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id="toc-Early_woman_suffrage_efforts_(1776–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_woman_suffrage_efforts_(1776–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early woman suffrage efforts (1776–1865) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_woman_suffrage_efforts_(1776–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_Amendments_and_woman_suffrage_(1865–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_Amendments_and_woman_suffrage_(1865–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reconstruction Amendments and woman suffrage (1865–1877) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_Amendments_and_woman_suffrage_(1865–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Reconstruction_(1878–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Reconstruction_(1878–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-Reconstruction (1878–1910) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Reconstruction_(1878–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_woman_suffrage_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_woman_suffrage_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 African-American woman suffrage efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_woman_suffrage_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposal_and_ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_and_ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Proposal and ratification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposal_and_ratification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposal and ratification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposal_and_ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_new_focus_on_a_federal_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_focus_on_a_federal_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 A new focus on a federal amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_focus_on_a_federal_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woman_suffrage_and_World_War_I_patriotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman_suffrage_and_World_War_I_patriotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Woman suffrage and World War I patriotism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman_suffrage_and_World_War_I_patriotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_congressional_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_congressional_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Final congressional challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_congressional_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Ratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ratification timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legal challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_voting_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_voting_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Women's voting behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_voting_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African-American_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 African-American women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_minority_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_minority_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Other minority groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_minority_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Other limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-League_of_Women_Voters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Women_Voters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 League of Women Voters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Women_Voters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equal_Rights_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_Rights_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Equal Rights Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_Rights_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_19th" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_19th"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 The 19th </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_19th-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigont%C4%93o%C3%BEa_Geb%C4%93tung_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_Grundgesetnesse_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81nedra_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Nigontēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nigontēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التعديل التاسع عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعديل التاسع عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Дзевятнаццатая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзевятнаццатая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinovena_esmena_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3_dels_Estats_Units" title="Dinovena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinovena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaten%C3%A1ct%C3%BD_dodatek_%C3%9Astavy_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Devatenáctý dodatek Ústavy Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Devatenáctý dodatek Ústavy Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Zusatzartikel_zur_Verfassung_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="19. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="19. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_p%C3%B5hiseaduse_%C3%BCheksateistk%C3%BCmnes_parandus" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse üheksateistkümnes parandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse üheksateistkümnes parandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimonovena_Enmienda_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Decimonovena Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Decimonovena Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="متمم نوزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متمم نوزدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix-neuvi%C3%A8me_amendement_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Dix-neuvième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dix-neuvième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_%EC%A0%9C19%EC%A1%B0" title="미국 수정 헌법 제19조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 수정 헌법 제19조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_emendamento_della_Costituzione_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="XIX emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIX emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94-19_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התיקון ה-19 לחוקת ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיקון ה-19 לחוקת ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-oji_JAV_Konstitucijos_pataisa" title="19-oji JAV Konstitucijos pataisa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="19-oji JAV Konstitucijos pataisa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id-Dsatax-il_Emenda_g%C4%A7all-Kostituzzjoni_tal-Istati_Uniti" title="Id-Dsatax-il Emenda għall-Kostituzzjoni tal-Istati Uniti – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Id-Dsatax-il Emenda għall-Kostituzzjoni tal-Istati Uniti" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negentiende_amendement_van_de_Grondwet_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Negentiende amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Negentiende amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%AC%AC19%E6%9D%A1" title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第19条 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第19条" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون نوولسم تعدیل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون نوولسم تعدیل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._poprawka_do_Konstytucji_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="19. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="19. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cima_Nona_Emenda_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Décima Nona Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Décima Nona Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_XIX-lea_amendament_la_Constitu%C8%9Bia_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Al XIX-lea amendament la Constituția Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al XIX-lea amendament la Constituția Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Constitution of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/160px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/320px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States#Original_frame" title="Constitution of the United States">Preamble and Articles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States#Ratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments to the Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">X</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVII</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States#Unratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified Amendments</a>:<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">D.C. Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the United States of America">Full text</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the United States of America">Preamble and Articles I–VII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" class="extiw" title="s:United States Bill of Rights">Amendments I–X</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Additional_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Additional amendments to the United States Constitution">Amendments XI–XXVII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution">Unratified Amendments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Template:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Template talk:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> prohibits the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> from denying the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right to vote</a> to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to vote. The amendment was the culmination of a decades-long movement for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage in the United States</a>, at both the state and national levels, and was part of the worldwide movement towards <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> movement. The first women's <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> amendment was introduced in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in 1878. However, a suffrage amendment did not pass the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> until May 21, 1919, which was quickly followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby went into effect, on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was <a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratification_of_amendments" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">certified</a> on August 26, 1920. Before 1776, women had a vote in several of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonies</a> in what would become the United States, but by 1807 every state constitution had denied women even limited suffrage. Organizations supporting <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> became more active in the mid-19th century and, in 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls convention</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>, which called for equality between the sexes and included a resolution urging women to secure the vote. Pro-suffrage organizations used a variety of tactics including legal arguments that relied on existing amendments. After those arguments were struck down by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, suffrage organizations, with activists like <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, called for a new constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the same right to vote possessed by men. By the late 19th century, new states and territories, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, began to grant women the right to vote. In 1878, a suffrage proposal that would eventually become the Nineteenth Amendment was introduced to Congress, but was rejected in 1887. In the 1890s, suffrage organizations focused on a national amendment while still working at state and local levels. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> emerged as important leaders whose different strategies helped move the Nineteenth Amendment forward. Entry of the United States into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> helped to shift public perception of women's suffrage. The <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, supported the war effort, making the case that women should be rewarded with enfranchisement for their patriotic wartime service. The <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> staged marches, demonstrations, and hunger strikes while pointing out the contradictions of fighting abroad for democracy while limiting it at home by denying women the right to vote. The work of both organizations swayed public opinion, prompting President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to announce his support of the suffrage amendment in 1918. It passed in 1919 and was adopted in 1920, withstanding two legal challenges, <a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a>. The Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised 26 million American women in time for the <a href="/wiki/1920_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 U.S. presidential election">1920 U.S. presidential election</a>, but the powerful women's voting bloc that many politicians feared failed to fully materialize until decades later. Additionally, the Nineteenth Amendment failed to fully enfranchise African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, and Native American women (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Limitations">§ Limitations</a>). Shortly after the amendment's adoption, Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party began work on the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, which they believed was a necessary additional step towards equality. