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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US 19th-century suffrage organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Equal Rights Association</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">AERA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1866</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1870</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Lucretia Mott, Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg/220px-American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg/330px-American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg/440px-American_Equal_Rights_Association_Memorial_3_January_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="4458" /></a><figcaption>American Equal Rights Association Memorial 3 January 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>American Equal Rights Association</b> (<b>AERA</b>) was formed in 1866 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, irrespective of race, color or sex."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members, including women and men, blacks and whites. </p><p>The AERA was created by the Eleventh <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a>, which transformed itself into the new organization. Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a> had earlier suggested the creation of a similar equal rights organization through a merger of their movement with the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, but that organization did not accept their proposal. </p><p>The AERA conducted two major campaigns during 1867. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, which was in the process of revising its state constitution, AERA workers collected petitions in support of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a> and the removal of property requirements that discriminated specifically against black voters. In <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> they campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> that would <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchise</a> African Americans and women. In both places they encountered increasing resistance to the campaign for women's suffrage from former <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> allies who viewed it as a hindrance to the immediate goal of winning suffrage for African American men. The Kansas campaign ended in disarray and recrimination, creating divisions between those who worked primarily for the rights of African Americans and those who worked primarily for the rights of women, and also creating divisions within the women's movement itself. </p><p>The AERA continued to hold annual meetings after the failure of the Kansas campaign, but growing differences made it difficult for its members to work together. Disagreement about the proposed <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race, was especially sharp because it did not also prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex. The acrimonious AERA meeting in 1869 signaled the end of the organization and led to the formation of two competing women's suffrage organizations. The bitter disagreements that led to the demise of the AERA continued to influence the women's movement in subsequent years. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG/300px-Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG/450px-Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG/600px-Lucretia_Mott_at_the_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4403.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption> Lucretia Mott, president of the AERA</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leading_participants">Leading participants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leading participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people who played significant roles in the AERA included some of the more prominent reform activists of that time, many of them already acquainted with one another as veterans of the anti-slavery and women's rights movements: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>, the president of the AERA, was an abolitionist who was prevented from participating in the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in London in 1840 because she was a woman. She was the main attraction and one of the organizers of the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> convention.<sup id="cite_ref-cullen-page-168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cullen-page-168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> attended the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention as an observer, accompanying her husband Henry B. Stanton, who had worked as an agent of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There she and Mott became friends and vowed to organize a women's rights convention in the United States. Stanton was an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and the primary author of its <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cullen-page-168_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cullen-page-168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> was a pioneering worker for women's rights and an organizer of the first <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> in 1850. She became a paid representative of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1848 under an arrangement by which she could also lecture on women's rights but without pay.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> became a paid representative of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1856 with the understanding that she would also continue to campaign for women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> was an escaped slave and abolitionist leader who played a pivotal role in the Seneca Falls women's rights convention. He and Anthony both lived in Rochester, NY, and were family friends.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a> the Black American poet and anti-slavery lecturer<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._F._E._W._Harper,_Author_and_Lecturer,_Philadelphia,_Pa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg/220px-Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg/330px-Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg/440px-Mrs._F._E._W._Harper%2C_Author_and_Lecturer%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, speaker at 1866 AERA Convention<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Symonds_Foster" title="Stephen Symonds Foster">Stephen Symonds Foster</a> were abolitionists who had encouraged Anthony to become active in the Anti-Slavery Society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brown_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brown Blackwell">Henry Blackwell</a>, who was married to Lucy Stone, worked against slavery and for women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemay_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemay-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, abolitionist and women's-rights activist<sup id="cite_ref-Tetraut-p21_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetraut-p21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parker_Remond" title="Sarah Parker Remond">Sarah Parker Remond</a>, abolitionist and activist for formerly enslaved Black people<sup id="cite_ref-Tetraut-p21_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetraut-p21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_events">Background events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although still relatively small, the women's rights movement had grown in the years before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, aided by the introduction of women to social activism through the abolitionist movement. The <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, was particularly encouraging to those who championed women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planning committee for the first <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> in October 1850 was formed by people who were attending a convention of the Anti-Slavery Society earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women's movement was loosely structured during this period, with legislative campaigns and speaking tours organized by a small group of women acting on personal initiative. An informal coordinating committee organized national women's rights conventions, but there were only a few state associations and no formal national organization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement largely disappeared from public notice during the Civil War (1861–1865) as women's rights activists focused their energy on the campaign against slavery. In 1863 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>, the first national women's political organization in the U.S., to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton,_Susan_B._Anthony,_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg/220px-Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg/330px-Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg/440px-Form_Letter_from_E._Cady_Stanton%2C_Susan_B._Anthony%2C_and_Lucy_Stone_Asking_Friends_to_Send_Petitions_for_Woman..._-_NARA_-_306686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> The letter that Stanton, Anthony and Stone circulated calling for petitions against introducing the word "male" into the U.S. Constitution via the Fourteenth Amendment</figcaption></figure> <p>After slavery in the U.S. was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> in 1865, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a> was elected president of the Anti-Slavery Society and began to direct its resources toward winning political rights for blacks. He told women's rights activists that he continued to support women's suffrage but thought it best to set aside that demand until voting rights for African American men were assured.