.aulast=Rabkin&rft.aufirst=Yakov+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTx2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Shira (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcM6AAAAQBAJ">Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel's Liberal Settler State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-78802-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804-78802-1"><bdi>978-0-804-78802-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Strangers%3A+Palestinians+and+the+Birth+of+Israel%27s+Liberal+Settler+State&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-804-78802-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcM6AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadim_Rouhana" title="Nadim Rouhana">Rouhana, Nadim N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Areej_Sabbagh-Khoury" title="Areej Sabbagh-Khoury">Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2014.947671">"Settler-colonial citizenship: conceptualizing the relationship between Israel and its Palestinian citizens"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Settler_Colonial_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settler Colonial Studies (page does not exist)">Settler Colonial Studies</a>. 5 (3): 205–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2201473X.2014.947671">10.1080/2201473X.2014.947671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2201-473X">2201-473X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56244739">56244739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022053500/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2014.947671">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Settler-colonial+citizenship%3A+conceptualizing+the+relationship+between+Israel+and+its+Palestinian+citizens&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-225&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56244739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2201-473X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2014.947671&rft.aulast=Rouhana&rft.aufirst=Nadim+N.&rft.au=Sabbagh-Khoury%2C+Areej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2014.947671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Roy, Sara</a> (2016). The Gaza Strip. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5"><bdi>978-0-88728-321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaza+Strip&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies+USA%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-321-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej (2022). "Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel". <a href="/wiki/Politics_%26_Society" title="Politics & Society">Politics & Society</a>. 50 (1): 44–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329221999906">10.1177/0032329221999906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233635930">233635930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Tracing+Settler+Colonialism%3A+A+Genealogy+of+a+Paradigm+in+the+Sociology+of+Knowledge+Production+in+Israel&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-83&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329221999906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233635930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sabbagh-Khoury&rft.aufirst=Areej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafrai2018" class="citation book cs1">Safrai, Zeʾev (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml">"The Land in Rabbinic Literature"</a>. Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE – 400 CE). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33482-3"><bdi>978-90-04-33482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Land+in+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.btitle=Seeking+out+the+Land%3A+Land+of+Israel+Traditions+in+Ancient+Jewish%2C+Christian+and+Samaritan+Literature+%28200+BCE+%E2%80%93+400+CE%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33482-3&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Ze%CA%BEev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004334823%2FBP000013.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, Tom</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eb9uDwAAQBAJ">A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5184-5"><bdi>978-1-4299-5184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+State+at+Any+Cost%3A+The+Life+of+David+Ben-Gurion&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-5184-5&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deb9uDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSela2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Sela, Avraham</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ">Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1413-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-1413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Political+Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1413-7&rft.aulast=Sela&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJwsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir1996" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Gershon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBzoJJGUAvUC">Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91741-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Labor+and+the+Origins+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict%2C+1882%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91741-5&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOBzoJJGUAvUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir2016" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Gershon (2016). "Is Israel a Colonial State?". In Weberling, Anne (ed.). 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UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-353-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-353-0"><bdi>978-1-61168-353-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-353-0&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNh9okmg63ssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2016" class="citation book cs1">Shapira, Anita (2016). "The Debate Over the "New Historians" in Israel". In Weberling, Anne (ed.). 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Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0396-2"><bdi>978-1-4629-0396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+%26+the+Japanese%3A+The+Successful+Outsiders&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0396-2&rft.aulast=Shillony&rft.aufirst=Ben-Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvzPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimoni1995" class="citation book cs1">Shimoni, Gideon (1995). The Zionist Ideology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zionist+Ideology&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Shimoni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1qcEAAAQBAJ">Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-165-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78960-165-7"><bdi>978-1-78960-165-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Palestine%3A+Reappraisals%2C+Revisions%2C+Refutations&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-78960-165-7&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1qcEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Shlaim, Avi</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=The_Iron_Wall">The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall%3A+Israel+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32112-8&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThe_Iron_Wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim2023" class="citation book cs1">Shlaim, Avi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTWUEAAAQBAJ">Three Worlds</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86154-464-6"><bdi>978-0-86154-464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Worlds&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-86154-464-6&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTWUEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ">Mythologies Without End</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislawski2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stanislawski" title="Michael Stanislawski">Stanislawski, Michael</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRs1DQAAQBAJ">Zionism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Very_Short_Introductions" title="Very Short Introductions">Very Short Introductions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976604-8"><bdi>978-0-19-976604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976604-8&rft.aulast=Stanislawski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRs1DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg, Yitzhak (2016). "The Colonialism/Colonization Perspective on Zionism/Israel". In Weberling, Anne (ed.). Handbook of Israel: Major Debates. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110351637">10.1515/9783110351637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035163-7"><bdi>978-3-11-035163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Colonialism%2FColonization+Perspective+on+Zionism%2FIsrael&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Israel%3A+Major+Debates&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110351637&rft.isbn=978-3-11-035163-7&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternhell1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell, Zeev</a> (1999). The Founding Myths of Israel. Princeton, NJ.