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/180px-19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/270px-19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/360px-19th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>The Nineteenth Amendment in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></figcaption></figure> The Nineteenth Amendment provides: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_woman_suffrage_efforts_(1776–1865)">Early woman suffrage efforts (1776–1865)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_(28029155839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg/330px-Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg/440px-Women%27s_Rights_Convention_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_%2828029155839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>Text of the small ad that attracted a diverse meeting of women and men at the first Women's Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York, during July 1848</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, adopted in 1789, left the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> undefined. The only directly elected body created under the original Constitution was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, for which voter qualifications were explicitly delegated to the individual states.<a href="#cite_note-Article1-3">[note 1]</a> While women had the right to vote in several of the pre-revolutionary colonies in what would become the United States, after 1776, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, all states adopted constitutions that denied voting rights to women. New Jersey's constitution initially granted suffrage to property-holding residents, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Jersey" title="Women's suffrage in New Jersey">single and married women</a>, but the state rescinded women's voting rights in 1807 and did not restore them until New Jersey ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> While scattered movements and organizations dedicated to women's rights existed previously, the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> is traditionally held as the start of the American women's rights movement. Attended by nearly 300 women and men, the convention was designed to "discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women", and culminated in the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Signed by 68 women and 32 men, the ninth of the document's twelve resolved clauses reads, "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise."<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Conveners <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> became key early leaders in the U.S. women's suffrage movement, often referred to at the time as the "woman suffrage movement".<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Mott's support of women's suffrage stemmed from a summer spent with the Seneca Nation, one of the six tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy, where women had significant political power, including the right to choose and remove chiefs and veto acts of war.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Activism addressing federal women's suffrage was minimal during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. In 1865, at the conclusion of the war, a "Petition for Universal Suffrage", signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, among others, called for a national constitutional amendment to "prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of their citizens on the ground of sex".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The campaign was the first national petition drive to feature woman suffrage among its demands.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> While suffrage bills were introduced into many state legislatures during this period, they were generally disregarded and few came to a vote.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_Amendments_and_woman_suffrage_(1865–1877)">Reconstruction Amendments and woman suffrage (1865–1877)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg/180px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg/270px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg/360px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B_Anthony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="5049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> (seated) with <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></figcaption></figure> The women's suffrage movement, delayed by the American Civil War, resumed activities during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> (1865–1877). Two rival suffrage organizations formed in 1869: the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NWSA), led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (AWSA), led by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-banaszak-6-7-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-47-14">[13]</a> The NWSA's main effort was lobbying Congress for a women's suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The AWSA generally focused on a long-term effort of state campaigns to achieve women's suffrage on a state-by-state basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984307-15">[14]</a> During the Reconstruction era, women's rights leaders advocated for inclusion of universal suffrage as a civil right in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth</a> Amendments). Some unsuccessfully argued that the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited denying voting rights "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude",<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> implied suffrage for women.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[16]</a> Despite their efforts, these amendments did not enfranchise women.<a href="#cite_note-banaszak-6-7-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mead-2-18">[17]</a> Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly discriminated between men and women by only penalizing states which deprived adult male citizens of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-14thAmendment-20">[note 2]</a> The NWSA attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s.<a href="#cite_note-banaszak-8-21">[19]</a> Their legal argument, known as the "New Departure" strategy, contended that the Fourteenth Amendment (granting universal citizenship) and Fifteenth Amendment (granting the vote irrespective of race) together guaranteed voting rights to women.<a href="#cite_note-Mead-35-38-22">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> rejected this argument. In <a href="/wiki/Bradwell_v._Illinois" title="Bradwell v. Illinois">Bradwell v. Illinois</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Supreme Court of Illinois</a>'s refusal to grant <a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a> a license to practice law was not a violation of the U.S. Constitution and refused to extend federal authority in support of women's citizenship rights.<a href="#cite_note-Bradwell-25">[note 3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a> of the Fourteenth Amendment did not provide voting rights to U.S. citizens; it only guaranteed additional protection of privileges to citizens who already had them. If a state constitution limited suffrage to male citizens of the United States, then women in that state did not have voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20093-24">[22]</a> After U.S. Supreme Court decisions between 1873 and 1875 denied voting rights to women in connection with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, suffrage groups shifted their efforts to advocating for a new constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Mead-35-38-22">[20]</a> Continued settlement of the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">western frontier</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">establishment of territorial constitutions</a>, allowed the women's suffrage issue to be raised as the western territories progressed toward statehood. Through the activism of suffrage organizations and independent political parties, women's suffrage was included in the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a> (1869) and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> (1870).<a href="#cite_note-mead-2-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984333-27">[24]</a> Women's suffrage in Utah was revoked in 1887, when Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Edmunds-Tucker_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmunds-Tucker Act">Edmunds-Tucker Act</a> in 1887 that also prohibited <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>; it was not restored in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> until it achieved statehood in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Mintz-47-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984333-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Reconstruction_(1878–1910)">Post-Reconstruction (1878–1910)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_before_the_Senate_Committee_on_Privileges_and_Elections_cph.3b08655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. New York Daily Graphic, January 16, 1878, p. 501</figcaption></figure> Existing state legislatures in the West, as well as those east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, began to consider suffrage bills in the 1870s and 1880s. Several held voter referendums, but they were unsuccessful until the suffrage movement was revived in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-banaszak-8-21">[19]</a> Full women's suffrage continued in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> after it became a state in 1890. <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> granted partial voting rights that allowed women to vote in school board elections in 1893 and Idaho granted women suffrage in 1896. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in 1910, seven more western states passed women's suffrage legislation, including <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a> in 1913, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> in 1914. All states that were successful in securing full voting rights for women before 1920 were located in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Mintz-47-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> A federal amendment intended to grant women the right to vote was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> for the first time in 1878 by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Aaron A. Sargent</a>, a Senator from California who was a women's suffrage advocate.<a href="#cite_note-mead-38-29">[26]</a> Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Amar_2005-30">[27]</a> The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16-to-34 vote in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-Kobach_94-31">[28]</a> An amendment proposed in 1888 in the U.S. House of Representatives called for limited suffrage for women who were spinsters or widows who owned property.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> By the 1890s, suffrage leaders began to recognize the need to broaden their base of support to achieve success in passing suffrage legislation at the national, state, and local levels. While western women, state suffrage organizations, and the AWSA concentrated on securing women's voting rights for specific states, efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony, petitioning, and lobbying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984325–326-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanaszak1996133–134-34">[31]</a> After the AWSA and NWSA merged in 1890 to form the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA), the group directed its efforts to win state-level support for suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984334-35">[32]</a> Suffragists had to campaign publicly for the vote in order to convince male voters, state legislators, and members of Congress that American women wanted to be enfranchised and that women voters would benefit American society. Suffrage supporters also had to convince American women, many of whom were indifferent to the issue, that suffrage was something they wanted. Apathy among women was an ongoing obstacle that the suffragists had to overcome through organized grassroots efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984327-36">[33]</a> Despite the suffragists' efforts, no state granted women suffrage between 1896 and 1910, and the NAWSA shifted its focus toward passage of a national constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984334-35">[32]</a> Suffragists also continued to press for the right to vote in individual states and territories while retaining the goal of federal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Kobach_94-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_woman_suffrage_efforts">African-American woman suffrage efforts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg/180px-Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg/270px-Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg/360px-Mary_Church_Terrell_-_cph.3b47842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="4484" /></a><figcaption>Suffragist and civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></figcaption></figure> Thousands of African-American women were active in the suffrage movement, addressing issues of race, gender, and class, as well as enfranchisement,<a href="#cite_note-:18-37">[34]</a> often through the church but eventually through organizations devoted to specific causes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> While white women sought the vote to gain an equal voice in the political process, African-American women often sought the vote as a means of racial uplift and as a way to effect change in the post-Reconstruction era.