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women's movement began to revive when proposals for a <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> began circulating that would secure citizenship (but not yet voting rights) for African Americans. Some of the proposals for this amendment would also for the first time introduce the word "male" into the Constitution, which begins with the words "We the People of the United States". Stanton said that "if that word 'male' be inserted, it will take us a century at least to get it out."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton, Anthony and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, the most prominent figures in the women's movement, circulated a letter in late 1865 calling for petitions against any wording that excluded females.<sup id="cite_ref-cdp-11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdp-11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of the amendment that referred to "persons" instead of "males" passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in early 1866 but failed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version that Congress eventually approved and sent to the states for ratification included the word "male" three times. Stanton and Anthony opposed the amendment, but Stone supported it as a step towards <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdp-11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdp-11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> denounced it because it permitted states to disenfranchise blacks if those states were willing to accept reduced representation at the federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. </p><p>At a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society in January 1866, Stone and Anthony proposed a merger of that organization with the women's rights movement to create a new organization that would advocate for the rights for African Americans and women, including <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> for both. The proposal was blocked by Phillips, who once again argued that the key issue of the day was suffrage for African American men.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phillips and other abolitionist leaders expected a constitutional provision of voting rights for former slaves to help preserve the North's recent victory over the slaveholding states during the Civil War. No such benefit could be expected to follow from women's suffrage, and the effort needed to mount an effective campaign for it, they believed, would endanger the chances of winning suffrage for African American men.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Their strategy did not work as planned. Even though the Constitution was amended in 1870 to prohibit the denial of voting rights because of race, a promise that became a reality for a brief period, violence and legal maneuvers prevented most African Americans in the South from voting until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_in_1866">Founding in 1866</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding in 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony issued the call for the Eleventh <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a>, the first since the Civil War began, which met on May 10, 1866, in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a>, an African American abolitionist and writer, spoke at the convention from the viewpoint of one who had to deal with issues faced by both women and black people: "You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg/220px-Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg/330px-Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg/440px-Wendell_Phillips_by_Brady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="3140" /></a><figcaption> Wendell Phillips</figcaption></figure> <p>In a variation of the idea proposed earlier to the Anti-Slavery Society, the convention voted to transform itself into a new organization called the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) that would campaign for the rights of both women and blacks, advocating suffrage for both. The new organization elected <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a> as president and created an executive committee that included Stanton, Anthony and Lucy Stone.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AERA launched lobbying and petition campaigns in several states, hoping to create a drive strong enough to convince the Anti-Slavery Society to accept its goal of universal suffrage rather than suffrage for black men only.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1867_annual_meeting">1867 annual meeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1867 annual meeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AERA held its first annual meeting in New York City on May 9, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to the growing demand for suffrage for African American men, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>, the AERA's president, said, "woman had a right to be a little jealous of the addition of so large a number of men to the voting class, for the colored men would naturally throw all their strength upon the side of those opposed to woman's enfranchisement."<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-214-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked by <a href="/wiki/George_T._Downing" title="George T. Downing">George T. Downing</a>, an African American, whether she would be willing for the black man to have the vote before woman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton replied, "I would say, no; I would not trust him with all my rights; degraded, oppressed himself, he would be more despotic with the governing power than even our Saxon rulers are. I desire that we go into the kingdom together".<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-214-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, a former slave, said that, "if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others disagreed. Abby Kelley Foster said that suffrage for black men was a more pressing issue than suffrage for women.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Symonds Foster, arguing that ballot rights for one group of citizens should not be contingent on ballot rights for another, said, "The right of each should be accorded at the earliest possible moment, neither being denied for any supposed benefit to the other."<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-214-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, a prominent minister, said he was in favor of universal suffrage but believed that by demanding the vote for both blacks and women, the movement was likely to achieve at least a partial victory by winning the vote for black men.<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-220_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-220-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_campaign">New York campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New York campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> organized a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution#Constitutional_Convention_of_1867-1868" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">convention in June 1867</a> to revise its constitution. AERA workers prepared for it by organizing meetings in over 30 locations around the state and collecting over 20,000 signatures on petitions that supported women's suffrage and the removal of property requirements that discriminated specifically against black voters.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_1978,_p._87_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois_1978,_p._87-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffrage committee of the convention was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, a prominent newspaper editor and abolitionist who had been a supporter of the women's movement. His committee approved the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters but rejected the proposal for women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_1978,_p._87_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois_1978,_p._87-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/220px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/330px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png/440px-Susan_B_Anthony_c1855.