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00967-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00967-8"><bdi>0-691-00967-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Myths+of+Israel&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-691-00967-8&rft.aulast=Sternhell&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternhell2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell, Zeev</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii62/articles/zeev-sternhell-in-defence-of-liberal-zionism">"In Defence of Liberal Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. II (62): 99–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+Liberal+Zionism&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=99-114&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sternhell&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii62%2Farticles%2Fzeev-sternhell-in-defence-of-liberal-zionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1971" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. R. (1971). "Vision and intent in Zionist Thought". In Abu-Lughod, I. (ed.). The Transformation of Palestine. Evanston, IL: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0345-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-0345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vision+and+intent+in+Zionist+Thought&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Palestine&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-0345-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">White, Ben (2012). Palestinians in Israel. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3228-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-3228-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748328849">748328849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinians+in+Israel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748328849&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3228-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 8 (4): 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">10.1080/14623520601056240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143873621">143873621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Settler+colonialism+and+the+elimination+of+the+native&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520601056240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143873621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623520601056240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadgar2017" class="citation book cs1">Yadgar, Yaacov (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOJcDgAAQBAJ">Sovereign Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6535-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-6535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Jews&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6535-7&rft.aulast=Yadgar&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLOJcDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadgar2020" class="citation book cs1">Yadgar, Yaacov (January 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Om7CDwAAQBAJ">Israel's Jewish Identity Crisis: State and Politics in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48894-5"><bdi>978-1-108-48894-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Jewish+Identity+Crisis%3A+State+and+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48894-5&rft.aulast=Yadgar&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOm7CDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Zionism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism">Zionism | Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology | Britannica</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica (online ed.). October 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+History%2C+Movement%2C+%26+Ideology+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FZionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Primary sources</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Herzl, Theodor. A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of the Jewish question (1896) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajewishstateana00aviggoog">full text online</a></li> <li>Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150713/http://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3">Archived</a> July 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Secondary sources</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Armborst-Weihs, Kerstin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2010092115">The Formation of the Jewish National Movement Through Transnational Exchange: Zionism in Europe up to the First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: August 17, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Masilamani" title="A. B. Masilamani">A. B. Masilamani</a>, Zionism in Melu Kolupu (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>), Navajeevana Publications, Vijayanagar Colony, Hyderabad, 1984, pp. 121–126.</li> <li>Beller, Steven. Herzl (2004)</li> <li>Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. Zionism: A Brief History (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1558763015">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a>: <a href="/wiki/Parting_Ways:_Jewishness_and_the_Critique_of_Zionism" title="Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism">Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism</a>. Columbia University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14611-1">978-0-231-14611-1</a></li> <li>Cohen, Naomi. The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 (2003). 304 pp. essays on specialized topics</li> <li>Friedman, Isaiah. "Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements," Israel Studies 2004 9(3): 46–79, online in <a href="/wiki/EBSCO" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO">EBSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hazony" title="David Hazony">David Hazony</a>, Yoram Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., "New Essays on Zionism," Shalem Press, 2007.</li> <li>Kloke, Martin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081801">The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of the State of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2010, retrieved: June 13, 2012.</li> <li>Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0375711325">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simon, Leon (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zionism">"Zionism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 32 (12th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pawel, Ernst. The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0374523517">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadi_Taub" title="Gadi Taub">Taub, Gadi</a>. The Settlers and the Struggle over the Meaning of Zionism (2010, Hebrew, English)</li> <li>Urofsky, Melvin I. American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (1995), a standard history</li> <li>Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel (2nd ed. 2 vol. 1994); 1521 pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728191249/http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/">Central Zionist Archives site in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wzo.org.il/">WZO website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exodus1947.com">Exodus1947.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218080229/https://www.exodus1947.com/">Archived</a> December 18, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – PBS Documentary Film focusing on the secret American involvement in Aliyah Bet, narrated by Morley Safer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418025605/http://jewishmag.com/145mag/herzl_hechler/herzl_hechler.htm">Reverend William H. Hechler – The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl</a> by Jerry Klinger. Jewish Magazine, July 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ffa6qMUX6U&list=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7">Is Zionism in Crisis?</a> A Follow-Up Debate with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> at The Graduate Center, <a href="/wiki/CUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CUNY">CUNY</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/sh/141115,160377">Newspaper clippings about Zionism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism" title="Template:Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism" title="Template talk:Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel_topics" title="Template:Israel topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_topics" title="Template talk:Israel topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">by year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Israel" title="List of lakes of Israel">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">National parks and nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Israel" title="List of rivers of Israel">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Israel" title="Wildlife of Israel">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Judiciary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government">System of government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Structure of the Israel Defense Forces">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israel" title="List of wars involving Israel">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Israel" title="Banking in Israel">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Israel" title="List of companies of Israel">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel" title="Diamond industry in Israel">Diamond industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange" title="Tel Aviv Stock Exchange">Tel Aviv Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel" title="Water supply and sanitation in Israel">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Israel" title="Category:Society of Israel">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Israel" title="Crime in Israel">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Israel" title="Healthcare in Israel">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Israel" title="Standard of living in Israel">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Israel" title="Mass media in Israel">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Israel" title="List of national symbols of Israel">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Israel">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Israel" title="Outline of Israel">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israel" title="Category:Israel">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independent Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Modern Israel</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> History<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">The Jewish people</a><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">leaders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Modern Jewish settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a> to 1948<hr /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">timeline</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel"><img alt="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/100px-Is-map.