<a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Notable African-American suffragists such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Barrier_Williams" title="Fannie Barrier Williams">Fannie Barrier Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a> advocated for suffrage in tandem with civil rights for African-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-:18-37">[34]</a> As early as 1866, in Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/Margaretta_Forten" title="Margaretta Forten">Margaretta Forten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a> helped to found the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Suffrage_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philadelphia Suffrage Association (page does not exist)">Philadelphia Suffrage Association</a>; Purvis would go on to serve on the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a> (AERA), an organization that supported suffrage for women and for African-American men.<a href="#cite_note-:21-41">[38]</a> A national movement in support of suffrage for African-American women began in earnest with the rise of the black women's club movement.<a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[36]</a> In 1896, club women belonging to various organizations promoting women's suffrage met in Washington, D.C. to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Colored Women">National Association of Colored Women</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Frances_E.W._Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances E.W. Harper">Frances E.W. Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a>, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett were founding members.<a href="#cite_note-:24-42">[39]</a> Led by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a>, it was the largest federation of African-American women's clubs in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[36]</a> After 1914 it became the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nannie_Burroughs,_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg/220px-Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg/330px-Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg/440px-Nannie_Burroughs%2C_Woman%27s_National_Baptist_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Nannie Helen Burroughs holding a Woman's National Baptist Convention banner</figcaption></figure> When the Fifteenth Amendment enfranchised African-American men, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony abandoned the AERA, which supported universal suffrage, to found the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> in 1869, saying black men should not receive the vote before white women.<a href="#cite_note-:21-41">[38]</a> In response, African-American suffragist <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a> and others joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a>, which supported suffrage for women and for black men. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd_Cary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ann Shadd Cary">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a>, the second African-American woman to receive a degree from Howard University Law School, joined the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1878 when she delivered their convention's keynote address.<a href="#cite_note-:23-44">[41]</a> Tensions between African-American and white suffragists persisted, even after the NWSA and AWSA merged to form the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-:21-41">[38]</a> By the early 1900s, white suffragists often adopted strategies designed to appease the Southern states at the expense of African-American women.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] At conventions in 1901 and 1903, in Atlanta and New Orleans, NAWSA prevented African Americans from attending. At the 1911 national NAWSA conference, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Gruening" title="Martha Gruening">Martha Gruening</a> asked the organization to formally denounce white supremacy. NAWSA president <a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a> refused, saying she was "in favor of colored people voting", but did not want to alienate others in the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-:22-47">[44]</a> Even NAWSA's more radical Congressional Committee, which would become the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a>, failed African-American women, most visibly by refusing to allow them to march in the nation's first suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. While the NAWSA directed Paul not to exclude African-American participants, 72 hours before the parade African-American women were directed to the back of the parade; <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> defied these instructions and joined the Illinois unit, prompting telegrams of support.<a href="#cite_note-:22-47">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary B. Talbert</a>, a leader in both the NACW and <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nannie_Helen_Burroughs" title="Nannie Helen Burroughs">Nannie Helen Burroughs</a>, an educator and activist, contributed to an issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">the Crisis</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> in August 1915.<a href="#cite_note-:22-47">[44]</a> They wrote passionately about African-American women's need for the vote. Burroughs, asked what women could do with the ballot, responded pointedly: "What can she do without it?"<a href="#cite_note-:22-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposal_and_ratification">Proposal and ratification</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_new_focus_on_a_federal_amendment">A new focus on a federal amendment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg/180px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg/270px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg/360px-Carrie_Chapman_Catt_-_National_Woman%27s_Party_Records.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, organized the "Winning Plan" that helped secure passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.</figcaption></figure> In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a> succeeded Susan B. Anthony as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Catt revitalized NAWSA, turning the focus of the organization to the passage of the federal amendment while simultaneously supporting women who wanted to pressure their states to pass suffrage legislation. The strategy, which she later called "The Winning Plan", had several goals: women in states that had already granted presidential suffrage (the right to vote for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>) would focus on passing a federal suffrage amendment; women who believed they could influence their state legislatures would focus on amending their state constitutions and Southern states would focus on gaining primary suffrage (the right to vote in state primaries).<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[45]</a> Simultaneously, the NAWSA worked to elect congressmen who supported suffrage for women.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> By 1915, NAWSA was a large, powerful organization, with 44 state chapters and more than two million members.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[45]</a> In a break with NAWSA, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Women_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Union for Women Suffrage">Congressional Union for Women Suffrage</a> in 1913 to pressure the federal government to take legislative action. One of their first acts was to organize a <a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">women's suffrage parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> on March 3, 1913, the day before <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s inauguration. The procession of more than 5,000 participants, the first of its kind, attracted a crowd of an estimated 500,000, as well as national media attention, but Wilson took no immediate action. In March 1917, the Congressional Union joined with Women's Party of Western Voters to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> (NWP), whose aggressive tactics included staging more radical acts of civil disobedience and controversial demonstrations to draw more attention to the women's suffrage issue.<a href="#cite_note-Ault-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woman_suffrage_and_World_War_I_patriotism">Woman suffrage and World War I patriotism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg/220px-Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg/330px-Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg/440px-Women_suffragists_picketing_in_front_of_the_White_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a>" begin a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2-year campaign in front of the White House (1917).</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> started in 1914, women in eight states had already won the right to vote, but support for a federal amendment was still tepid. The war provided a new urgency to the fight for the vote. When the U.S. entered World War I, Catt made the controversial decision to support the war effort, despite the widespread pacifist sentiment of many of her colleagues and supporters.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> As women joined the labor force to replace men serving in the military and took visible positions as nurses, relief workers, and ambulance drivers<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> to support the war effort, NAWSA organizers argued that women's sacrifices made them deserving of the vote. By contrast, the NWP used the war to point out the contradictions of fighting for democracy abroad while restricting it at home.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> In 1917, the NWP began picketing the White House to bring attention to the cause of women's suffrage. In 1914 the constitutional amendment proposed by Sargent, which was nicknamed the "Susan B. Anthony Amendment", was once again considered by the Senate, where it was again rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Kobach_94-31">[28]</a> In April 1917 the "Anthony Amendment", which eventually became the Nineteenth Amendment, was reintroduced in the House and Senate. Picketing NWP members, nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a>", continued their protests on the sidewalks outside the White House. On July 4, 1917, police arrested 168 of the protesters, who were sent to prison in Lorton, Virginia. Some of these women, including Lucy Burns and Alice Paul, went on hunger strikes; some were force-fed while others were otherwise harshly treated by prison guards. The release of the women a few months later was largely due to increasing public pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Ault-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_congressional_challenges">Final congressional challenges</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Allender_President_Wilson_says_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nina_E._Allender" title="Nina E. Allender">Nina Allender</a> political cartoon aimed at President Wilson published in <a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a> on October 3, 1917</figcaption></figure> In 1918, President Wilson faced a difficult midterm election and would have to confront the issue of women's suffrage directly.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> Fifteen states had extended equal voting rights to women and, by this time, the President fully supported the federal amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Stansell_2011,_pp_171-174-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-53">[50]</a> A proposal brought before the House in January 1918 passed by only one vote. The vote was then carried into the Senate where Wilson made an appeal on the Senate floor, an unprecedented action at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:7-54">[51]</a> In a short speech, the President tied women's right to vote directly to the war, asking, "Shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?"<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> On September 30, 1918, the proposal fell two votes short of passage, prompting the NWP to direct campaigning against senators who had voted against the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:10-53">[50]</a> Between January 1918 and June 1919, the House and Senate voted on the federal amendment five times.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Each vote was extremely close and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> continued to oppose giving women the vote.<a href="#cite_note-:7-54">[51]</a> Suffragists pressured President Wilson to call a special session of Congress and he agreed to schedule one for May 19, 1919. On May 21, 1919, the amendment passed the House 304 to 89, with 42 votes more than was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[53]</a> On June 4, 1919, it was brought before the Senate and, after Southern Democrats abandoned a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> 36 Republican senators were joined by 20 Democrats to pass the amendment with 56 yeas, 25 nays, and 14 not voting. The final vote tally was:<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <ul><li>20 Democrats Yea</li> <li>17 Democrats Nay</li> <li> 9 Democrats Not voting/abstained</li> <li>36 Republicans Yea</li> <li> 8 Republicans Nay</li> <li> 5 Republicans Not voting/abstained</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratification">Ratification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_US_Suffrage,_1920.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/350px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/525px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg/700px-Map_of_US_Suffrage%2C_1920.