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption> Susan B. Anthony</figcaption></figure> <p>Greeley had earlier clashed with Anthony and Stanton by insisting that their New York campaign should focus on the rights of African Americans rather than also including women's issues. When they refused, he threatened to end his newspaper's support for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon he began to attack the women's movement. Responding to Greeley's repeated claim that the best women he knew did not want to vote, Stanton and Anthony arranged for it to be announced from the floor of the convention that Mrs. Horace Greeley had signed the petition in favor of women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a></i>, whose authors include Stanton and Anthony, said, "This campaign cost us the friendship of Horace Greeley and the support of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i>, heretofore our most powerful and faithful allies."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kansas_campaign">Kansas campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kansas campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> were placed before voters in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in 1867, one that would extend suffrage to black men and one that would extend it to women. Kansas had an anti-slavery heritage and the strongest laws for the protection of women's rights outside New York. The AERA concentrated its resources on this campaign with high hopes of winning both referendums, which would boost the chances of winning suffrage for both blacks and woman at the national level. Both referendums failed, however, and the AERA campaign ended in disarray and recrimination. The Kansas campaign created divisions between those who worked primarily for the rights of African Americans and those who worked primarily for the rights of women, and it also created divisions within the women's movement itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New York campaign had been financed partly by the <a href="/wiki/Hovey_Fund" title="Hovey Fund">Hovey Fund</a>, which was created by a bequest that provided a large sum of money to support abolitionism, women's rights and other reform movements.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the terms of the bequest, if slavery was abolished, the remainder of the money was to go to the other reform movements, which meant that the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment should have freed up a significant stream of money for the women's movement. However, Wendell Phillips, the head of the fund, declared that slavery would not truly be abolished until blacks were enfranchised on the same basis as whites, and he channeled much of fund's money toward that cause.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AERA nonetheless expected the Hovey Fund to support its Kansas campaign, which worked for the enfranchisement of both African Americans and women. The fund refused to finance the Kansas campaign, however, because Phillips opposed mixing those two causes, leaving the campaign desperately short of money.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was difficult for the women's movement itself to raise enough money for projects like this because few women had independent sources of income, and even those with employment generally were required by law to turn over their pay to their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AERA's Kansas campaign began when Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell arrived in April.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AERA workers were disconcerted when, after an internal struggle, Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only, not merely refusing to support women's suffrage but forming an "Anti Female Suffrage Committee" to organize opposition to those who were campaigning for it.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Anthony, Stone wrote, "But the negroes are all against us. There has just now left us an ignorant black preacher named Twine, who is very confident that women ought not to vote. These men ought not to be allowed to vote before we do, because they will be just so much more dead weight to lift."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed under the weight of Republican hostility, and its finances were exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton arrived in September to work on the campaign. They created a storm of controversy by accepting help during the last two and a half weeks of the campaign from <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Train" title="George Francis Train">George Francis Train</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, a wealthy businessman and a flamboyant speaker who supported women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Train was a political maverick who had attended the Democratic convention during the presidential election year of 1864 but then campaigned vigorously for the Republican candidate, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. By 1867 he was promoting himself as an independent candidate for president.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Train was also a racist who openly disparaged the integrity and intelligence of African Americans, supporting women's suffrage partly in the belief that the votes of women would help contain the political power of blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usual procedure was for Anthony to speak first, declaring that the ability to vote rightfully belonged to both women and blacks. Train would speak next, declaring that it would be an outrage for blacks to vote but not women also.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucy_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/220px-Lucy_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/330px-Lucy_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lucy_stone.jpg/440px-Lucy_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Lucy Stone</figcaption></figure> <p>The willingness of Anthony and Stanton to work with Train alienated many AERA members and other reform activists. Stone said she considered Train to be "a lunatic, wild and ranting".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony and Stanton angered Stone by including her name, without her permission, in a public letter praising Train.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone and her allies angered Anthony by charging her with misuse of funds, a charge that was later disproved,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by blocking payment of her salary and expenses for her work in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to Train was not due solely to his racism. Henry Blackwell, Stone's husband, had just demonstrated that even AERA workers were not automatically free from the racial presumptions of that era by publishing an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both blacks and women to vote, "the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to Train was partly due to the loyalty many reformers felt to the national <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>, which had provided political leadership for the elimination of slavery and was still in the difficult process of consolidating that victory. Train harshly attacked the Republican Party, making no secret of his desire to blemish its progressive image and create splits within it by campaigning for women's rights when Kansas Republicans were refusing to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abolitionist movement was sensitive to attacks on the Republican Party, with which it collaborated closely, serving in some ways as its left wing.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women's rights movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources, with its articles published in their newspapers and some of its funding provided by abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Kansas debacle, women's suffragists who distanced themselves from abolitionist and Republican leadership found those resources increasingly unavailable. Wendell Phillips worked to prevent discussion of women's suffrage at abolitionist meetings, and abolitionist journals began to downplay those issues as well.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a></i> stated the conclusions drawn by the wing of the movement associated with Anthony and Stanton: "Our liberal men counseled us to silence during the war, and we were silent on our own wrongs; they counseled us again to silence in Kansas and New York, lest we should defeat 'negro suffrage,' and threatened if we were not, we might fight the battle alone. We chose the latter, and were defeated. But standing alone we learned our power... woman must lead the way to her own enfranchisement."