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/150px-Is-map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/200px-Is-map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="713" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a><hr /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> </div> Politics<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> Society and economy<hr /><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">Moshavim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Exodus from the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_research_in_Israel" title="Agricultural research in Israel">Agriculture technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Israel"><img alt="Contemporary Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/100px-Israel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/150px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/200px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement_timeline" title="Israeli settlement timeline">Timeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">International law</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> <a href="/wiki/Hof_Aza_Regional_Council" title="Hof Aza Regional Council">Hof Aza Regional Council</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_nationalism_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="New nationalism (21st century)">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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48 Template:Delink"," 5.77% 311.990 51 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.96% 268.084 14 Template:Page_needed"," 4.81% 259.909 47 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.683","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24255097,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaronson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_El-Haj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmog1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlroey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshkenazi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsscher2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvineri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvivShneer2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrisch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergmannErb1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishku2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusbridge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharvit2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleveland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn-Sherbok2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConforti2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurthoysGanguly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidovitchSeidelman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieckhoff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDon-Yehiya1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowty2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelheit2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFellman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlapan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlapan1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFox2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriling2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeaves2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorny1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould-Wartofsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacohen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddad1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagopian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakohen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalamish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazony2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzl1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzl1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiroaki_Kuromiya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabotinsky1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabotinsky1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome_Slater2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeren-Kratz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKertzer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbluh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbluh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKühntopf-Gentz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKīfūrkiyān2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaBelle2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeVineMossberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilly_Weissbrod2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLustickBerkman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManna2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassad2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGonigle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedoff1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotyl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundlak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadelmann1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNear1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeusner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._Mendes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasachoffLittman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_R._Mendes-FlohrJehuda_Reinharz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenkower1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenslar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerednik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPixner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrior1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuigley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuigley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabkin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRane2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapaport2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavndal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRovner2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafrai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalaita2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayyed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchamSalemPogrund2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSela2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafir1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShavit\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShavit2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShillony2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimoni1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShonfeld1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSizer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlomanson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanislawski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhellMaisel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStransky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrenger\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStrenger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSufian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugarman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTawil-Souri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTessler1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeveth1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroen2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVattimoMarder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVauseRazMedding2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidal1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemer1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinstanley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadgar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadgar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYishai1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZouplna2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFanonymous\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 153,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 25,\n [\"Ethnic nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Harv\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 67,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish nationalism and the Land of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 4,\n [\"Nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 14,\n [\"Pn\"] = 3,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Relpolnav\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 279,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Zionism\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","13.3"],["?","500","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","480","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","400","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","4.4"],["(for generator)","180","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","3.9"],["assert","100","2.5"],["[others]","1100","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lnrz6","timestamp":"20241124160820","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zionism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zionism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42388","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42388","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-18T19:01:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T02:50:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Theodor_Herzl.jpg","headline":"political movement for the establishment of a Jewish state in the holy land, since 1860"}</script> </body> </html>