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Highest level of women's suffrage laws just before adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment:<a href="#cite_note-:4-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-59">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Full suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential</a> suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary</a> suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Municipal suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  School, bond, or tax suffrage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Municipal suffrage in some cities</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary</a> suffrage in some cities</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No suffrage</div></figcaption></figure> Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul immediately mobilized members of the NAWSA and NWP to pressure states to ratify the amendment. Within a few days, the legislatures of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> did so. It is arguable which State was considered first to ratify the amendment. While Illinois's legislature passed the legislation an hour prior to Wisconsin, Wisconsin's delegate, David James, arrived earlier and was presented with a statement establishing Wisconsin as the first to ratify.<a href="#cite_note-whs-2019-60">[57]</a> By August 2, 1919, 14 states had approved ratification. By the end of 1919, 22 had ratified the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[53]</a> In other states support proved more difficult to secure. Much of the opposition to the amendment came from Southern Democrats; only two former Confederate states (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>) and three <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> voted for ratification,<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> not doing so until 1920. <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> were the first states to defeat ratification. The governor of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> worked to organize 13 states to resist ratifying the amendment. The <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> legislature refused to ratify the amendment and attempted to prevent other states from doing so. Carrie Catt began appealing to Western governors, encouraging them to act swiftly. By the end of 1919, a total of 22 states had ratified the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg/220px-JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg/330px-JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg/440px-JudgeMagazine25Oct1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>"The Big Issue At The Polls" (<a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge</a>, Oct 25, 1919)</figcaption></figure> Resistance to ratification took many forms: <a href="/wiki/Anti-suffragism" title="Anti-suffragism">anti-suffragists</a> continued to say the amendment would never be approved by the November 1920 elections and that special sessions were a waste of time and effort. Other opponents to ratification filed lawsuits requiring the federal amendment to be approved by state referendums. By June 1920, after intense lobbying by both the NAWSA and the NWP, the amendment was ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-:11-56">[53]</a> Ratification would be determined by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. In the middle of July 1919, both opponents and supporters of the Anthony Amendment arrived in Nashville to lobby the General Assembly. Carrie Catt, representing the NAWSA, worked with state suffragist leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abby_Crawford_Milton" title="Abby Crawford Milton">Abby Crawford Milton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sue_Shelton_White" title="Sue Shelton White">Sue Shelton White</a>, a Tennessee native who had participated in protests at the White House and toured with the <a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a>, represented the NWP.<a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[58]</a> Opposing them were the "Antis", in particular, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Pearson" title="Josephine Pearson">Josephine Pearson</a>, state president of the Southern Women's Rejection League of the Susan. B. Anthony Amendment, who had served as dean and chair of philosophy at Christian College in Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Pearson was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Ector_Pleasant" title="Anne Ector Pleasant">Anne Pleasant</a>, president of the Louisiana Women's Rejection League and the wife of a former Louisiana governor. Especially in the South, the question of women's suffrage was closely tied to issues of race.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> While both white and black women worked toward women's suffrage, some white suffragists tried to appease southern states by arguing that votes for women could counter the black vote, strengthening white supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[42]</a> For the anti-suffragists in the south (the "Antis"), the federal amendment was viewed as a "Force Bill", one that Congress could use to enforce voting provisions not only for women, but for African-American men who were still effectively disenfranchised even after passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Carrie Catt warned suffrage leaders in Tennessee that the "Anti-Suffs" would rely on "lies, innuendoes, and near truths", raising the issue of race as a powerful factor in their arguments.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg/220px-Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg/330px-Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg/440px-Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the anti-suffragist <a href="/wiki/National_Association_Opposed_to_Woman_Suffrage" title="National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage">National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the start of the General Assembly session on August 9, both supporters and opponents had lobbied members of the Tennessee Senate and House of Representatives. Though the Democratic governor of Tennessee, <a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Roberts" title="Albert H. Roberts">Albert H. Roberts</a>, supported ratification, most lawmakers were still undecided. Anti-suffragists targeted members, meeting their trains as they arrived in Nashville to make their case. When the General Assembly convened on August 9, both supporters and opponents set up stations outside of chambers, handing out yellow roses to suffrage supporters and red roses to the "Antis". On August 12, the legislature held hearings on the suffrage proposal; the next day the Senate voted 24–5 in favor of ratification. As the House prepared to take up the issue of ratification on August 18, lobbying intensified.<a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[58]</a> House Speaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seth_M._Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seth M. Walker (page does not exist)">Seth M. Walker</a> attempted to table the ratification resolution, but was defeated twice with a vote of 48–48. The vote on the resolution would be close. Representative <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Burn" title="Harry T. Burn">Harry Burn</a>, a Republican, had voted to table the resolution both times. When the vote was held again, Burn voted yes. The 24-year-old said he supported women's suffrage as a "moral right", but had voted against it because he believed his constituents opposed it. In the final minutes before the vote, he received a note from his mother, urging him to vote yes. Rumors immediately circulated that Burn and other lawmakers had been bribed, but newspaper reporters found no evidence of this.<a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[58]</a> The same day ratification passed in the General Assembly, Speaker Walker filed a motion to reconsider. When it became clear he did not have enough votes to carry the motion, representatives opposing suffrage boarded a train, fleeing Nashville for Decatur, Alabama to block the House from taking action on the reconsideration motion by preventing a quorum. Thirty-seven legislators fled to Decatur, issuing a statement that ratifying the amendment would violate their oath to defend the state constitution.<a href="#cite_note-:12-61">[58]</a> The ploy failed. Speaker Walker was unable to muster any additional votes in the allotted time. When the House reconvened to take the final procedural steps that would reaffirm ratification, Tennessee suffragists seized an opportunity to taunt the missing Anti delegates by sitting at their empty desks. When ratification was finally confirmed, a suffragist on the floor of the House rang a miniature Liberty Bell.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment, with 50 of 99 members of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a> voting yes.<a href="#cite_note-Christine_Stansell_2011,_pp_171-174-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanWest_1998-63">[60]</a> This provided the final ratification necessary to add the amendment to the Constitution,<a href="#cite_note-Hakim_1995-64">[61]</a> making the United States the twenty-seventh country in the world to give women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-Mintz-47-14">[13]</a> Upon signing the ratification certificate, the Governor of Tennessee sent it by registered mail to the U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a>, whose office received it at 4:00 a.m. on August 26, 1920. Once certified as correct, Colby signed the Proclamation of the Women's Suffrage Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the presence of his secretary only.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratification_timeline">Ratification timeline</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19200819_Suffrage_vote_(Tennessee)_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/330px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/495px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg/660px-19200819_Suffrage_vote_%28Tennessee%29_-_Nineteenth_Amendment_-_The_Washington_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption> Though accusations of bribery did not cause the Tennessee legislature to reconsider its ratification of the suffrage amendment, Alice Paul immediately cautioned that "women are not yet fully free" and that women "can expect nothing from the politicians...until they stand as a unit in a party of their own", saying that discrimination still exists "on the statute books which will not be removed by the ratification".<a href="#cite_note-WashTimes_19200819-66">[63]</a> Paul charged that the amendment passed only because "it at last became more expedient for those in control of the Government to aid suffrage than to oppose it".<a href="#cite_note-WashTimes_19200819-66">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg/240px-Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg/360px-Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg/480px-Sewing_stars_on_suffrage_flag_LCCN2016827559.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5154" data-file-height="4153" /></a><figcaption> Sewing stars on a suffrage flag.</figcaption></figure> Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4, 1919, and the following states ratified the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: June 10, 1919 (10:48 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)<a href="#cite_note-The_Ottawa_Herald-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Capital_Times-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-IL-WI-71">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Illinois-73">[note 5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>: June 10, 1919 (11:42 a.m. CDT)<a href="#cite_note-The_Ottawa_Herald-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Capital_Times-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-IL-WI-71">[note 4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>: June 10, 1919 (4:15 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)<a href="#cite_note-detroit-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-lansing-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michigan-76">[note 6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>: June 16, 1919<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>: June 16, 1919<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231-80">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>: June 16, 1919<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>: June 24, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231-80">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>: June 25, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231-80">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>: June 28, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231-80">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>: July 2, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>: July 3, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>: July 28, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>: July 30, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-montana_governor-83">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montana-84">[note 8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>: August 2, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>: September 8, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>: September 10, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>: September 30, 1919<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: November 1, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>: November 5, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231–233-86">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>: December 1, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>: December 4, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231–233-86">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>: December 12, 1919<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-colorado_governor-87">[note 9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>: January 6, 1920 (1:00 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>: January 6, 1920 (4:00 p.m. EST)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>: January 12, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998231–233-86">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>: January 16, 1920<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232–233-91">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>: January 26, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wyoming-93">[note 10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>: February 7, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: February 9, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_Jersey-94">[note 11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>: February 11, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>: February 12, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>: February 16, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewMexico-95">[note 12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>: February 23, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998237-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oklahoma-97">[note 13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>: March 10, 1920, confirmed on September 21, 1920<a href="#cite_note-West_Virginia-99">[note 14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>: March 22, 1920<a href="#cite_note-Washington-101">[note 15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>: August 18, 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998242–243-102">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tennessee-103">[note 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[88]</a></li></ol> </div> The ratification process required 36 states, and completed with the approval by Tennessee. Though not necessary for adoption, the following states subsequently ratified the amendment. Some states did not call a legislative session to hold a vote until later, others rejected it when it was proposed and then reversed their decisions years later, with the last taking place in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[89]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><ol start="37"><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>: September 14, 1920, reaffirmed on September 21, 1920</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>: February 8, 1921</li><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>: March 6, 1923 (after being rejected on June 2, 1920)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>: March 29, 1941 (after being rejected on February 24, 1920; not certified until February 25, 1958)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>: February 21, 1952 (after being rejected on February 12, 1920)<a href="#cite_note-106">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[91]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: September 8, 1953 (after being rejected on September 22, 1919)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>: May 13, 1969<a href="#cite_note-108">[92]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>: July 1, 1969 (after being rejected on January 28, 1920; not certified until August 22, 1973)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>: February 20, 1970 (after being rejected on July 24, 1919)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>: June 11, 1970 (after being rejected on July 1, 1920)</li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: May 6, 1971</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>: March 22, 1984 (after being rejected on March 29, 1920)</li></ol></div> </div> With Mississippi's ratification in 1984, the amendment was now ratified by all states existing at the time of its adoption in 1920. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png/180px-19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png/270px-19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png/360px-19th_Amendment_Voting_Badge-Harding_Coolidge_Ticket_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld the amendment's validity in <a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anzalone_2002-110">[94]</a> Maryland citizens Mary D. Randolph, "'a colored female citizen' of 331 West Biddle Street",<a href="#cite_note-:9-111">[95]</a> and Cecilia Street Waters, "a white woman, of 824 North Eutaw Street",<a href="#cite_note-:9-111">[95]</a> applied for and were granted registration as qualified Baltimore voters on October 12, 1920. To have their names removed from the list of qualified voters, Oscar Leser and others brought suit against the two women on the sole grounds that they were women, arguing that they were not eligible to vote because the Constitution of Maryland limited suffrage to men<a href="#cite_note-112">[96]</a> and the Maryland legislature had refused to vote to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Two months before, on August 26, 1920, the federal government had proclaimed the amendment incorporated into the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Anzalone_2002-110">[94]</a> Leser said the amendment "destroyed State autonomy" because it increased Maryland's electorate without the state's consent. The Supreme Court answered that the Nineteenth Amendment had similar wording to the Fifteenth Amendment, which had expanded state electorates without regard to race for more than fifty years by that time despite rejection by six states (including Maryland).<a href="#cite_note-Anzalone_2002-110">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leser_v._Garnett-113">[97]</a> Leser further argued that the state constitutions in some ratifying states did not allow their legislatures to ratify. The court replied that state ratification was a federal function granted under <a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratification_of_amendments" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article V of the U.S. Constitution</a> and not subject to a state constitution's limitations. Finally, those bringing suit asserted the Nineteenth Amendment was not adopted because Tennessee and West Virginia violated their own rules of procedure. The court ruled that the point was moot because Connecticut and Vermont had subsequently ratified the amendment, providing a sufficient number of state ratifications to adopt the Nineteenth Amendment even without Tennessee and West Virginia. The court also ruled that Tennessee's and West Virginia's certifications of their state ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by their respective <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">secretaries of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[98]</a> As a result of the court's ruling, Randolph and Waters were permitted to become registered voters in Baltimore.<a href="#cite_note-Anzalone_2002-110">[94]</a> Another challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was dismissed by the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-fairchildvhughes-116">[100]</a> because the party bringing the suit, <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Charles S. Fairchild</a>, came from a state that already allowed women to vote and so Fairchild lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg/180px-VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg/270px-VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg/360px-VOTE_poster_-_Citation_Acc_22002_-_Archives_and_Manuscripts_-_Library_of_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg/180px-Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg/270px-Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg/360px-Ad_targeting_female_votes_for_1920_presidential_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>A Ladies Home Journal ad targeted female votes for 1920 presidential election.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_voting_behavior">Women's voting behavior</h3></div> Adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised 26 million American women in time for the 1920 U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984354-117">[101]</a> Many legislators feared that a powerful women's <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">bloc</a> would emerge in American politics. This fear led to the passage of such laws as the <a href="/wiki/Sheppard%E2%80%93Towner_Act" title="Sheppard–Towner Act">Sheppard–Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act</a> of 1921, which expanded maternity care during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Dumenil_1995-118">[102]</a> Newly enfranchised women and women's groups prioritized a reform agenda rather than party loyalty and their first goal was the Sheppard-Towner Act. It was the first federal social security law and made a dramatic difference before it was allowed to lapse in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-119">[103]</a> Other efforts at the federal level in the early 1920s that related to women labor and women's citizenship rights included the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Women%27s_Bureau" title="United States Women's Bureau">Women's Bureau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> in 1920 and passage of the <a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200943-120">[104]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election in 1924</a>, politicians realized the women's bloc they had feared did not actually exist and they did not need to cater to what they considered as "women's issues" after all.<a href="#cite_note-121">[105]</a> The eventual appearance of an American women's voting bloc has been tracked to various dates, depending on the source, from the 1950s<a href="#cite_note-Moses_1995-122">[106]</a> to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-123">[107]</a> Around 1980, a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Voting_gender_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Voting gender gap in the United States">gender gap in voting</a> had emerged, with women usually favoring the Democratic candidate in presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-124">[108]</a> According to political scientists J. Kevin Corder and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Wolbrecht" title="Christina Wolbrecht">Christina Wolbrecht</a>, few women turned out to vote in the first national elections after the Nineteenth Amendment gave them the right to do so. In 1920, 36 percent of eligible women voted (compared with 68 percent of men). The low turnout among women was partly due to other barriers to voting, such as literacy tests, long residency requirements, and poll taxes. Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low. The participation gap was lowest between men and women in swing states at the time, in states that had closer races such as Missouri and Kentucky, and where barriers to voting were lower.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-126">[110]</a> By 1960, women were turning out to vote in presidential elections in greater numbers than men and a trend of higher female voting engagement has continued into 2018.<a href="#cite_note-127">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African-American_women">African-American women</h4></div> African-Americans had gained the right to vote, but for 75 percent of them it was granted in name only, as state constitutions kept them from exercising that right.<a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[36]</a> Prior to the passage of the amendment, Southern politicians held firm in their convictions not to allow African-American women to vote.<a href="#cite_note-:14-128">[112]</a> They had to fight to secure not only their own right to vote, but the right of African-American men as well.<a href="#cite_note-129">[113]</a> Three million women south of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a> remained disfranchised after the passage of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:14-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[114]</a> Election officials regularly obstructed access to the ballot box.<a href="#cite_note-:26-131">[115]</a> As newly enfranchised African-American women attempted to register, officials increased the use of methods that <a href="/wiki/Brent_Staples" title="Brent Staples">Brent Staples</a>, in an opinion piece for The New York Times, described as fraud, intimidation, poll taxes, and state violence.<a href="#cite_note-:15-132">[116]</a> In 1926, a group of women attempting to register in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> were beaten by officials.<a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a> Incidents such as this, threats of violence and job losses, and legalized prejudicial practices blocked women of color from voting.<a href="#cite_note-:17-134">[118]</a> These practices continued until the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a> was adopted in 1962, whereby the states were prohibited from making voting conditional on poll or other taxes, paving the way to more reforms with the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. African-Americans continued to face barriers preventing them from exercising their vote until the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> arose in the 1950s and 1960s, which posited voting rights as civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-:14-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a> Nearly a thousand civil rights workers converged on the South to support voting rights as part of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a>, and the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> brought further participation and support. However, state officials continued to refuse registration until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, which prohibited racial discrimination in voting.<a href="#cite_note-:26-131">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-134">[118]</a> For the first time, states were forbidden from imposing discriminatory restrictions on voting eligibility, and mechanisms were placed allowing the federal government to enforce its provisions.