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement_and_division">Disagreement and division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disagreement and division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Kansas campaign ended in disarray in November 1867, the AERA increasingly divided into two wings, both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches. One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, insisted that women and black men should be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton and Anthony expressed their views in a newspaper called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution</a></i>, which began publishing in January 1868 with initial funding from the controversial <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Train" title="George Francis Train">George Francis Train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_by_HB_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption> Elizabeth Cady Stanton</figcaption></figure> <p>Disagreement was especially sharp over the proposed <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>, which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race. In practice it would, theoretically at least, guarantee suffrage for virtually all males.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony and Stanton opposed passage of the amendment unless it was accompanied by a Sixteenth Amendment that would guarantee suffrage for women. Otherwise, they said, it would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the belief that men were superior to women.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male power and privilege was at the root of society's ills, Stanton argued, and nothing should be done to strengthen it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow-48_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow-48-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men, who would have voting power under the amendment, were overwhelmingly opposed to women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women's suffrage. Frederick Douglass, a strong supporter of women's suffrage, said, "The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Most AERA members supported the Fifteenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among prominent African American AERA members, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a>, Frederick Douglass, George Downing and Dr. Charles Purvis supported the amendment, but Dr. Purvis' father, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a>, joined Anthony and Stanton in opposition to it.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment in February 1869, and it was ratified by the states a year later. </p><p>During the debate over the Fifteenth Amendment, Stanton wrote articles for <i>The Revolution</i> with language that was sometimes elitist and racially condescending.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the "lower orders" of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow-48_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow-48-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton wrote, "American women of wealth, education, virtue and refinement, if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese, Africans, Germans and Irish, with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After first saying in another article, "There is only one safe, sure way to build a government, and that is on the equality of all its citizens, male and female, black and white",<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton then objected to laws being made for women by "Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung who do not know the difference between a Monarchy and a Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthony and Stanton also attacked the Republican Party and worked to develop connections with the Democrats. They wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic National Convention</a> that criticized Republican sponsorship of the Fourteenth Amendment (which granted citizenship to black men but introduced the word "male" into the Constitution), saying, "While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship, with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women—their own mothers and sisters, their own wives and daughters—and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They urged liberal Democrats to convince their party, which did not have a clear direction at that point, to embrace universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their attempt to collaborate with Democrats did not go far, however, because their politics were too pro-black for the Democratic Party of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the growing number of Democratic leaders who advocated the acceptance of black political power in the South, Southern Democrats had already begun the process of re-establishing white supremacy there, including violent suppression of the voting rights of blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several AERA members expressed anger and dismay over the activities of Stanton and Anthony during this period, including their deal with Train that gave him space to express his views in <i>The Revolution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, including Lucretia Mott, president of the organization, and African Americans Frederick Douglass and Frances Harper, voiced their disagreements with Stanton and Anthony but continued to maintain working relationships with them.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the case of Lucy Stone, however, the disputes of this period led to a personal rift, one that had important consequences for the women's movement.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter the initiatives of Anthony and Stanton, a planning committee was formed in May 1868 to organize a pro-Republican women's suffrage organization in the Boston area that would support the proposal to enfranchise black males first. The <a href="/wiki/New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="New England Woman Suffrage Association">New England Woman Suffrage Association</a> was subsequently founded in November 1868. Several participants in new organization were also active in the AERA, including Lucy Stone, Frederick Douglass and the Fosters. Prominent Republican politicians were involved in the founding meeting, including a U.S. senator who was seated on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis Bird, a leading Massachusetts Republican, said at the meeting, "Negro suffrage, being a paramount question, would have to be settled before woman suffrage could receive the attention it deserved."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a>, who was elected president of the new organization, said she would not demand suffrage for women until it was achieved for blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1868_annual_meeting">1868 annual meeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1868 annual meeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AERA accomplished little during 1868 except hold its annual meeting on May 14, which was marked by hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that meeting, <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Brown" title="Olympia Brown">Olympia Brown</a> denounced the Kansas Republicans for opposing women's suffrage and stressed the need for a party that would support universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-310_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-310-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Stone criticized the Republican Party also, but Frederick Douglass defended it as more supportive of suffrage for both blacks and women than the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distressed at Stanton's and Anthony's association with George Francis Train and the hostilities it had generated, Lucretia Mott resigned as president of the AERA that same month. She said she thought it had been mistake to attempt to unite the women's and abolitionist movements, and she recommended that the AERA be disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1869_annual_meeting">1869 annual meeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1869 annual meeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the climactic AERA annual meeting on May 12, 1869, Stephen Symonds Foster objected to the renomination of Stanton and Anthony as officers. He denounced their willingness to associate with Train despite his disparagement of blacks, and he charged them with advocating "Educated Suffrage", thereby repudiating the AERA's principle of universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Blackwell responded, "Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton believe in the right of the negro to vote. We are united on that point. There is no question of principle between us."<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-382_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-382-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick Douglass objected to Stanton's use of "Sambo" to represent black men in an article she had written for <i>The Revolution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hws-v2-382_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-v2-382-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg/220px-Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg/330px-Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg/440px-Frederick_Douglas_NYHS_c1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption> Frederick Douglass</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the attendees supported the pending Fifteenth Amendment, but debate was contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglass said, "I do not see how anyone can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot to woman as to the negro. With us, the matter is a question of life and death, at least in fifteen States of the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony replied, "Mr. Douglass talks about the wrongs of the negro; but with all the outrages that he to-day suffers, he would not exchange his sex and take the place of Elizabeth Cady Stanton."