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<li id="toc-Union_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Union of Great Britain and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War of 1812 with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_reaction:_1815–1822" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_reaction:_1815–1822"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar reaction: 1815–1822</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_reaction:_1815–1822-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultra_Tories:_Peterloo_Massacre_and_the_Six_Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_Tories:_Peterloo_Massacre_and_the_Six_Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_Tories:_Peterloo_Massacre_and_the_Six_Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Reform:_1820–1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Reform:_1820–1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Age of Reform: 1820–1837</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age_of_Reform:_1820–1837-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age of Reform: 1820–1837 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Reform:_1820–1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestant_Nonconformists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Nonconformists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Protestant Nonconformists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Nonconformists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Age of Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Main achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Political process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chartism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chartism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Chartism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chartism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Prime ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reformers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Victorian era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Victorian era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_trade_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Free trade imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia,_France_and_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia,_France_and_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia,_France_and_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_expands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_expands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Empire expands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_expands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disraeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disraeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Disraeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disraeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gladstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gladstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Gladstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gladstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salisbury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salisbury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Salisbury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salisbury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Morality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edwardian_era:_1901–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edwardian_era:_1901–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Edwardian era: 1901–1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edwardian_era:_1901–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Great War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_for_Irish_Home_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_for_Irish_Home_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Campaign for Irish Home Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_for_Irish_Home_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Irish independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Ireland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk_van_Groot-Brittanje_en_Ierland" title="Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uniu_de_Gran_Bretanya_y_Irlanda" title="Reino Uniu de Gran Bretanya y Irlanda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino Uniu de Gran Bretanya y Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_ya_Irlanda" title="Reinu Xuníu de Gran Bretaña ya Irlanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu Xuníu de Gran Bretaña ya Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_v%C9%99_%C4%B0rlandiya_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Britaniya və İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniya və İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بؤیوک بریتانیا و ایرلند بیرلشیک شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک بریتانیا و ایرلند بیرلشیک شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_Put-lia%CC%8Dt-tian_kap_%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Ài-ní-lân Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Ài-ní-lân Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Злучанае Каралеўства Вялікабрытаніі і Ірландыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Злучанае Каралеўства Вялікабрытаніі і Ірландыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Unanet_Breizh-Veur_hag_Iwerzhon" title="Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur hag Iwerzhon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur hag Iwerzhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Unit_de_la_Gran_Bretanya_i_Irlanda" title="Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Velk%C3%A9_Brit%C3%A1nie_a_Irska" title="Spojené království Velké Británie a Irska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené království Velké Británie a Irska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Unedig_Prydain_Fawr_ac_Iwerddon" title="Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr ac Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr ac Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Forenede_Kongerige_Storbritannien_og_Irland" title="Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_und_Irland" title="Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia_ja_Iirimaa_%C3%9Chendkuningriik" title="Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Ühendkuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Ühendkuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dinta_Re%C4%9Dlando_de_Granda_Britio_kaj_Irlando" title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando de Granda Britio kaj Irlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando de Granda Britio kaj Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainia_Handia_eta_Irlandako_Erresuma_Batua" title="Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni_de_Grande-Bretagne_et_d%27Irlande" title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Keninkryk_fan_Grut-Brittanje_en_Ierl%C3%A2n" title="Feriene Keninkryk fan Grut-Brittanje en Ierlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feriene Keninkryk fan Grut-Brittanje en Ierlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire_agus_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_Unnaneysit_y_Vretyn_Vooar_as_Nerin" title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Britain_l%C3%A2u_Ireland_Li%C3%A8n-ha%CC%8Dp_V%C3%B2ng-koet" title="Thai Britain lâu Ireland Lièn-ha̍p Vòng-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai Britain lâu Ireland Lièn-ha̍p Vòng-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="그레이트브리튼 아일랜드 연합왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트브리튼 아일랜드 연합왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի և Իռլանդիայի միացյալ թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի և Իռլանդիայի միացյալ թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड का यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड का यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo_Velike_Britanije_i_Irske" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Kerajaan_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" title="Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Reyatu_de_Grande_Britannia_e_Irland" title="Unit Reyatu de Grande Britannia e Irland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Unit Reyatu de Grande Britannia e Irland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito_di_Gran_Bretagna_e_Irlanda" title="Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הממלכה המאוחדת של בריטניה הגדולה ואירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה המאוחדת של בריטניה הגדולה ואירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұлыбритания және Ирландия біріккен патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания және Ирландия біріккен патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Ini_Grann_Bretay_ak_Iland" title="Wayòm Ini Grann Bretay ak Iland – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Ini Grann Bretay ak Iland" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielbrit%C4%81nijas_un_%C4%AArijas_Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Lielbritānijas un Īrijas Apvienotā Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielbritānijas un Īrijas Apvienotā Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97_Did%C5%BEiosios_Britanijos_ir_Airijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos ir Airijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos ir Airijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-Britannia_%C3%A9s_%C3%8Drorsz%C3%A1g_Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1ga" title="Nagy-Britannia és Írország Egyesült Királysága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-Britannia és Írország Egyesült Királysága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटन व आयर्लंडचे संयुक्त राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटन व आयर्लंडचे संयुक्त राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_van_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_en_Ierland" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_forente_kongerike_Storbritannia_og_Irland" title="Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_sameinte_kongeriket_Storbritannia_og_Irland" title="Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਗ੍ਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਅਤੇ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਦਾ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਅਤੇ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਦਾ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="د برېتانيا او ايرلينډ متحده پاچايي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برېتانيا او ايرلينډ متحده پاچايي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczone_Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii" title="Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_da_Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_Irlandei" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Споене кральовство Великой Британии и Ирландии – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Споене кральовство Великой Британии и Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Соединённое королевство Великобритании и Ирландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соединённое королевство Великобритании и Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unidu_de_Bretagna_Manna_e_Irlanda" title="Regnu Unidu de Bretagna Manna e Irlanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Regnu Unidu de Bretagna Manna e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick_o_Great_Breetain_an_Ireland" title="Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Bashkuar_e_Britanis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Madhe_dhe_Irland%C3%ABs" title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DB%BD_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="عظيم برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي گڏيل بادشاھت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عظيم برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي گڏيل بادشاھت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo_Ve%C4%BEkej_Brit%C3%A1nie_a_%C3%8Drska" title="Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Írska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Írska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeno_kraljestvo_Velike_Britanije_in_Irske" title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Irske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Irske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Ирске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Ирске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo_Velike_Britanije_i_Irske" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ison-Britannian_ja_Irlannin_yhdistynyt_kuningaskunta" title="Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_kungariket_Storbritannien_och_Irland" title="Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெரிய பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் அயர்லாந்தின் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரிய பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் அயர்லாந்தின் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="สหราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และไอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Britanya_ve_%C4%B0rlanda_Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії та Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії та Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_Ireland" title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠爱尔兰联合王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大不列颠爱尔兰联合王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dba_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_Br%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AC_Ol%C3%B3k%C3%ACk%C3%AD_%C3%A0ti_%C3%8Dr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historical sovereign state (1801–1922)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922. For the modern state, see <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1801–1922<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Flag of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br /> "God and my right"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King/Queen</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="180" data-mwtitle="God_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/God_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3/God_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/God_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3&lang=en-ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-CA" label="Canadian English ‪(en-ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_-_Alan_Turner.mp3&lang=sco&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sco" label="Scots ‪(sco)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The United Kingdom in 1914"><img alt="The United Kingdom in 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/250px-UK_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/375px-UK_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/500px-UK_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The United Kingdom in 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1801<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1820<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1820<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1830–1837 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1837–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910–1922<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1801</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1922<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 1911">1911 census</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">45,221,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound#First_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a> (1801–26)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="fn org label">Ireland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE,_CONNACIAE,_LAGENIAE,_et_MOMONIAE,_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias,_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIBERNIAE REGNUM tam in praecipuas ULTONIAE, CONNACIAE, LAGENIAE, et MOMONIAE, quam in minores earundem Provincias, et Ditiones subjacentes peraccuraté divisum"><img alt="HIBERNIAE REGNUM tam in praecipuas ULTONIAE, CONNACIAE, LAGENIAE, et MOMONIAE, quam in minores earundem Provincias, et Ditiones subjacentes peraccuraté divisum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/225px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/300px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4666" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93795)" title="History of Ireland (400–795)">400–795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(795%E2%80%931169)" title="History of Ireland (795–1169)">795–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom of<br />Great Britain and Ireland</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_states_since_1171" title="Irish states since 1171">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Gaelic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland#List_of_monarchs_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">British monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</b> was the union of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> into one <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued in this form for over a century. In 1927, it evolved into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> gained a degree of independence in 1922. </p><p>The United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">its islands</a> off the coast of Europe, financed the coalition that defeated <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and further developed its dominant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> enabling the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> to become the foremost <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">world power</a> for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Britain <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers</a>. The most notable exception was the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive wars in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence. </p><p>Britain's empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while local institutions began to develop. <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">short-lived revolt</a> in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> becoming self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>. While these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice, these governments were permitted greater management of their own internal affairs, with Britain remaining primarily responsible for their foreign and trade policies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Rapid industrialisation</a> that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a>, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">demographic collapse</a> in much of Ireland and increased calls for <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">Irish land reform</a>. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. </p><p>With respect to other powers, the British <a href="/wiki/Splendid_isolation" title="Splendid isolation">remained non-aligned</a> until the early 20th century when the growing naval power of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> increasingly came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire. In response, London began to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and Russia, and moved closer to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Although not formally allied with any of these powers, by 1914 British policy had all but committed to declaring war on Germany if the latter attacked France. This was realized in August 1914 when <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> invaded France via <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by London. The ensuing First World War eventually pitted the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied and Associated Powers</a> including the British Empire, France, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and the U.S. against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The deadliest conflict in human history up to that point, the war ended in an Allied victory in November 1918 but inflicted a massive cost to British manpower, materiel and treasure. </p><p>Growing desire for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish self-governance</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I, which resulted in British recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922. Although the Free State was explicitly governed under dominion status and thus was not a fully independent polity, as a dominion it was no longer considered to be part of the United Kingdom and ceased to be represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Six northeastern counties</a> in Ireland, which since 1920 were being governed under a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">much more limited form of home rule</a>, opted-out of joining the Free State and remained part of the Union under this limited form of self-government. In light of these changes, the British state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927 with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act</a>. The modern-day United Kingdom is the same state, that is to say a direct continuation of what remained after the Irish Free State's secession, as opposed to being an entirely new <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1801_to_1820">1801 to 1820</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1801 to 1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian society">Georgian society</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">Union of Great Britain and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Union of Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></div> <p>A brief period of limited independence for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> came to an end following the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">British war with revolutionary France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>'s fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Revolutionary France</a> resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms</a> and came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Irish had been led to believe by the British that their loss of legislative independence would be compensated with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, that is, by the removal of <a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">civil disabilities placed upon Roman Catholics</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Despite personal sympathy for Roman Catholics, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a> believed that agreeing to Catholic Emancipation would violate his Coronation Oath to uphold the Protestant faith, and his lack of support for the initiative led the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, to resign. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army during the Napoleonic Wars">British Army during the Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> (1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch overseas possessions</a>, the Netherlands having become a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of France in 1796, but <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical diseases</a> claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate</a>, a German-speaking duchy of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> which was in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain</a> failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a> decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Navy" title="French Imperial Navy">French Imperial Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Royal Spanish Navy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a>, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Decree" title="Berlin Decree">Berlin Decrees</a>, which brought into effect the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> remained a minimal threat to France; it maintained a standing strength of just 220,000 men at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">French Imperial Army</a> exceeded a million men—in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">national guardsmen</a> that Napoleon could draft into the French armies when they were needed. Although the Royal Navy effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade—both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions—it could do nothing about France's trade with the major continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, but it was smaller in terms of industry, finance, mercantile marine and naval strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> expected that cutting Britain off from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> would end its economic hegemony. On the contrary Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions and the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Spanish uprising</a> in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent. The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> gradually pushed the French out of Spain, and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Royal Prussian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Army_(1806%E2%80%931867)" title="Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)">Imperial Austrian Army</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Principality of Elba</a>, peace appeared to have returned. Napoleon suddenly reappeared in 1815. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> defeated Napoleon once and for all at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812_with_the_United_States">War of 1812 with the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of 1812 with the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_(1814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/220px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/330px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/440px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> ending the war with the United States<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier" title="Amédée Forestier">Amédée Forestier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1915</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">American citizenship</a>. British government agents armed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a>. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and thereby of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">western Ontario</a>, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">upstate New York</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> coast (burning <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> but getting repulsed at <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>), and up the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to a massive defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_reaction:_1815–1822"><span id="Postwar_reaction:_1815.E2.80.931822"></span>Postwar reaction: 1815–1822</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar reaction: 1815–1822"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France. Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2014455–458_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2014455–458-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a> in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick</a> so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says: </p> <dl><dd>the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack196932_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack196932-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultra_Tories:_Peterloo_Massacre_and_the_Six_Acts">Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a> were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory Party</a>, which controlled the government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZmjJAwAAQBAJpgPA3_3–25]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZmjJAwAAQBAJpgPA3_3–25]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1816" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1816">Habeas Corpus in 1817</a> (allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Sidmouth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gagging_Acts" title="Gagging Acts">Gagging Acts</a> of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterloo_Massacre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/220px-Peterloo_Massacre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/330px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/440px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.</figcaption></figure> <p>In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>'s government passed the "<a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a>" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">exile in Australia</a>. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959208–214_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959208–214-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Association" title="Catholic Association">Catholic Association</a> in Ireland under <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, with support from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholics in England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> was alarmed at the strength of the Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel1853348_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel1853348-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton2006384–391,_668–671_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton2006384–391,_668–671-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Reform:_1820–1837"><span id="Age_of_Reform:_1820.E2.80.931837"></span>Age of Reform: 1820–1837</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Age of Reform: 1820–1837"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/330px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/440px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/James_Pollard" title="James Pollard">James Pollard</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> before the erection of <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>. British diplomats, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonies</a> to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the one million deaths, another one million would <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">emigrate</a> in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> would lead to a growth in <a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">resentment of Britain</a> and a rise in <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>. The famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> accelerated, with <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">textile mills</a> joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain from the 1820s to the 1860s experienced a turbulent and exciting "age of reform". The century started with 15 years of war against France, ending in Wellington's triumph against Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo. There followed 15 difficult years, in which the Tory Party, representing a small, rich <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed aristocracy</a> that was fearful of a popular revolution along the French model, employed severe repression. In the mid-1820s, however, as popular unrest increased, the government made a series of dramatic changes. The more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">liberal</a> among the Tories rejected the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">ultraconservative</a> "Ultra Tory" faction. The party split, key leaders switched sides, the Tories lost power, and the more liberally minded opposition <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> took over. The Tory coalition fell apart, and it was reassembled under the banner of the Conservative Party. Numerous Tories, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, switched over to the Whig opposition, and it became the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZmjJAwAAQBAJpgPA69_69–75]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZmjJAwAAQBAJpgPA69_69–75]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> in 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Constitutionally, the 1830s marks a watershed: the end of Crown control over the cabinet. King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> in 1834 was obliged to accept a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> who had a majority in Parliament, and the Crown ever since has gone along with the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1996257–258_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1996257–258-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> came at a time of intense public and elite anxiety and broke the logjam. The parliamentary system, based on a very small electorate and large numbers of seats that were tightly controlled by a small elite, was radically reformed. For the first time the growing industrial cities had representation in Parliament. This opened the way for another decade of reform that culminated in the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1846—ending the tariff on imported grain that kept prices high for the landed aristocracy. Repeal was heavily promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a>, grass roots activists led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> and based in the industrial cities; they demanded cheap food. There were a series of reforms of the electoral laws, expanding the number of male voters and reducing the level of corruption. The reactionary Tory element was closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and expressed its strong hostility toward Catholics and nonconformist Protestants by restricting their political and civil rights. The Catholic started to organise in Ireland, threatening instability or even civil war, and the moderates in Parliament emancipated them. The Nonconformists were similarly freed from their restrictions. In addition to reforms at the Parliamentary level, there was a reorganisation of the governmental system in the rapidly growing cities, putting a premium on modernisation and expertise, and large electorates as opposed to small ruling cliques. A rapidly growing middle class, as well as active intellectuals, broaden the scope of reform to include humanitarian activities such as a new poor law and factory laws to protect women and children workers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Nonconformists">Protestant Nonconformists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protestant Nonconformists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist (Protestantism)</a></div> <p>In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959175_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959175-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nonconformists, including <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and the rapidly-growing <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist denomination</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">Unitarians</a> and smaller groups.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were all outside the established Church of England (except in Scotland, where the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> was <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>), They proclaimed a devotion to hard work, temperance, frugality and upward mobility, with which historians today largely agree. A major Unitarian magazine, the <i>Christian Monthly Repository</i> asserted in 1827: </p> <dl><dd>Throughout England a great part of the more active members of society, who have the most intercourse with the people have the most influence over them, are Protestant Dissenters. These are manufacturers, merchants and substantial tradesman, or persons who are in the enjoyment of a competency realised by trade, commerce and manufacturers, gentlemen of the professions of law and physic, and agriculturalists, of that class particularly who live upon their own freehold. The virtues of temperance, frugality, prudence and integrity promoted by religious Nonconformity... assist the temporal prosperity of these descriptions of persons, as they tend also to lift others to the same rank in society.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Nonconformists suffered under a series of disabilities, some of which were symbolic and others were painful, and they were all deliberately imposed to weaken the dissenting challenge to Anglican orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDitchfield1974551–577_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDitchfield1974551–577-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nonconformists allied with the Whigs to demand for civil and religious equality. Grievances included a 1753 law that to be legally recognised marriage had to take place in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church" title="Church of England parish church">Anglican parish church</a>. The Anglican <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">parish register</a> was the only legally accepted birth documentation. The Anglican parish controlled the only religious burial grounds. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Universities of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> had to reject non-Anglican applicants. At the local level, everyone who lived in the boundaries of an Anglican church was required to pay taxes to support the parish. The Test and Corporation laws required all national and local government officials had to attend Anglican church services. In February 1828, Whig leader <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, presented petitions assembled by the main Nonconformist pressure group, the United Committee, which represented Congregationalist, Baptists and Unitarians.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their demand was the immediate repeal of the hated laws. Wellington and Peel originally were opposed, but then tried to compromise. They finally gave, splitting the Tory party, and signaling that the once unstoppable power of the Anglican establishment was now unexpectedly fragile and vulnerable to challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199664–66,_108_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199664–66,_108-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959250–251_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959250–251-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Viscount Castlereagh</a> (especially 1812–1822). <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> (especially 1807–1829) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a> (especially 1830–1865). For a complete list, see <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a>. </p><p>The coalition that defeated Napoleon was financed by Britain, and held together at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814–1815. It successfully broke Napoleon's comeback attempt in 1815. Castlereagh played a central role at Vienna, along with Austrian leader <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>. While many Europeans wanted to punish France heavily, Castlereagh insisted on a mild peace, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> to pay 700 million livre in indemnities and lose the territory seized after 1791. He realised that harsher terms would lead to a dangerous reaction in France, and now that the conservative old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbons</a> were back in power, they were no longer a threat to attempt to conquer all of Europe. Indeed, Castlereagh emphasised the need for a "<a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>", whereby no nation would be powerful enough to threaten the conquest of Europe the way Napoleon had.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vienna ushered in a century of peace, with no great wars and few important localised ones until the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200674–77_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200674–77-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a>, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur. Britain first took a Reactionary position at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, but relented and broke ranks with the absolute monarchies by 1820. Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spain's American colonies</a> after their <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">wars of independence</a> in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British merchants and financiers and, later, railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Reform">Age of Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Age of Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_achievements">Main achievements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Main achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1825 to 1867 era, widespread public demonstrations, some of them violent, escalated to demand reform. The ruling Tories were dead set against anything smacking of democracy or popular rule and favoured severe punishment of demonstrators, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> in Manchester in 1819. The Tory ranks were cracking, however, especially when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> (1788–1830) broke away on several critical issues. Nevertheless, the Whig party gets most of the credit.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959256–343,_489–523_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959256–343,_489–523-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward196252–192_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward196252–192-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle classes, often led by <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> Protestants, turned against the Tories and scored the greatest gains. For example, symbolic restrictions on nonconformists called the <a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> were <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_Test_Act_1828" title="Sacramental Test Act 1828">abolished in 1828</a>. Much more controversial was the repeal of severe discrimination against Roman Catholics after the Irish Catholics organised, and threatened rebellion, forcing <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">major concessions in 1829</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Financial reform, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a> and Peel, rationalised the tariff system, and culminated in the great repeal of the tariffs on imported grain in 1846, much to the dismay of grain farmers. The 1846 repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> established free trade as the basic principle by which British merchants came to dominate the globe, and brought cheap food to British workers. A depoliticised civil service based on merit replaced patronage policies rewarding jobs for partisan efforts. Efficiency was a high priority in government, with the goal of low taxation. Overall, taxation was about 10%, the lowest in any modern nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2014499_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2014499-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign policy became moralistic and hostile to the reactionary powers on the continent, teaming up with the United States to block European colonialism in the New World through the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> of 1823. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stepped up efforts to stop international trade in slaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Municipal reform was a necessity for the rapidly growing industrial cities still labouring under a hodgepodge of centuries-old laws and traditions. When Peel took over the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, he abolished the espionage and cruel punishments, ended the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">death penalty</a> for most crimes, and inaugurated the first system of <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">professional police</a>—who in London to this day are still called "Bobbies" in his honour. The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> modernised urban government, which previously had been controlled by closed bodies dominated by Tories. Over 200 old <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">corporations</a> were abolished and replaced with 179 elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">borough councils</a>. Elections were to be based on registered voters, city finances had to be audited in a uniform fashion, and city officials were elected by the local taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far the most important of the reforms was the democratisation of Parliament, which began in a small but highly controversial fashion in 1832 with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act of 1832</a>. The main impact was to drastically reduce the number of <a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">very small constituencies</a>, with only a few dozen voters under the control of a local magnate. Industrial cities gained many of the seats but were still significantly underrepresented in Parliament. The 1831–1832 battle over parliamentary reform was, "a year probably unmatched in English history for the sweep and intensity of its excitement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1968198_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1968198-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every few years an incremental enlargement of the electorate was made by Parliament, reaching practically all male voters by the 1880s, and all the women by 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties introduced paid professional organisers who supervised the mobilisation of all possible support in each constituency; about 80% of the men voted. The Tories discovered that their conservatism had an appeal to skilled workers, and also to women, hundreds of thousands of whom were organised by the <a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2014509-512_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2014509-512-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> was not on the agenda. The abolition of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, while often discussed, was never necessary because the upper house repeatedly retreated in the face of determined House of Commons action. After defeating the first two versions of the Reform Act of 1832, the Whigs got the King to agree to appoint as many new peers as was necessary to change the outcome. He promised to do so, but convinced the Lords it would be much wiser for them to approve the law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_process">Political process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A weak ruler as regent (1811–1820) and king (1820–1830), <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> let his ministers take full charge of government affairs. He was a deeply unpopular playboy. When he tried to get Parliament to pass a law allowing him to divorce his wife <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Queen Caroline</a>, public opinion strongly supported her.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four decades of rule by Pittites and Tories the first breakthrough in reform came in the removal by a Tory government of restrictions on the careers of Protestant Nonconformists in the repeal in 1828 of the laws that required Anglican church membership for many academic and government positions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much more intense was the long battle over the civil rights of Roman Catholics. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> came in 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland. The Duke of Wellington, as Tory prime minister, decided that the surging crisis in largely Catholic Ireland necessitated some relief for the Catholics, although he had long opposed the idea. The other main Tory leader was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, who suddenly reversed himself on the Catholic issue and was roundly denounced and permanently distrusted by the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra Tory</a> faction of die-hards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward196276–77,_342–345_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward196276–77,_342–345-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959195–200,_232–233_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959195–200,_232–233-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/400px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/600px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Commons,_1833" title="The House of Commons, 1833">The House of Commons, 1833</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a> commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> (1764–1845), <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a> (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a>, prime minister from 1830 to 1834, and his rejuvenated <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a> enacted a series of major reforms: the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">poor law</a> was updated, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> restricted and, most important, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> refashioned the British electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>. The government purchased all the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, most of whom were in the Caribbean sugar islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962354–357_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962354–357-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform by making the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act of 1832</a> their signature measure. It sharply reduced the numbers of "rotten borough" and "pocket boroughs" (where elections were controlled by powerful families), and instead redistributed seats on the basis of population. It also broadened the franchise, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. The main effect of the act was to weaken the power of the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>, and enlarge the power of the <a href="/wiki/Professional%E2%80%93managerial_class" title="Professional–managerial class">professional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Business middle class">business middle-class</a>, which now for the first time had a significant voice in Parliament. However, at this point the great majority of manual workers, clerks and farmers did not have enough property to qualify to vote. Many of them received the vote in 1867. The aristocracy continued to dominate the Church of England, the most prestigious military and naval posts, and high society, but not business, industry or finance. In terms of national governmental policy, the democratic wishes of the entire people had become decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most historians emphasise the central importance of the legislation of the 1830s–60s, although there was a dissenting minority of scholars in the 1960s and 1970s who argued against deep meanings of Whiggish progress because each of the reforms was relatively minor in itself. Historian Richard Davis concludes that the scholarship of the 1970s represented "a vindication of the main outlines of the old "<a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig interpretation</a>." That is, the Reform Act of 1832 was a response to mounting popular pressure. It was "the culmination of a long historical process, and an important turning point in the emergence of a more liberal and broadly based political system… it deserves its old designation of 'Great.'"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Thompson has stressed the revolutionary nature of the entire package of reforms: </p> <dl><dd>In all these ways—the organization of the new police (by Peel as Home Secretary in the 1820s), the new Poor Law, and in the new municipal councils—the pattern of government in England was changed fundamentally within a single decade. In conjunction with the removal of religious disabilities, these reforms laid the structural foundation for a new kind of State in Britain: a State in which the electoral rights and civil rights of citizens were extended and given greater legal protection, but in which the ordinary citizen was subjected to a much greater degree of administrative interference, direction, and control from the centre. The most spectacular element in this whole process—the Reform Bill of 1832—ensured that the state should also be partially democratized at the centre. The full significance of 1832 in the history of the country is appreciated only if it is seen as the central change in this mini-sided transformation of an agricultural nation ruled by squires, parsons, and the wealthy landowners into an industrial nation dominated by the classes produced by industrial expansion and commercial enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chartism">Chartism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chartism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a> was a large-scale popular protest movement that emerged in response to the failure of the 1832 Reform Bill to give the vote to the working class. It lacked middle-class support, and it failed repeatedly. Activists denounced the "betrayal" of the working classes and the "sacrificing" of their "interests" by the "misconduct" of the government. In 1838, Chartists issued the People's Charter demanding manhood suffrage, equal-sized election districts, voting by ballots, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could serve), annual Parliaments, and abolition of property requirements. The ruling class saw the movement as dangerous. Multiple large peaceful meetings across England demanded change but the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. In July 1839, however, the House of Commons rejected, by 235 votes to 46, a motion to debate the Chartists' national petition, bearing 1.3 million signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_ministers">Prime ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prime ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime ministers of the period included: <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Portland" title="Earl of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Lord Goderich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2002_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2002-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aristocracy remained dominant: there were 200 <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in 1860; by 1837 they numbered 428; in 1901, there were 592. The number rose to 622 by 1910. Reform legislation in 1832, 1867, 1884 and 1918 weakened the aristocracy in terms of its control of the House of Commons. However, it ran the government: of the ten prime ministers under Victoria, six were peers. The seventh was the son of a duke. Two (Peel and Gladstone) emerged from the business community and only one (Disraeli) was a <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a>. Of the 227 cabinet members between 1832 and 1905, 139 were sons of peers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, who defeated Napoleon, served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords, 1828–1846. Some writers have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus reached in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the facade of a poorly-informed old soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvring, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons and with leading figures in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tory</a> anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 peers elected from Scotland and Ireland, whose election he controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> had promoted reform of Parliament since the 1790s, always to be defeated by the Ultra-Tories. The breakthrough came in his success in passage of the Reform Act of 1832. He sought this as the final step of reform, rather than a first step in a long process, emphasising the urgent need in 1832 to settle the intense and growing political unrest across Britain. He believed that the respectable classes deserved to have their demands for greater representation met, but he refused to extend political power to the mass of the lower middle class and working class, saying that they were not ready to be trusted with it. He wanted to preserve the basic elements of the existing constitution by removing obvious abuses, thinking that this would strengthen aristocratic leadership. He persuaded the king to promise to create enough new peers to force the bill through the House of Lords. The king made the promise while also advising the peers to stop blocking the bill. The Reform Act was Grey's principal achievement; it reflects his pragmatic, moderate and conservative character, as well as his parliamentary skills of timing and persuasion. His cabinet was a coalition of diverse interests, so in 1834 when it divided over the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Irish church</a> question he resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2002436_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2002436-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860,-1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/220px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/330px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/440px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the <a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">Treaty of France</a>, February 1860</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a> played the dominant role in shaping British foreign-policy as Foreign Secretary (1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851) and as prime minister (1855–1858, 1859–1865).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> in Tory governments for two decades, but switched over to the Whig coalition in 1830. The Tories despised him thereafter as a turncoat, and many of the more radical Whigs were distrustful of his basically conservative views that saw him fainthearted about or opposed to reform measures. He typically warned on the one hand against delays and on the other hand against excessive enthusiasm for reforms, preferring compromise. He was keenly sensitive to public opinion, and indeed often shapes it through his dealings with newspaper editors.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he sensed that public demand had reached an unstoppable momentum, he would work for a watered-down reform. He routinely gave the same advice to foreign governments. Diplomats across Europe took careful note of his move from the Tories to the Whigs, and suspected him of sympathy with the reform movements which were setting off upheavals in France, Belgium and elsewhere, and which frightened the reactionary governments of the major powers Russia, Austria and Russia. In reality he drew his foreign policy ideals from Canning. His main goals were to promote British strategic and economic interests worldwide, remain aloof from European alliances, mediate peace in Europe and use British naval power sparingly as needed. He worried most about France as an adversary, although he collaborated with them as in securing the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">independence of Belgium</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He much preferred liberal and reform-oriented nations to reactionary powers. He placed a high priority on building up British strength in India, He spoke often of pride in British nationalism, which found favour in public opinion and gave him a strong basis of support outside Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2002719–720_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2002719–720-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformers">Reformers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reformers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panopticon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/220px-Panopticon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/330px-Panopticon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/440px-Panopticon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">panopticon</a> prison (1791 drawing by <a href="/wiki/Willey_Reveley" title="Willey Reveley">Willey Reveley</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> (1748–1832) was an intellectual who focused on reforming <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>. He was a leading promoter of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> as a working philosophy of action. The "greatest happiness principle", or the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of utility">principle of utility</a>, forms the cornerstone of Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain". He is best known for his inspiration of the radical forces, helping them define those reforms that were most urgently needed and how they could be implemented. His intellectual leadership helped achieve many of the key legal, political, economic and social reforms of the 1830s and 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He especially influenced the reform of education, prisons, poor laws, legal procedures and Parliamentary representation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsRobertsBisson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUoqTDAAAQBAJpgPA307_307]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsRobertsBisson2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUoqTDAAAQBAJpgPA307_307]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> (1811–1889) built on his middle-class <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> heritage and his collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> to promote all varieties of humanitarian and parliamentary reform. They started with a successful campaign against the Corn Laws. These were tariffs on imported food that kept up the price of grain to placate Tory landowners. The major factor in the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">price of food</a>, and the Corn Laws kept the price high. Bright was a powerful speaker, which boosted him to election to parliament in 1843. His radical program included extension of the suffrage, land reform and reduction of taxation. He opposed factory reforms, labour unions and controls on hours For workers, women and children, arguing that government intervention in economic life was always mistaken. He opposed wars and imperialism. His unremitting hostility to the Crimean war led to his defeat for reelection in 1857. He was soon reelected from Birmingham, leading a national campaign for parliamentary reform to enlarge the suffrage to reach the working man. He was intensely moralistic and distrusted the integrity of his opponents. He loathed the aristocracy that continued to rule Britain. He held a few minor cabinet positions, but his reputation rests on his organising skills and his rhetorical leadership for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One historian summarised Bright's achievements: </p> <dl><dd>John Bright was the greatest of all parliamentary orators. He had many political successes. Along with Richard Cobden, he conducted the campaign which led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. He did more than any other man to prevent the intervention of this country (Britain) on the side of the South during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and he headed the reform agitation in 1867 which brought the industrial working class within the pale of the constitution. It was Bright who made possible the Liberal party of Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George, and the alliance between middle-class idealism and trade unionism, which he promoted, still lives in the present-day Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1953228_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1953228-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victorian_era">Victorian era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Victorian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/207px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/310px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg/414px-Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="3851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> reigned from 1837 to 1901.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Victorian era was the period of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the apex of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. The era was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a> and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a>. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow, and grandmotherly matriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_2">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_trade_imperialism">Free trade imperialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Free trade imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></div> <p>After the defeat of France in the <a href="/wiki/French_revolutionary_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="French revolutionary wars">Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1815–1914" title="Royal Navy">Unchallenged at sea</a>, British dominance was later described as <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i> ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoo3F2X8IDeEC_332]_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoo3F2X8IDeEC_332]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">the Great Exhibition</a> of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an <a href="/wiki/Informal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal Empire">informal one</a> based on the British pound.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia,_France_and_the_Ottoman_Empire"><span id="Russia.2C_France_and_the_Ottoman_Empire"></span>Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus Strait</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">threatening India via Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, compelling <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Tsar Nicholas I</a> to ask for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">next Russo-Ottoman war</a> in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the negotiating table. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> blocked Russia from imposing the harsh <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> on the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War, Britain viewed the Second Empire of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> with some distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">United Kingdom and the American Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), British leaders and elite favoured the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, a major source of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">cotton</a> for textile mills. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert</a> was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 over the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>. The mostly working-class British people generally favoured the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. What little cotton was available came from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> of the Confederacy shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. Trade flourished with the Union and many young men crossed the Atlantic to join the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. In September 1862, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> would be issued in 90 days, thus making <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery in the United States">abolition of slavery</a> a war goal. Britain was long opposed to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, itself having abolished it <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">some three decades earlier</a>, and any possibility of its intervention on behalf of the Confederacy ended.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British companies built and operated fast <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> to ship arms to and built warships for the Confederacy at considerable profit. London ignored American complaints that it allowed the selling of arms and building of warships for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row that was partially resolved in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a> in 1872, in the Americans' favour by payment of <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a> only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empire_expands">Empire expands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Empire expands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/240px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/360px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/480px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1867, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada</a>, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">scramble for Africa</a> among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the <a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> of 1898. </p><p>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States), threatened to usurp Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. Germany acquired a <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific</a>, but Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. When <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">William II</a> became <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> in 1888, he discarded Bismarck, began using bellicose language, and planned to build a navy to rival Britain's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1953Chapter_12_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1953Chapter_12-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain realised its <a href="/wiki/Splendid_isolation" title="Splendid isolation">isolation policy</a> was useless as large-scale alliances emerged. It restored good relations with France and the United States, and ended tensions with Russia, while the confrontation with Germany became a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">naval race</a>. </p><p>Ever since Britain had wrested control of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> from the Netherlands during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, it had co-existed with Dutch settlers who had migrated further away from the Cape and created two republics of their own: the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. The British imperial vision called for control over these new countries, and the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>-speaking "<a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>" (or "<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>") fought back in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">War in 1899–1902</a>. Outgunned by a mighty empire, the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer Commandos</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> (which certain other British territories would later employ to attain independence). This gave the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> a difficult fight, but their weight of numbers, superior equipment and often brutal tactics, eventually brought about a British victory. The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide. However, the United States gave London its support. The <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a> were merged with Cape Colony and Natal into the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910; this had internal self-government, but its foreign policy was controlled by London and it was an integral part of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuddSurridge2003_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuddSurridge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime ministers of the period included: <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a>. </p><p>Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disraeli">Disraeli</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Disraeli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli">Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/170px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/255px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/340px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/300px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/450px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/600px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lobby_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby card">Lobby card</a>, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli">prime minister in 1868 and 1874–80</a>, remains an iconic hero of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. He was typical of the generation of British leaders who matured in the 1830s and 1840s. He was concerned with threats to established political, social and religious values and elites; he emphasised the need for national leadership in response to radicalism, uncertainty and materialism.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disraeli was especially noted for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, in contrast to Gladstone's negative attitude toward imperialism. Gladstone denounced Disraeli's policies of territorial aggrandisement, military pomp and imperial symbolism (such as making the Queen <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>), saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation. However, Gladstone himself did not turn down attractive opportunities to expand the empire in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disraeli drummed up support by warnings of a supposed Russian threat to India that sank deep into the Conservative mindset. His reputation as the "<a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">Tory democrat</a>" and promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">welfare state</a> fell away as historians showed that Disraeli had few proposals for social legislation in 1874–1880, and that the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> did not reflect a vision of Conservatism for the unenfranchised working man.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did work to reduce <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class antagonism</a>, for as Perry notes, "When confronted with specific problems, he sought to reduce tension between town and country, landlords and farmers, capital and labour, and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland—in other words, to create a unifying synthesis."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the popular culture, Disraeli was a great political hero, a status that persisted for decades after his death. For British <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1920, historical films helped maintain the political status quo by sustaining an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire and tradition as they created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor <a href="/wiki/George_Arliss" title="George Arliss">George Arliss</a> (1868–1946) was famous for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's <i><a href="/wiki/Disraeli_(1929_film)" title="Disraeli (1929 film)">Disraeli</a></i>. Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience… Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gladstone">Gladstone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gladstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone">Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone,_1892_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as <a href="/wiki/Premierships_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone">prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894)</a>. His financial policies, based on the notion of <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budgets</a>, low taxes and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone">foreign policy</a> goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by the Germans with a <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarckian</a> system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salisbury">Salisbury</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Salisbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> was a "talented leader who was an icon of <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditional, aristocratic conservatism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury was "a great foreign minister, [but] essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historian's estimate is more favourable; he portrays Salisbury as a leader who "held back the popular tide for twenty years."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[I]nto the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One historian pointed to "the narrow cynicism of Salisbury".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One admirer of Salisbury agrees that Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Morality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian morality</a></div> <p>The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayhew" title="Henry Mayhew">Henry Mayhew</a> decried the slums for their supposed high levels of <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> without marriage and <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate birth">illegitimate births</a>. However, new research using computerised matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then were quite low—under 5%—for the working class and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923: <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edwardian_era:_1901–1914"><span id="Edwardian_era:_1901.E2.80.931914"></span>Edwardian era: 1901–1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Edwardian era: 1901–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></div> <p>Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> became king, inaugurating the Edwardian era, which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era. With the advent of the 20th century, things such as <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">aeroplanes</a> were coming into use. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> being formed in 1900. Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, who reigned 1910–1936. Scandal-free, hard working and popular, George V was the British monarch who, with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>, established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royalty</a>, based on middle-class values and virtues. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control. Multiple crises hit simultaneously in 1910–1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis, labour unrest, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage movements</a>, and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold. The political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. The Liberals were in power with a <a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">progressive alliance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and, off and on, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a>. The coalition was committed to free trade (as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought), free collective bargaining for trades unions (which Conservatives opposed), an <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">active social policy that was forging the welfare state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords</a>. The coalition lacked a long-term plan, because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s. The sociological basis was non-Anglicanism and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasised by the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_War">Great War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Great War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United Kingdom during World War I">History of the United Kingdom during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland and World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/220px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/330px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/440px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>Men of the <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters" title="Sherwood Foresters">Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment</a> following up the Germans near <a href="/wiki/Brie,_Somme" title="Brie, Somme">Brie</a>, March 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>After a rough start Britain under <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> successfully mobilised its manpower, industry, finances, empire and diplomacy, in league with the French and Americans, to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarwick1965_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarwick1965-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy grew by about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">German economy</a> shrank 27%. The Great War saw a decline in civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">Britain entered the war</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> from <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German aggression</a>, and quickly assumed the role of fighting the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, and dismantling the overseas German Empire. The romantic notions of warfare that everyone had expected faded as the fighting in France bogged down into <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>. Along the Western Front the British and French launched repeated assaults on the German trench lines in 1915–1917, which killed and wounded hundreds of thousands, but made only limited gains. By early 1916, with number of volunteers falling off, the government imposed <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">conscription in Britain</a> (but was not able to do so in Ireland where nationalists of all stripes militantly opposed it) in order to keep up the strength of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army during World War I">army</a>. Industry turned out munitions in large quantities, with many women taking factory jobs. The <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">Asquith government</a> proved ineffective but when <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy continued to dominate the seas, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> to a draw in the only great battle, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> in 1916. <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany was blockaded</a> and was increasingly short of food. It tried to <a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">fight back with submarines</a>, despite the risk of war by the powerful neutral power the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i> was sunk</a> in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. In spring 1917 it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning. <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">The United States entered the war</a> alongside the Allies in 1917, and provided the needed manpower, money and supplies to keep them going. On other fronts, the British, French, New Zealanders, Australians and Japanese occupied Germany's colonies. Britain fought the Ottoman Empire, suffering defeats in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> and (initially) in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from Mesopotamia and Palestine. Exhaustion and <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war-weariness</a> were growing worse in 1917, as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight. With Russia collapsing in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 Revolutions</a> Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. The massive <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensives</a> of 1918 failed, and with arrival of a million of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> at the rate of 10,000 a day by May 1918, the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed. Germany gave up, agreeing to an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a> on 11 November 1918. It was actually tantamount almost to a surrender with Germany handing over her fleet and heavy weapons, and her army retreating behind the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">river Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, newly formed from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC), was about the same size of the pre-war army. The almost three million casualties were known as the "lost generation", and such numbers inevitably left society scarred; but even so, some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain, with poems like <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>'s <i>Blighters</i> criticising the war as a human failure. The literary legacy focused on mass death, mechanised slaughter, fallacious propaganda and deep disillusionment, thereby annihilating long-standing romanticised images of the glories of war.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></div> <p>The war had been won by Britain and its allies, but at a terrible human and financial cost, creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfounded. </p><p>Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> in Africa. Britain was granted <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a> over <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>, which was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland</a> for <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish settlers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Iraq</a>, created from the three <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman provinces</a> in Mesopotamia; the latter of which became fully independent in 1932. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">occupied by Britain since 1882</a>, and a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> since 1914, became independent in 1922 after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a>, although British troops remained stationed there until the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956. </p><p>In domestic affairs the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing Act 1919">Housing Act 1919</a> led to affordable <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public housing in the United Kingdom">council housing</a> which allowed people to move out of decrepit inner-city slums. The slums remained for several more years, with trams being electrified long before many houses. The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> gave women householders the vote, but it would not be until 1928 that <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">full equal suffrage</a> was achieved. Labour displaced the Liberal Party for second place and achieved major success with the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1967Chapters_2–4_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1967Chapters_2–4-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_for_Irish_Home_Rule">Campaign for Irish Home Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Campaign for Irish Home Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine (Ireland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_question" title="Irish question">Irish question</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule movement</a></div> <p>Part of the agreement which led to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">1800 Act of Union</a> stipulated that the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> in Ireland were to be repealed and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> granted. However, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his <a href="/wiki/Coronation_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation oath">coronation oath</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a>. A campaign by the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, and the death of George III, led to the concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Catholic emancipation was not O'Connell's real goal, which was the repeal of the act of union with Great Britain. On 1 January 1843 O'Connell confidently, but wrongly, declared that repeal would be achieved that year. When <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">potato blight</a> hit the island in 1846, much of the rural population, especially in Catholic districts, began to starve.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While government funds were supplemented by private individuals and charities, and aid from the United States, it was not enough to avert a major catastrophe. The government of <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a> attempted to raise a loan of £8 million and intended a further loan but this provoked a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> made worse by demand for funds for railways and food imports.