<a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_minority_groups">Other minority groups</h4></div> Native Americans were granted citizenship by an Act of Congress in 1924,<a href="#cite_note-135">[119]</a> but state policies prohibited them from voting. In 1948, a suit brought by World War II veteran <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Trujillo" title="Miguel Trujillo">Miguel Trujillo</a> resulted in Native Americans gaining the right to vote in New Mexico and Arizona,<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a> but some states continued to bar them from voting until 1957.<a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a> Poll taxes and literacy tests kept Latina women from voting. In Puerto Rico, for example, women did not receive the right to vote until 1929, but was limited to literate women until 1935.<a href="#cite_note-137">[121]</a> Further, the 1975 extensions of the Voting Rights Act included requiring bilingual ballots and voting materials in certain regions, making it easier for Latina women to vote.<a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-134">[118]</a> National immigration laws prevented Asians from gaining citizenship until 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Ault-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-134">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_limitations">Other limitations</h4></div> After adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, women still faced political limitations. Women had to lobby their state legislators, bring lawsuits, and engage in letter-writing campaigns to earn the right to sit on <a href="/wiki/Women_in_United_States_juries" title="Women in United States juries">juries</a>. In California, women won the right to serve on juries four years after passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In Colorado, it took 33 years. Women continue to face obstacles when running for elective offices, and the Equal Rights Amendment, which would grant women equal rights under the law, has yet to be passed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Women_Voters">League of Women Voters</h3></div> In 1920, about six months before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a> and Carrie Chapman Catt agreed to merge the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">National Council of Women Voters</a> to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters. Originally only women could join the league, but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men. Today, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> operates at the local, state, and national level, with over 1,000 local and 50 state leagues, and one territory league in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Some critics and historians question whether creating an organization dedicated to political education rather than political action made sense in the first few years after ratification, suggesting that the League of Women Voters diverted the energy of activists.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Rights_Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> and the NWP did not believe the Nineteenth Amendment would be enough to ensure men and women were treated equally, and in 1921 the NWP announced plans to campaign for another amendment which would guarantee equal rights not limited to voting. The first draft of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, written by Paul and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a> and first named "the <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> Amendment", stated: "No political, civil, or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of sex or on account of marriage, unless applying equally to both sexes, shall exist within the United States or any territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof."<a href="#cite_note-BaltSun-142">[126]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> brought it to Congress that year, but it did not make it to the floor for a vote. It was introduced in every congressional session from 1921 to 1971, usually not making it out of committee.<a href="#cite_note-crsreport-143">[127]</a> The amendment did not have the full support of women's rights activists, and was opposed by Carrie Catt and the League of Women Voters. Whereas the NWP believed in total equality, even if that meant sacrificing benefits given to women through protective legislation, some groups like the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Joint_Congressional_Committee" title="Women's Joint Congressional Committee">Women's Joint Congressional Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Bureau">Women's Bureau</a> believed the loss of benefits relating to safety regulations, working conditions, lunch breaks, maternity provisions, and other labor protections would outweigh what would be gained. Labor leaders like Alice Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(labor_leader)" title="Mary Anderson (labor leader)">Mary Anderson</a> argued that it would set their efforts back and make sacrifices of what progress they had made.<a href="#cite_note-144">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a> In response to these concerns, a provision known as "the Hayden rider" was added to the ERA to retain special labor protections for women, and passed the Senate in 1950 and 1953, but failed in the House. In 1958, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> called on Congress to pass the amendment, but the Hayden rider was controversial, meeting with opposition from the NWP and others who felt it undermined its original purpose.<a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-147">[131]</a> The growing, productive women's movements of the 1960s and 1970s renewed support for the amendment. U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Griffiths</a> of Michigan reintroduced it in 1971, leading to its approval by the House of Representatives that year. After it passed in the Senate on March 22, 1972, it went to state legislatures for ratification. Congress originally set a deadline of March 22, 1979, by which point at least 38 states needed to ratify the amendment. It reached 35 by 1977, with broad bipartisan support including both major political parties and Presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>. However, when <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> mobilized conservative women in opposition, four states rescinded their ratification, although whether a state may do so is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune31may2018-148">[132]</a> The amendment did not reach the necessary 38 states by the deadline.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] President Carter signed a controversial extension of the deadline to 1982, but that time saw no additional ratifications. In the 1990s, ERA supporters resumed efforts for ratification, arguing that the pre-deadline ratifications still applied, that the deadline itself can be lifted, and that only three states were needed. Whether the amendment is still before the states for ratification remains disputed, but in 2014 both Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify, although both were blocked in the house chambers. In 2017, 45 years after the amendment was originally submitted to states, the Nevada legislature became the first to ratify it following expiration of the deadlines. Illinois lawmakers followed in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune31may2018-148">[132]</a> Another attempt in Virginia passed the Assembly but was defeated on the state senate floor by one vote.<a href="#cite_note-149">[133]</a> The most recent effort to remove the deadline was in early 2019, with proposed legislation from <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Speier" title="Jackie Speier">Jackie Speier</a>, accumulating 188 co-sponsors and pending in Congress as of August 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miamiherald26august2019-150">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/220px--Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm/Portrait_Monument_Video_01.webmhd.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>"The Portrait Monument" (originally "Woman's Movement") by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Johnson" title="Adelaide Johnson">Adelaide Johnson</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Capitol rotunda</a></figcaption></figure> A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7+1⁄2-ton marble slab from a <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara, Italy</a>, quarry carved into statue called the "Portrait Monument"<a href="#cite_note-:20-151">[135]</a> (originally known as the "Woman's Movement")<a href="#cite_note-152">[136]</a> by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Johnson" title="Adelaide Johnson">Adelaide Johnson</a> was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Capitol rotunda</a> on February 15, 1921, six months after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, on the 101st anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>'s birth, and during the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a>'s first post-ratification national convention in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-:20-151">[135]</a> The Party presented it as a gift "from the women of the U.S." The monument is installed in the Capitol rotunda and features busts of Susan B. Anthony, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>. More than fifty women's groups with delegates from every state were represented at the dedication ceremony in 1921 that was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>. After the ceremony, the statue was moved temporarily to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Capitol crypt</a>, where it stood for less than a month until Johnson discovered that an inscription stenciled in gold lettering on the back of the monument had been removed. The inscription read, in part: "Woman, first denied a soul, then called mindless, now arisen declares herself an entity to be reckoned. Spiritually, the woman movement ... represents the emancipation of womanhood. The release of the feminine principal in humanity, the moral integration of human evolution come to rescue torn and struggling humanity from its savage self."<a href="#cite_note-:20-151">[135]</a> Congress denied passage of several bills to move the statue, whose place in the crypt also held brooms and mops. In 1963, the crypt was cleaned for an exhibition of several statues including this one, which had been dubbed "The Women in the Bathtub". In 1995 on the 75th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment, women's groups renewed congressional interest in the monument and on May 14, 1997, the statue was finally returned to the rotunda.<a href="#cite_note-153">[137]</a> On August 26, 2016, a monument commemorating Tennessee's role in providing the required 36th state ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_(Nashville)" title="Centennial Park (Nashville)">Centennial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[138]</a> The memorial, erected by the Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-155">[139]</a> and created by <a href="/wiki/Alan_LeQuire" title="Alan LeQuire">Alan LeQuire</a>, features likenesses of suffragists who were particularly involved in securing Tennessee's ratification: Carrie Chapman Catt; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a>; Abby Crawford Milton; <a href="/wiki/Juno_Frankie_Pierce" title="Juno Frankie Pierce">Juno Frankie Pierce</a>; and Sue Shelton White.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-156">[140]</a> In June 2018, the city of <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, unveiled another sculpture by LeQuire, this one depicting 24-year-old freshman state representative <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Burn" title="Harry T. Burn">Harry T. Burn</a> and his mother. Representative Burn, at the urging of his mother, cast the deciding vote on August 18, 1920, making Tennessee the final state needed for the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-157">[141]</a> In 2018, Utah launched a campaign called Better Days 2020 to "popularize Utah women's history". One of its first projects was the unveiling on the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> capitol steps of the design for a license plate in recognition of women's suffrage. The commemorative license plate would be available for new or existing car registrations in the state. The year 2020 marks the centennial of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, as well as the 150th anniversary of the first women voting in Utah, which was the first state in the nation where women cast a ballot.<a href="#cite_note-158">[142]</a> An annual celebration of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, known as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a>, began on August 26, 1973.<a href="#cite_note-159">[143]</a> There usually is heightened attention and news media coverage during momentous anniversaries such as the 75th (1995) and 100th (2020), as well as in 2016 because of the presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-160">[144]</a> For the amendment's centennial, several organizations announced large events or exhibits, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[145]</a> On the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> posthumously pardoned <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_19th">The 19th</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/The_19th" title="The 19th">The 19th</a>, sometimes stylized The 19th*, is a nonprofit, independent <a href="/wiki/News_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="News organization">news organization</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a><a href="#cite_note-:News1-163">[147]</a> which is named after the Nineteenth Amendment, reflecting the organization's mission "to empower women—particularly those underserved by and underrepresented in American media—with the information, community and tools they need to be equal participants in our democracy."