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lucy Stone disagreed with Douglass's assertion that suffrage for blacks should have precedence, saying that "woman suffrage is more imperative than his own."<sup id="cite_ref-hws-384_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to Douglass's earlier assertion that "There are no KuKlux Clans seeking the lives of women",<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone cited state laws that gave men control over the disposition of their children, saying that children had been known to have been taken from their mothers by "Ku-Kluxers here in the North in the shape of men".<sup id="cite_ref-hws-384_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone supported the Fifteenth Amendment and at the same time stressed the importance of women's rights by saying, "But I thank God for that XV. Amendment, and hope that it will be adopted in every State. I will be thankful in my soul if <i>any</i> body can get out of the terrible pit. But I believe that the safety of the government would be more promoted by the admission of woman as an element of restoration and harmony than the negro."<sup id="cite_ref-hws-384_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hws-384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demise_and_aftermath">Demise and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demise and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acrimonious 1869 meeting signaled the effective demise of the American Equal Rights Association, which held no further annual membership meetings. The split in the women’s movement soon became entrenched through the creation of rival organizations. Two days after the meeting, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NWSA).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1869, Lucy Stone, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a> and others formed the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (AWSA).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many activists, especially from the Midwest, were distressed by the split and sought ways to overcome it. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tilton" title="Theodore Tilton">Theodore Tilton</a>, an abolitionist and women’s rights advocate, organized a petition drive that gathered the names of more than a thousand people who wanted reunification. He then announced that members of the NWSA and AWSA would meet in New York in April 1870 to reunite the women’s movement. The leaders of both these organizations angrily opposed Tilton’s project at first.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NWSA eventually decided to cooperate with him, but the AWSA did not. Tilton’s meeting, which included some non-affiliated activists, led to the creation of the Union Woman Suffrage Association (UWSA) with Tilton as president. The NWSA merged into the UWSA, resulting in an organization with structure and policies that mirrored those of the NWSA.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AERA still existed although it was no longer an effective organization. Twenty leaders of the AERA, including Stanton, Anthony, Tilton and Stone, met in executive committee on May 14, 1870, to formally end its existence. Stone wanted the AERA simply to be dissolved, but the majority voted to merge its remnants into the UWSA.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That organization itself had a short life. In 1872, the UWSA was converted into a reconstituted NWSA with the same name as the original organization and with Anthony as its president.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attitudes toward the Fifteenth Amendment formed a key distinction between the two rival suffrage organizations, but there were other differences as well. The NWSA took a stance of political independence, but the AWSA at least initially maintained close ties with the Republican Party, expecting the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to open the way for a Republican push for women's suffrage. (That did not happen; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform.)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NWSA worked on a wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, which criticized its rival for mixing women's suffrage with issues like divorce reform and <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">equal pay for women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all members of the NWSA were women, as were all of its officers, but the AWSA actively sought male support and included men among its officers.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton and Anthony, the leading figures in the NWSA, were more widely known as leaders of the women's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events soon removed the basis for two key differences of principle between the competing women's organizations. In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified. In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>. Despite these events, the rivalry between the two women's groups was so bitter that a merger proved to be impossible for twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen Carol DuBois, a historian of the women's suffrage movement, says this rivalry had far-reaching consequences for the women's movement: "More than a century has passed, and still historians become partisans in the hostilities that their opposition created."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890 the NWSA and the AWSA combined to form the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NAWSA), with Stanton, Anthony and Stone as its top officers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony was the key force in the new organization.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone, nominally the chair of its executive committee, in practice was involved only peripherally.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's suffrage, a key goal of the AERA, was achieved in 1920 with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>, popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the passage of the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments, the AERA's goal of securing equal rights for all citizens, especially suffrage, still had not yet been fully achieved. Although Puerto Ricans were by law citizens of the United States, Puerto Rican women were prevented from voting until 1929, and African Americans in southern states were for the most part prevented from voting until 1965, nearly a hundred years after the AERA was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women's suffrage in the United States">History of women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">List of African-American abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of major women's suffrage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women's rights organizations">List of women's rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_rights_(other_than_voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/172/mode/2up">p. 173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cullen-page-168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cullen-page-168_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cullen-page-168_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen-DuPont (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA168">p. 168</a>, "Mott, Lucretia Coffin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PR29">p. xxix</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/49">pp. 49,52,58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry (1988), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA22">p. 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proceedings of the Eleventh Women's Rights Convention" (1868), pp. 45–48. Quoted in Humez (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h4Vk-M3dBcC&pg=PA71">p. 71</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper (1899), Vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n111/mode/2up">p. 63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemay-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemay_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLemayGoodierTetraultJones2019" class="citation book cs1">Lemay, Kate Clarke; Goodier, Susan; Tetrault, Lisa; Jones, Martha (2019). <i>Votes for Women: A Portrait of Persistence</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691191171" title="Special:BookSources/9780691191171"><bdi>9780691191171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+Women%3A+A+Portrait+of+Persistence&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691191171&rft.aulast=Lemay&rft.aufirst=Kate+Clarke&rft.au=Goodier%2C+Susan&rft.au=Tetrault%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Jones%2C+Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetraut-p21-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tetraut-p21_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tetraut-p21_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetraut (2014), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venet (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC&pg=PA14">p. 