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis prevented the expending of the loan if the pound was to remain convertible to gold and government funding was slashed in 1847 and the costs of relief transferred to local taxes in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2022184–228_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2022184–228-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cottiers</a> (or farm labourers) were largely wiped out and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> soared during what is known in Ireland as the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant minority elected <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionists</a>, who championed the Union. A <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (Anglican) barrister <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>, built a new moderate nationalist movement, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>, in the 1870s. After Butt's death the home rule movement, or the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Irish_politician)" title="William Shaw (Irish politician)">William Shaw</a> and a radical young <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant</a> landowner, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell's movement campaigned for "Home Rule", by which they meant that Ireland would govern itself as a region within the United Kingdom. Two home rule Bills (1886 and 1893) were introduced by the Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, but neither became law, mainly due to opposition from the Conservative party and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. The issue was a source of contention throughout Ireland, as a significant majority of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionists</a> (largely but not exclusively based in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>), opposed home rule, fearing that a <a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Catholic Nationalist</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Rome Rule</a>") parliament in Dublin would discriminate or retaliate against them, impose <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Roman Catholic doctrine</a>, and impose tariffs on industry. While most of Ireland was primarily <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ireland" title="Agriculture in Ireland">agricultural</a>, six of the counties in Ulster were the location of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and would be affected by any tariff barriers imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-bardon_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardon-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish demands ranged from the "repeal" of O'Connell, the "federal scheme" of <a href="/wiki/William_Sharman_Crawford" title="William Sharman Crawford">William Sharman Crawford</a> (actually <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Federalism in the United Kingdom">federalism</a> as such), to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> of Isaac Butt. Ireland was no closer to home rule by the mid-19th century, and rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">1848</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">1867</a> failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connell's campaign was hampered by the limited scope of the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wider the franchise was expanded, the better anti-union parties were able to do in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running on a platform that advocated something like the <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-rule</a> successfully enacted in Canada under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>, home rulers won a majority of both county and borough seats in Ireland in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1882, leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> movement had passed to Charles Stewart Parnell of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>. A wider franchise also changed the ideological mix among non-Irish MPs, making them more receptive to Irish demands. The <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 election</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> in which the Irish Parliamentary Party held the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a>. They initially supported the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>, but when news leaked that <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> leader Gladstone was considering home rule, the IPP ousted the Conservatives and brought the Liberals into office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiagini20109_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiagini20109-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/First_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="First Home Rule Bill">First Home Rule Bill</a> was closely modelled on the self-government given <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Canada in 1867</a>. Irish MPs would no longer vote in Westminster but would have their own separate Dublin parliament, which would control domestic issues. Foreign policy and military affairs would remain with London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendle199245_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendle199245-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gladstone's proposals did not go as far as most Irish nationalists desired, but were still too radical for both <a href="/wiki/Irish_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish unionism">Irish unionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionists</a>: his first home rule hill was defeated in the House of Commons following a split in his own party. Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> led the battle against home rule in Parliament. He broke with Gladstone and in 1886 formed a new party, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>. It helped defeat home rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholicism</a> to build a base for the new party among "Orange" nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gladstone took the issue to the people in the <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886 election</a>, but the Unionists (Conservatives plus the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionists">Liberal Unionists</a>) won a majority. In 1890 a divorce case showed Parnell was an adulterer; he was forced from power, and died in 1891. Gladstone introduced a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893" title="Government of Ireland Bill 1893">Second Home Rule Bill</a> in 1893, which this time was passed by the Commons, but was defeated in the Conservative-dominated House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives came to power until 1906 and home rule became a dead issue, but the subsidised sale of farm land greatly reduced the Protestant presence in Ireland south of Ulster. Having been rejected by the Conservatives, the Irish nationalist forces had little choice but to support the minority Liberal Party. New groups split off and they finally all merged in 1900 into the Irish Parliamentary Party led by <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conservative government also felt that the demands in Ireland could be satisfied by helping the Catholics purchase their farms from Protestant owners. A solution by money not force was called "killing home rule with kindness".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms passed as a result included the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903">Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903</a>. Between 1868 and 1908: spending on Ireland was generally increased, huge tracts of land were purchased from landlords and redistributed to smallholders, local government was democratised, and the franchise widely extended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1995281–294_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1995281–294-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland remained calm until the eve of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, when the Liberal government passed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Government of Ireland Act 1914</a> and Protestants in Ulster mobilised to oppose it by force.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a> began to arm themselves and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">form militias</a> ready to fight; senior leaders of the British army indicated they would not move to suppress the Protestants (the <a href="/wiki/Curragh_incident" title="Curragh incident">Curragh incident</a>). Suddenly war with Germany broke out and home rule <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_Act_1914" title="Suspensory Act 1914">was suspended</a> for the duration. There was no conscription in Ireland; military service was optional. Large numbers of both Protestant and Catholic young men <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">volunteered to fight</a> Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_independence">Irish independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Irish independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/104px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/157px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/209px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>The Irish Free State (red) in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, using arms supplied by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was badly organised. The British army suppressed it after a week of fighting but the quick executions of 15 leaders alienated nationalist opinion. Overnight there was a movement away from home rule and toward Irish independence. The Cabinet decided that the 1914 Act should be brought into operation immediately and a Government established in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003193–195_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003193–195-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were stalemated as Ulster mobilised. London made a second attempt to implement Home Rule in 1917, with the calling of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Convention" title="Irish Convention">Irish Convention</a>. Prime Minister Lloyd George sought a <i>dual policy</i> in April 1918 that attempted to link implementing Home Rule with extending conscription to Ireland. Irish nationalists rejected conscription and a wave of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">anti-conscription demonstrations</a> signalled growing support for the demand for total independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003212–213_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003212–213-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Irish Party collapsed and a new political force, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> which called for <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">force to achieve its goals</a>, united Irish nationalists. </p><p>Sinn Féin won the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 general elections</a> in Ireland and in keeping with their policy of <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstention</a> did not send its elected MPs to Westminster, deciding to set up its own separatist parliament in Dublin; <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a>. The British government attempted to suppress the <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> followed. London's attempted solution was the establishment of two Irish parliaments to pave the way for the Fourth Home Rule Bill, enacted as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a> while also attempting to defeat Sinn Féin and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> which by this time was operating under the remit of Dáil Éireann. In mid 1921 a truce was agreed between the British government and Sinn Féin and this resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>. On 6 December 1922, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland</a> formed a new <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. As expected, "<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>" (six counties in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>), immediately exercised its right under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to opt out of the new state. This treaty created a division in Irish nationalism and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty faction of the Irish Republican Army</a>. The union of Great Britain with most of Ulster was renamed the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> in 1927, and is known by this name to the present time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003227–230_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003227–230-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat195557–108_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat195557–108-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_monarchs">List of monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: List of monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="4629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, the last British king to be styled as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Until 1927, the monarch's royal title included the words "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1927, the words "United Kingdom" were removed from the royal title so that the monarch was instead styled as "King/Queen of Great Britain, Ireland...[and other places]". The words "United Kingdom" were restored to the monarch's title in 1953 with the reference to "Ireland" replaced with a reference to "Northern Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-torrance_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torrance-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (1801–1820; monarch from 1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> (1820–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> (1830–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> (1837–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> (1901–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (1910–1922; title used until 1927 but remained monarch until his death in 1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, covers social & cultural history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The state did not cease to exist after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> seceded from the Union in 1922 but continued as the same country, renamed under its current name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" under <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monarch of the separate Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until 1800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to George III's inability to carry out his duties as King after 1811, his son acted as Prince Regent from then until George III's death in 1820 when he acceded to the throne as George IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State until 1936.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms">"The Royal Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>. 15 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922084041/https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Coat+of+Arms&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcoats-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem">"National Anthem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424203409/https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem">Archived</a> 24 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Royal Family.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetter2005" class="citation book cs1">Fetter, Frank Whitson (3 November 2005). <i>The Irish Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-8211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-8211-3"><bdi>978-0-4153-8211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Pound+1797%E2%80%931826%3A+A+Reprint+of+the+Report+of+the+Committee+of+1804+of+the+British+House+of+Commons+on+the+Condition+of+the+Irish+Currency&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-4153-8211-3&rft.aulast=Fetter&rft.aufirst=Frank+Whitson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Act-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801">"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721122355/https://www.britannica.com/event/Act-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Act+of+Union+%7C+United+Kingdom+%5B1801%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAct-of-Union-United-Kingdom-1801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial"><i>Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-2328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-2328-8"><bdi>978-0-4650-2328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-4650-2328-8&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Foreign_Affairs_Committee2013" class="citation web cs1">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/643/643.pdf">"Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: The Stationery Office. p. Ev 106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218111009/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/643/643.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+policy+considerations+for+the+UK+and+Scotland+in+the+event+of+Scotland+becoming+an+independent+country&rft.pages=Ev+106&rft.pub=London%3A+The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.au=House+of+Commons+Foreign+Affairs+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201213%2Fcmselect%2Fcmfaff%2F643%2F643.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2021" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2021). <i>George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2414-1333-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2414-1333-3"><bdi>978-0-2414-1333-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+The+Life+and+Reign+of+Britain%27s+Most+Misunderstood+Monarch&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-2414-1333-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchom1990" class="citation book cs1">Schom, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mhnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803–1805</i></a>. Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3199-9"><bdi>978-0-7181-3199-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+Countdown+to+Battle+1803%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=Joseph&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3199-9&rft.aulast=Schom&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mhnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2015">Knight (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1996" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Rory (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrAEmQEACAAJ"><i>Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-9757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-9757-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-9757-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Defeat+of+Napoleon%2C+1807%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-9757-0&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrAEmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2009">Black (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs2014455–458-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs2014455–458_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs2014">Tombs (2014)</a>, pp. 455–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack196932-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack196932_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1969">Black (1969)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gaunt, R. 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A. (1990). <i>Lord Grey, 1764–1845</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0163-2"><bdi>978-0-1982-0163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Grey%2C+1764%E2%80%931845&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-0163-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962354–357-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1962354–357_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1962">Woodward (1962)</a>, pp. 354–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2010" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Nicholas (2010). <i>The price of emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5211-1525-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5211-1525-4"><bdi>978-0-5211-1525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+price+of+emancipation%3A+slave-ownership%2C+compensation+and+British+society+at+the+end+of+slavery&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-5211-1525-4&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsWetherell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). 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(1980). "Toryism to Tamworth: The Triumph of Reform, 1827–1835". <i>Albion</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 132–146, at 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4048814">10.2307/4048814</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048814">4048814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion&rft.atitle=Toryism+to+Tamworth%3A+The+Triumph+of+Reform%2C+1827%E2%80%931835&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-146%2C+at+132&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4048814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4048814%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1950" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, David (1950). <i>England in the 19th century: 1815–1914</i>. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+19th+century%3A+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, Malcolm (November 2013). "Recognising the Chartists". <i>History Today</i>. <b>63</b> (11): 6ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Recognising+the+Chartists&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=6ff&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2007" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Malcolm (2007). <i>Chartism: A New History</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6086-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-6086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chartism%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6086-1&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2002-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2002_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannon2002">Cannon (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). <i>The Companion to British History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, provides a short scholarly biography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marriott_(British_politician)" title="John Marriott (British politician)">Marriott, J.A.R.</a> (1948). <i>Modern England: 1885–1945</i> (4th ed.). pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+England%3A+1885%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=157-158&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=J.A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1969). <i>Wellington: Pillar of state</i>. Vol. 2. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-2671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-2671-1"><bdi>978-0-0601-2671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+Pillar+of+state&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-0601-2671-1&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Richard W. (2003). "Wellington". <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 43–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x">10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=Wellington&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-55&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2002436-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2002436_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannon2002">Cannon (2002)</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry1992" class="citation book cs1">Derry, John W. (1992). <i>Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer</i>. B. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-0800-1035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-0800-1035-8"><bdi>978-7-0800-1035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+English+Minister%3A+The+Policies+and+Politics+of+Pamerston&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-7-0800-1035-8&rft.aulast=Southgate&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855". <i>History</i>. <b>86</b> (201): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.00176">10.1111/1468-229X.00176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Compelling+but+not+Controlling%3F%3A+Palmerston+and+the+Press%2C+1846%E2%80%931855&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=201&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.00176&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865". <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 675–692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290600942918">10.1080/09592290600942918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154025726">154025726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Palmerston+and+Anglo%E2%80%93French+Relations%2C+1846%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675-692&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290600942918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154025726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (1970). <i>Lord Palmerston</i>. 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(2003). <i>Queen Victoria</i>. Macmillan Education UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-3806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3336-3806-4"><bdi>978-0-3336-3806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3336-3806-4&rft.aulast=Arnstein&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallone2002" class="citation journal cs1">Vallone, Lynne (2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+of+the+World&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fworkshop_of_the_world_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemmel1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Semmel" title="Bernard Semmel">Semmel, Bernard</a> (1970). "Chapter 1". <i>The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-7725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-7725-5"><bdi>978-0-5210-7725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Free+Trade+Imperialism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-7725-5&rft.aulast=Semmel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean1976" class="citation journal cs1">McLean, David (1976). "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War". <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 291–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2594316">10.2307/2594316</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594316">2594316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Finance+and+%22Informal+Empire%22+before+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-305&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2594316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2594316%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolicz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Golicz, Roman (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/russians-shall-not-have-constantinople">"The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>53</b> (9): 39–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211309/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/russians-shall-not-have-constantinople">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Russians+Shall+Not+Have+Constantinople&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Golicz&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Frussians-shall-not-have-constantinople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2012-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2012_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2012">Figes (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Millman, Richard (1979). <i>Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–1878</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2379-5"><bdi>978-0-1982-2379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Eastern+Question%2C+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-2379-5&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2001" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Jonathan Philip (2001). "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)</i>. Vol. 11. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkwBzKThC9EC&pg=PA157">147–175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+Napoleon+III+on+British+politics%2C+1851%E2%80%931880&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society+%28Sixth+Series%29&rft.pages=147-175&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Foreman_(historian)" title="Amanda Foreman (historian)">Foreman, Amanda</a> (2012). <i>A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War</i>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-5696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3757-5696-2"><bdi>978-0-3757-5696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+on+Fire%3A+Britain%27s+Crucial+Role+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-3757-5696-2&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerliFahey2004" class="citation book cs1">Merli, Frank J.; Fahey, David M. (2004). <i>The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War</i>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXsE5usQFDcC&pg=PA19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-4473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-4473-1"><bdi>978-0-2533-4473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alabama%2C+British+Neutrality%2C+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-2533-4473-1&rft.aulast=Merli&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft.au=Fahey%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1953Chapter_12-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1953Chapter_12_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1953">Taylor (1953)</a>, Chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuddSurridge2003-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuddSurridge2003_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuddSurridge2003">Judd & Surridge (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(historian)" title="John Vincent (historian)">Vincent, John</a> (October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/4868984">"Was Disraeli a failure?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>31</b> (10): 5–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Was+Disraeli+a+failure%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=1981-10&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F4868984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldous" title="Richard Aldous">Aldous, Richard</a> (2007) [2006]. <i>The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Unicorn%3A+Gladstone+vs.+Disraeli&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Parry" title="Jonathan Parry">Parry, J. P.</a> (September 2000). "Disraeli and England". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 699–728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X99001326">10.1017/S0018246X99001326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020975">3020975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153932928">153932928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Disraeli+and+England&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=699-728&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153932928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X99001326&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Lee" class="extiw" title="q:Stephen J. Lee">Lee, Stephen J.</a> (1994). <i>Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914</i>. Routledge. pp. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-9006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-9006-3"><bdi>978-0-4150-9006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+political+history%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-4150-9006-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowling1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling, Maurice</a> (1967). <i>1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-1958-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-1958-3"><bdi>978-0-5210-1958-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1867%3A+Disraeli%2C+Gladstone+and+Revolution%3A+The+Passing+of+the+Second+Reform+Bill&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-1958-3&rft.aulast=Cowling&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Parry" title="Jonathan Parry">Parry, Jonathan</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7689">"Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7689">10.1093/ref:odnb/7689</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disraeli%2C+Benjamin%2C+earl+of+Beaconsfield+%281804%E2%80%931881%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7689&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F7689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1990" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Michael (1990). "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall". <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 33–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Political+Heroes+of+the+Victorian+Music+Hall&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=33-39&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmesBhattacharya1978" class="citation book cs1">Armes, Roy; <a href="/wiki/Bhabani_Bhattacharya" title="Bhabani Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya, Bhabani</a> (1978). <i>A critical history of British cinema</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-0043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-0043-0"><bdi>978-0-1952-0043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+British+cinema&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-1952-0043-0&rft.aulast=Armes&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Bhabani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Fielding_(political_historian)" title="Steven Fielding (political historian)">Fielding, Steven</a> (2013). "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938". <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>56</b> (2): 487–511, quotes on 488, 509–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000465">10.1017/S0018246X12000465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154611014">154611014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=British+Politics+and+Cinema%27s+Historical+Dramas%2C+1929%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487-511%2C+quotes+on+488%2C+509-510&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X12000465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154611014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H.C.G.</a> (2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787">10.1093/ref:odnb/10787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gladstone%2C+William+Ewart+%281809%E2%80%931898%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10787&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Steele_(historian)" title="David Steele (historian)">Steele, David</a> (2001). <i>Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography</i>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2035-0014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2035-0014-9"><bdi>978-0-2035-0014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Salisbury%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=383&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-2035-0014-9&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Blake, Robert</a> (1970). <i>The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill</i>. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4132-7200-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4132-7200-3"><bdi>978-0-4132-7200-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Party+from+Peel+to+Churchill&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-4132-7200-3&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1978" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Peter T. (1978). <i>The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902</i>. Harvester Press. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3910-0874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3910-0874-8"><bdi>978-0-3910-0874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+Popular+Government%3A+Lord+Salisbury%27s+Domestic+Statecraft%2C+1881%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-3910-0874-8&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(historian)" title="Paul Smith (historian)">Smith, Paul</a> (1972). <i>Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883</i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-8386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-8386-7"><bdi>978-0-5210-8386-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Salisbury+on+Politics.+A+Selection+from+his+Articles+in+the+Quarterly+Review%2C+1860%E2%80%931883&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-8386-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H.C.G.</a>, ed. (1990). <i>Gladstone Diaries</i>. Vol. X: January 1881 – June 1883. pp. cxxxix–cxl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+Diaries&rft.pages=cxxxix-cxl&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowling1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling, Maurice</a> (1980). <i>Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England</i>. Vol. I. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-3289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-3289-0"><bdi>978-0-5212-3289-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Doctrine+in+Modern+England&rft.pages=387&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-5212-3289-0&rft.aulast=Cowling&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Probert, Rebecca (September 2012). "Living in Sin". <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_History_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC History Magazine">BBC History Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Living+in+Sin&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Probert&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2008" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Ginger S. (2008). <i>Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7736-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-7736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+Sin%3A+Cohabiting+as+Husband+and+Wife+in+Nineteenth-Century+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7736-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Ginger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H.C.G.</a> (2004). "George V (1865–1936)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (January 2008 on-line ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+V+%281865%E2%80%931936%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=January+2008+on-line&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDangerfield1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Dangerfield" title="George Dangerfield">Dangerfield, George</a> (1935). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Liberal_England" title="The Strange Death of Liberal England">The Strange Death of Liberal England</a></i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4815-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-4815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Liberal+England&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4815-2&rft.aulast=Dangerfield&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKibbin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_McKibbin" title="Ross McKibbin">McKibbin, Ross</a> (2010). <i>Parties and People: England, 1914–1951</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-8469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-8469-7"><bdi>978-0-1995-8469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties+and+People%3A+England%2C+1914%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-8469-7&rft.aulast=McKibbin&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). <i>The Great War: 1914–1918</i> (2nd ed.). Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-1252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%3A+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Adrian (2008). <i>The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5217-2883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5217-2883-6"><bdi>978-0-5217-2883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+War%3A+British+Society+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-5217-2883-6&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarwick1965-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarwick1965_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarwick1965">Marwick (1965)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2011" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2011). <i>With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918</i>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06KYLGALKNEC&pg=PA370">370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-6226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-6226-9"><bdi>978-0-6740-6226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Our+Backs+to+the+Wall%3A+Victory+and+Defeat+in+1918&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-6226-9&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (1998). <i>The Pity of War</i>. Penguin Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9246-5"><bdi>978-0-7139-9246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pity+of+War&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9246-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg2002" class="citation book cs1">Grigg, John (2002). <i>Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9343-1"><bdi>978-0-7139-9343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George%3A+war+leader%2C+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9343-1&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1988" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John, ed. (1988). <i>Britain and the First World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0444-5108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0444-5108-2"><bdi>978-0-0444-5108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+First+World+War&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-0444-5108-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hynes" title="Samuel Hynes">Hynes, Samuel</a> (2011). <i>A war imagined: the First World War and English culture</i>. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3703-0451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3703-0451-9"><bdi>978-0-3703-0451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+war+imagined%3A+the+First+World+War+and+English+culture&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-3703-0451-9&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2014" class="citation book cs1">Robb, George (2014). <i>British Culture and the First World War</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3337-1572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3337-1572-7"><bdi>978-0-3337-1572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Culture+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-3337-1572-7&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1967Chapters_2–4-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedlicott1967Chapters_2–4_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedlicott1967">Medlicott (1967)</a>, Chapters 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinealy1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kinealy" title="Christine Kinealy">Kinealy, Christine</a> (1994). <i>This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852</i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1832-8"><bdi>978-0-7171-1832-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Great+Calamity%3A+The+Irish+Famine+1845%E2%80%931852&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-1832-8&rft.aulast=Kinealy&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodham-Smith1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Woodham-Smith" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith">Woodham-Smith, Cecil</a> (1962). <i>The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849</i>. Penguin Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4515-1"><bdi>978-0-1401-4515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Hunger%3A+Ireland+1845%E2%80%931849&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-1401-4515-1&rft.aulast=Woodham-Smith&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2022" class="citation book cs1">Read, Charles (2022). <i>The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's financial crisis</i>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 131–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8001-0627-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8001-0627-7"><bdi>978-1-8001-0627-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1365041253">1365041253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+in+Ireland+and+Britain%27s+financial+crisis&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=131-183&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1365041253&rft.isbn=978-1-8001-0627-7&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2022184–228-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2022184–228_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRead2022">Read (2022)</a>, pp. 184–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Read. (2019). 