<a href="#cite_note-164">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BURNS,_MISS_LUCY,_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg/151px-BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg/227px-BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg/302px-BURNS%2C_MISS_LUCY%2C_OF_C.U.W.S._IN_JAIL_LCCN2016868634.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="8224" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Paul_(1915)_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/163px-Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/245px-Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/326px-Alice_Paul_%281915%29_by_Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6780" data-file-height="9175" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a> (left, while in jail) and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> (right) of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> were subjects of the film <a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a>.</div></div></div></div> The Nineteenth Amendment has been featured in a number of songs, films, and television programs. The 1976 song "Sufferin' Till Suffrage" from <a href="/wiki/Schoolhouse_Rock!" title="Schoolhouse Rock!">Schoolhouse Rock!</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Essra_Mohawk" title="Essra Mohawk">Essra Mohawk</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dorough" title="Bob Dorough">Bob Dorough</a> and Tom Yohe, states, in part, "Not a woman here could vote, no matter what age, Then the Nineteenth Amendment struck down that restrictive rule ... Yes the Nineteenth Amendment Struck down that restrictive rule."<a href="#cite_note-165">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[150]</a> In 2018, various recording artists released an album called 27: The Most Perfect Album, featuring songs inspired by the 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>'s song inspired by the Nineteenth Amendment is called "A Woman's Right".<a href="#cite_note-wnycstudios1-167">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a> One Woman, One Vote is a 1995 PBS documentary narrated by actor <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> chronicling the Seneca Falls Convention through the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> Another documentary was released in 1999 by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>, Not For Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony. It used archival footage and commentary by actors <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dowd" title="Ann Dowd">Ann Dowd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Harris (actress)">Julie Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Kellerman" title="Sally Kellerman">Sally Kellerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Madigan" title="Amy Madigan">Amy Madigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[156]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a>, the best-selling author of <a href="/wiki/The_Fault_in_Our_Stars" title="The Fault in Our Stars">The Fault in Our Stars</a>, produced a video entitled Women in the 19th Century: Crash Course US History #31, providing an overview of the women's movement leading to the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[158]</a> The 2004 drama <a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a> depicting suffragists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, played by actors <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a> and Frances O'Connor, respectively, as they help secure the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-175">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> In August 2018, former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and Academy Award-winning director/producer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> announced plans to make a television series based on Elaine Weiss's best-selling book, <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Hour:_The_Great_Fight_to_Win_the_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote">The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Article1-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Article1_3-0">^</a> U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 2, states, in part: "the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14thAmendment-20"><a href="#cite_ref-14thAmendment_20-0">^</a> U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2, states, in part: "But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State." (emphasis added)<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradwell-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradwell_25-0">^</a> Illinois courts denied Myra Bradwell's application to practice law in that state because she was a married woman and due to her marital status she could not be bound by legal contracts she made with her clients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker20093-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IL-WI-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IL-WI_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IL-WI_71-1">b</a> While Illinois was the first state to complete the ratification process, Wisconsin was the first to have its ratification recognized by the U.S. State Department, following a three-day cross-country race by representatives of both states to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-whs-2019-60">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illinois-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Illinois_73-0">^</a> Because of a mistake in wording in the introduction of the bill, but not the amendment itself, Illinois reaffirmed passage of the amendment on June 17 and submitted a brief to confirm that the second vote was merely a legal formality. The U.S. Secretary of State agreed that the first ratification was valid.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_76-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> approved the amendment at 4:13 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-lansing-75">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">Senate</a> was simultaneously voting on the amendment and approved it at 4:15 p.m. Out of concern that both houses voting at the same time would "vitiate their action",<a href="#cite_note-detroit-74">[69]</a> the House approved the amendment a second time at 6:13 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-lansing-75">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-montana_governor-83"><a href="#cite_ref-montana_governor_83-0">^</a> Approved by governor on August 2, 1919. </li> <li id="cite_note-Montana-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Montana_84-0">^</a> Montana was not only the first Western state to ratify, it was also the first state to elect a woman to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232-82">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-colorado_governor-87"><a href="#cite_ref-colorado_governor_87-0">^</a> Approved by governor on December 15, 1919. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyoming-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyoming_93-0">^</a> Wyoming as a territory was the first globally to grant women full voting rights in 1869. In 1892, Wyoming's Theresa Jenkins was the first woman to serve as a national party convention delegate; now in 1919 she thanked Wyoming legislators for their unanimous decision to support the Nineteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Jersey-94"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Jersey_94-0">^</a> New Jersey ratified following a rally producing a petition of over 140,000 signatures supporting the state's ratification of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewMexico-95"><a href="#cite_ref-NewMexico_95-0">^</a> New Mexico's ratification came a day after the hundredth anniversary of Susan B. Anthony's birth; suffragists used this centennial to lament that ratification had not yet been achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998233-92">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oklahoma-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Oklahoma_97-0">^</a> Oklahoma's ratification followed a presidential intervention urging legislators to ratify.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998237-96">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_Virginia-99"><a href="#cite_ref-West_Virginia_99-0">^</a> West Virginia's ratification followed the dramatic turnaround of a voting block instigated by state Senator Jesse A. Bloch demonstrated against by suffragists from around the nation who had descended upon the state capitol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998237-238-98">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_101-0">^</a> Washington was holding out to have the honor of being the last state to ratify but, in the end, a female legislator brought the matter to the floor and ratification was unanimously approved in both houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998238-100">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennessee-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Tennessee_103-0">^</a> Breaking a 48–48 vote tie, Tennessee's ratification passed when 24-year old Representative Harry T. Burn remembered his mother writing him to "help Mrs. [Carrie Chapman] Catt put the rat in ratification" by supporting suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford1998232–233-91">[82]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxix">"19th Amendment"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteenthkobach.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman+suffrage+and+the+Nineteenth+Amendment&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas+City+School+of+Law&rft.date=1994-05&rft.aulast=Kobach&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fconlaw%2Fnineteenthkobach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> See also: Excerpt from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobach1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kobach, Kris (May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7556&context=ylj">"Rethinking Article V: term limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a>. 103 (7). <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>: 1971–2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797019">10.2307/797019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797019">797019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Article+V%3A+term+limits+and+the+Seventeenth+and+Nineteenth+Amendments&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1971-2007&rft.date=1994-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kobach&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7556%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_House_of_Representatives1888" class="citation book cs1">United States House of Representatives (April 30, 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/25466157">House Joint Resolution (H.J. Res.) 159, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Extend the Right to Vote to Widows and Spinsters who are Property Holders</a>. File Unit: Bills and Resolutions Originating in the House of Representatives during the 50th Congress, 1885–1887. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+Joint+Resolution+%28H.J.+Res.%29+159%2C+Proposing+an+Amendment+to+the+Constitution+to+Extend+the+Right+to+Vote+to+Widows+and+Spinsters+who+are+Property+Holders&rft.series=File+Unit%3A+Bills+and+Resolutions+Originating+in+the+House+of+Representatives+during+the+50th+Congress%2C+1885%E2%80%931887&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=1888-04-30&rft.au=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F25466157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984325–326-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984325–326_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoloch1984">Woloch 1984</a>, pp. 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanaszak1996133–134-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanaszak1996133–134_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanaszak1996">Banaszak 1996</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984334-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984334_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984334_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoloch1984">Woloch 1984</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984327-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoloch1984327_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoloch1984">Woloch 1984</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/04/23/its-time-return-black-women-center-history-womens-suffrage/">"Perspective | It's time to return black women to the center of the history of women's suffrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved May 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+It%27s+time+to+return+black+women+to+the+center+of+the+history+of+women%27s+suffrage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Fits-time-return-black-women-center-history-womens-suffrage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606043303/http://www.blacksuffragette.com/the-church">"The Black Church"</a>. The Black Suffragist. 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(2017). "A Fundamental Component: Suffrage for African American Women". Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State. ITHACA; LONDON: Cornell University Press. pp. 71–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Fundamental+Component%3A+Suffrage+for+African+American+Women&rft.btitle=Women+Will+Vote%3A+Winning+Suffrage+in+New+York+State&rft.place=ITHACA%3B+LONDON&rft.pages=71-91&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Goodier&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Pastorello%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/african-american-women-and-the-nineteenth-amendment.htm">"African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=African+American+Women+and+the+Nineteenth+Amendment+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fafrican-american-women-and-the-nineteenth-amendment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-42"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606043306/http://www.blacksuffragette.com/nacwc-2">"A National Association for Colored Women"</a>. The Black Suffragist. September 11, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksuffragette.com/nacwc-2">the original</a> on June 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Suffragist&rft.atitle=A+National+Association+for+Colored+Women&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksuffragette.com%2Fnacwc-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-of-Colored-Womens-Clubs">"National Association of Colored Women's Clubs"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=National+Association+of+Colored+Women%27s+Clubs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNational-Association-of-Colored-Womens-Clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksuffragette.com">"SISTERHOOD: The Black Suffragist: Trailblazers of Social Justice—A Documentary Film"</a>. The Black Suffragist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Suffragist&rft.atitle=SISTERHOOD%3A+The+Black+Suffragist%3A+Trailblazers+of+Social+Justice%E2%80%94A+Documentary+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksuffragette.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman2018" class="citation book cs1">Lichtman, Allan J. (2018). The Embattled Vote in America: From the Founding to the Present. 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The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143128991" title="Special:BookSources/9780143128991"><bdi>9780143128991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman%27s+Hour%3A+The+Great+Fight+to+Win+the+Vote&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780143128991&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/votes-women-means-votes-black-women">"Votes for Women means Votes for Black Women"</a>. National Women's History Museum. August 16, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Votes+for+Women+means+Votes+for+Black+Women&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshistory.org%2Farticles%2Fvotes-women-means-votes-black-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suffragistmemorial.org/carrie-chapman-catt-1859-1947/">"Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) | Turning Point Suffragist Memorial"</a>. 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Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53857">Online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_West1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Van West, Carroll, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810133403/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=W081">"Woman Suffrage Movement"</a>. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558535993" title="Special:BookSources/1558535993"><bdi>1558535993</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=W081">the original</a> on August 10, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Woman+Suffrage+Movement&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia+of+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1558535993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fimagegallery.php%3FEntryID%3DW081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford1998" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Doris (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000weat">A History of the American Suffragist Movement</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070659" title="Special:BookSources/9781576070659"><bdi>9781576070659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Suffragist+Movement&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781576070659&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofamerica0000weat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoloch1984" class="citation book cs1">Woloch, Nancy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenamericanexp00wolo">Women and the American Experience</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394535159" title="Special:BookSources/9780394535159"><bdi>9780394535159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780394535159&rft.aulast=Woloch&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenamericanexp00wolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineteenth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/19thamendment.html">19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=63">Our Documents: Nineteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt19toc_user.html">CRS Annotated Constitution: Nineteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/woman-suffrage">Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment</a> from the National Archives</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voting rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">House Electors Qualifications Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Congressional Elections Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">19th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal laws and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965">amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jurisdictions_subject_to_the_special_provisions_of_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965">covered jurisdictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act" title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act">Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act" title="Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act">Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Voting_Assistance_Program" title="Federal Voting Assistance Program">Federal Voting Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_and_Overseas_Voter_Empowerment_Act" title="Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act">Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993" title="National Voter Registration Act of 1993">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" title="Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act of 2002</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Assistance_Commission" title="Election Assistance Commission">Election Assistance Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voter access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Voter registration in the United States">Voter registration in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space#United_States" title="Voting in space">Voting in space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote denial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral fraud in the United States">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">Grandfather clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">Literacy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">Poll tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">Voter ID laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vote dilution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Multiple non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">One man, one vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Non-citizen suffrage in the United States">Foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage#United_States" title="Youth suffrage">Young adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American voting rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_federal_voting_rights" title="District of Columbia federal voting rights">District of Columbia residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Guam" title="Voting in Guam">Guam residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">United States Virgin Islands residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of voting rights in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#American_(United_States)" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">U.S. suffragists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_publications" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Publications</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">History of direct democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Electoral reform in the United States">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States">Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)">Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)">Forward statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)">Great Petition (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)">Votes for Women (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women">Up the Women (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a> (2018 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)">Lioness (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Susan_B._Anthony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template talk:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Susan_B._Anthony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> (1881 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Birthplace_Museum" title="Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum">Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum (Adams, Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Childhood_House" title="Susan B. Anthony Childhood House">Susan B. Anthony Childhood House (Battenville, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">Susan B. Anthony House (Rochester, New York)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a> (1920 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All</a> (1947 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Read_Anthony" title="Daniel Read Anthony">Daniel Read Anthony</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stafford_Anthony" title="Mary Stafford Anthony">Mary Stafford Anthony</a> (sister, associate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">1873 trial for unauthorized voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_abortion_dispute" title="Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute">Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template talk:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seneca Falls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, 1848, co-founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a> (1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a> (1895, 1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Seneca_Falls,_New_York)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Tenafly,_New_Jersey)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Johnstown, New York, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Proposed_redesigns_of_the_10_dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Elizabeth_C._Stanton_(AP-69)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69)">USS Elizabeth C. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a> (1999 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brewster_Stanton" title="Henry Brewster Stanton">Henry Brewster Stanton (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stanton" title="Theodore Stanton">Theodore Stanton (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriot_Stanton_Blatch" title="Harriot Stanton Blatch">Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Stanton_Barney" title="Nora Stanton Barney">Nora Stanton Barney (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cady" title="Daniel Cady">Daniel Cady (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alice_Paul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alice_Paul" title="Template talk:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alice_Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alice Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alice_Paul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiated and co-strategized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Terror_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Terror (event)">Night of Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Aspects" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/90px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/135px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg/180px-Alice_Paul_155017u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2624" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Alva Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin" title="Inez Haynes Irwin">Inez Haynes Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Lewis" title="Dora Lewis">Dora Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stevens" title="Doris Stevens">Doris Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Vernon" title="Mabel Vernon">Mabel Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_ten-dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ten-dollar coin">2012 ten-dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a> (1920 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucy_Burns" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucy_Burns" title="Template:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucy_Burns" title="Template talk:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy_Burns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucy Burns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucy_Burns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suffrage events (co-organized)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragist" title="The Suffragist">The Suffragist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Terror_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of Terror (event)">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Burns Institute">Lucy Burns Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205304#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205304#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205304#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/178217512">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82044753">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007415143405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=1259093950">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=1259093950</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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