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/58">p. 58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Million (2003), pp. 109, 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/53">p. 53</a>. The Women's Loyal National League was also known by other names, including the National Loyal Women's League and the Women's National Loyal League.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_E._Harper" class="citation web cs1">Judith E. Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/resources/index.html?body=biography.html">"Biography"</a>. <i>Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony</i>. PBS (Public Broadcasting System)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Not+for+Ourselves+Alone%3A+The+Story+of+Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton+and+Susan+B.+Anthony&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.au=Judith+E.+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fstantonanthony%2Fresources%2Findex.html%3Fbody%3Dbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/59">pp. 56, 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Stanton to Gerrit Smith, Jan 1, 1866, quoted in DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/61">p. 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdp-11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdp-11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdp-11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen-DuPont (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA11">pp. 11–12</a>, "American Equal Rights Association"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA78">pp. 78–79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA86">p. 86</a>. Dudden says that Phillips also denounced the Fourteenth Amendment. She acknowledges, on page 230, footnotes 152–154, that some other historians have suggested that Phillips and Douglass supported the Fourteenth Amendment, but she provides quotes and citations that indicate otherwise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/63">p. 63 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/59">pp. 57, 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_a.php">"Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws: Before the Voting Rights Act"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Federal+Voting+Rights+Laws%3A+Before+the+Voting+Rights+Act&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcrt%2Fabout%2Fvot%2Fintro%2Fintro_a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/152/mode/2up">pp. 152–153</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/172/mode/2up">pp. 171–174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/182/mode/2up">p. 183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-v2-214-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-214_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/214/mode/2up">p. 214</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA98">p. 98</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/192/mode/2up">p. 193</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/216/mode/2up">p. 216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-v2-220-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-220_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/218/mode/2up">p. 219</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuBois_1978,_p._87-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuBois_1978,_p._87_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuBois_1978,_p._87_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA92">p. 92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA102">p. 102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry (1988), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/268/mode/2up">p. 269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/79">pp. 79–81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA107">pp. 10,107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA23">pp. 23, 90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA68">p. 68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA105">p. 105</a>. Phillips' opposition was also shown in the peculiar scheduling of his lecture tour of western states at the time of the Kansas campaign in 1867. Despite traveling over 12,000 miles and speaking in over 60 locations, he never once set foot in the political battleground state of Kansas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA17">p. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/232/mode/2up">p. 232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA127">p. 127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/238/mode/2up">p. 238</a>. Cited in Dudden (2011), p. 114. Rev. Woodson Twine assisted the AERA campaign in Kansas, conducting a joint speaking tour with <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Brown" title="Olympia Brown">Olympia Brown</a>. Although he spoke in favor of suffrage for both blacks and women, he only grudging supported the latter. See Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA122">p. 122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 89–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA127">pp. 127–128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 93–94. According to Dudden (2011), pp. 136–137 and 246 footnotes 22 and 25, there is reason to believe that Stanton and Anthony hoped to draw the volatile Train away from his cruder forms of racism, and that Train had actually begun to do so. In any event, they were in direct contact with Train for only three months before he sailed for Europe in January 1868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n355/mode/2up">p. 292</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/129">p. 129</a>. For an indication of just how intense the criticism was, see Harper (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n357/mode/2up">p. 294</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA139">p. 139</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry (1988), pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_B._Blackwell1867" class="citation web cs1">Henry B. Blackwell (January 15, 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.12701100/">"What the South can do"</a>. Library of Congress. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+South+can+do&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1867-01-15&rft.au=Henry+B.+Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Frbpe.12701100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in Dudden (2011), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_B._Blackwell1867" class="citation web cs1">Henry B. Blackwell (January 15, 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.12701100/">"What the South can do"</a>. Library of Congress. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+South+can+do&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1867-01-15&rft.au=Henry+B.+Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Frbpe.12701100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/57">p. 57 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/266/mode/2up">pp. 267–268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/99">pp. 99,103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically the amendment did not guarantee suffrage regardless of race but instead prohibited disenfranchisement because of race. In 1875, the Supreme Court ruled, in <i><a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a></i>, that "the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone". Not until the mid-twentieth century did Supreme Court rulings establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_anthony_questions.html">"The Trial of Susan B. Anthony"</a> at the Federal Judicial Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/185">pp. 174–175,185</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakow-48-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow-48_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow-48_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakow and Kramarae eds. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA48">p. 48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA184">p. 184</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Anniversaries". <i>New York Tribune</i>. May 15, 1868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Anniversaries&rft.date=1868-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in Dudden (2011), p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry (1988), p. 194. The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA179">pp. 179, 178, 171, 99, 184</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 175,177,178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "The Sixteenth Amendment," <i>The Revolution</i>, April 29, 1869, p. 266. Quoted in DuBois (1978), p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Manhood Suffrage," <i>The Revolution</i>, December 24, 1868. Reproduced in Gordon (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA194">p. 194</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Manhood Suffrage," <i>The Revolution</i>, December 24, 1868. Reproduced in Gordon (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA196">p. 196</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/340/mode/2up">p. 341</a>. This letter was signed by Anthony, who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA152">p. 152</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPwrSSx44GYC&pg=PA232">pp. 180, 232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper (1899), Vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n357/mode/2up">p. 295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkner (2011), p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA186">p. 186</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 164–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Woman's Rights Convention," <i>New York Times</i>, November 20, 1868. Quoted in DuBois (1978), pp. 169, 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/308/mode/2up">p. 309</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/185">p. 185 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-v2-310-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-310_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/310/mode/2up">p. 310</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/310/mode/2up">pp. 311–312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkner (2011), p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/380/mode/2up">p. 381</a>. The first issue of their newspaper, <i>The Revolution</i>, declared that it would advocate "Educated Suffrage, irrespective of Sex or Color", according to Rakow and Kramarae (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA20">p. 20</a>. On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA48">p. 48</a>, Rakow and Kramarae implicitly attribute the phrase "educated suffrage" to <a href="/wiki/Parker_Pillsbury" title="Parker Pillsbury">Parker Pillsbury</a>, one of the newspaper's editors, adding that "Stanton in this time period usually opposed any qualifications." One of Stanton's biographers attributes the phrase to Train but says that Stanton clearly supported "educated suffrage" in later years. See Lori Ginzberg, <i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life</i> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5ZxaM5jysQC&pg=PA162">p. 162</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-v2-382-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-382_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws-v2-382_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/382/mode/2up">p. 382</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry (1988), p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/382/mode/2up">p. 382</a>. During the elections of 1868, hundreds of blacks in the South were murdered to ensure victories by white supremacists; see Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA156">pp. 156–157</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/382/mode/2up">p. 383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hws-384-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hws-384_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws-384_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hws-384_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Anthony, Gage (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/384/mode/2up">p. 384</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (1911); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acquaintancesol00browgoog/page/n90">pp. 75–76</a>. Douglass was referring to the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Olympia Brown, the author of this memoir, was an AERA member.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen-DuPont (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA13">p. 13</a>, "American Woman Suffrage Association"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetraut (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYZgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">p. 35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetraut (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYZgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">p. 36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetraut (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYZgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">pp. 36–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog#page/n415/mode/2up">pp. 348–349</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetraut (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYZgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">63–64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 199–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp.192,196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA12">p. 12</a>. Stanton and Anthony arranged for the introduction to Congress of what eventually became the Nineteenth Amendment; Anthony was arrested for voting in 1872 and found guilty in a widely publicized trial; Anthony dramatically inserted the demand for women's suffrage into the official ceremonies for the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence. See Barry (1988), pp. 283, 249–257 and 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), pp. 166, 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DuBois (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0/page/173">p. 173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen-DuPont (1998), p. 174, "National American Woman Suffrage Association"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/227">p. 227</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/232">p. 232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1918/09/26/archives/senators-to-vote-on-suffrage-today-fate-of-susan-b-anthony.html">"Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. September 26, 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senators+to+Vote+on+Suffrage+Today%3B+Fate+of+Susan+B.+Anthony+Amendment+Hangs+in+Balance+on+Eve+of+Final+Test&rft.date=1918-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1918%2F09%2F26%2Farchives%2Fsenators-to-vote-on-suffrage-today-fate-of-susan-b-anthony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sneider (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suffragistsinimp0000snei/page/121">pp. 121, 136</a>. Literate Puerto Rican women were enfranchised in 1929, per Sneider, page 134. The voting rights of African Americans in southern states were enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Baker, Paula (1990). "The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920." In <i>Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History</i>, Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki L. Ruiz editors, 66–91. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Barry, Kathleen (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX1U-X0ekW4C"><i>Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist</i></a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-36549-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-36549-6">0-345-36549-6</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Olympia (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acquaintancesol00browgoog"><i>Acquaintances, Old and New, Among Reformers</i></a>. Milwaukee, WI: Olympia Brown (S. E. Tate Printing Company).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Jo_Buhle" title="Mari Jo Buhle">Buhle, Mari Jo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Buhle" title="Paul Buhle">Buhle, Paul</a> editors (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hA_8vCoyyjkC"><i>The Concise History of Woman Suffrage.</i></a> University of Illinois. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00669-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00669-0">0-252-00669-0</a>.</li> <li>Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America</i></a>, second edition. New York: Facts on File. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4100-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4100-8">0-8160-4100-8</a>.</li> <li>DuBois, Ellen Carol (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismsuffrage00dubo_0"><i>Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869.</i></a> Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8641-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8641-6">0-8014-8641-6</a>.</li> <li>DuBois, Ellen Carol (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Urn8GOy9EsQC"><i>Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights</i></a>. New York New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1901-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1901-5">0-8147-1901-5</a>.</li> <li>Dudden, Faye E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC"><i>Fighting Chance: The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977263-6">978-0-19-977263-6</a>.</li> <li>Faulkner, Carol (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOvvDbNNfbkC"><i>Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812243215" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812243215">978-0812243215</a>.