'Taxes, tariffs and the economics of nationalism in 1840s Ireland', in D. Kanter & P. Walsh (eds.), <i>Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1692–2016.</i> London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 199–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">Lyons, F. S. L.</a> (1977). <i>Charles Stewart Parnell</i>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0021-1682-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0021-1682-4"><bdi>978-0-0021-1682-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Stewart+Parnell&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-0021-1682-4&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=F.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bardon-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bardon_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bardon" title="Jonathan Bardon">Bardon, Jonathan</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ulster</i>. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8564-0498-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8564-0498-6"><bdi>978-0-8564-0498-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.pages=402%2C+405&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8564-0498-6&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiagini2010" class="citation book cs1">Biagini, Eugenio F. (2010). <i>British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4176-4"><bdi>978-0-5218-4176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Democracy+and+Irish+Nationalism+1876%E2%80%931906&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-4176-4&rft.aulast=Biagini&rft.aufirst=Eugenio+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppen2000567_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppen2000">Hoppen (2000)</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiagini20109-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiagini20109_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiagini2010">Biagini (2010)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendle199245-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendle199245_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendle1992">Kendle (1992)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebbington2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Bebbington" title="David W. Bebbington">Bebbington, D. W.</a> (2014). <i>The Nonconformist Conscience</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3177-9655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3177-9655-8"><bdi>978-1-3177-9655-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonconformist+Conscience&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3177-9655-8&rft.aulast=Bebbington&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2011" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Travis L. (2011). <i>Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&pg=PA74">74–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8488-5753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8488-5753-7"><bdi>978-1-8488-5753-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain%3A+A+Most+Radical+Imperialist&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-8488-5753-7&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Travis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2014" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Hugh (2014). <i>The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918</i>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">134–</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-8328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-8328-9"><bdi>978-1-3178-8328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Democracy%3A+Britain+1832%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-8328-9&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyck1974" class="citation journal cs1">Heyck, Thomas William (1974). "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 66–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385659">10.1086/385659</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175088">175088</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144314136">144314136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Home+Rule%2C+Radicalism%2C+and+the+Liberal+Party%2C+1886%E2%80%931895&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-91&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144314136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385659&rft.aulast=Heyck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hugh_O%27Donnell" title="Frank Hugh O'Donnell">O'Donnell, F. Hugh</a> (1910). <i>A History of the Irish Parliamentary party</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Parliamentary+party&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=F.+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Alan (1998). <i>Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&pg=PA178">178–186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3776-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-3776-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Home+Rule%2C+1867%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=178-186&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3776-4&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1995281–294-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1995281–294_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1995">Boyce (1995)</a>, pp. 281–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._T._Q._Stewart" title="A. T. Q. Stewart">Stewart, A.T.Q.</a> (1967). <i>The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914</i>. Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5710-8066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5710-8066-3"><bdi>978-0-5710-8066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+crisis%3A+resistance+to+home+rule%2C+1912%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-5710-8066-3&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=A.T.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carolyn, Augspurger (2017). "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912". <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Political_Studies" title="Irish Political Studies">Irish Political Studies</a></i>: 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=National+identity%2C+religion%2C+and+Irish+unionism%3A+the+rhetoric+of+Irish+Presbyterian+opposition+to+Home+Rule+in+1912&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Carolyn&rft.aufirst=Augspurger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003193–195-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003193–195_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson (2003)</a>, pp. 193–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003212–213-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003212–213_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson (2003)</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003227–230-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003227–230_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson (2003)</a>, pp. 227–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat195557–108-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowat195557–108_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMowat1955">Mowat (1955)</a>, pp. 57–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torrance-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-torrance_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance" class="citation web cs1">Torrance, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/the-kings-style-and-titles-in-the-uk-and-the-commonwealth/">"The King's style and titles in the UK and the Commonwealth"</a>. <i>House of Commons Library</i>. UK House of Commons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=The+King%27s+style+and+titles+in+the+UK+and+the+Commonwealth&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fthe-kings-style-and-titles-in-the-uk-and-the-commonwealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2006" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Ian F.W. (2006). <i>The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9033-6581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9033-6581-6"><bdi>978-1-9033-6581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+Front%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+How+Britain+Survived+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-9033-6581-6&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1969" class="citation book cs1">Black, Eugene C., ed. (1969). <i>British politics in the nineteenth century</i>. Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-2002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-2002-3"><bdi>978-0-8027-2002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+politics+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-2002-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2006). <i>A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9039-8"><bdi>978-0-2759-9039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+From+1775+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-9039-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2009). <i>The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4078-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-4078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4078-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._G._Boyce" title="D. G. Boyce">Boyce, David George</a> (1995) [1st pub. 1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalisminire00boyc/"><i>Nationalism in Ireland</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-2776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-2776-9"><bdi>978-0-4151-2776-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-2776-9&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=David+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalisminire00boyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (1959). <i>The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5823-6960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5823-6960-3"><bdi>978-0-5823-6960-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Improvement%2C+1783%E2%80%931867&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-5823-6960-3&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a>, ed. (2002). <i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i> (2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-0872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-0872-1"><bdi>978-0-1986-0872-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-1986-0872-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Evans" title="Eric J. Evans">Evans, Eric J.</a> (1996) [1983]. <i>The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870</i> (2nd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-8953-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-8953-2"><bdi>978-0-5820-8953-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+Modern+State%3A+Early+Industrial+Britain%2C+1783%E2%80%931870&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-8953-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Evans" title="Eric J. Evans">Evans, Eric J.</a> (2008). <i>Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1348-1603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1348-1603-3"><bdi>978-1-1348-1603-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Before+the+Reform+Act%3A+Politics+and+Society+1815%E2%80%931832&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-1348-1603-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes, Orlando</a> (2012). <i>The Crimean War: A History</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-0252-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-0252-5"><bdi>978-1-2500-0252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-2500-0252-5&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Boyd (2006). <i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 664–723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2830-1"><bdi>978-0-1982-2830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mad%2C+Bad%2C+and+Dangerous+People%3F%3A+England+1783%E2%80%931846&rft.pages=664-723&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-2830-1&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoppen, K. Theodore (2000). <i>The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886</i>. New Oxford History of England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2834-9"><bdi>978-0-1982-2834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mid-Victorian+Generation+1846%E2%80%931886&rft.series=New+Oxford+History+of+England&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-2834-9&rft.aulast=Hoppen&rft.aufirst=K.+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Alvin</a> (2003). <i>Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-2048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1952-2048-3"><bdi>978-0-1952-2048-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Rule%3A+An+Irish+History+1800%E2%80%942000&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-1952-2048-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddSurridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance (2003). <i>Boer War</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6150-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-6150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boer+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6150-1&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Surridge%2C+Keith+Terrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendle1992" class="citation book cs1">Kendle, John (1992). <i>Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920</i>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0908-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-0908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Long%2C+Ireland+and+the+Union%2C+1905%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0908-5&rft.aulast=Kendle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._B._Knight" title="R. J. B. Knight">Knight, Roger</a> (2015). <i>Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815</i>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1419-7702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1419-7702-7"><bdi>978-0-1419-7702-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+Organization+Of+Victory%3B+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1419-7702-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwick1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Marwick" title="Arthur Marwick">Marwick, Arthur</a> (1965). <i>The Deluge: British Society and the First World War</i>. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-0700-0496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-0700-0496-1"><bdi>978-7-0700-0496-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deluge%3A+British+Society+and+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-7-0700-0496-1&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Howard (1996). <i>Britain in the 19th Century</i>. Challenging History. Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1743-5062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1743-5062-0"><bdi>978-0-1743-5062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+19th+Century&rft.series=Challenging+History&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-1743-5062-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlicott1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._N._Medlicott" title="W. N. Medlicott">Medlicott, William Norton</a> (1967). <i>Contemporary England 1914–1964</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+England+1914%E2%80%931964&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.aufirst=William+Norton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">Mowat, Charles Loch</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainbetweenwa00mowa"><i>Britain between the wars: 1918–1940</i></a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4162-9510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4162-9510-8"><bdi>978-0-4162-9510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+between+the+wars%3A+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-4162-9510-8&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=Charles+Loch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritainbetweenwa00mowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Andrew, ed. (1998). <i>The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire</i>. Vol. III. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-4678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-4678-6"><bdi>978-0-1992-4678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-4678-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsRobertsBisson2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland00robe"><i>A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3155-0960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3155-0960-0"><bdi>978-1-3155-0960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%2C+Volume+2%3A+1688+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-3155-0960-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David+F.&rft.au=Bisson%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofengland00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1953). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848%E2%80%931918" title="The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918">The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</a></i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-1270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-1270-8"><bdi>978-0-1988-1270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe%3A+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-1988-1270-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, diplomacy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombs2014" class="citation news cs1">Tombs, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/17/the-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance">"The English and their History"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+English+and+their+History&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fnov%2F17%2Fthe-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Webb" title="Robert K. Webb">Webb, R.K.</a> (1968). <i>Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present</i>. Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0604-6975-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0604-6975-7"><bdi>978-0-0604-6975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+England%3A+from+the+eighteenth+century+to+the+present&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-0604-6975-7&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1962" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1962) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174966"><i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.174966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2004" class="citation book cs1">Adams, James, ed. (2004) [2003]. <i>Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era</i>. Grolier Academic Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-5860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-5860-4"><bdi>978-0-7172-5860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Victorian+Era&rft.pub=Grolier+Academic+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-5860-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeales1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Beales" title="Derek Beales">Beales, Derek</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcastlereaght00beal"><i>From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885</i></a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-7408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-7408-6"><bdi>978-0-4157-7408-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Victorians%3A+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-4157-7408-6&rft.aulast=Steinbach&rft.aufirst=Susie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishhistory1900tayl_0"><i>English History 1914–1945</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1402-1181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1402-1181-8"><bdi>978-0-1402-1181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+History+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-1402-1181-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishhistory1900tayl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, survey</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUglow2015" class="citation book cs1">Uglow, Jenny (2015). <i>In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+These+Times%3A+Living+in+Britain+Through+Napoleon%27s+Wars%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Uglow&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1878–1886" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Spencer (1878–1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28spencer%20walpole%29%201815"><i>A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+from+the+Conclusion+of+the+Great+War+in+1815&rft.date=1878%2F1886&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2528spencer%2520walpole%2529%25201815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, covers 1815–1855</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1904–1908" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Spencer (1904–1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28spencer%20walpole%29%20%20years"><i>History of Twenty-Five Years</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Twenty-Five+Years&rft.date=1904%2F1908&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2528spencer%2520walpole%2529%2520%2520years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, covers 1856–1880</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wasson, Ellis (2016). <i>A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Britain%3A+1714+to+the+present&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>, textbook</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurber1966" class="citation book cs1">Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. (1966). <i>Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939</i>. pp. 206–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+views+on+British+history%3A+essays+on+historical+writing+since+1939&rft.pages=206-319&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2003" class="citation book cs1">Loades, David, ed. (2003). <i>Reader's guide to British history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+guide+to+British+history&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1983" class="citation journal cs1">Parry, J. P. (1983). "The State of Victorian Political History". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 469–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00024201">10.1017/S0018246X00024201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638778">2638778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162264240">162264240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Victorian+Political+History&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=469-484&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162264240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00024201&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlatter1984" class="citation book cs1">Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984). <i>Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966</i>. pp. 197–374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+views+on+British+history%3A+essays+on+historical+writing+since+1966&rft.pages=197-374&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Chris, ed. (2007). <i>A Companion to 19th-Century Britain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+19th-Century+Britain&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley2008" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2008). <i>A companion to early twentieth-century Britain</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4709-9881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4709-9881-6"><bdi>978-0-4709-9881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+early+twentieth-century+Britain&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-4709-9881-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinallSmith1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1959). <i>English Historical Documents</i>. Vol. 11: 1783–1832. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2031-9915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2031-9915-2"><bdi>978-0-2031-9915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-2031-9915-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungHandcock1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D., eds. (1956). <i>English Historical Documents</i>. Vol. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33037858">33037858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33037858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandcock1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Handcock, W. D., ed. (1977). <i>English Historical Documents</i>. Vol. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-4375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-4375-2"><bdi>978-0-4151-4375-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-4375-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk">British History Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062257/http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/peel/ireland/1801act.htm">Act of Union 1800</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland </b><br />1801–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_states_since_1171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template talk:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_states_since_1171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_states_since_1171" title="Irish states since 1171">Irish states since 1171</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (from 1937) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (from 1922<sup>†</sup>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> (until 1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> (1171–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> (1541–1800)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1801–1922<sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (1922–1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Republic of Connacht</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> (1919–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a> (1642–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> (1649–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a> (1689)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> 1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union of 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union of 1801</a></li></ul></li> <li>External wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Jenkins Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-18th-century_Whig_plots" title="Early-18th-century Whig plots">Whig plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral Badge of Great Britain"><img alt="Floral Badge of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/120px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/180px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/240px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Floral Badge of Great Britain</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_Great_Britain" title="List of parliaments of Great Britain">List of parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1707" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1708" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1709" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1709">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1710" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1710">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1711" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1711">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1712" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1712">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1713" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1713">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1714" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1714">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1715" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1716" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1716">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1717" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1717">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1718" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1719" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1720" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1720">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1721" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1721">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1722" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1723" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1723">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1724" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1724">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1725" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1725">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1726" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1726">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1727" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1727">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1728" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1728">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1729" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1729">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1730" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1730">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1731" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1731">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1732" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1732">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1733" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1734" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1734">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1735" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1735">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1736" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1736">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1737" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1737">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1738" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1738">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1739" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1739">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1740" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1740">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1741" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1741">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1742" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1742">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1743" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1743">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1744" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1745" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1746" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1746">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1747" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1747">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1748" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1748">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1749" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1749">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1750" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1750">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1751" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1751">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1753" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1753">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1754" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1754">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1755" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1755">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1756" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1756">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1757" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1757">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1758" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1758">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1759" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1759">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1760" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1760">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1761" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1761">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1762" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1762">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1763" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1763">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1764" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1764">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1765" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1765">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1766" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1766">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1767" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1767">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1768" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1768">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1769" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1769">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1770" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1770">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1771" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1771">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1772" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1772">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1773" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1773">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1774" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1775" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1775">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1776" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1776">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1777" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1777">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1778" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1779" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1780" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1780">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1781" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1781">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1782" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1783" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1784" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1784">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1785" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1785">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1786" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1786">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1787" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1787">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1788" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1788">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1789" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1789">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1790" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1790">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1791" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1791">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1792" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1793" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1793">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1794" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1794">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1795" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1795">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1796" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1797" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1797">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1798" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1799" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1799">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800">1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Great Britain">Elections:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1708_British_general_election" title="1708 British general election">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_British_general_election" title="1710 British general election">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_British_general_election" title="1713 British general election">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_British_general_election" title="1727 British general election">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_British_general_election" title="1790 British general election">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Whig Junto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 18th-century British periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romantic literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish literature in the eighteenth century">Scottish 18th-century literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_tax" title="Window tax">Window tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Royal arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyce1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannadine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarolyn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCash2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowling1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowling1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosby2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDangerfield1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerry1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDitchfield1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsor1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFetter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFielding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlayson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeman2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurber1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGash1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGash2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolicz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalévy1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalévy1949–1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandcock1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyck1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinde1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Foreign_Affairs_Committee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHynes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuddSurridge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinealy1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKissinger1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoades2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongford1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwick1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMcCordPurdue2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibbin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedlicott1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerliFahey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMori2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowat1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuir1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Day1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donnell1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1904–1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsWetherell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProbert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurdon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsRobertsBisson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlatter1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchom1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemmel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomervell1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthgate1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinbach2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTombs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUglow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalpole1878–1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalpole1904–1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbBeatrice_Webb1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodham-Smith1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrigley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungHandcock1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler1965\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"British Isles\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 130,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Cn\"] = 4,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Em dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Great Power diplomacy\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Ireland sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the United Kingdom sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Ireland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Irish states since 1171\"] = 1,\n [\"Kingdom of Great Britain\"] = 1,\n [\"Kingdom of Ireland\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 19,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Victorian era\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","21.1"],["?","260","17.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","14.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.9"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","2.6"],["preprocessArgs \u003CModule:Infobox:566\u003E","40","2.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.6"],["[others]","340","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vkl22","timestamp":"20241122140643","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q174193","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q174193","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-27T04:45:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T16:38:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a5\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg","headline":"historical sovereign state (1801\u20131922)"}</script> </body> </html>