</li> <li>Foner, Eric (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPwrSSx44GYC"><i>A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096431-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096431-6">0-06-096431-6</a>.</li> <li>Giddings, Paula (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWLwdOmdy9sC"><i>When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America</i></a>. New York: William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688146504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688146504">978-0688146504</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Ann D., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C"><i>The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Vol 1: In the School of Anti-Slavery, 1840 to 1866</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813523170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813523170">978-0813523170</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC"><i>The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Vol 2: Against an Aristocracy of Sex, 1866 to 1873</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813523187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813523187">978-0813523187</a>.</li> <li>Harper, Ida Husted (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksusa00unkngoog"><i>The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol 1</i></a>. Indianapolis & Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company.</li> <li>Heinemann, Sue (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kjkZjvnI-sC"><i>Timelines of American Women's History</i></a>. New York: Berkley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-51986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-51986-6">0-399-51986-6</a>.</li> <li>Humez, Jean (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h4Vk-M3dBcC"><i>Harriet Tubman: The Life and the Life Stories</i></a>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19120-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19120-6">0-299-19120-6</a>.</li> <li>Kerr, Andrea Moore (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602"><i>Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1860-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1860-1">0-8135-1860-1</a>.</li> <li>McMillen, Sally Gregory (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzVRlFXiYswC"><i>Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518265-0">0-19-518265-0</a>.</li> <li>Million, Joelle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydeGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman's Rights Movement</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97877-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97877-X">0-275-97877-X</a>.</li> <li>Rakow, Lana F. and Kramarae, Cheris, editors (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C"><i>The Revolution in Words: Righting Women 1868–1871</i></a>, Volume 4 of <i>Women's Source Library</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25689-6">978-0-415-25689-6</a>.</li> <li>Sneider, Allison L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suffragistsinimp0000snei"><i>Suffragists in an Imperial Age: U.S. Expansion and the Woman Question 1870–1929</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195321173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195321173">978-0195321173</a>.</li> <li>Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn, editors (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>History of Woman Suffrage, Vol 2</i></a>. Rochester, NY: Susan B. Anthony.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetrault2014" class="citation book cs1">Tetrault, Lisa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879220811"><i>The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848-1898</i></a>. Chapel Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1428-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-1428-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879220811">879220811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Seneca+Falls%3A+Memory+and+the+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement%2C+1848-1898&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879220811&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-1428-1&rft.aulast=Tetrault&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879220811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Equal+Rights+Association" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Venet, Wendy Hamand (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC"><i>Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War</i></a>. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813913421" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813913421">978-0813913421</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA194">"Manhood Suffrage"</a>, Elizabeth Cady Stanton's six-point explanation of her opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment. It was first published in <i>The Revolution</i> on December 24, 1868, and is reproduced in Gordon (2000), pp. 194–199.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ca10003542/">"Proceedings of the 1867 AERA meeting"</a>, from the Library of Congress</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Template talk:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Susan_B._Anthony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Susan B. Anthony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Susan_B._Anthony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with<br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)"><i>The Revolution</i> newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a></i> (1881 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Birthplace_Museum" title="Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum">Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum (Adams, Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Childhood_House" title="Susan B. Anthony Childhood House">Susan B. Anthony Childhood House (Battenville, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">Susan B. Anthony House (Rochester, New York)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jailed_for_Freedom" title="Jailed for Freedom">Jailed for Freedom</a></i> (1920 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All</a></i> (1947 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a></i> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Read_Anthony" title="Daniel Read Anthony">Daniel Read Anthony</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stafford_Anthony" title="Mary Stafford Anthony">Mary Stafford Anthony</a> (sister, associate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">1873 trial for unauthorized voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_abortion_dispute" title="Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute">Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Template talk:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seneca Falls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>, 1848, co-founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a> (1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founder with<br /><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a>,</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)"><i>The Revolution</i> newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a></i> (1895, 1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_and_Susan_B._Anthony_Papers" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers">Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Seneca_Falls,_New_York)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton_House_(Tenafly,_New_Jersey)" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)">Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i> (U.S. Capitol)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Johnstown, New York, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Proposed_redesigns_of_the_10_dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill (proposed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Elizabeth_C._Stanton_(AP-69)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69)">USS <i>Elizabeth C. Stanton</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony</a></i> (1999 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brewster_Stanton" title="Henry Brewster Stanton">Henry Brewster Stanton (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stanton" title="Theodore Stanton">Theodore Stanton (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriot_Stanton_Blatch" title="Harriot Stanton Blatch">Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Stanton_Barney" title="Nora Stanton Barney">Nora Stanton Barney (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cady" title="Daniel Cady">Daniel Cady (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2842913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2842913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2842913#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145482102">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85141075">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007361897505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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